@article{marsh1879notice22, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Notice of new Jurassic reptiles", year = "1879", journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 21, p. 501-505", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1879, Notice of new Jurassic reptiles: American Journal of Science, v. 21, p. 501-505.}" } @article{marsh1884principal23, author = "Marsh, O. C", title = "Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, 8", year = "1884", journal = "The order of Theropoda: American Journal of Science, v. 27, p. 329-340", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, O. C., 1884, Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs, 8: The order of Theropoda: American Journal of Science, v. 27, p. 329-340.}" } @techreport{osborn1903ornitholestes26, author = "Osborn, H. F", title = "Ornitholestes hermanni, a new compsognathoid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic", year = "1903", howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 19, p. 459-464", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1903, Ornitholestes hermanni, a new compsognathoid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 19, p. 459-464.}" } @misc{huene1926the17, author = "Huene, F. R. von", title = "The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe", year = "1926", howpublished = "Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1926, The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe: Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167.}" } @misc{brinkmann1929statistischbiostratigraphische3, author = "Brinkmann, R", title = "Statistischbiostratigraphische Untersuchungen an mitteljurassischen Ammoniten ber Artbegriff und Stammesenentwicklung", year = "1929", howpublished = "Gesell. Wiss. Gttingen, Abh., v. 13, no. 3, p. 1-249; math.-phys. Kl, n.ser", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brinkmann, R., 1929, Statistischbiostratigraphische Untersuchungen an mitteljurassischen Ammoniten ber Artbegriff und Stammesenentwicklung: Gesell. Wiss. Gttingen, Abh., v. 13, no. 3, p. 1-249; math.-phys. Kl, n.ser.}" } @techreport{camp1936a4, author = "Camp, L. S", title = "A new type of small bipedal dinosaur from the Navajo sandstone of Arizona", year = "1936", howpublished = "University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Science, v. 24, p. 35-56", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Camp, L. S., 1936, A new type of small bipedal dinosaur from the Navajo sandstone of Arizona: University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geological Science, v. 24, p. 35-56.}" } @techreport{charles1952les5, author = "Charles, R. P. and Maubeuge, P.-L", title = "Les liogryphes du jurassique infrieur l'est du bassin parisien", year = "1952", howpublished = "Bulletin of the Geologic Society of France, v. 1, p. 333-350; Series 6, Parts 4-6", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Charles, R. P., and Maubeuge, P.-L., 1952, Les liogryphes du jurassique infrieur l'est du bassin parisien: Bulletin of the Geologic Society of France, v. 1, p. 333-350; Series 6, Parts 4-6.}" } @techreport{charles1953les6, author = "Charles, R. P. and Maubeuge, P.-L", title = "Les liogryphes jurassiques de l'est du bassin parisien, II, Liogryphes du Bajocien", year = "1953", howpublished = "Bulletin of the Geologic Society of France, v. 2, no. 4-6, p. 191-195; series 6", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Charles, R. P., and Maubeuge, P.-L., 1953, Les liogryphes jurassiques de l'est du bassin parisien, II, Liogryphes du Bajocien: Bulletin of the Geologic Society of France, v. 2, no. 4-6, p. 191-195; series 6.}" } @techreport{welles1954new29, author = "Welles, S. P", title = "New Jurassic dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona", year = "1954", howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, p. 591-598", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Welles, S. P., 1954, New Jurassic dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, p. 591-598.}" } @misc{galton1974iliosuchus11, author = "Galton, P. M", title = "Iliosuchus, a Jurassic dinosaur from Oxfordshire and Utah", year = "1974", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 587-589", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1974, Iliosuchus, a Jurassic dinosaur from Oxfordshire and Utah: Palaeontology, v. 19, p. 587-589.}" } @article{madsen1974a20, author = "Madsen, J. H", title = "A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah", year = "1974", journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 27-31", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Madsen, J. H., 1974, A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 27-31.}" } @misc{waldman1974megalosaurids28, author = "Waldman, M", title = "Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset", year = "1974", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 17, p. 325-339", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waldman, M., 1974, Megalosaurids from the Bajocian (Middle Jurassic) of Dorset: Palaeontology, v. 17, p. 325-339.}" } @book{hallam1975jurassic15, author = "Hallam, A", title = "Jurassic Environments", year = "1975", publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hallam, A., 1975, Jurassic Environments: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}" } @article{madsen1976a, author = "Madsen, James H.", title = "A Second New Theropod Dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of East Central Utah", year = "1976", journal = "Utah Geology", abstract = "Marshosaurus bicentesimus (Reptilia: Saurischia), a new theropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of east central Utah, is distinct from other Morrison theropods, Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, and Stokesosaurus, of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Collection in the unusual character of the type specimen, a left ilium, and in the referred materials, which include the toothbearing elements of the skull and jaw and the complete pelvic girdle. A relatively complete, articulated skeleton of Marshosaurus is unknown at this time.", url = "https://doi.org/10.34191/ug-3-1\_51", doi = "10.34191/ug-3-1\_51", number = "1", pages = "51-60", volume = "3" } @misc{madsen1976a21, author = "Madsen, J. H", title = "A second new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah", year = "1976", howpublished = "Utah Geology, v. 3, p. 51-60", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Madsen, J. H., 1976, A second new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Utah: Utah Geology, v. 3, p. 51-60.}" } @misc{olsen1977triassicjurassic24, author = "Olsen, P. E. and Galton, P. M", title = "Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinctions", year = "1977", howpublished = "Are they real?: Science, v. 197, p. 983-986", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olsen, P. E., and Galton, P. M., 1977, Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinctions: Are they real?: Science, v. 197, p. 983-986.}" } @misc{dong1978note9, author = "Dong, Z. and Chang, L. and Li, X. and Zhou, S", title = "Note on a new carnosaur (Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Jurassic of Yangchuan district, Szechuan Province", year = "1978", howpublished = "Kexue Tongboa, v. 23, no. 5, p. 302- 304; In Chinese", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dong, Z., Chang, L., Li, X., and Zhou, S., 1978, Note on a new carnosaur (Yangchuanosaurus shangyouensis gen. et sp. nov.) from the Jurassic of Yangchuan district, Szechuan Province: Kexue Tongboa, v. 23, no. 5, p. 302- 304; In Chinese.}" } @misc{bonaparte1979dinosaurs1, author = "Bonaparte, J. F", title = "Dinosaurs, a Jurassic assemblage from Patagonia", year = "1979", howpublished = "Science, v. 205, p. 1377-1379", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., 1979, Dinosaurs, a Jurassic assemblage from Patagonia: Science, v. 205, p. 1377-1379.}" } @book{galton1979a13, author = "Galton, P. M. and Jensen, J. A", title = "A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado", year = "1979", publisher = "Brigham Young University Geological Studies, v. 26, p. 1-12", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., and Jensen, J. A., 1979, A new large theropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Colorado: Brigham Young University Geological Studies, v. 26, p. 1-12.}" } @misc{dodson1980taphonomy7, author = "Dodson, P. and Behrensmeyer, A. K. and Bakker, R. T. and McIntosh, J. S", title = "Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation", year = "1980", howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 6, p. 208-232", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dodson, P., Behrensmeyer, A. K., Bakker, R. T., and McIntosh, J. S., 1980, Taphonomy and paleoecology of the dinosaur beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation: Paleobiology, v. 6, p. 208-232.}" } @article{doi101017s009483730000676x, author = "Dodson, Peter and Behrensmeyer, Anna K. and Bakker, Robert T. and McIntosh, John S.", title = "Taphonomy and Paleoecology of the Dinosaur Beds of the Jurassic Morrison Formation", year = "1980", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation has yielded one of the richest dinosaur faunas of the world. Morrison sediments are distributed over more than a million square kilometers in the western United States and represent a mosaic of riverine, lacustrine and floodplain environments developed on a vast alluvial plain nourished by debris from the ancestral Rocky Mountains. Plant productivity must have been reasonably high to support abundant large-bodied herbivores, but the absence of coals, scarcity of small aquatic vertebrates, the abundance of oxidized sediments, and presence of calcretes lead us to believe that water was periodically in short supply. A strongly seasonal climate may have necessitated annual large-scale movements of large herbivores, accounting in part for their remarkably broad and uniform geographic distribution. Dinosaur diversity is lower in the Morrison than in the Late Cretaceous, and taphonomic alteration is higher. Massed accumulations of thousands of bones are characteristic of the Morrison. Morrison dinosaurs were not confined to specific depositional environments but were distributed across the complete spectrum of available habitats, from lakes to dry floodplains; this type of distribution is similar to that of large terrestrial mammals such as elephants and rhinos and is different from that of hippos and crocodiles. Common Morrison taxa were Camarasaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, Allosaurus and Stegosaurus; these genera probably constituted a true dinosaur community. Stegosaurus may have been partially segregated from the other genera, and Camptosaurus more strongly so. Camarasaurus and Diplodocus were gregarious, with juveniles and subadults of the former particularly common; Apatosaurus was less abundant and more solitary in its habits. Juveniles and subadults are known for a number of dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s009483730000676x", doi = "10.1017/s009483730000676x", openalex = "W2198607068", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300005820, doi101111j109636421961tb00220x, doi101111j146979981975tb01405x, doi10113000167606196879429sobina20co2, doi1023071935678, doi1023072424244, doi102475ajss31484514, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105962bhlpart22969, doi105962p234849, madsen1976a" } @misc{galton1980the14, author = "Galton, P. M. and Powell, H. P", title = "The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England", year = "1980", howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 23, p. 411-443", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., and Powell, H. P., 1980, The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England: Palaeontology, v. 23, p. 411-443.}" } @misc{galton1982elaphrosaurus12, author = "Galton, P. M", title = "Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa", year = "1982", howpublished = "Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 56, p. 265- 275", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1982, Elaphrosaurus, an ornithomimid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa: Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 56, p. 265- 275.}" } @misc{levchuck1983catagenesis18, author = "Levchuck, M. A. and Fomin, A. N", title = "Catagenesis of Jurassic sediments of the east part of the Yenisey-Katanga downwarp [in Russian]", year = "1983", howpublished = "Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sibir. Otdel, Trudy Inst. Geol. i. Geof., v. 532, p. 123-131; English Summary in Petroleum Geology, v.19, no.12, 1983, p.599-601", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Levchuck, M. A., and Fomin, A. N., 1983, Catagenesis of Jurassic sediments of the east part of the Yenisey-Katanga downwarp [in Russian]: Akad. Nauk SSSR, Sibir. Otdel, Trudy Inst. Geol. i. Geof., v. 532, p. 123-131; English Summary in Petroleum Geology, v.19, no.12, 1983, p.599-601.}" } @misc{dong1984a8, author = "Dong, Z", title = "A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan Basin", year = "1984", howpublished = "Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. XXII, p. 213-218; In Chinese", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dong, Z., 1984, A new theropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Sichuan Basin: Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. XXII, p. 213-218; In Chinese.}" } @misc{taquet1984two27, author = "Taquet, P", title = "Two New Jurassic Specimens of Coelurosaurs (Dinosauria), in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds", year = "1984", howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 229-232", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., 1984, Two New Jurassic Specimens of Coelurosaurs (Dinosauria), in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 229-232.}" } @misc{dong1985a10, author = "Dong, Z. and Tang, Z", title = "A new mid-Jurassic theropod (Gasosaurus constructus gen. et sp. nov.) from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China", year = "1985", howpublished = "Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. XXIII, p. 77-83; In Chinese", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dong, Z., and Tang, Z., 1985, A new mid-Jurassic theropod (Gasosaurus constructus gen. et sp. nov.) from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan Province, China: Vertebrate Palasiatica, v. XXIII, p. 77-83; In Chinese.}" } @misc{bonaparte1986les2, author = "Bonaparte, J. F", title = "Les dinosaures (Carnosaures, Allosaurides, Sauropodes, Cetiosaurides) du Jurassique moyen de cerro condor (Chubut, Argentine)", year = "1986", howpublished = "Ann. Paleont., v. 72, p. 247-289", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., 1986, Les dinosaures (Carnosaures, Allosaurides, Sauropodes, Cetiosaurides) du Jurassique moyen de cerro condor (Chubut, Argentine): Ann. Paleont., v. 72, p. 247-289.}" } @book{haubold1986archosaur16, author = "Haubold, H", title = "Archosaur Footprints at the Terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic Transition, in Padian, K., ed., The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs", year = "1986", publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 189-201", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Haubold, H., 1986, Archosaur Footprints at the Terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic Transition, in Padian, K., ed., The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 189-201.}" } @techreport{lockley1986north19, author = "Lockley, M. and Houck, K. and Prince, N. K", title = "North America's largest dinosaur trackway site", year = "1986", howpublished = "Implications for Morrison Formation paleoecology: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 1163-1176", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lockley, M., Houck, K., and Prince, N. K., 1986, North America's largest dinosaur trackway site: Implications for Morrison Formation paleoecology: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 97, p. 1163-1176.}" } @book{olsen1986correlation25, author = "Olsen, P. E. and Sues, H.-D", title = "Correlation of continental Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic transition, in Padian, K., ed., The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs", year = "1986", publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 321-351", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olsen, P. E., and Sues, H.-D., 1986, Correlation of continental Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic transition, in Padian, K., ed., The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 321-351.}" } @article{doi1023073514751, author = "Beerbower, Richard and Padian, Kevin", title = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs", year = "1989", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "The record of life on land has been a principal concern of historical biology not only because of our fascination with our own past (and with giants, dragons, and other ancient monsters) but because of special opportunities and challenges for development of methods, principles, and concepts of explanation. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs treats an intriguing phase of that history, one that included the first appearance of dinosaurs, and mammals, the extinction or near extinction of many clades of vertebrates, and extensive changes in plant associations. Further, the patterns of change (and of stasis) raise general questions about macroecologic and macroevolutionary processes and factors and even about the roles of chance and determination in biological history. Although the book was published initially in 1986 (and was based on a 1984 symposium sponsored by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists), its content remains current and its release in paperback form (for $34.50 rather than $75.00 for the hardcover version) justifies a review even at this late date. The Introduction and the Summary and Prospectus, written by the editor, Kevin Padian, demonstrate the significance of the interval from mid-Triassic to early Jurassic-particularly for vertebrates on land. Advanced mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) dominate lower Triassic assemblages in abundance, taxonomic diversity, and ecological variety; non-therapsids (mostly archosaurs) are rare elements and apparently of little ecological importance. In upper Triassic and lower Jurassic assemblages the situation is reversed, therapsids rare with limited diversity and variety but archosaurs abundant, diverse and varied. The archosaur expansion starts in middle of the succession; pterodactyls, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs appear (as archosaur subclades) in approximate coincidence with a marked decline in therapsids. Mammals (at least 3 subclades) occur along with two other subclades of very mammal-like therapsids very close to the top. In the upper Triassic two relatively sharp breaks in faunal composition appear, one relatively low, in the top of the Carnian and base of the Norian stages (around 225 Ma), and one higher, at the top of the Norian (around 215 Ma). These breaks, if real and not a consequence of miscorrelations or gaps in sampling, suggest high rates of taxonomic extinction and origination and have been interpreted as intervals of catastrophic extinction. These changes coincide more or less with some in the flora (except that the latter seem continuous rather than stepped) and thus with overall changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Radically different explanations have been offered for these patterns, at one extreme a deterministic argument from the competitive superiority of dinosaurs to the other, an opportunistic one based on chance differences in survival through episodes of mass extinction. This book can be viewed (and reviewed) as an extended example of analysis and interpretation in historical biology. The concerns of the discipline are twofold, chronicle and narrative (the concepts those of O'Hara, 1988). Chronicle comprises when, what, and where; narrative, how. A chronicle extends of course beyond description and chronologic ordering of fossils to paleobiogeographic, paleoecologic, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The latter derive from patterns in form and occurrence of fossils as analyzed in terms of taphonomic, constructional, functional, and phylogenetic processes and factors (viz Seilacher, 1970) and of stratigraphic and geographic distribution. Each reconstruction represents a particular state, and stratigraphic analysis arranges these reconstructions into a chronicle. Narrative, in contrast, involves explanation of the patterns (temporal, geographic, ecologic and phyletic) in the chronicle by a sequence of biological and physical circumstances and by evolutionary processes and factors (genetic, phylogenetic, and ecological). Of the 26 papers in this volume, 24 focus primarily on the chronicle and are dominated by consideration of what-when, i.e., the stratigraphic distribution of various groups of fossils, and of what-how, i.e., the phylogenetic and functional analyses. Among those in the what-when group are papers by Colbert on historical aspects of upper Triassic-lower Jurassic stratigraphy, by Ash on fossil plants, by Olsen and Baird on the ichnogenus Atreipus, by Chatterjee and by Parrish and Carpenter on vertebrates of the Dockum Group (Texas and New Mexico), and by Long and Padian on biostratigraphy of the Chinle Formation (Arizona). Also best included here are the studies by McCune and Schaeffer on Triassic and Jurassic fishes, Gaffney on turtles, Clemens on mammals, Olson and Padian on crocodylomorph ichnogenera, Sun and Cui on saurishians from the lower Lufeng (China), Clark and Fastovsky on the vertebrates of the Glen Canyon Group (Arizona), Haubold on archosaur trackways, Sigogneau-Russell, Frank, and Hemmerle on a new family of Triassic", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514751", doi = "10.2307/3514751", openalex = "W2320472492", references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi1023072807146, doi1023072992272" } @article{hirsch1989upper, author = "Hirsch, Karl F. and Stadtman, Kenneth L. and Miller, Wade E. and Madsen, James H.", title = "Upper Jurassic Dinosaur Egg from Utah", year = "1989", journal = "Science", abstract = "The Upper Jurassic egg described here is the first known egg from the 100-million-year gap in the fossil record between Lower Jurassic (South Africa) and upper Lower Cretaceous (Utah). The discovery of the egg, which was found mixed in with thousands of dinosaur bones rather than in a nest, the pathological multilayering of the eggshell as found in modern and fossil reptilians, and the pliable condition of the eggshell at the time of burial indicate an oviducal retention of the egg at the time of burial.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.243.4899.1711", doi = "10.1126/science.243.4899.1711", number = "4899", pages = "1711-1713", volume = "243" } @article{rowe1989a, author = "Rowe, Timothy", title = "A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona", year = "1989", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748", number = "2", openalex = "W2059514783", pages = "125-136", volume = "9", references = "doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi1023073514751, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw78510971" } @article{doi101017cbo9780511608377011, author = "Currie, P. and Rigby, J. and Sloan, R. E.", title = "Dinosaur Systematics: Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada", year = "1990", booktitle = "Dinosaur Systematics", url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fedead3cc1ae0ec35f3954946391d9906ed25ae7", doi = "10.1017/CBO9780511608377.011", is_oa = "true", pages = "107-126", semanticscholar_citation_count = "246", semanticscholar_id = "fedead3cc1ae0ec35f3954946391d9906ed25ae7" } @article{doi10108002724634199110011413, author = "Gillette, David D.", title = "Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA", year = "1991", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov. (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae) is a new large sauropod from the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of central New Mexico. The holotype is a partially articulated skeleton consisting to date of approximately 20 caudal vertebrae, five sacral vertebrae, eight dorsal vertebrae, partial pelvis, five chevrons, and ribs. Distinguishing features include the structure of the caudal vertebrae, pelvis, and chevrons. The extraordinary dimensions of these bones indicate an axial length of 39–52 meters.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1991.10011413", openalex = "W2077978713" } @article{cuny1993revision, author = "Cuny, Gilles and Galton, Peter M.", title = "Revision of the Airel theropod dinosaur from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary (Normandy, France)", year = "1993", journal = "Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen", url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpa/187/1993/261", doi = "10.1127/njgpa/187/1993/261", number = "3", openalex = "W3046985931", pages = "261-288", volume = "187" } @article{doi101126science2605109794, author = "Rogers, Raymond R. and Swisher, Carl C. and Sereno, Paul C. and Monetta, Alfredo M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Martínez, Ricardo N.", title = "The Ischigualasto Tetrapod Assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating of Dinosaur Origins", year = "1993", journal = "Science", abstract = "40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of sanidine from a bentonite interbedded in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a plateau age of 227.8 ± 0.3 million years ago. This middle Carnian age is a direct calibration of the Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage, which includes some of the best known early dinosaurs. This age shifts last appearances of Ischigualasto taxa back into the middle Carnian, diminishing the magnitude of the proposed late Carnian tetrapod extinction event. By 228 million years ago, the major dinosaurian lineages were established, and theropods were already important constituents of the carnivorous tetrapod guild in the Ischigualasto—Villa Unión Basin. Dinosaurs as a whole remained minor components of tetrapod faunas for at least another 10 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5109.794", doi = "10.1126/science.260.5109.794", openalex = "W2017250743", references = "doi101007bf01134434, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi1023073514444, doi1023073514695, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1574544995" } @article{doi101139e93179, author = "Currie, Philip J. and Zhao, Xi-Jin", title = "A new carnosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Jurassic of Xinjiang, People's Republic of China", year = "1993", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = {In 1987, a Sino-Canadian expedition known as the Dinosaur Project (China – Canada – Alberta – Ex Terra) discovered a large theropod skeleton in the Upper Jurassic Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin in northwestern China. The well-preserved skeleton lacks much of the tail and most of the arms, but is otherwise nearly complete. The new genus and species, Sinraptor dongi, represents a poorly understood stage of theropod evolution, even though a related form, Megalosaurus, was the first dinosaur described and named (by W. Buckland in 1824). Sinraptor has a large pneumatopore in the jugal, a pronounced postorbital rugosity, a relatively long intertemporal bar in which the postorbital appears very short in lateral aspect, and a pneumatic palatine. It is more advanced than Piatnitzkysaurus from Argentina, less derived than Allosaurus, and shows its strongest similarities to Yangchuanosaurus. The preorbital skull length of Sinraptor is relatively longer than in Yangchuanosaurus, but the skull is relatively lower. A specimen from Sichuan recently described as "Yangchuanosaurus" hepingensis represents a second species of Sinraptor. Sinraptor and Yangchuanosaurus are united in a new family of theropods, the Sinraptoridae.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-179", doi = "10.1139/e93-179", openalex = "W2126252810" } @article{doi101017s0022336000026706, author = "Holtz, Thomas R.", title = "The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics", year = "1994", journal = "Journal of Paleontology", abstract = "Tyrannosaurids are a well-supported clade of very large predatory dinosaurs of Late Cretaceous Asiamerica. Traditional dinosaurian systematics place these animals within the infraorder Carnosauria with the other large theropods (allosaurids, megalosaurids). A new cladistic analysis indicates that the tyrannosaurs were in fact derived members of the Coelurosauria, a group of otherwise small theropods. Despite certain gross cranial similarities with the large predators of the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, the Late Cretaceous tyrannosaurids are shown to be the sister group to ornithomimids and troodontids, which share a derived condition of the metatarsus. This clade is found to be nested within Maniraptora, which is a more inclusive taxon than previously recognized. The atrophied carpal structure found in tyrannosaurids and ornithomimids is derived from a maniraptoran condition with a large semilunate carpal, rather than from the plesiomorphic theropod morphology. The taxa “Carnosauria” and “Deinonychosauria” (Dromaeosauridae plus Troodontidae) are shown to be polyphyletic, and the Late Jurassic African form Elaphrosaurus is found to be the sister taxon to Abelisauridae rather than a primitive ornithomimosaur. Purported allosaurid-tyrannosaurid synapomorphies are seen to be largely size-related, present in the larger members of both clades, but absent in smaller members of the Tyrannosauridae. The remaining giant tetanurine theropods (Megalosaurus and Torvosaurus) were found to be progressively distant outgroups to an allosaurid-coelurosaur clade. The inclusion of the Tyrannosauridae within Maniraptora suggests a major adaptive radiation of coelurosaurs within Cretaceous Asiamerica comparable to contemporaneous radiations in various herbivorous dinosaurian clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026706", doi = "10.1017/s0022336000026706", openalex = "W1852998243", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101111j109583121976tb00244x, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023072992353, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss3179786, doi102475ajss319111253, doi1034191b109, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw3215057009, openalexw607142922, smith1990osteology, talbot1911podokesaurus, welles1954new, wilson1985stenonychosaurus" } @article{doi101017s0022336000026718, author = "Schwartz, Hilde L. and Gillette, David D.", title = "Geology and taphonomy of the Coelophysis quarry, Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, Ghost Ranch, New Mexico", year = "1994", journal = "Journal of Paleontology", abstract = "The Coelophysis dinosaur quarry at Ghost Ranch, near Abiquiu, New Mexico, is unique among Triassic fossil sites for its yield of numerous complete and partial skeletons of a single species of theropod dinosaur (Coelophysis bauri). Since its discovery in 1947 by E. H. Colbert in the red siltstone beds of the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation, the quarry has yielded the remains of at least 1,000 individuals from approximately 30 cubic meters of excavated material. The main bone-bearing strata are abandoned channel deposits that are part of a siltstone overbank sequence. The Coelophysis remains found at the quarry are remarkably whole and well preserved, though they range in degree of articulation from complete skeletons to isolated limbs and bones. Skeletons, partial skeletons, and bones are crudely aligned and show little evidence of predator or scavenger disturbance or surface weathering. Geologic and taphonomic evidence suggests that the dinosaurs preserved in the Ghost Ranch quarry were transported to the site as carcasses by fluvial currents. The carcasses blocked a small channel and were subsequently buried by silts. Petrographic study and neutron activation analysis reveal no evidence of volcanic ash, paleopathologic osteology, or unusual chemistry in the quarry bone and sediments. The virtual monospecificity, taphonomy, and ecology of the assemblage suggest that the dinosaurs perished due to a regional environmental crisis, such as drought.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026718", doi = "10.1017/s0022336000026718", openalex = "W2488911263", references = "doi103133pp521b" } @article{doi10108002724634199410011523, author = "Novas, Fernando E.", title = "New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina", year = "1994", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Herrerasauridae from the Ischigualasto Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina) included Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963, Ischisaurus cattoi Reig, 1963, and Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis Novas, 1986. Review of type and referred specimens of those taxa suggests that Ischisaurus and Frenguellisaurus are junior synonyms of Herrerasaurus. At present, Herrerasaurus is the only Herrerasauridae documented in the Ischigualasto Formation, and the record of a cf. Staurikosaurus in those beds is here dismissed. Cladistic analysis counters previous hypotheses supporting the outgroup position of Herrerasauridae with respect to the remaining dinosaurs. Instead, new evidence supports this group as saurischian dinosaurs: the posterior process of the jugal is forked, a hyposphene-hypantrum articulation is present in dorsal vertebrae, the distal shaft of the ischium is rod-like, and six other saurischian synapomorphies are present. Moreover, herrerasaurids share with other theropods 11 synapomorphies including prong-shaped epipophyses on the cervical vertebrae, elongate prezygapophyses in distal caudals, humerus nearly 50\% of femoral length, strongly reduced metacarpals IV and V, and distally enlarged pubis. In the context of the hypothesis accepted here, the presence of two sacral vertebrae and absence of a brevis fossa on the ilium in the Herrerasauridae are interpreted as apomorphic reversals within Dinosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011523", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1994.10011523", openalex = "W2050709074", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101126science10246376, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105962p226819, doi105962p234849, doi105962p313819, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw1594077233, openalexw3140893762, openalexw53287739" } @book{openalexw1671792548, author = "Carpenter, Kenneth and Hirsch, Karl F. and Horner, John R.", title = "Dinosaur Eggs and Babies", year = "1994", abstract = "Foreword: tribute to Robert Makela J. R. Horner Preface List of institutional abbreviations Introduction K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Part I. Distribution and History of Collecting: 1. Global distribution of dinosaur eggs, nests and baby skeletons K. Carpenter, and K. Alf 2. The discovery of dinosaur eggshells in nineteenth century France E. Buffetaut, and J. Le Loeuff Part II. Nests: 3. Dinosaur nesting patterns J. Moratalla, and J. Powell 4. Dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Uruguay G. Faccio 5. Dinosaur egg laying and nesting in France R. Cousin, G. Breton, R. Fournier, and J-P. Watte 6. Late Maastrichtian dinosaur eggs from the Hateg Basin D. Grigorescu, D. Weishampel, D. Norman, M. Seclamen, M. Rusus, A. Baltres, and V. Teodorescu 7. Eggs and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia K. Mikhailov, K. Sabath, and S. Kurzanov 8. Comparative taphonomy of some dinosaur and extant bird colonial nesting grounds J. R. Horner 9. Predation of dinosaur nests by terrestrial crocodiles J. Kirkland Part III. Eggs: 10. Upper Jurassic eggshells from the western interior of North America K. F. Hirsch 11. Review of French dinosaur eggshells: eggshell morphology, structure, mineral and organic composition M. Vianey-Liaud, P. Mallan, O. Buscail, and C. Montgelard 12. Dinosaur eggs in China: on the structure and evolution of eggshells Z. Zi-Kui 13. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggs and nesting sites from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary province of peninsula India A. Sahni, S. K. Tandon, A. Jolly, S. Bajpai, A. Sood, and S. Srinivasan Part IV. Dinosaur Babies: 14. Life history syndromes, heterochrony, and the evolution of Dinosauria D. Weishampel, and J. R. Horner 15. Dinosaur reproduction in the fast lane: implication for size, success and extinction G. Paul 16. An embryonic Camarasaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation B. Britt, and B. Naylor 17. Upper Jurassic sauropod babies from the Morrison formation K. Carpenter, and J. McIntosh 18. Thermal travails of ornithopod nestings: implications for endothermy and insulation G. Paul 19. A baby Dryosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation of Dinosaur National Monument K. Carpenter 20. An embryo of Camptosaurus from the Brushy Basin Member D. Chure, C. Turner, and F. Peterson 21. Ontogenetic growth of a new species of Hypacrosaurus J. R. Horner, and P. Currie 22. A nodosaurid scuteling from the Texas shore of the Western Interior Seaway L. Jacobs, D. Winkler, P. Murray, and J. Maurice 23. Dinosaur ontogeny and population structure: interpretations based on fossil footprints from North America M. Lockley 24. Summary and prospectus K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Taxonomic Index.", openalex = "W1671792548" } @article{doi101098rstb19950125, author = "Upchurch, Paul", title = "The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs", year = "1995", journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "Abstract Most recent studies of dinosaur phylogeny have concentrated on theropods and ornithischians. As a result, the evolutionary relationships of sauropod dinosaurs are poorly understood. In this paper previous studies of sauropod phylogeny are reviewed and contrasted with the results of a recent cladistic analysis. This analysis forms the basis for a reconstruction of sauropod phylogeny. Sauropods diverged from other dinosaurs at some time in the Upper Triassic, but a large part of their early history is totally unknown. Vulcanodonis currently the most primitive sauropod. Many, but perhaps not all, of the Jurassic Chinese sauropods form a monophyletic radiation (the Euhelopodidae) which may reflect the geographic isolation of China during the Lower Jurassic. Members of the Euhelopodidae, such as Mamenchisaurus, are not considered to be closely related to the Diplodocidae. ‘Forked’ chevrons, which have played such an important role in previous studies of sauropod phylogeny, are here considered to have evolved twice within the Sauropoda. This convergence may reflect a correlation between chevron shape and the use of the tail as a weapon within these two sauropod families. The ‘Neosauropoda’ (sister group to the Euhelopodidae) contains the Brachiosauridae, Camarasauridae and the new superfamilies Titanosauroidea and Diplodocoidea. The Cetiosauridae (here defined in a rather restricted sense) is also provisionally included within the Neosauropoda, but may be removed in future studies. The enigmatic Upper Cretaceous sauropod, Opisthocoelicaudia, is thought to be the sister taxon to the Titanosauridae and not a camarasaurid as previously suggested. The Diplodocoidea contains two well established families, the Dicraeosauridae and Diplodocidae, and the new family Nemegtosauridae. Finally, an overview of sauropod phylogeny is compared with recently published palaeogeographic reconstructions. There are many difficulties associated with the analysis of sauropod biogeographic distribution. Nevertheless, some aspects of sauropod phylogeny may be linked to the break-up of Laurasia and Gondwanaland during the Jurassic and Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0125", doi = "10.1098/rstb.1995.0125", openalex = "W2026763967", references = "doi10102992jb00648, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi101126science2665183267, doi101139e93176, doi1023071292217, doi103989egeol8743extra625, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhlpart4439, doi105962bhltitle60562, doi105962p234849, openalexw3114518543" } @article{doi1056577ffc4881, author = "Lucas, Spencer G. and Heckert, Andrew B. and W., Estep John W. Estep John and Anderson, Orin J.", title = "Stratigraphy of the upper Triassic Chinle Group. Four Corners region", year = "1997", abstract = "Upper Triassic strata exposed in the Four Corners region belong to the Chinle Group of late Carnian-Rhaetian age. Chinle Group strata can be divided into eight lithostratigraphic intervals: (1) mottled stratalTemple Mountain Formation-as much as 31 m of mostly color mottled, deeply pedoturbated siltstone, sandstone and conglomerate; (2) Shinarump Formation-up to 76 m of trough-crossbedded sandstone and siliceous extrabasinal conglomerate; (3) Monitor Butte/Cameron/Bluewater Creek Formations- up to 84 m of varied lithofacies ranging from green bentonitic mudstones (Monitor Butte) to sandstones (Cameron) to red-bed mudstones (Bluewater Creek); (4) Blue Mesa Member of Petrified Forest Formation-up to 100 m of blue, gray, purple and red variegated bentonitic mudstone; (5) Moss Back Formation/Sonsela Member of Petrified Forest Formation-up to 50 m of trough-cross bedded sandstone and intrabasinal conglomerate; (6) Painted Desert Member of Petrified Forest Formation-up to 150 m of mostly red-bed bentonitic mudstone and siltstone; (7) Owl Rock Formation-up to 150 m of pale red and orange siltstone interbedded with ledges of pedogenic calcrete limestone; (8) Rock Point Formation-up to 300 m of reddish brown, cyclically-bedded sandstone and non-bentonitic siltstone. In southwestern Colorado, the base of the Chinle Group is the Moss Back Formation resting on Lower Permian strata. We abandon the term Dolores Formation and correlate its informal members as follows: (1) lower member = Moss Back Formation; (2) middle member = Painted Desert Member of Petrified Forest Formation; and (3) upper member = Rock Point Formation. The informal term Kane Springs strata, applied to some Chinle Group coarse-grained strata in southeastern Utah, is also abandoned. Church Rock Member (Formation) is a synonym of Rock Point Formation, and the term Church Rock should not be applied to nearly all the Chinle Group section in southeastern Utah. Palynomorphs, megafossil plants and fossil vertebrates support the following age assignments for Chinle Group strata in the Four Corners region: late Carnian = mottled strata/Temple Mountain Formation, Shinarump Formation, Monitor Butte/Cameron/Bluewater Creek Formations and Blue Mesa Member of Petrified Forest Formation; early-middle Norian Moss Back Formation/ Sonsela Member of Petrified Forest Formation, Painted Desert Member of Petrified Forest Formation and Owl Rock Formation; and Rhaetian = Rock Point Formation. The Chinle Group consists of three unconformity-bounded sequences: Shinarump-Blue Mesa sequence of late Carnian age; Moss Back-Owl Rock sequence of early-middle Norian age; and Rock Point sequence of Rhaetian age. Facies architecture and biostratigraphy support 'a genetic relationship between Chinle Group strata on the Colorado Plateau and shallow marine strata of the Mesozoic marine province of western Nevada. This relationship suggests that eustasy was the primary allochthonous control on Chinle Group sedimentation. At Big Indian Rock in the Lisbon Valley of southeastern Utah, a skull of the phytosaur Redondasaurus is in a thin, discontinuous mud-pebble conglomerate near the base of the Wingate Sandstone. Redondasaurus is an index fossil of the Late Triassic Apachean (Rhaetian) land-vertebrate faunachron. Unabraded surface texture, large size and preservation of thin, fragile bone suggest that the phytosaur skull is not reworked, so the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is stratigraphically above it. No unconformity surface is present in the lower Wingate Sandstone above the skull. Thus, at Big Indian Rock, the J-O unconformity is not at the base of the Wingate Sandstone. If the basal Wingate is of Late Triassic age, then the Moenave Formation, with which it intertongues laterally, must also include Triassic strata. This suggests the Triassic-Jurassic boundary on the Colorado Plateau is relatively transitional-not a profound unconformity-within the Wingate-Moenave lithosome.", url = "https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-48.81", doi = "10.56577/ffc-48.81", openalex = "W1520212962" } @article{doi10108002724634199810011086, author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Smith, Joshua B. and McDonald, Nicholas G.", title = "Type material of the type species of the classic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (Early Jurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.)", year = "1998", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT The classic Early Jurassic age theropod footprints Eubrontes giganteus, Anchisauripus sillimani, and Grallator parallelus were established by Edward Hitchcock in 1836–1847 and are the type ichnospecies of their respective ichnogenera. We identify, describe, and figure the type specimens in detail for the first time since they were named. We also figure and describe the other elements of the type series as well as specimens mistakenly thought to be the types. All of the tracks come from cyclical lacustrine and marginal lacustrine to fluvial strata from an interval spanning about one million years in the Early Jurassic age Meriden and Agawam groups of the Hartford and Deerfield basins of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Based on osteometric comparisons with skeletal material, these three ichnospecies were most likely made by theropod dinosaurs, as usually assumed. Although treated here as distinct ichnogenera, it is possible that their major proportional differences derive from allometric growth with individuals of several related species in one genus or even within one species of trackmaker. The rigorous establishment of these classic ichnological taxa forms a basis for more wide ranging studies of theropod diversity in the early Mesozoic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086", openalex = "W2003962594", references = "doi1010160031018272900491, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi101126science5130998, doi101146annurevearth251337, doi10230725058147, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice332752, doi105962bhltitle125523, doi107312lock90868, openalexw39955589, openalexw606525048" } @article{doi101126science28253921298, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Beck, Allison L. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Gado, Boubacar and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Lyon, Gabrielle H. and Marcot, Jonathan D. and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Sadleir, Rudyard W. and Sidor, Christian A. and Varricchio, David D. and Wilson, Gregory P. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.", title = "A Long-Snouted Predatory Dinosaur from Africa and the Evolution of Spinosaurids", year = "1998", journal = "Science", abstract = "Fossils discovered in Lower Cretaceous (Aptian) rocks in the Tenere Desert of central Niger provide new information about spinosaurids, a peculiar group of piscivorous theropod dinosaurs. The remains, which represent a new genus and species, reveal the extreme elongation and transverse compression of the spinosaurid snout. The postcranial bones include blade-shaped vertebral spines that form a low sail over the hips. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the enlarged thumb claw and robust forelimb evolved during the Jurassic, before the elongated snout and other fish-eating adaptations in the skull. The close phylogenetic relationship between the new African spinosaurid and Baryonyx from Europe provides evidence of dispersal across the Tethys seaway during the Early Cretaceous.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5392.1298", doi = "10.1126/science.282.5392.1298", openalex = "W2161814413", references = "doi101016s0195667105800199, doi101038324359a0, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101111j136531211989tb00328x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101127njgpa1991996151, doi101144gsjgs15310005, doi102113gssgfbulliv2335, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi10103820167, author = "Gatesy, Stephen M. and Middleton, Kevin M. and Jenkins, Farish A. and Shubin, Neil H.", title = "Three-dimensional preservation of foot movements in Triassic theropod dinosaurs", year = "1999", journal = "Nature", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/20167", doi = "10.1038/20167", openalex = "W1585179859", references = "coombs1980swimming, doi1010079789400904095, doi1010160031018282900050, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101038261129a0, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi1023073514816, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhltitle70405, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, lull1915triassic, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw603337959" } @article{doi10108002724634199910011124, author = "Sullivan, Robert M. and Lucas, Spencer G.", title = "Eucoelophysis baldwini a new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, and the status of the original types of Coelophysis", year = "1999", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT Eucoelophysis baldwini is a new genus and species of theropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Petrified Forest Formation of the Chinle Group in north-central New Mexico. Eucoelophysis baldwini is diagnosed by the autapomorphous structure of its pubis (presence of ischio-acetabular groove), and femur, which has a sulcus in its proximal surface. It differs from Coelophysis bauri and Syntarus rhodesiensis in lacking a well-developed posterior femoral notch below the femoral head. It is further distinquished from Coelophysis bauri in having a tibia that has a distinct appressed surface along the distal two-thirds of the bone and lacks a fibular crest. The original syntypes of Coelophysis longicollis (Cope, 1887a) include a pubis with autapomorphies of Eucoelophysis baldwini and can be assigned to that taxon. Many of the other syntypes of C. longicollis, C. bauri and C. willistoni probably also belong to E. baldwini, but this cannot be demonstrated with certainty. The type horizon of E. baldwini is in the upper part of the Petrified Forest Formation, about 45 m stratigraphically below the locality of the neotype of Coelophysis bauri, the Whitaker (Ghost Ranch) quarry, which is in the Rock Point Formation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011124", doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011124", openalex = "W2088492438", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101007bf02985783, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634198910011748, doi101126science11282807, doi101127njgpa1871993261, doi1021805bznv75a001, doi1023073514751, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw2788234611, rowe1989a" } @article{doi101126science28554321386, author = "McElwain, Jennifer C. and Beerling, David J. and Woodward, F. I.", title = "Fossil Plants and Global Warming at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = {The Triassic-Jurassic boundary marks a major faunal mass extinction, but records of accompanying environmental changes are limited. Paleobotanical evidence indicates a fourfold increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and suggests an associated 3 degrees to 4 degrees C "greenhouse" warming across the boundary. These environmental conditions are calculated to have raised leaf temperatures above a highly conserved lethal limit, perhaps contributing to the >95 percent species-level turnover of Triassic-Jurassic megaflora.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5432.1386", doi = "10.1126/science.285.5432.1386", openalex = "W2007663434", references = "doi1010160034666777900070, doi1010160034666780900226, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101126science7701342, doi101144gsjgs15450773" } @article{doi10718895fylantbak30809522, author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Sullivan, Robert M.", title = "Triassic Dinosaurs in New Mexico", year = "2000", journal = "NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)", abstract = "New Mexico is unique among Western states in possessing an extensive and diverse record of Triassic dinosaurs. This record is the world's most complete for understanding Triassic theropod evolution from Adamanian (latest Carnian) through Apachean (latest Norian-Rhaetian) time. New Mexico's recoid of Triassic theropods includes superposed faunas of Adamanian and Revueltian age, as well as the Coelophysis LagersHitte of Apachean age. Holotype theropods from the Triassic of New Mexico include Coelophysis bauri (Cope), Eucoelophysis baldwini Sullivan and Lucas, and Gojirasaurus quayi Carpenter. Theropod ichnofossils include a Single track from strata of Adamanian age in westcentral New Mexico and numerous tracksites of Apachean age in the east-central and northeastern part of the state, all of which are dominantly theropod tracks assigned to the ichnogenus Grallator. Other Triassic dinosaurs from New Mexico include isolated ornithischian teeth of both Adamanian and Revueltian age. Adamanian teeth include those assigned to Tecovasaurus from the Bluewater Creek Formation of west-central New Mexico and a diverse fauna, including a potentially new taxon, from the Los Esteros Member of the Santa Rosa Formation in north-central New Mexico. Revueltian teeth include the type specimens of Revueltosaurus callenderi Hunt and Lucianosaurus wildi Hunt and Lucas, both derived from the Bull Canyon Formation in east-central New Mexico. Records of Triassic pro sauropods from New Mexico are limited to a single vertebral centrum of Revueltian age and tracks assigned to the ichnogenera Pseudotetrasauropus and Tetrasauropus from strata of Apachean age.", url = "https://doi.org/10.71889/5fylantbak.30809522", doi = "10.71889/5fylantbak.30809522", openalex = "W2109430624", references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s0022336000026718, doi10108002724634199110011413, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101126science441142708, openalexw2599303702, openalexw3210282143, openalexw567906590" } @article{lucas2001theropod, author = "Lucas, Spencer G. and Heckert, Andrew B.", title = "Theropod dinosaurs and the Early Jurassic age of the Moenave Formation, Arizona-Utah, USA", year = "2001", journal = "Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte", url = "https://doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2001/2001/435", doi = "10.1127/njgpm/2001/2001/435", number = "7", openalex = "W2995237308", pages = "435-448", volume = "2001" } @article{doi101126science1065522, author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.", title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary", year = "2002", journal = "Science", abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522", doi = "10.1126/science.1065522", openalex = "W2107051375", references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868" } @article{doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, author = "Hesselbo, Stephen P. and Robinson, Stuart A. and Surlyk, Finn and Piasecki, Stefan", title = "Terrestrial and marine extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary synchronized with major carbon-cycle perturbation: A link to initiation of massive volcanism?", year = "2002", journal = "Geology", abstract = "Triassic-Jurassic", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0251:tameat>2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0251:tameat>2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2106758756", references = "doi1010160034666780900226, doi101016s0009254199000868, doi101016s0012825200000374, doi10102995pa02087, doi101038337039a0, doi10103835019044, doi101126science1058574, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761319990270155cicolc23co2, doi1011300091761320010291047ciaaog20co2" } @article{doi101016s1631068303000022, author = "Allain, Ronan and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda", title = "Dinosaurs of France", year = "2003", journal = "Comptes Rendus Palevol", abstract = "The French dinosaur record is one of the most extensive in Europe; it ranges stratigraphically from the Late Triassic to the Latest Cretaceous. All major clades of dinosaurs but marginocephalians are known. About 20 species are based on significant material; the theropods are the best represented. Most of these taxa have been described or revised in recent years. Important specimens have been discovered in the Late Triassic of eastern France, the Middle Jurassic of Normandy, and the Late Cretaceous of Provence and Languedoc. The ichnological record is good for the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, and the Late Cretaceous egg sites are among the richest in the world. To cite this article: R. Allain, X.P. Suberbiola, Palevol 2 (2003) 27–44. Le registre fossile des dinosaures français, qui s’étend du Trias supérieur au Crétacé supérieur, est l’un des meilleurs d’Europe. Tous les principaux clades de dinosaures y sont représentés, à l’exception des marginocéphales. Une vingtaine d’espèces, connues par des restes significatifs, ont été recensées, les théropodes étant les mieux représentés. La plupart de ces taxons ont été décrits ou révisés au cours des dix dernières années. D’importants spécimens ont été découverts dans le Trias supérieur de l’Est de la France, le Jurassique moyen de Normandie et le Crétacé supérieur de Provence et du Languedoc. Les empreintes sont abondantes dans le Trias supérieur et le Jurassique inférieur, et les sites à œufs du Crétacé supérieur sont parmi les plus riches du monde. Pour citer cet article: R. Allain, X.P. Suberbiola, Palevol 2 (2003) 27–44.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00002-2", doi = "10.1016/s1631-0683(03)00002-2", openalex = "W2081652784", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101006cres20000236, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi1011111475498300277, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo5373094, openalexw114509570, openalexw1671792548, openalexw51761775" } @article{doi1010292002jb001909, author = "Garza, Roberto S. Molina and Geissman, J. W. and Lucas, Spencer G.", title = "Paleomagnetism and magnetostratigraphy of the lower Glen Canyon and upper Chinle Groups, Jurassic‐Triassic of northern Arizona and northeast Utah", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres", abstract = "Twenty‐eight selected sites (individual beds) in the Moenave Formation at the Echo Cliffs, northern Arizona, strata give a Hettangian paleomagnetic pole at 63.7°N, 59.7°E (dp = 2.6°, dm = 5.1°). The Wingate Sandstone and Rock Point Formation at Comb Ridge, southeast Utah, provide a Rhaetian paleopole at 57.4°N, 56.6°E (N = 16 sites; dp = 3.4, dm = 6.5). High unblocking temperatures (>600°C), high coercivity, and data analyses indicate that the characteristic magnetization is primarily a chemical remanence residing in hematite. The Hettangian and Rhaetian poles are statistically indistinguishable (at 95\% confidence), they resemble existing data for the Glen Canyon Group, and they provide further validation to the J1 cusp of the North American apparent pole wander path (APWP). The red siltstone and upper members of the Chinle Group, on the south flank of the Uinta Mountains, northern Utah, define a Rhaetian pole at 51.6°N, 70.9°E (N = 20 sites; dp = 3.5°, dm = 6.9°). The Gartra and upper members of the Chinle Group in the north flank of the Uinta Mountains, give paleopoles at 52.0°N, 100.3°E (N = 6 sites; dp = 5.4°, dm = 10.5°) and 50.9°N, 50.1°E (N = 5 sites; dp = 8.8°, dm = 17.5°), respectively. These data indicate no significant rotation of the Uinta Mountains with respect to the craton. In total, data for the plateau and its bordering region of Cenozoic uplifts support estimates of small rotation of the plateau and provide evidence against the hypothesis of a Late Triassic standstill of the North American APWP. Our magnetostratigraphic results are consistent with lithographic and biostratigraphic data that place the Triassic‐Jurassic boundary within the Dinosaur Canyon Member of the Moenave Formation, not at a regional hiatus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb001909", doi = "10.1029/2002jb001909", openalex = "W2050217885", references = "lucas2001theropod" } @book{doi1015468gbdyof, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M.", title = "The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs", year = "2003", abstract = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. (2003): The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special papers in palaeontology 69: 1-213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3382576", url = "https://doi.org/10.15468/gbdyof", doi = "10.15468/gbdyof", openalex = "W69964179" } @article{doi101671a1097, author = "Dzik, Jerzy", title = "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097", doi = "10.1671/a1097", openalex = "W2101751293", references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rstb19990489, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, openalexw616953834, sereno1997the" } @inproceedings{heckert2003an, author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Spielmann, Justin A. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Altenberg, Richard and Russell, Daniel M.", title = "An Upper Jurassic theropod dinosaur from the Section 19 mine, Morrison Formation, Grants Uranium district", year = "2003", booktitle = "Geology of the Zuni Plateau", url = "https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-54.309", doi = "10.56577/ffc-54.309", openalex = "W2184324381", pages = "309-314", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007springerreference4923, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2609000594, openalexw2745147088, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi101002ara20206, author = "Smith, Joshua B. and Vann, David R. and Dodson, Peter", title = "Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: Implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth", year = "2005", journal = "The Anatomical Record Part A Discoveries in Molecular Cellular and Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "Isolated theropod teeth are common Mesozoic fossils and would be an important data source for paleoecology biogeography if they could be reliably identified as having come from particular taxa. However, obtaining identifications is confounded by a paucity of easily identifiable characters. Here we discuss a quantitative methodology designed to provide defensible identifications of isolated teeth using Tyrannosaurus as a comparison taxon. We created a standard data set based as much as possible on teeth of known taxonomic affinity against which to compare isolated crowns. Tooth morphology was described using measured variables describing crown length, base length and width, and derived variables related to basal shape, squatness, mesial curve shape, apex location with respect to base, and denticle size. Crown curves were described by fitting the power function Y = a + bX(0.5) to coordinate data collected from lateral-view images of mesial curve profiles. The b value from these analyses provides a measure of curvature. Discriminant analyses compared isolated teeth of various taxonomic affinities against the standard. The analyses classified known Tyrannosaurus teeth with Tyrannosaurus and separated most teeth known not to be Tyrannosaurus from Tyrannosaurus. They had trouble correctly classifying teeth that were very similar to Tyrannosaurus and for which there were few data in the standard. However, the results indicate that expanding the standard should facilitate the identification of numerous types of isolated theropod teeth.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20206", doi = "10.1002/ar.a.20206", openalex = "W2057683116", references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, carr1999craniofacial, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007bf02987808, doi1010160031018271900447, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s0094837300013956, doi101038324359a0, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634198710011638, doi10108002724634199510011574, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101130gsat19991001science, doi101144gsjgs15310005, doi10129879781933789439, doi1015468gcrned, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1016710272463420050250865hitrif20co2, doi1023072421859, doi1023073001469, doi1023073514548, doi1023073514695, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi102307jctvxkn7tk, doi10310210769986001002113, doi105281zenodo1040973, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice393984, madsen1976a, openalexw1582238871, openalexw2603028126, openalexw2609000594, openalexw337536883, ostrom2019osteology, ostrom2020stratigraphy, sues1978a" } @article{doi102110palo2003p0322, author = "Gates, Tim", title = "The Late Jurassic Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry as a Drought-Induced Assemblage", year = "2005", journal = "Palaios", abstract = "Abstract A comprehensive taphonomic analysis has yielded a novel interpretation for one of the most famous dinosaur quarries in the world. The Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry (CLDQ) traditionally has been interpreted as an attritional predator trap. This scenario is based largely on a remarkable 3:1 predator:prey ratio, dominated by the remains of the theropod Allosaurus fragilis. This study addresses the taphonomy of CLDQ by combining analyses of fossils and entombing sediments along with putative modern analogues. Thousands of bones have been excavated from CLDQ, representing at least 70 individual dinosaurs from a minimum of nine genera. The fossils occur in a 1-m-thick fine-grained calcareous mudstone interpreted as a floodplain ephemeral-pond deposit. The bones show minimal carnivore modification and surface weathering, whereas approximately 1/3 of the elements studied possess pre-depositional fractures and evidence of abrasion. The vast majority of elements are found horizontal to subhorizontal, wit...", url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2003.p03-22", doi = "10.2110/palo.2003.p03-22", openalex = "W2173872034", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010029780470344903, doi1010160278416583900089, doi1010160305440388900817, doi101017s0094837300005820, doi10102994jb01889, doi102113gsrocky8specialpaper11, doi105860choice300309, doi105962bhlpart22969, hirsch1989upper, openalexw1576457137" } @article{doi1056577ffc56170, author = "Lucas, Spencer G. and Zeigler, Kate E. and Heckert, Andrew B. and Hunt, Adrian P.", title = "Review of Upper Triassic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy in the Chama Basin, northern New Mexico", year = "2005", abstract = "Triassic strata in the Chama Basin of Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, pertain to the Upper Triassic Chinle Group (in ascending order, the Zuni Mountains, Shinarump, Salitral, Poleo, Petrified Forest and Rock Point formations). The base of the Chinle Group locally is the Zuni Mountains Formation (formerly mottled strata), a pedogenic weathering profile as much as 7 m thick, developed in the top of the Pennsylvanian-Permian Cutler Group. Where the Zuni Mountains Formation is absent, the base of the Chinle Group is the Shinarump Formation. In the Chama Basin, the Shinarump Formation (= Agua Zarca Formation of previous usage) is as much as 13 m thick and consists mostly of trough-crossbedded, quartzose sandstone and siliceous conglomerate. The Salitral Formation is as much as 31 m of mostly greenish and reddish brown, bentonitic mudstone. The Salitral Formation is divided into two members: a lower, Piedra Lumbre Member of greenish mudstone with a peristent sandstone bed (the El Cerrito Bed) at its top, and an upper, Youngsville Member, which mostly consists of reddish-brown mud- stone. The Poleo Formation is up to 41 m thick and is mostly grayish yellow, trough-crossbedded litharenitic and subarkosic sandstone with minor amounts of both intrabasinal and siliceous conglomerate. Above the Poleo Formation, as much as 200 m of strata, dominated by reddish brown, bentonitic mudstone, constitute the Petrified Forest Formation. In the Chama Basin, the Petrified Forest Formation consists of two members, the lower Mesa Montosa Member, up to 24 m of thin-bedded sandstone, siltstone and mudstone, which is overlain by up to 176 m of the bentonitic mudstone-dominated Painted Desert Member. The Rock Point Formation in the Chama Basin disconformably overlies the Petrified Forest Formation and is as much as 70 m thick and mostly laterally persistent, repetitive beds of reddish brown and grayish red siltstone and ripple-laminar sandstone that essentially lack volcanic detritus. In the Chama Basin, unionid bivalves from the Petrified Forest Formation are consistent with a Revueltian age, and paly- nomorphs from the Painted Desert Member of the Petrified Forest Formation and from the Rock Point Formation are of Norian age. Three formations of the Chinle Group in the Chama Basin contain biochronologically important vertebrate fossils, notably the aetosaur Desmatosuchus haplocerus (Adamanian) in the Salitral Formation, the aetosaurs Typothorax coccinarum and Desmatosuchus chamaensis and the phytosaur Pseudopalatus buceros (Revueltian) in the Petrified Forest Formation, and the phytosaur Redondasaurus (Apachean) in the Rock Point Formation. These fossils and lithostratigraphy allow precise correla- tion of the Chinle Group strata exposed in north-central New Mexico with other Upper Triassic strata in New Mexico.", url = "https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-56.170", doi = "10.56577/ffc-56.170", openalex = "W2135047613", references = "doi101007bf03006946, doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511564413024, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101306031700701280, doi1056577ffc4881, doi1056577ffc56341, doi10718895fylantbak30806570, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2103168917, openalexw592776550" } @article{doi1056577ffc56302, author = "Heckert, Andrew B. and Lucas, Spencer G. and Sullivan, Robert M. and Hunt, Adrian P. and Spielmann, Justin A.", title = "The vertebrate fauna of the Upper Triassic (Revueltian: Early-Mid Norian) Painted Desert Member (Petrified Forest Formation: Chinle Group) in the Chama Basin, northern New Mexico", year = "2005", abstract = "The Upper Triassic Painted Desert Member of the Petrified Forest Formation in north-central New Mexico yields one of the most extensive and significant Revueltian (early-mid Norian) tetrapod faunas known. Particularly significant aspects of this fauna are: (1) its long history of collection and study, including designation of important type specimens; and (2) the richness of the unit, including no fewer than three major vertebrate quarries (the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries). Beginning with the work of Cope and extending to the present day, the bulk of the Triassic vertebrates recovered from the Chama Basin have been derived from the Painted Desert Member. This includes tetrapod faunas collected at Gallina, Orphan Mesa, and the Canjilon, Snyder, and Hayden quarries. Although any one of these localities can be exceptionally rich, the Painted Desert Member fauna in the Chama Basin is a relatively low-diversity assemblage dominated by the phytosaur Pseudopalatus and the aetosaur Typothorax. The vast majority of the known diversity of the unit in the Chama Basin was derived from a single locality, the Snyder quarry. We also review the stratigraphic and biostratigraphic evidence that suggest that this fauna may be slightly younger (Lucianoan) than the type Revueltian (Barrancan) assemblage, although this argument is weakened by the fact that it is based at least in part on the absence of characteristic Revueltian (Barrancan) taxa such as Revueltosaurus callenderi.", url = "https://doi.org/10.56577/ffc-56.302", doi = "10.56577/ffc-56.302", openalex = "W1602976408", references = "doi101017cbo9780511564413024, doi101126science273527197, doi1013130203949425396, doi1056577ffc56170, doi1056577ffc56319, doi10718895fylantbak30806570, doi10718895fylantbak30806843, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2103168917, openalexw2145948209, openalexw2166545671, openalexw3175991846, openalexw3210282143" } @article{doi101017s1477201906001970, author = "Langer, Max C. and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Early dinosaurs: A phylogenetic study", year = "2006", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis Early dinosaur evolution has been the subject of several phylogenetic studies and the position of certain basal forms is currently debated. This is the case for the oldest known members of the group, excavated from the Late Triassic Ischigualastian beds of South America, such as Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor, Pisanosaurus, Saturnalia and Staurikosaurus. A new cladistic analysis of the early dinosaur radiation was performed to assess the relationships among the three major clades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda) and to define the phylogenetic position of the basal members of the group. The most parsimonious hypothesis has Silesaurus opolensis as the sister taxon to a dichotomy including monophyletic Saurischia and Ornithischia. The latter includes Pisanosaurus mertii, and the former all other well‐known Triassic dinosaurs. Saurischia is composed of two major monophyletic groups: Herrerasauridae (including Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei) and Eusaurischia (including the theropod and sauropodomorph lineages), while Eoraptor lunensis appears to represent the sister taxon to Eusaurischia. Saturnalia tupiniquim is a stem‐taxon to Sauropodomorpha and Guaibasaurus candelariensis might belong to the theropod branch. Some of these hypotheses are, however, not strongly supported. Especially uncertain are the affinities of Silesaurus and Guaibasaurus. The latter can only be safely regarded as a saurischian, while the former might belong to the ornithischian lineage. The dinosaurian affinities of Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are strongly supported. Yet, the possibility that they (especially Eoraptor) represent basal theropods, rather than basal saurischians, cannot be dismissed. In fact, basal saurischian evolution is still too poorly understood for a definitive hypothesis of relationships to be presented.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201906001970", doi = "10.1017/s1477201906001970", openalex = "W2106077668", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101007bf02988144, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101126science2562999, doi101671a1097, doi1023072408678, doi1023073889334, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16651680, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice392183, doi105962bhlpart22965, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw2261909166, openalexw2560671010, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3190253505, openalexw606525048, openalexw638862129, smith1990osteology" } @article{doi10108008912960600719988, author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Parker, William G. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Liu, Jun", title = "Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record", year = "2006", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Abstract Ornithischian dinosaurs are one of the most taxonomically diverse dinosaur clades during the Mesozoic, yet their origin and early diversification remain virtually unknown. In recent years, several new Triassic ornithischian taxa have been proposed, mostly based upon isolated teeth. New discoveries of skeletal material of some of these tooth taxa indicate that these teeth can no longer be assigned to the Ornithischia using unambiguous synapomorphies. The Triassic record of ornithischian dinosaurs now comprises only three probable occurrences: Pisanosaurus and an unnamed heterodontosaurid from Argentina, and an unnamed specimen from the uppermost Triassic of South Africa. This revised Triassic record suggests that ornithischians were not very diverse or abundant through the Triassic, and there are large gaps in the Triassic ornithischian fossil record. Moreover, traditional living analogues for interpreting the feeding ecology of early ornithischians from their tooth morphology are generally inappropriate, and “herbivorous” archosaur teeth such as those found in early ornithischians are not necessarily diagnostic of herbivorous feeding.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912960600719988", doi = "10.1080/08912960600719988", openalex = "W2168969964", references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s0016699594802521, doi101126science2835400335, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi102138rmg20024812, doi1023073514751, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, padian1990the" } @article{doi101130g22967a1, author = "Furin, Stefano and Preto, Nereo and Rigo, Manuel and Roghi, Guido and Gianolla, Piero and Crowley, James L. and Bowring, Samuel A.", title = "High-precision U-Pb zircon age from the Triassic of Italy: Implications for the Triassic time scale and the Carnian origin of calcareous nannoplankton and dinosaurs", year = "2006", journal = "Geology", abstract = "The Triassic time scale is poorly constrained due to a paucity of high-precision radiometric ages. We present a 206Pb/238U age of 230.91 0.33 Ma (error includes all known sources) for zircon from an ash bed in the upper Carnian (Upper Triassic) of southern \nItaly that requires a major revision of the Triassic time scale. For example, the Norian stage is lengthened to more than 20 m.y. The section containing the ash bed is correlated with other Tethyan sections and, indirectly, with the Newark astronomical polarity time scale (APTS). The dating provides also a minimum age for some important climatic and biotic events that occurred during the Carnian. We note a coincidence between these \nevents and the eruption of the large igneous province of Wrangellia, but the possible link between volcanism and climatic and biotic events requires further scrutiny.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g22967a.1", doi = "10.1130/g22967a.1", openalex = "W2162656165", references = "doi101016jpalaeo200508011, openalexw2894525608" } @misc{doi105281zenodo4650990, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.", title = "A review of the systematic position of the dinosauriform archosaur Eucoelophysis baldwini Sullivan \& Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA", year = "2006", booktitle = "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)", abstract = "Ezcurra, Martín D. (2006): A review of the systematic position of the dinosauriform archosaur Eucoelophysis baldwini Sullivan \& Lucas, 1999 from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA. Geodiversitas 28 (4): 649-684, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4650991", url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4650990", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.4650990", openalex = "W2516390087" } @article{doi101017s0016756807003925, author = "Whiteside, David I. and Marshall, John", title = "The age, fauna and palaeoenvironment of the Late Triassic fissure deposits of Tytherington, South Gloucestershire, UK", year = "2007", journal = "Geological Magazine", abstract = "Abstract Important vertebrate faunas occur in fissure deposits of Late Triassic–Jurassic age in SW Britain. Although the faunas are well described, their age and palaeoenvironment remain poorly understood. One such fissure system was documented in detail during quarrying operations at Tytherington and has yielded in situ palynomorphs that add much information concerning its age and palaeoenvironment. Significantly, the Tytherington fauna is of the sauropsid type that has generally been dated as Norian or pre-Penarth Group transgression and was also regarded as representing a distinct upland fauna. The palynomorphs, which include a significant marine component, demonstrate that the Tytherington Triassic fissures are infilled with Late Triassic (Rhaetian) sediments that match specific levels in the Westbury Formation. In addition, many of the Tytherington solutional fissures probably formed during the Rhaetian and are consistent with a fluctuating saline to freshwater environment. There is no prima facie evidence of solutional formation and infilling of the reptile-bearing deposits before the Rhaetian trangression. The fissure reptile fauna, which includes the early dinosaur Thecodontosaurus, inhabited a small fire-swept limestone island in the Rhaetian sea. The features of the herpetofauna are entirely consistent with this island model which has Quaternary analogues.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756807003925", doi = "10.1017/s0016756807003925", openalex = "W1988107863", references = "ciofi1999the, doi1010160031018295000178, doi1010160264817293900684, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101111j155856461963tb03295x, doi101126science1065522, doi101191095968300667442551, doi1023071485834, doi1043249781315736822ch17, openalexw1599677799, openalexw2764433274, openalexw2983381470" } @article{doi101017s1477201907002040, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Irmis, Randall B. and Parker, William G.", title = "A critical re‐evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America", year = "2007", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Synopsis The North American Triassic dinosaur record has been repeatedly cited as one of the most complete early dinosaur assemblages. The discovery of Silesaurus from Poland and the recognition that Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor may not be theropods have forced a re‐evaluation of saurischian and theropod synapomorphies. Here, we re‐evaluate each purported Triassic dinosaur from North America on a specimen by specimen basis using an apomorphy‐based approach. We attempt to assign specimens to the most exclusive taxon possible. Our revision of purported Late Triassic dinosaur material from North America indicates that dinosaurs were rarer and less diverse in these strata than previously thought. This analysis concludes that non‐dinosaurian dinosauriforms were present in North America in the Late Triassic. Most of the proposed theropod specimens are fragmentary and/or indistinguishable from corresponding elements in the only well‐known Triassic theropod of North America, Coelophysis bauri. No Triassic material from North America can be assigned to Sauropodomorpha, because none of the purported ‘prosauropod’ material is diagnostic. Recent discovery of the skull and skeleton of Revueltosaurus callenderi from Arizona shows that it is a pseudosuchian archosaur, not an ornithischian dinosaur. As a result, other purported North American ornithischian teeth cannot be assigned to the Ornithischia and therefore, there are no confirmed North American Triassic ornithischians. Non‐tetanuran theropods and possible basal saurischians are the only identifiable dinosaurs recognised in North America until the beginning of the Jurassic Period.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002040", doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002040", openalex = "W2002503490", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf00377897, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101093auk12041206, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science28454232137, doi1023071441916, doi1034191b109, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi10718895fylantbak30806570, lucas2001theropod, openalexw2912219260, openalexw3210282143" } @article{doi101126science1143325, author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Padian, Kevin and Smith, Nathan D. and Turner, Alan H. and Woody, Daniel and Downs, Alex", title = "A Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage from New Mexico and the Rise of Dinosaurs", year = "2007", journal = "Science", abstract = "It has generally been thought that the first dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the more archaic faunas suddenly became extinct. Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition was gradual. Some dinosaur relatives preserved in this Chinle assemblage belong to groups previously known only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America. Thus, the transition may have extended for 15 to 20 million years and was probably diachronous at different paleolatitudes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143325", doi = "10.1126/science.1143325", openalex = "W2056991518", references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi1010160034666791900282, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199610011361, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086413056, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science2605109794, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101671a1097, sereno1997the" } @article{doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Cuny, Gilles", title = "The coelophysoid Lophostropheus airelensis, gen. nov.: a review of the systematics of “Liliensternus” airelensis from the Triassic–Jurassic outcrops of Normandy (France)", year = "2007", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Abstract In the early 1990s a theropod dinosaur found close to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of France was assigned to a second species of the genus Liliensternus: L. airelensis (Moon Airel Formation). This contribution reveals that common features that purportedly unite “L.” airelensis with L. liliensterni are more widely distributed among coelophysoids and basal dinosaurs than it was thought. A cladistic analysis reveals that “L.” airelensis is more closely related to the Coelophysidae than to L. liliensterni. A feature that supports this systematic arrangement includes a supraacetabular crest forming a well-developed ridge continuous with the lateral margin of the brevis fossa, with non-distinct notch between both structures. The new genus Lophostropheus, gen. nov., is therefore erected to include the species L. airelensis. Thus, the new combination Lophostropheus airelensis is proposed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:tclagn]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[73:tclagn]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2174214743", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, cuny1993revision, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice353642, openalexw3215057009, talbot1911podokesaurus" } @article{doi101144001676492007029, author = "Mander, Luke and Twitchett, Richard J. and Benton, Michael J.", title = "Palaeoecology of the Late Triassic extinction event in the SW UK", year = "2008", journal = "Journal of the Geological Society", abstract = "A high-resolution palaeoecological study of the shelly invertebrate macrofauna across two marine Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections in the UK (St. Audrie's Bay and Lavernock Point) is presented. Loss of taxonomic richness occurs in the upper Westbury Formation to lower Lilstock Formation (late Rhaetian), but if sample size is taken into account there is little convincing evidence of a catastrophic marine extinction. There is, however, good evidence for significant palaeoecological change in the benthic marine ecosystem at this time. The immediate post-event recovery interval in the upper Lilstock Formation is characterized by assemblages of low abundance, low diversity, high dominance and low evenness. Body-sizes of taxa that survived the event and originated afterwards were low until the later Hettangian. Recovery to higher abundance, higher diversity and higher evenness is recorded in the Psiloceras planorbis Zone. Recovery of the benthic ecosystem in the aftermath of the Late Triassic event was disrupted by marine anoxia and shows additional similarities to the (much slower) recovery that followed the Late Permian event. The pattern of body-size changes recorded in the shelly fossil record closely matches that of the trace fossil record. Shell thickness trends do not support a biocalcification crisis during the Late Triassic biotic event.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492007-029", doi = "10.1144/0016-76492007-029", openalex = "W2148246484", references = "doi1010160031018295000178" } @article{doi101371journalpone0003303, author = "Sereno, Paul C. and Martínez, Ricardo N. and Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Varricchio, David J. and Alcober, Oscar A. and Larsson, Hans C. E.", title = "Evidence for Avian Intrathoracic Air Sacs in a New Predatory Dinosaur from Argentina", year = "2008", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = {BACKGROUND: Living birds possess a unique heterogeneous pulmonary system composed of a rigid, dorsally-anchored lung and several compliant air sacs that operate as bellows, driving inspired air through the lung. Evidence from the fossil record for the origin and evolution of this system is extremely limited, because lungs do not fossilize and because the bellow-like air sacs in living birds only rarely penetrate (pneumatize) skeletal bone and thus leave a record of their presence. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We describe a new predatory dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous rocks in Argentina, Aerosteon riocoloradensis gen. et sp. nov., that exhibits extreme pneumatization of skeletal bone, including pneumatic hollowing of the furcula and ilium. In living birds, these two bones are pneumatized by diverticulae of air sacs (clavicular, abdominal) that are involved in pulmonary ventilation. We also describe several pneumatized gastralia ("stomach ribs"), which suggest that diverticulae of the air sac system were present in surface tissues of the thorax. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We present a four-phase model for the evolution of avian air sacs and costosternal-driven lung ventilation based on the known fossil record of theropod dinosaurs and osteological correlates in extant birds: (1) Phase I-Elaboration of paraxial cervical air sacs in basal theropods no later than the earliest Late Triassic. (2) Phase II-Differentiation of avian ventilatory air sacs, including both cranial (clavicular air sac) and caudal (abdominal air sac) divisions, in basal tetanurans during the Jurassic. A heterogeneous respiratory tract with compliant air sacs, in turn, suggests the presence of rigid, dorsally attached lungs with flow-through ventilation. (3) Phase III-Evolution of a primitive costosternal pump in maniraptoriform theropods before the close of the Jurassic. (4) Phase IV-Evolution of an advanced costosternal pump in maniraptoran theropods before the close of the Jurassic. In addition, we conclude: (5) The advent of avian unidirectional lung ventilation is not possible to pinpoint, as osteological correlates have yet to be identified for uni- or bidirectional lung ventilation. (6) The origin and evolution of avian air sacs may have been driven by one or more of the following three factors: flow-through lung ventilation, locomotory balance, and/or thermal regulation.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0003303", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0003303", openalex = "W2090712955", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016c2012002488x, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice326223, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi10299200974463200876227ansoco20co2, author = "Carpenter, Kenneth and Wilson, Yvonne", title = "A New Species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a Biomechanical Analysis of Its Forelimb", year = "2008", journal = "Annals of Carnegie Museum", abstract = "A new species, Camptosaurus aphanoecetes, is named for a partial skeleton of ornithopod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. The specimen was originally described as Camptosaurus medius Marsh, 1894, and later referred to Camptosaurus dispar (Marsh, 1879). Comparison of the specimen with a large sample of C. dispar from Quarry 13 shows differences in the proportions and shape of various axial and appendicular elements. Based on the dorsoventrally depressed form of the ilium, Camptosaurus depressus Gilmore, 1909 (Lower Cretaceous of South Dakota) is assigned to the Barremian genus Planicoxa DiCroce and Carpenter, 2001, as Planicoxa depressa, new combination. The well-preserved, undistorted forelimb material of C. aphanoecetes allows for a biomechanical analysis. The range of motion is rather limited throughout the forelimb. The analysis supports the quadrupedal locomotion previously hypothesized for Camptosaurus Marsh, 1885, from limb ratios, fusion of the wrist, and presence of short digits.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ansoco]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.2992/0097-4463(2008)76[227:ansoco]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2140791804", references = "openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi104202app20080415, author = "Dzik, Jerzy and Sulej, Tomasz and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz", title = "A Dicynodont-Theropod Association in the Latest Triassic of Poland", year = "2008", journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica", abstract = "It is generally accepted that during the Triassic the composition of tetrapod faunas underwent a series of fundamental transformations, mainly as a result of diversification of archosaurs and decline of therapsids (Benton 1994(Benton, 2004(Benton, 2006)). The last herbivorous basal synapsids, dicynodonts, disappeared from the record in the early Norian of the Americas, about 220 Ma (Langer et al. 2007), being unknown from the Late Triassic of Europe. Here, we report a partially articulated skeleton and isolated bones of a giant rhino-size dicynodont in the Upper Triassic fluvial sediments at Lisowice (Lipie lskie clay-pit) in southern Poland. Paleobotanical data indicate an early Rhaetian age for the fauna (Dzik et al. 2008; Niedwiedzki and Sulej 2008). The dicynodont bones are associated with bones of carnivorous dinosaurs, pterosaurs, as well as capitosaur and plagiosaur amphibians. Dicynodonts were represented in the Germanic Basin throughout the Late Triassic, as proven by findings of smaller dicynodonts in older deposits in the same area, associated there with temnospondyl amphibians. It appears, thus, that the fossil record of tetrapod succession in the Late Triassic was strongly controlled by ecological factors and biased", url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2008.0415", doi = "10.4202/app.2008.0415", openalex = "W2139876224", references = "doi101017s0016756806002561, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101098rstb19650005, doi101126science1143325, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023073243920, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868, openalexw114509570, openalexw2113837685, openalexw2788234611" } @article{doi101016jsedgeo200911010, author = "Tanner, Lawrence H. and Lucas, Spencer G.", title = "Deposition and deformation of fluvial–lacustrine sediments of the Upper Triassic–Lower Jurassic Whitmore Point Member, Moenave Formation, northern Arizona", year = "2009", journal = "Sedimentary Geology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.010", doi = "10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.11.010", openalex = "W2110283098", references = "lucas2001theropod" } @article{doi101111j10963642200900569x, author = "Benson, Roger", title = "A description of Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Bathonian of the UK and the relationships of Middle Jurassic theropods", year = "2009", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Megalosaurus bucklandii (Dinosauria: Theropoda), the oldest named dinosaur taxon, from the Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) of England, is a valid taxon diagnosed by a unique character combination of the lectotype dentary. Abundant referred material is described and several autapomorphies are identified: ventral surfaces of first and third to fifth sacral centra evenly rounded, ventral surface of second sacral centrum bearing longitudinal, angular ridge; dorsally directed flange around midheight on the scapular blade; an array of posterodorsally inclined grooves on the lateral surface of the median iliac ridge; anteroposteriorly thick ischial apron with an almost flat medial surface; and complementary groove and ridge structures on the articular surfaces between metatarsals II and III.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00569.x", openalex = "W2019441231", references = "benson2008a, crossref1976allosaurus, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo5373094, openalexw3215057009, woodward1910on" } @article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x, author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.", title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x", openalex = "W2121596487", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic" } @article{doi101371journalpone0004591, author = "Milner, Andrew R. and Harris, Jerald D. and Lockley, Martin G. and Kirkland, James I. and Matthews, Neffra A.", title = "Bird-Like Anatomy, Posture, and Behavior Revealed by an Early Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur Resting Trace", year = "2009", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Fossil tracks made by non-avian theropod dinosaurs commonly reflect the habitual bipedal stance retained in living birds. Only rarely-captured behaviors, such as crouching, might create impressions made by the hands. Such tracks provide valuable information concerning the often poorly understood functional morphology of the early theropod forelimb. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe a well-preserved theropod trackway in a Lower Jurassic (approximately 198 million-year-old) lacustrine beach sandstone in the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah. The trackway consists of prints of typical morphology, intermittent tail drags and, unusually, traces made by the animal resting on the substrate in a posture very similar to modern birds. The resting trace includes symmetrical pes impressions and well-defined impressions made by both hands, the tail, and the ischial callosity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The manus impressions corroborate that early theropods, like later birds, held their palms facing medially, in contrast to manus prints previously attributed to theropods that have forward-pointing digits. Both the symmetrical resting posture and the medially-facing palms therefore evolved by the Early Jurassic, much earlier in the theropod lineage than previously recognized, and may characterize all theropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004591", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0004591", openalex = "W2091913214", references = "doi101002ara10097, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038nature02898, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868, openalexw2306571682, openalexw2788234611" } @article{nesbitt2009a, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Smith, Nathan D. and Irmis, Randall B. and Turner, Alan H. and Downs, Alex and Norell, Mark A.", title = "A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of Dinosaurs", year = "2009", journal = "Science", abstract = "Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180350", doi = "10.1126/science.1180350", number = "5959", openalex = "W2075629590", pages = "1530-1533", volume = "326", references = "doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi105281zenodo16120887" } @article{doi101080147720192010484650, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.", title = "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny", year = "2010", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.484650", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2010.484650", openalex = "W2035329065", references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi101002ara10097, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science28454232137, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, leal2004a, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2560671010, openalexw3215057009, openalexw617951419" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201000139x, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Carrano, Matthew T. and Barrett, Paul M.", title = "Testing the effect of the rock record on diversity: a multidisciplinary approach to elucidating the generic richness of sauropodomorph dinosaurs through time", year = "2010", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The accurate reconstruction of palaeobiodiversity patterns is central to a detailed understanding of the macroevolutionary history of a group of organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that diversity patterns observed directly from the fossil record are strongly influenced by fluctuations in the quality of our sampling of the rock record; thus, any patterns we see may reflect sampling biases, rather than genuine biological signals. Previous dinosaur diversity studies have suggested that fluctuations in sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity reflect genuine biological signals, in comparison to theropods and ornithischians whose diversity seems to be largely controlled by the rock record. Most previous diversity analyses that have attempted to take into account the effects of sampling biases have used only a single method or proxy: here we use a number of techniques in order to elucidate diversity. A global database of all known sauropodomorph body fossil occurrences (2024) was constructed. A taxic diversity curve for all valid sauropodomorph genera was extracted from this database and compared statistically with several sampling proxies (rock outcrop area and dinosaur-bearing formations and collections), each of which captures a different aspect of fossil record sampling. Phylogenetic diversity estimates, residuals and sample-based rarefaction (including the first attempt to capture 'cryptic' diversity in dinosaurs) were implemented to investigate further the effects of sampling. After 'removal' of biases, sauropodomorph diversity appears to be genuinely high in the Norian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Bathonian-Callovian and Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (with a small peak in the Aptian), whereas low diversity levels are recorded for the Oxfordian and Berriasian-Barremian, with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary seemingly representing a real diversity trough. Observed diversity in the remaining Triassic-Jurassic stages appears to be largely driven by sampling effort. Late Cretaceous diversity is difficult to elucidate and it is possible that this interval remains relatively under-sampled. Despite its distortion by sampling biases, much of sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity can be interpreted as a reflection of genuine biological signals, and fluctuations in sea level may account for some of these diversity patterns.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x", openalex = "W2009772623", references = "doi101038274661a0, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101666070341, doi105860choice435907, foote1996perspective, smith2007marine" } @article{doi101371journalpone0014075, author = "McDonald, Andrew T. and Kirkland, James I. and DeBlieux, Donald D. and Madsen, Scott K. and Cavin, Jennifer and Milner, Andrew R. and Panzarin, Lukas", title = "New Basal Iguanodonts from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah and the Evolution of Thumb-Spiked Dinosaurs", year = "2010", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Basal iguanodontian dinosaurs were extremely successful animals, found in great abundance and diversity almost worldwide during the Early Cretaceous. In contrast to Europe and Asia, the North American record of Early Cretaceous basal iguanodonts has until recently been limited largely to skulls and skeletons of Tenontosaurus tilletti. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein we describe two new basal iguanodonts from the Yellow Cat Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of eastern Utah, each known from a partial skull and skeleton. Iguanacolossus fortis gen. et sp. nov. and Hippodraco scutodens gen. et sp. nov. are each diagnosed by a single autapomorphy and a unique combination of characters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Iguanacolossus and Hippodraco add greatly to our knowledge of North American basal iguanodonts and prompt a new comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of basal iguanodont relationships. This analysis indicates that North American Early Cretaceous basal iguanodonts are more basal than their contemporaries in Europe and Asia.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014075", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0014075", openalex = "W2049267198", references = "doi101007s0011401006506, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017s1477201903001032, doi10103821872, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi101086407120, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice393984, olson1972stratigraphy, openalexw3215057009, openalexw597685939" } @article{doi101016jepsl201107015, author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Mundil, Roland and Martz, Jeffrey W. and Parker, William G.", title = "High-resolution U–Pb ages from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation (New Mexico, USA) support a diachronous rise of dinosaurs", year = "2011", journal = "Earth and Planetary Science Letters", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.015", doi = "10.1016/j.epsl.2011.07.015", openalex = "W2037559770", references = "doi101007bf01134434, doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016jgca200511032, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi101017s1755691011020032, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science1198467, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi101130g306831, doi101144sp33415, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi1016710390290218, doi103133pp690, doi1056577ffc56302, openalexw1504637003, parker2010the, riggs2003isotopic" } @article{doi101098rspb20110410, author = "Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Berman, David S. and Henrici, Amy C.", title = "A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America", year = "2011", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The oldest theropod dinosaurs are known from the Carnian of Argentina and Brazil. However, the evolutionary diversification of this group after its initial radiation but prior to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is still poorly understood because of a sparse fossil record near that boundary. Here, we report on a new basal theropod, Daemonosaurus chauliodus gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic 'siltstone member' of the Chinle Formation of the Coelophysis Quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, Daemonosaurus is more closely related to coeval neotheropods (e.g. Coelophysis bauri) than to Herrerasauridae and Eoraptor. The skeletal structure of Daemonosaurus and the recently discovered Tawa bridge a morphological gap between Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae on one hand and neotheropods on the other, providing additional support for the theropod affinities of both Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae and demonstrating that lineages from the initial radiation of Dinosauria persisted until the end of the Triassic. Various features of the skull of Daemonosaurus, including the procumbent dentary and premaxillary teeth and greatly enlarged premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth, clearly set this taxon apart from coeval neotheropods and demonstrate unexpected disparity in cranial shape among theropod dinosaurs just prior to the end of the Triassic.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0410", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.0410", openalex = "W2154414810", references = "doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jtree200508012, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi101130g22967a1, doi1015468gbdyof, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, openalexw1565584485, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101111j10963642201100723x, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Pol, Diego and Salgado, Leonardo", title = "Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Tehuelchesaurus benitezii (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Patagonia", year = "2011", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "The diversification and early evolution of neosauropod dinosaurs is mainly recorded from the Upper Jurassic of North America, Europe, and Africa. Our understanding of this evolutionary stage is far from complete, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. A partial skeleton of a large sauropod from the Upper Jurassic Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Patagonia was originally described as a 'cetiosaurid' under the name Tehuelchesaurus benitezii. The specimen is here redescribed in detail and the evidence presented indicates that this taxon is indeed a neosauropod, thus representing one of the oldest records of this clade in South America. A complete preparation of the type specimen and detailed analysis of its osteology revealed a great number of features of phylogenetic significance, such as fully opisthocoelous dorsal vertebrae, the persistence of true pleurocoels up to the first sacral vertebra, associated with large camerae in the centrum and supraneural camerae, and an elaborate neural arch lamination, including two apomorphic laminae in the infradiapophyseal fossa. The phylogenetic relationships of this taxon are tested through an extensive cladistic analysis that recovers Tehuelchesaurus as a non-titanosauriform camarasauromorph, deeply nested within Neosauropoda. Camarasauromorph sauropods were widely distributed in the Late Jurassic, indicating a rapid evolution and diversification of the group. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00723.x", openalex = "W2140459400", references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng200900004, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi101111j1469185x201100190x, author = "Benson, Roger and Butler, Richard J. and Carrano, Matthew T. and O’Connor, Patrick M.", title = "Air‐filled postcranial bones in theropod dinosaurs: physiological implications and the ‘reptile’–bird transition", year = "2011", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Pneumatic (air-filled) postcranial bones are unique to birds among extant tetrapods. Unambiguous skeletal correlates of postcranial pneumaticity first appeared in the Late Triassic (approximately 210 million years ago), when they evolved independently in several groups of bird-line archosaurs (ornithodirans). These include the theropod dinosaurs (of which birds are extant representatives), the pterosaurs, and sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Postulated functions of skeletal pneumatisation include weight reduction in large-bodied or flying taxa, and density reduction resulting in energetic savings during foraging and locomotion. However, the influence of these hypotheses on the early evolution of pneumaticity has not been studied in detail previously. We review recent work on the significance of pneumaticity for understanding the biology of extinct ornithodirans, and present detailed new data on the proportion of the skeleton that was pneumatised in 131 non-avian theropods and Archaeopteryx. This includes all taxa known from significant postcranial remains. Pneumaticity of the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae occurred early in theropod evolution. This 'common pattern' was conserved on the line leading to birds, and is likely present in Archaeopteryx. Increases in skeletal pneumaticity occurred independently in as many as 12 lineages, highlighting a remarkably high number of parallel acquisitions of a bird-like feature among non-avian theropods. Using a quantitative comparative framework, we show that evolutionary increases in skeletal pneumaticity are significantly concentrated in lineages with large body size, suggesting that mass reduction in response to gravitational constraints at large body sizes influenced the early evolution of pneumaticity. However, the body size threshold for extensive pneumatisation is lower in theropod lineages more closely related to birds (maniraptorans). Thus, relaxation of the relationship between body size and pneumatisation preceded the origin of birds and cannot be explained as an adaptation for flight. We hypothesise that skeletal density modulation in small, non-volant, maniraptorans resulted in energetic savings as part of a multi-system response to increased metabolic demands. Acquisition of extensive postcranial pneumaticity in small-bodied maniraptorans may indicate avian-like high-performance endothermy.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00190.x", openalex = "W2003924744", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101002jmor10470, doi101002sici1097018520000215261125aidar630co27, doi101007s0011400804883, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038nature07856, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi10108002724634199710011018, doi101086284325, doi101093auk12041206, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101093sysbio41118, doi101098rstb19890106, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101126science1180219, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle60562, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3086315876, ostrom2019osteology, owen1857monograph, owen2015monograph" } @article{doi101126science1198467, author = "Martínez, Ricardo N. and Sereno, Paul C. and Alcober, Oscar A. and Colombi, Carina E. and Renne, Paul R. and Montañez, Isabel P. and Currie, Brian S.", title = "A Basal Dinosaur from the Dawn of the Dinosaur Era in Southwestern Pangaea", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "Upper Triassic rocks in northwestern Argentina preserve the most complete record of dinosaurs before their rise to dominance in the Early Jurassic. Here, we describe a previously unidentified basal theropod, reassess its contemporary Eoraptor as a basal sauropodomorph, divide the faunal record of the Ischigualasto Formation with biozones, and bracket the formation with (40)Ar/(39)Ar ages. Some 230 million years ago in the Late Triassic (mid Carnian), the earliest dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial carnivores and small herbivores in southwestern Pangaea. The extinction of nondinosaurian herbivores is sequential and is not linked to an increase in dinosaurian diversity, which weakens the predominant scenario for dinosaurian ascendancy as opportunistic replacement.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1198467", doi = "10.1126/science.1198467", openalex = "W2025986670", references = "currie2009stratigraphy, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080147720192010484650, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, nesbitt2009a, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101130b304331, author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Hoke, Gregory D. and Fastovsky, David E. and Bowring, Samuel A. and Therrien, François and Dworkin, S. I. and Atchley, Stacy C. and Nordt, Lee C.", title = "High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): Temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs", year = "2011", journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin", abstract = "The Triassic successions of the Colorado Plateau preserve an important record of vertebrate evolution and climate change, but correlations to a global Triassic framework are hampered by a lack of geochronological control. Tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones were collected from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, within a refined stratigraphic context of 31 detailed measured sections. U-Pb analyses by the isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) method constrain maximum depositional ages for nine tuffaceous beds and provide new insights into the depositional history of the Chinle fluvial system. The base of the Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation is placed at ca. 225 Ma, and the top of the Petrified Forest Member is placed at 208 Ma or younger, bracketing an ̃280-m-thick section that spans nearly the entire Norian Stage of the Late Triassic. Estimated sediment accumulation rates throughout the section reflect extensive hiatuses and/ or sediment removal by channel erosion. The new geochronology for the Chinle Formation underscores the potential pitfalls of correlation of fluvial units based solely on lithostratigraphic criteria. A mid-Norian age (ca. 219-213 Ma) for the distinctive Sonsela conglomeratic sandstone bed constrains the Adamanian-Revueltian land vertebrate faunachron boundary. Our new data permit a significant time overlap between the lower Chinle sequence and the dinosauromorphrich Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Near-contemporaneity of the trans-American deposits and their faunal similarities imply that early dinosaur evolution occurred rapidly across the Americas. © 2011 Geological Society of America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b30433.1", doi = "10.1130/b30433.1", openalex = "W2057937776", references = "doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102991jb00336, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1198467, doi10113000917613198614567ltpots20co2, doi101130g306831, doi101144sp33415, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr2008088, doi1023073514678, doi103133pp521b, doi103133pp644e, doi103133pp690, nesbitt2009a, openalexw1504637003, riggs2003isotopic, therrien2000paleoenvironments" } @article{nouri2011tetradactyl, author = "Nouri, Jaouad and Díaz-Martínez, Ignacio and Pérez-Lorente, Félix", title = "Tetradactyl Footprints of an Unknown Affinity Theropod Dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of Morocco", year = "2011", journal = "PLoS ONE", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026882", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0026882", number = "12", pages = "e26882", volume = "6" } @article{doi101073pnas1203238109, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Foth, Christian and Tischlinger, Helmut and Norell, Mark A.", title = "Exceptionally preserved juvenile megalosauroid theropod dinosaur with filamentous integument from the Late Jurassic of Germany", year = "2012", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = {Recent discoveries in Asia have greatly increased our understanding of the evolution of dinosaurs' integumentary structures, revealing a previously unexpected diversity of "protofeathers" and feathers. However, all theropod dinosaurs with preserved feathers reported so far are coelurosaurs. Evidence for filaments or feathers in noncoelurosaurian theropods is circumstantial and debated. Here we report an exceptionally preserved skeleton of a juvenile megalosauroid, Sciurumimus albersdoerferi n. gen., n. sp., from the Late Jurassic of Germany, which preserves a filamentous plumage at the tail base and on parts of the body. These structures are identical to the type 1 feathers that have been reported in some ornithischians, the basal tyrannosaur Dilong, the basal therizinosauroid Beipiaosaurus, and, probably, in the basal coelurosaur Sinosauropteryx. Sciurumimus albersdoerferi represents the phylogenetically most basal theropod that preserves direct evidence for feathers and helps close the gap between feathers reported in coelurosaurian theropods and filaments in ornithischian dinosaurs, further supporting the homology of these structures. The specimen of Sciurumimus is the most complete megalosauroid yet discovered and helps clarify significant anatomical details of this important basal theropod clade, such as the complete absence of the fourth digit of the manus. The dentition of this probably early-posthatchling individual is markedly similar to that of basal coelurosaurian theropods, indicating that coelurosaur occurrences based on isolated teeth should be used with caution.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1203238109", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1203238109", openalex = "W2033273405", references = "benson2008a, carr1999craniofacial, crossref2013dinosaurs, doi101002jmor10382, doi101002sici1097010x199912152854291aidjez130co29, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi10103832884, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature07856, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101139e93179, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1023072424244, doi105479si03629236110i" } @article{doi101080027246342012694384, author = "Sulej, Tomasz and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Bronowicz, Robert", title = "A new Late Triassic vertebrate fauna from Poland with turtles, aetosaurs, and coelophysoid dinosaurs", year = "2012", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "ABSTRACT We report a new site with an occurrence of isolated bones of a Palaeochersis-like turtle in Norian-Rhaetian fluvial sediments from southern Poland. The turtle remains are associated with bones of a medium-sized aetosaur, a coelophysoid dinosaur, and a larger carnivorous archosaur, as well as a hybodontid shark, ganoid and dipnoan fishes, and a large temnospondyl.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.694384", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2012.694384", openalex = "W2105698177", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101038nature07533, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science2562999, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1023071005355, doi1023071218228, doi1033740079032x2007483promt20co2, doi105962bhltitle156765, doi105962bhltitle542, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101080104209402012711396, author = "Contessi, Michela and Fanti, Federico", title = "Vertebrate Tracksites in the Middle Jurassic-Upper Cretaceous of South Tunisia", year = "2012", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "Four vertebrate tracksites from the Middle Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous in the Tataouine basin of southern Tunisia are described. Approximately 130 tridactyl footprints distributed over an area of 200 square meters, preserved on Callovian beds exposed at the Beni Ghedir site, represent the oldest evidence of a dinosaur fauna in Tunisia. In addition, three tracksites—Chenini, Ksar Ayaat, and Jebel Boulouha—have been discovered in the Cretaceous beds of the upper Continental Intercalaire, previously considered as a strictly marine depositional sequence. In addition to dinosaur tracks, the Chenini tracksite (late Albian) includes poorly preserved crocodilian tracks, and footprints assigned to a pleurodiran turtle have been recovered at the Ksar Ayaat locality (early Cenomanian). The Jebel Boulouha tracksite is dominated by well-preserved tridactyl tracks referred to small-sized theropods. Depositional settings of each tracksite have been defined on stratigraphic and sedimentologic data, and tracks were ascribed to different ichnocoenoses in relation to their paleoenvironments. This new and differentiated track record gives important information on how the fossil vertebrate fauna changed in southern Tunisia during mid-Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous times. These data provide a unique and useful census of tetrapod associations along the southern margin of the peri-Mediterranean area.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2012.711396", doi = "10.1080/10420940.2012.711396", openalex = "W2090030711", references = "nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{doi101098rspb20112441, author = "Sookias, Roland B. and Butler, Richard J. and Benson, Roger", title = "Rise of dinosaurs reveals major body-size transitions are driven by passive processes of trait evolution", year = "2012", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "A major macroevolutionary question concerns how long-term patterns of body-size evolution are underpinned by smaller scale processes along lineages. One outstanding long-term transition is the replacement of basal therapsids (stem-group mammals) by archosauromorphs, including dinosaurs, as the dominant large-bodied terrestrial fauna during the Triassic (approx. 252-201 million years ago). This landmark event preceded more than 150 million years of archosauromorph dominance. We analyse a new body-size dataset of more than 400 therapsid and archosauromorph species spanning the Late Permian-Middle Jurassic. Maximum-likelihood analyses indicate that Cope's rule (an active within-lineage trend of body-size increase) is extremely rare, despite conspicuous patterns of body-size turnover, and contrary to proposals that Cope's rule is central to vertebrate evolution. Instead, passive processes predominate in taxonomically and ecomorphologically more inclusive clades, with stasis common in less inclusive clades. Body-size limits are clade-dependent, suggesting intrinsic, biological factors are more important than the external environment. This clade-dependence is exemplified by maximum size of Middle-early Late Triassic archosauromorph predators exceeding that of contemporary herbivores, breaking a widely-accepted 'rule' that herbivore maximum size greatly exceeds carnivore maximum size. Archosauromorph and dinosaur dominance occurred via opportunistic replacement of therapsids following extinction, but were facilitated by higher archosauromorph growth rates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.2441", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.2441", openalex = "W2096497122", references = "doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101126science1180219" } @article{doi101371journalpone0034094, author = "Butler, Richard J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Gower, David J.", title = "Reassessment of the Evidence for Postcranial Skeletal Pneumaticity in Triassic Archosaurs, and the Early Evolution of the Avian Respiratory System", year = "2012", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Uniquely among extant vertebrates, birds possess complex respiratory systems characterised by the combination of small, rigid lungs, extensive pulmonary air sacs that possess diverticula that invade (pneumatise) the postcranial skeleton, unidirectional ventilation of the lungs, and efficient crosscurrent gas exchange. Crocodilians, the only other living archosaurs, also possess unidirectional lung ventilation, but lack true air sacs and postcranial skeletal pneumaticity (PSP). PSP can be used to infer the presence of avian-like pulmonary air sacs in several extinct archosaur clades (non-avian theropod dinosaurs, sauropod dinosaurs and pterosaurs). However, the evolution of respiratory systems in other archosaurs, especially in the lineage leading to crocodilians, is poorly documented. Here, we use µCT-scanning to investigate the vertebral anatomy of Triassic archosaur taxa, from both the avian and crocodilian lineages as well as non-archosaurian diapsid outgroups. Our results confirm previous suggestions that unambiguous evidence of PSP (presence of internal pneumatic cavities linked to the exterior by foramina) is found only in bird-line (ornithodiran) archosaurs. We propose that pulmonary air sacs were present in the common ancestor of Ornithodira and may have been subsequently lost or reduced in some members of the clade (notably in ornithischian dinosaurs). The development of these avian-like respiratory features might have been linked to inferred increases in activity levels among ornithodirans. By contrast, no crocodile-line archosaur (pseudosuchian) exhibits evidence for unambiguous PSP, but many of these taxa possess the complex array of vertebral laminae and fossae that always accompany the presence of air sacs in ornithodirans. These laminae and fossae are likely homologous with those in ornithodirans, which suggests the need for further investigation of the hypothesis that a reduced, or non-invasive, system of pulmonary air sacs may be have been present in these taxa (and secondarily lost in extant crocodilians) and was potentially primitive for Archosauria as a whole.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0034094", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0034094", openalex = "W2172109030", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101007bf00377897, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi105860choice490282" } @article{doi101080147720192013764935, author = "Carballido, José Luis and Sander, P. Martin", title = "Postcranial axial skeleton of Europasaurus holgeri (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Germany: implications for sauropod ontogeny and phylogenetic relationships of basal Macronaria", year = "2013", journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology", abstract = "Neosauropods are well represented in the Late Jurassic fossil record, both in Laurasia and Gondwana. Among Macronaria, Europasaurus represents one of the most basal forms of this group. In addition to its systematic importance, Europasaurus is also the first unequivocal dwarf sauropod from which adult and juvenile material is available. Despite the abundance of sauropods in the fossil record, early juvenile specimens are rare, limiting knowledge about sauropod ontogeny. Therefore, the great amount of material of Europasaurus provides an excellent opportunity to improve our knowledge on the early evolution of Macronaria, as well as to shed light on some morphological changes through ontogeny. The postcranial axial skeleton of sauropods is extremely modified with respect to the anatomy observed in its ancestors, the ‘prosauropods’, proving to be one of the most informative regions of the body. Here we provide a detailed description of the axial skeleton of Europasaurus, including adult and juvenile elements, discussing its systematic and ontogenetic importance. We also analyse the phylogenetic position of Europasaurus through a cladistic analysis using TNT, which retrieves this taxon in a basal position among Camarasauromorpha. Additionally, the presence/absence of discrete characters and the comparison of juvenile elements with adult specimens allowed us to recognize different morphological ontogenetic stages (MOS). Whereas early stages lack derived characters (e.g. spinodiapophyseal lamina and prespinal lamina on dorsal vertebrae), all derived characters (including autapomorphies) are present in late immature specimens. Therefore, while late immature specimens provide the same phylogenetic signal as adult specimens of Europasaurus, more immature stages are recovered in a basal position among sauropods. Finally, we apply the MOS to other maturity criteria (e.g. neurocentral closure, sexual maturity) in a search for a wider definition of maturity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2013.764935", doi = "10.1080/14772019.2013.764935", openalex = "W2076978806", references = "doi101002jez513, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi102475ajss31695411, doi103998mpub9690664, doi105860choice490282" } @article{doi101111zoj12029, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms", year = "2013", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029", openalex = "W1572867283", references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy" } @article{doi101144sp37917, author = "Desojo, Julia B. and Heckert, Andrew B. and Martz, Jeffrey W. and Parker, William G. and Schoch, Rainer R. and Small, Bryan J. and Sulej, Tomasz", title = "Aetosauria: a clade of armoured pseudosuchians from the Upper Triassic continental beds", year = "2013", journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications", abstract = "Abstract Aetosauria is a clade of obligately quadrupedal, heavily armoured pseudosuchians known from Upper Triassic (late Carnian–Rhaetian) strata on every modern continent except Australia and Antarctica. As many as 22 genera and 26 species ranging from 1 to 6 m in length, and with a body mass ranging from less than 10 to more than 500 kg, are known. Aetosauroides scagliai was recently recovered as the most basal aetosaur, placed outside of Stagonolepididae (the last common ancestor of Desmatosuchus and Aetosaurus). Interrelationships among the basal aetosaurs are not well understood but two clades with relatively apomorphic armour – the spinose Desmatosuchinae and the generally wide-bodied Typothoracisinae – are consistently recognized. Paramedian and lateral osteoderms are often distinctive at the generic level but variation within the carapace is not well understood in many taxa, warranting caution in assigning isolated osteoderms to specific taxa. The aetosaur skull and dentition varies across taxa, and there is increasing evidence that at least some aetosaurs relied on invertebrates and/or small vertebrates as a food source. Histological evidence indicates that, after an initial period of rapid growth, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are common and later growth was relatively slow. The common and widespread Late Triassic ichnogenus Brachychirotherium probably represents the track of an aetosaur.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp379.17", doi = "10.1144/sp379.17", openalex = "W2114697853", references = "doi101017s1755691013000376, doi101080027246342012694384, doi102475ajss417101377, doi1056577ffc56302, doi105962bhltitle5752" } @article{doi101371journalpone0054329, author = "Larson, Derek W. and Currie, Philip J.", title = "Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Isolated small theropod teeth are abundant in vertebrate microfossil assemblages, and are frequently used in studies of species diversity in ancient ecosystems. However, determining the taxonomic affinities of these teeth is problematic due to an absence of associated diagnostic skeletal material. Species such as Dromaeosaurus albertensis, Richardoestesia gilmorei, and Saurornitholestes langstoni are known from skeletal remains that have been recovered exclusively from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian). It is therefore likely that teeth from different formations widely disparate in age or geographic position are not referable to these species. Tooth taxa without any associated skeletal material, such as Paronychodon lacustris and Richardoestesia isosceles, have also been identified from multiple localities of disparate ages throughout the Late Cretaceous. To address this problem, a dataset of measurements of 1183 small theropod teeth (the most specimen-rich theropod tooth dataset ever constructed) from North America ranging in age from Santonian through Maastrichtian were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods: canonical variate analysis, pairwise discriminant function analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicate that teeth referred to the same taxon from different formations are often quantitatively distinct. In contrast, isolated teeth found in time equivalent formations are not quantitatively distinguishable from each other. These results support the hypothesis that small theropod taxa, like other dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous, tend to be exclusive to discrete host formations. The methods outlined have great potential for future studies of isolated teeth worldwide, and may be the most useful non-destructive technique known of extracting the most data possible from isolated and fragmentary specimens. The ability to accurately assess species diversity and turnover through time based on isolated teeth will help illuminate patterns of evolution and extinction in these groups and potentially others in greater detail than has previously been thought possible without more complete skeletal material.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054329", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0054329", openalex = "W2073560226", references = "carpenter2005the, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002ara20206, doi1010079780387217062, doi101016jpalaeo200902007, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101098rspb20090352, doi101139e10005, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi1015468gcrned, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw2289748525, russell2002synopsis" } @article{doi101371journalpone0079420, author = "Loewen, Mark A. and Irmis, Randall B. and Sertich, Joseph J. W. and Currie, Philip J. and Sampson, Scott D.", title = "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans", year = "2013", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079420", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0079420", openalex = "W2091933212", references = "doi101080027246342011557116, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi101214aos1176344552, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1015259780520941434, doi1023072408678, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2009a, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009" } @article{nesbitt2013the, author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Werning, Sarah and Sidor, Christian A. and Charig, Alan J.", title = "The oldest dinosaur? A Middle Triassic dinosauriform from Tanzania", year = "2013", journal = "Biology Letters", abstract = "The rise of dinosaurs was a major event in vertebrate history, but the timing of the origin and early diversification of the group remain poorly constrained. Here, we describe Nyasasaurus parringtoni gen. et sp. nov., which is identified as either the earliest known member of, or the sister–taxon to, Dinosauria. Nyasasaurus possesses a unique combination of dinosaur character states and an elevated growth rate similar to that of definitive early dinosaurs. It demonstrates that the initial dinosaur radiation occurred over a longer timescale than previously thought (possibly 15 Myr earlier), and that dinosaurs and their immediate relatives are better understood as part of a larger Middle Triassic archosauriform radiation. The African provenance of Nyasasaurus supports a southern Pangaean origin for Dinosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949", doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2012.0949", number = "1", openalex = "W2099666527", pages = "20120949", volume = "9", references = "doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038nature08718, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101126science1198467, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012063521, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1021131081135" } @article{doi101111zoj12113, author = "Mocho, Pedro and Royo‐Torres, Rafael and Ortega, Francisco", title = "Phylogenetic reassessment of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis, a basal Macronaria (Sauropoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal", year = "2014", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is a Portuguese Upper Jurassic dinosaur whose lectotype is one of the most complete sauropod specimens from the Portuguese fossil record and from the Upper Jurassic of Europe. It was recovered from sediments of the Sobral Formation (upper Kimmeridgian to lower Tithonian) at Moinho do Carmo (Alenquer, Portugal). The lectotype of Lourinhasaurus was first related to Apatosaurus and then tentatively related to Camarasaurus. Finally, it was established as a new taxon, Lourinhasaurus, including the Moinho do Carmo specimen. At the time of writing, Lourinhasaurus had a poor diagnosis and an unstable phylogenetic position. Revision of the Moinho do Carmo specimen has led to a detailed description and a new and more complete codification for several morphological characters. The phylogenetic analyses proposed herein considered Lourinhasaurus as a Camarasauromorpha Macronaria. This study also recovered a Camarasauridae clade incorporating Lourinhasaurus, Camarasaurus and, putatively, Tehuelchesaurus and that implies the presence of Camarasauridae in the European Upper Jurassic. Besides the strong similarity to Camarasaurus, Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is here considered a valid taxon with 13 putative autapomorphies such as a sagittal keel on the dorsal margin of sacral neural spines, circular and deep spinoprezygapophyseal fossa on proximal caudal vertebrae, marked crest and groove bordering the lateral margin of the acetabulum in the ischium, and a marked deflection of the entire femoral shaft without lateral bulge. The apparently high number of taxa among the sauropod fauna from the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Jurassic is similar to the palaeobiodiversity recorded in formations of the same age, i.e. Morrison and Tendaguru, and does not support the hypothesis of a connection between the North America and Iberian Peninsula faunas during the later part of the Late Jurassic reflected by other faunal and floral groups. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12113", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12113", openalex = "W1926788169", references = "doi102475ajss3179786, doi104202app20080049" } @article{doi1011646zootaxa375911, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth", year = "2014", journal = "Zootaxa", abstract = {Theropod dinosaurs form a highly diversified clade, and their teeth are some of the most common components of the Mesozoic dinosaur fossil record. This is the case in the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) of Portugal, where theropod teeth are particularly abundant and diverse. Four isolated theropod teeth are here described and identified based on morphometric and anatomical data. They are included in a cladistic analysis performed on a data matrix of 141 dentition-based characters coded in 60 taxa, as well as a supermatrix combining our dataset with six recent datamatrices based on the whole theropod skeleton. The consensus tree resulting from the dentition-based data matrix reveals that theropod teeth provide reliable data for identification at approximately family level. Therefore, phylogenetic methods will help identifying theropod teeth with more confidence in the future. Although dental characters do not reliably indicate relationships among higher clades of theropods, they demonstrate interesting patterns of homoplasy suggesting dietary convergence in (1) alvarezsauroids, therizinosaurs and troodontids; (2) coelophysoids and spinosaurids; (3) compsognathids and dromaeosaurids; and (4) ceratosaurids, allosauroids and megalosaurids. Based on morphometric and cladistic analyses, the biggest tooth from Lourinhã is referred to a mesial crown of the megalosaurid Torvosaurus tanneri, due to the elliptical cross section of the crown base, the large size and elongation of the crown, medially positioned mesial and distal carinae, and the coarse denticles. The smallest tooth is identified as Richardoestesia, and as a close relative of R. gilmorei based on the weak constriction between crown and root, the "eight-shaped" outline of the base crown and, on the distal carina, the average of ten symmetrically rounded denticles per mm, as well as a subequal number of denticles basally and at mid-crown. Finally, the two medium-sized teeth belong to the same taxon and exhibit pronounced interdenticular sulci between distal denticles, hooked distal denticles for one of them, an irregular enamel texture, and a straight distal margin, a combination of features only observed in abelisaurids. They provide the first record of Abelisauridae in the Jurassic of Laurasia and one of the oldest records of this clade in the world, suggesting a possible radiation of Abelisauridae in Europe well before the Upper Cretaceous.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1", doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1", openalex = "W2141232902", references = "benson2008a, carpenter2005the, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002ara20206, doi101002jmor10372, doi101007bf02987808, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038324359a0, doi10103832884, doi10103835047056, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101139e10005, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1012063521, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1016710272463420050250865hitrif20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi102475ajss319111253, doi1034191b109, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo16171435, mateus2010a, openalexw1821824396, openalexw1879660213, openalexw2764433274, openalexw3215057009, openalexw834136096, rauhut2003a, sues1978a, zhao1998the" } @article{doi101371journalpbio1001853, author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.", title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS Biology", abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853", openalex = "W2155522161", references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129" } @article{doi101371journalpone0088905, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Mateus, Octávio", title = "Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the Largest Terrestrial Predator from Europe, and a Proposed Terminology of the Maxilla Anatomy in Nonavian Theropods", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "The Lourinhã Formation (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) of Central West Portugal is well known for its diversified dinosaur fauna similar to that of the Morrison Formation of North America; both areas share dinosaur taxa including the top predator Torvosaurus, reported in Portugal. The material assigned to the Portuguese T. tanneri, consisting of a right maxilla and an incomplete caudal centrum, was briefly described in the literature and a thorough description of these bones is here given for the first time. A comparison with material referred to Torvosaurus tanneri allows us to highlight some important differences justifying the creation of a distinct Eastern species. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp. displays two autapomorphies among Megalosauroidea, a maxilla possessing fewer than eleven teeth and an interdental wall nearly coincidental with the lateral wall of the maxillary body. In addition, it differs from T. tanneri by a reduced number of maxillary teeth, the absence of interdental plates terminating ventrally by broad V-shaped points and falling short relative to the lateral maxillary wall, and the absence of a protuberant ridge on the anterior part of the medial shelf, posterior to the anteromedial process. T. gurneyi is the largest theropod from the Lourinhã Formation of Portugal and the largest land predator discovered in Europe hitherto. This taxon supports the mechanism of vicariance that occurred in the Iberian Meseta during the Late Jurassic when the proto-Atlantic was already well formed. A fragment of maxilla from the Lourinhã Formation referred to Torvosaurus sp. is ascribed to this new species, and several other bones, including a femur, a tibia and embryonic material all from the Kimmeridgian-Tithonian of Portugal, are tentatively assigned to T. gurneyi. A standard terminology and notation of the theropod maxilla is also proposed and a record of the Torvosaurus material from Portugal is given.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088905", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0088905", openalex = "W2016691632", references = "benson2008a, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002ara20206, doi101016jcretres201103005, doi101073pnas1203238109, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101080027246342010520779, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101139e93179, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss3179786, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, mateus2010a, openalexw3215057009, rauhut2003a" } @article{doi101371journalpone0092022, author = "Lamanna, Matthew C. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Schachner, Emma R. and Lyson, Tyler R.", title = "A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America", year = "2014", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "The oviraptorosaurian theropod dinosaur clade Caenagnathidae has long been enigmatic due to the incomplete nature of nearly all described fossils. Here we describe Anzu wyliei gen. et sp. nov., a new taxon of large-bodied caenagnathid based primarily on three well-preserved partial skeletons. The specimens were recovered from the uppermost Cretaceous (upper Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation of North and South Dakota, and are therefore among the stratigraphically youngest known oviraptorosaurian remains. Collectively, the fossils include elements from most regions of the skeleton, providing a wealth of information on the osteology and evolutionary relationships of Caenagnathidae. Phylogenetic analysis reaffirms caenagnathid monophyly, and indicates that Anzu is most closely related to Caenagnathus collinsi, a taxon that is definitively known only from a mandible from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta. The problematic oviraptorosaurs Microvenator and Gigantoraptor are recovered as basal caenagnathids, as has previously been suggested. Anzu and other caenagnathids may have favored well-watered floodplain settings over channel margins, and were probably ecological generalists that fed upon vegetation, small animals, and perhaps eggs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0092022", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0092022", openalex = "W2135294759", references = "doi10103831635, doi101038nature08322, doi101038nature10288, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science2665186779, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss3179786, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104095105003, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902" } @article{doi101073pnas1512541112, author = "Marsicano, Claudia A. and Irmis, Randall B. and Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia and Mundil, Roland and Chemale, Farid", title = "The precise temporal calibration of dinosaur origins", year = "2015", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Dinosaurs have been major components of ecosystems for over 200 million years. Although different macroevolutionary scenarios exist to explain the Triassic origin and subsequent rise to dominance of dinosaurs and their closest relatives (dinosauromorphs), all lack critical support from a precise biostratigraphically independent temporal framework. The absence of robust geochronologic age control for comparing alternative scenarios makes it impossible to determine if observed faunal differences vary across time, space, or a combination of both. To better constrain the origin of dinosaurs, we produced radioisotopic ages for the Argentinian Chañares Formation, which preserves a quintessential assemblage of dinosaurian precursors (early dinosauromorphs) just before the first dinosaurs. Our new high-precision chemical abrasion thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) U-Pb zircon ages reveal that the assemblage is early Carnian (early Late Triassic), 5- to 10-Ma younger than previously thought. Combined with other geochronologic data from the same basin, we constrain the rate of dinosaur origins, demonstrating their relatively rapid origin in a less than 5-Ma interval, thus halving the temporal gap between assemblages containing only dinosaur precursors and those with early dinosaurs. After their origin, dinosaurs only gradually dominated mid- to high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems millions of years later, closer to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1512541112", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1512541112", openalex = "W2196133811", references = "doi101016jcub201311063, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgeobios200304008, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038nature08718, doi101073pnas1302323110, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1180350, doi101126science1198467, doi101126science2605109794, doi101144sp3799, nesbitt2009a, nesbitt2013the, openalexw2113837685" } @article{doi1010801042094020151064408, author = "McCrea, Richard T. and Tanke, Darren H. and Buckley, Lisa G. and Lockley, Martin G. and Farlow, James O. and Xing, Lida and Matthews, Neffra A. and Helm, Charles and Pemberton, S. George and Breithaupt, Brent H.", title = "Vertebrate Ichnopathology: Pathologies Inferred from Dinosaur Tracks and Trackways from the Mesozoic", year = "2015", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "Literature concerning dinosaur footprints or trackways exhibiting abnormal gait or morphology reflecting pathology (ichnopathology) is rare. We report on a number of Jurassic and Cretaceous occurrences of theropod footprints from western North America with unusual morphologies interpreted herein as examples of inferred pathologies, or ichnopathologies. The majority of ichnopathologies are primarily manifested in the digit impressions and include examples of swelling, extreme curvature, dislocation or fracture, and amputation. A number of occurrences are single tracks on ex situ blocks with substantial deformation (inferred dislocation or fracture), or absence of a single digit impression. Two occurrences are from in situ natural mould trackways, one of which is a lengthy trackway of a presumed allosauroid with no noticeable deformation of the digits or feet but with strong inward rotation of the left footprint toward the midline and a pronounced, waddling limp. The other is a tyrannosaurid trackway consisting of three footprints (one right, two left) with the two left prints exhibiting repetitive ichnopathology of a partially missing Digit II impression.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2015.1064408", doi = "10.1080/10420940.2015.1064408", openalex = "W1904008150", references = "doi101016jcretres201307009, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @incollection{doi1011302015251311, author = "Christiansen, Eric H. and Kowallis, Bart J. and Dorais, Michael J. and Hart, Garret L. and Mills, Chloe N. and Pickard, Megan and Parks, Eric M.", title = "The record of volcanism in the Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation: Implications for the Late Jurassic of western North America", year = "2015", booktitle = "Geological Society of America Special Papers", abstract = "The Late Jurassic (157–150 Ma) Morrison Formation of the Western Interior of the United States contains abundant altered volcanic ash. On the Colorado Plateau, this formation accumulated behind and downwind of a subduction-related volcanic arc along the western margin of North America. The ash in these distal fallout tuffs probably drifted eastward from coignimbrite ash clouds related to collapse calderas. Altered volcanic ash is particularly abundant in the Brushy Basin Member of the upper part of the Morrison Formation. In one 110-m-thick section in eastern Utah, 35 separate beds were deposited in a 2.2 m.y. period. Alteration occurred when glassy volcanic ash fell into fluvial and lacustrine environments, where it was diagenetically altered to various mineral assemblages but most commonly to smectitic clay. Periodically, ash fell into saline, alkaline lakes, and diagenetic alteration of the glassy ash produced a crudely zoned deposit on the Colorado Plateau. Altered volcanic ash beds in the outermost part of the lacustrine deposits are argillic (with smectitic clay), whereas zeolitic (clinoptilolite, analcime) and feldspathic (K-feldspar and albite) alteration dominates the interior zones. Feldspathic ash layers contain secondary silica, and consequently immobile element (e.g., Al, Ti, and high field strength elements) abundances were strongly diluted in these rocks. In contrast, the argillic ash beds experienced strong SiO2 depletion, and, as a result, they are enriched in the relatively immobile elements. The compositions of the zeolitic ash beds are intermediate between these two extremes and experienced the least alteration. As a result of these changes, immobile element concentrations are less reliable than ratios for determining the original magmatic composition of the ash. Most of the altered ash (regardless of type) was also depleted in water-soluble elements like the alkalies, U, and V. The latter two elements were oxidized during diagenesis of the ash, became soluble, and were partially leached away by groundwater. Locally, U and V in groundwater were reduced upon contact with organic materials and formed important ore deposits.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/2015.2513(11)", doi = "10.1130/2015.2513(11)", openalex = "W2230644803", references = "doi10718895fylantbak30809522" } @article{doi1014241asgp2015037, author = "Szulc, Joachim and Racki, Grzegorz and Jewuła, Karol and Środoń, Jan", title = "How many Upper Triassic bone-bearing levels are there in Upper Silesia (southern Poland)? A critical overview of stratigraphy and facies", year = "2015", journal = "Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae/Rocznik Polskiego Towarzystwa Geologicznego", abstract = "At least three widely separated bone-bearing intervals in the Upper Triassic succession of Upper Silesia, ranging in age from the Carnian to Rhaetian (i.e., in the interval of 25 Ma), are presented in papers by the Warsaw research group, led mainly by Jerzy Dzik and/or Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki. The stratigraphic arguments are reviewed for the vertebrate localities studied so far, in particular for the well-known middle Keuper sites at Krasiejów and Lipie Śląskie, to show that the previously proposed age assignments are still inadequately documented and questionable. This unreliability is exemplified by the evolving stratigraphic correlation of the fragmentary Silesian sections (8–18 m thick) with informal subsurface units from central-western Poland and with the German standard succession, ultimately not corroborated by comparison with the composite reference succession of the Upper Silesian Keuper, including new profiles (ca. 260 m thick) from the Woźniki K1 and Patoka 1 wells. Based on a multidisciplinary stratigraphic study covering consistent litho-, bio-, climato- and chemostratigraphic premises, focused on the regional reference section, two bone-bed levels only are recognized in the Patoka Marly Mudstone-Sandstone Member (= Steinmergelkeuper) of the Grabowa Formation, not very different in age (Classopollis meyeriana Palynozone; probably IVb Subzone): (1) the localized Krasiejów bone breccia level (early Norian in age) in the Opole region, and (2) the far more widely distributed Lisowice bone-bearing level (middle Norian) in a vast alluvial plain (braided to anastomosing river system) during the Eo-Cimmerian tectonic-pluvial episode. As a consequence of the principal uncertainties and controversies in Upper Triassic terrestrial stratigraphy, this is still a somewhat preliminary inference. Typical skeletal concentra- tions of a combined hydraulic/sedimentologic type, related to fluvial processes, are common in the Upper Silesian Fossil-Lagerstätten, although factors governing preservation are probably important, as well.", url = "https://doi.org/10.14241/asgp.2015.037", doi = "10.14241/asgp.2015.037", openalex = "W2324006351", references = "doi1010160031018288900855, doi101016003101828890096x, doi1010160037073888901340, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jpalaeo200906004, doi101016jpalaeo201003015, doi101016s0012825200000386, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038nature08718, doi101080027246342012694384, doi101098rstb19850134, doi101306st46706c1, doi101671a1097, doi104202app20080415, doi105860choice413461, therrien2000paleoenvironments" } @article{doi101073pnas1613813113, author = "Griffin, Christopher T and Nesbitt, Sterling J", title = "Anomalously high variation in postnatal development is ancestral for dinosaurs but lost in birds.", year = "2016", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America", abstract = "Compared with all other living reptiles, birds grow extremely fast and possess unusually low levels of intraspecific variation during postnatal development. It is now clear that birds inherited their high rates of growth from their dinosaurian ancestors, but the origin of the avian condition of low variation during development is poorly constrained. The most well-understood growth trajectories of later Mesozoic theropods (e.g., Tyrannosaurus, Allosaurus) show similarly low variation to birds, contrasting with higher variation in extant crocodylians. Here, we show that deep within Dinosauria, among the earliest-diverging dinosaurs, anomalously high intraspecific variation is widespread but then is lost in more derived theropods. This style of development is ancestral for dinosaurs and their closest relatives, and, surprisingly, this level of variation is far higher than in living crocodylians. Among early dinosaurs, this variation is widespread across Pangaea in the Triassic and Early Jurassic, and among early-diverging theropods (ceratosaurs), this variation is maintained for 165 million years to the end of the Cretaceous. Because the Late Triassic environment across Pangaea was volatile and heterogeneous, this variation may have contributed to the rise of dinosaurian dominance through the end of the Triassic Period.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5187714/", doi = "10.1073/pnas.1613813113", openalex = "W2560017686", pmcid = "PMC5187714", pmid = "27930315", references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101002sici109746871996082292121aidjmor130co24, doi101007s1205200901334, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi10103835086500, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature02699, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111bij12746, doi105860choice392183" } @article{doi101111zoj12425, author = "Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Carrano, Matthew T.", title = "The theropod dinosaur Elaphrosaurus bambergi Janensch, 1920, from the Late Jurassic of Tendaguru, Tanzania", year = "2016", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic of Gondwana are still poorly known, with Elaphrosaurus bambergiJanensch, 1920, from the late Kimmeridgian of Tendaguru, Tanzania, being the only taxon represented by more than isolated remains from Africa. Having long been considered a coelurosaurian, more specifically an ornithomimosaur, Elaphrosaurus is currently regarded as a basal ceratosaur. Here, we revise the osteology and phylogenetic position of this important taxon. Elaphrosaurus shows many unusual osteological characters, including extremely elongated and constricted cervical vertebrae, an expansive shoulder girdle with strongly modified forelimbs, a relatively small ilium, and elongate hindlimbs with a very small ascending process of the astragalus that is fused to the tibia. We found this taxon to share many derived characters with noasaurids, such as: strongly elongate cervical and dorsal vertebrae; low, rectangular neural spines in the mid-caudal vertebrae; presence of only an anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina in anterior caudal vertebrae; presence of a wide, U–shaped notch between the glenoid and the anteroventral hook in the coracoid; a laterally flared postacetabular blade of the ilium; a flat anterior side of the distal tibia; and a reduced shaft of metatarsal II. Our analysis placed Elaphrosaurus within a dichotomous Noasauridae as part of a Jurassic subclade, here termed Elaphrosaurinae, that otherwise includes taxa from eastern Asia. These results underscore the long and complex evolutionary history of abelisauroids, which is still only beginning to be understood.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12425", doi = "10.1111/zoj.12425", openalex = "W2340352440", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, openalexw1565584485, openalexw3215057009, openalexw3217097258" } @article{doi101371journalpone0145713, author = "Martill, David M. and Vidovic, Steven U. and Howells, Cindy and Nudds, John R.", title = "The Oldest Jurassic Dinosaur: A Basal Neotheropod from the Hettangian of Great Britain", year = "2016", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Approximately 40\% of a skeleton including cranial and postcranial remains representing a new genus and species of basal neotheropod dinosaur is described. It was collected from fallen blocks from a sea cliff that exposes Late Triassic and Early Jurassic marine and quasi marine strata on the south Wales coast near the city of Cardiff. Matrix comparisons indicate that the specimen is from the lithological Jurassic part of the sequence, below the first occurrence of the index ammonite Psiloceras planorbis and above the last occurrence of the Rhaetian conodont Chirodella verecunda. Associated fauna of echinoderms and bivalves indicate that the specimen had drifted out to sea, presumably from the nearby Welsh Massif and associated islands (St David's Archipelago). Its occurrence close to the base of the Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic, Hettangian) makes it the oldest known Jurassic dinosaur and it represents the first dinosaur skeleton from the Jurassic of Wales. A cladistic analysis indicates basal neotheropodan affinities, but the specimen retains plesiomorphic characters which it shares with Tawa and Daemonosaurus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145713", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0145713", openalex = "W2276824201", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10958312201101755x, doi1011300091761320010291047ciaaog20co2, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1015468gbdyof, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, nesbitt2009a, openalexw1934811342, openalexw3215057009, talbot1911podokesaurus" } @article{doi101371journalpone0157973, author = "Coria, Rodolfo A. and Currie, Philip J.", title = "A New Megaraptoran Dinosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Megaraptoridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia", year = "2016", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "A skeleton discovered in the Upper Cretaceous Sierra Barrosa Formation (Turonian-Coniacian) of Neuquén Province, Argentina represents a new species of theropod dinosaur related to the long snouted, highly pneumatized Megaraptoridae. The holotype specimen of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen et n.sp. (MCF-PVPH-411) includes much of the skull, axial skeleton, pelvis and tibia. Murusraptor is unique in having several diagnostic features that include anterodorsal process of lacrimal longer than height of preorbital process, and a thick, shelf-like thickening on the lateral surface of surangular ventral to the groove between the anterior surangular foramen and the insert for the uppermost intramandibular process of the dentary. Other characteristic features of Murusraptor barrosaensis n.gen. et n. sp.include a large mandibular fenestra, distal ends of caudal neural spines laterally thickened into lateral knob-like processes, short ischia distally flattened and slightly expanded dorsoventrally. Murusraptor belongs to a Patagonian radiation of megaraptorids together with Aerosteon, Megaraptor and Orkoraptor. In spite being immature, it is a larger but more gracile animal than existing specimens of Megaraptor, and is comparable in size with Aerosteon and Orkoraptor. The controversial phylogeny of the Megaraptoridae as members of the Allosauroidea or a clade of Coelurosauria is considered analyzing two alternative data sets.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157973", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0157973", openalex = "W2489898299", references = "doi101038ncomms3827, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi1022179revmacn12239" } @article{doi107717peerj2285, author = "Sciscio, Lara and Bordy, Emese M. and Reid, Mhairi and Abrahams, Miengah", title = "Sedimentology and ichnology of the Mafube dinosaur track site (Lower Jurassic, eastern Free State, South Africa): a report on footprint preservation and palaeoenvironment", year = "2016", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "Footprint morphology (e.g., outline shape, depth of impression) is one of the key diagnostic features used in the interpretation of ancient vertebrate tracks. Over 80 tridactyl tracks, confined to the same bedding surface in the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation at Mafube (eastern Free State, South Africa), show large shape variability over the length of the study site. These morphological differences are considered here to be mainly due to variations in the substrate rheology as opposed to differences in the trackmaker's foot anatomy, foot kinematics or recent weathering of the bedding surface. The sedimentary structures (e.g., desiccation cracks, ripple marks) preserved in association with and within some of the Mafube tracks suggest that the imprints were produced essentially contemporaneous and are true dinosaur tracks rather than undertracks or erosional remnants. They are therefore valuable not only for the interpretation of the ancient environment (i.e., seasonally dry river channels) but also for taxonomic assessments as some of them closely resemble the original anatomy of the trackmaker's foot. The tracks are grouped, based on size, into two morphotypes that can be identified as Eubrontes-like and Grallator-like ichnogenera. The Mafube morphotypes are tentatively attributable to large and small tridactyl theropod trackmakers, possibly to Dracovenator and Coelophysis based on the following criteria: (a) lack of manus impressions indicative of obligate bipeds; (b) long, slender-digits that are asymmetrical and taper; (c) often end in a claw impression or point; and (d) the tracks that are longer than broad. To enable high-resolution preservation, curation and subsequent remote studying of the morphological variations of and the secondary features in the tracks, low viscosity silicone rubber was used to generate casts of the Mafube tracks.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2285", doi = "10.7717/peerj.2285", openalex = "W2516744078", references = "doi101016jjsames201206017, doi10297960650, lucas2001theropod" } @article{doi101016jjop201711004, author = "Xing, Lida and Ba, Jin and Lockley, Martin G. and Klein, Hendrik and Yan, Sheng-Wu and Romilio, Anthony and Chou, Chunyong and Persons, W. Scott", title = "Late Triassic sauropodomorph and Middle Jurassic theropod tracks from the Xichang Basin, Sichuan Province, southwestern China: First report of the ichnogenus Carmelopodus", year = "2017", journal = "Journal of Palaeogeography", abstract = "Upper Triassic and Middle Jurassic strata of the Xichang Basin in Sichuan Province, southwestern China, yielded important dinosaur ichnofossils. From the Xujiahe Formation of the Yiguojiao tracksite, we report a Late Triassic footprint assemblage in China and the first discovery of diagnostic Triassic sauropodomorph tracks in this region. The tracks share a number of features in common with the ichnogenera Eosauropus (Late Triassic) and Liujianpus (Early Jurassic). The neighboring Bingtu tracksite is stratigraphically younger (Shaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic) and preserves small tridactyl theropod tracks that represent the first occurrence of the ichnotaxon Carmelopodus in China and Asia. While these tracks are morphologically comparable to those from the Middle Jurassic type locality in North America, the specimens from China show the proximal margin of the digit IV impression in a more cranial position, which may indicate a trackmaker with a relatively short metatarsal IV. In addition to the skeletal record, the Carmelopodus footprints document the presence of small theropods in the dinosaur fauna of the Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jop.2017.11.004", doi = "10.1016/j.jop.2017.11.004", openalex = "W2768452499", references = "doi101016jcretres200510009, doi101038261129a0, doi10108010420940390257914, doi10108010420940490442296, doi1011111755672412026, doi104202app003742017, doi105962bhltitle70405, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, lull1915triassic, openalexw2149387945, openalexw2619609965, openalexw3147398959" } @article{doi1010800891296320171324438, author = "Marty, Daniel and Belvedere, Matteo and Razzolini, Novella L. and Lockley, Martin G. and Paratte, Géraldine and Cattin, Marielle and Lovis, Christel and Meyer, Christian A.", title = "The tracks of giant theropods (Jurabrontes curtedulensis ichnogen. \& ichnosp. nov.) from the Late Jurassic of NW Switzerland: palaeoecological \& palaeogeographical implications", year = "2017", journal = "Historical Biology", abstract = "Jurabrontes curtedulensis, a new ichnogenus and species of Late Jurassic giant theropod dinosaur track is described based on very well-preserved and morphologically-distinct tracks, all carefully excavated along federal highway A16 (Canton Jura, NW Switzerland). All trackways were systematically documented including parameter measurements, descriptions, outline drawings, orthophotos and laserscans. Jurabrontes is characterised by sub-equal track length and width, a small anterior triangle, weak mesaxony, three blunt digits (dII-III-IV) with pronounced (sub)triangular claw marks, a rounded heel, and clear phalangeal pad impressions. The combination of features of Jurabrontes is typical for a theropod (and not ornithopod) trackmaker. Jurabrontes is compared to other similar ichnotaxa and unnamed tracks of large theropods from the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous, from which it is clearly different. The sheer size of the largest tracks, that are amongst the largest worldwide and of similar size to Tyrannosauripus from the Late Cretaceous, suggests a 'megalosaurid' or large allosaurid theropod as a trackmaker. The presence of such large theropod tracks in tidal-flat deposits of the Jura carbonate platform and associated with small to large sauropod tracks has important palaeoecological implications for the dinosaur community and for palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical reconstructions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1324438", doi = "10.1080/08912963.2017.1324438", openalex = "W2682497609", references = "doi101038srep31494, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi10108008912960903503345, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi101371journalpone0180289, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{doi101111brv12255, author = "Tennant, Jonathan P and Mannion, Philip D and Upchurch, Paul and Sutton, Mark D and Price, Gregory D", title = "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover.", year = "2017", journal = "Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6849608/", doi = "10.1111/brv.12255", openalex = "W2283352195", pmcid = "PMC6849608", pmid = "26888552", references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101016b9780444594259000263, doi101016jcretres201112005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201105009, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010291998rg000054, doi10102993rg02508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038ncomms9438, doi101080027246342012694385, doi10108014772011003603556, doi101080147720192011630927, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101086319243, doi101111brv12038, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science17540271199, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101144sp35813, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1016660094837320000260056cefisg20co2, doi1026879529, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20110144" } @article{doi101111joa12719, author = "Barta, Daniel E. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Norell, Mark A.", title = "The evolution of the manus of early theropod dinosaurs is characterized by high inter‐ and intraspecific variation", year = "2017", journal = "Journal of Anatomy", abstract = "The origin of the avian hand, with its reduced and fused carpals and digits, from the five-fingered hands and complex wrists of early dinosaurs represents one of the major transformations of manus morphology among tetrapods. Much attention has been directed to the later part of this transition, from four- to three-fingered taxa. However, earlier anatomical changes may have influenced these later modifications, possibly paving the way for a later frameshift in digit identities. We investigate the five- to four-fingered transition among early dinosaurs, along with changes in carpus morphology. New three-dimensional reconstructions from computed tomography data of the manus of the Triassic and Early Jurassic theropod dinosaurs Coelophysis bauri and Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis are described and compared intra- and interspecifically. Several novel findings emerge from these reconstructions and comparisons, including the first evidence of an ossified centrale and a free intermedium in some C. bauri specimens, as well as confirmation of the presence of a vestigial fifth metacarpal in this taxon. Additionally, a specimen of C. bauri and an unnamed coelophysoid from the Upper Triassic Hayden Quarry, New Mexico, are to our knowledge the only theropods (other than alvarezsaurs and birds) in which all of the distal carpals are completely fused together into a single unit. Several differences between the manus of C. bauri and M. rhodesiensis are also identified. We review the evolution of the archosauromorph manus more broadly in light of these new data, and caution against incorporating carpal characters in phylogenetic analyses of fine-scale relationships of Archosauromorpha, in light of the high degree of observed polymorphism in taxa for which large sample sizes are available, such as the theropod Coelophysis and the sauropodomorph Plateosaurus. We also find that the reduction of the carpus and ultimate loss of the fourth and fifth digits among early dinosaurs did not proceed in a neat, stepwise fashion, but was characterized by multiple losses and possible gains of carpals, metacarpals and phalanges. Taken together, the high degree of intra- and interspecific variability in the number and identities of carpals, and the state of reduction of the fourth and fifth digits suggest the presence of a 'zone of developmental variability' in early dinosaur manus evolution, from which novel avian-like morphologies eventually emerged and became channelized among later theropod clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12719", doi = "10.1111/joa.12719", openalex = "W2767618802", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101038nmeth2019, doi101111j10963642200700269x, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi101537ase188722495, doi10230725528056, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhltitle110063, doi105962bhltitle56969, doi107717peerj1778, sereno1997the" } @article{doi101139cjes20170031, author = "van der Reest, Aaron J. and Currie, Philip J.", title = "Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America", year = "2017", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0031", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2017-0031", openalex = "W2742325356", references = "doi101007s0011401411439, doi101007s1143400900096, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038415780a, doi101038nature02898, doi101038ncomms4289, doi101038ncomms4788, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi101139e93187, doi1012066481, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi105860choice435902, doi105962p339375, openalexw2597671315" } @article{doi101371journalpone0180289, author = "Razzolini, Novella L. and Belvedere, Matteo and Marty, Daniel and Paratte, Géraldine and Lovis, Christel and Cattin, Marielle and Meyer, Christian A.", title = "Megalosauripus transjuranicus ichnosp. nov. A new Late Jurassic theropod ichnotaxon from NW Switzerland and implications for tridactyl dinosaur ichnology and ichnotaxomy", year = "2017", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "A new ichnospecies of a large theropod dinosaur, Megalosauripus transjuranicus, is described from the Reuchenette Formation (Early-Late Kimmeridgian, Late Jurassic) of NW Switzerland. It is based on very well-preserved and morphologically-distinct tracks (impressions) and several trackways, including different preservational types from different tracksites and horizons. All trackways were excavated along federal Highway A16 near Courtedoux (Canton Jura) and systematically documented in the field including orthophotos and laserscans. The best-preserved tracks were recovered and additional tracks were casted. Megalosauripus transjuranicus is characterized by tridactyl tracks with clear claw and digital pad impressions, and notably an exceptionally large and round first phalangeal pad on the fourth digit (PIV1) that is connected to digit IV and forms the round heel area. Due to this combination of features, M. transjuranicus clearly is of theropod (and not ornithopod) origin. M. transjuranicus is compared to other Megalosauripus tracks and similar ichnotaxa and other unassigned tracks from the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. It is clearly different from other ichnogenera assigned to large theropods such as Eubrontes-Grallator from the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic or Megalosauripus-Megalosauropus-Bueckeburgichnus and Therangospodus tracks from the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. A second tridactyl morphotype (called Morphotype II) is different from Megalosauripus transjuranicus in being subsymmetric, longer than wide (sometimes almost as wide as long), with blunt toe impressions and no evidence for discrete phalangeal pad and claw marks. Some Morphotype II tracks are found in trackways that are assigned to M. transjuranicus, to M.? transjuranicus or M. cf. transjuranicus indicating that some Morphotype II tracks are intra-trackway preservational variants of a morphological continuum of Megalosauripus transjuranicus. On the other hand, several up to 40 steps long trackways very consistently present Morphotype II features (notably blunt digits) and do not exhibit any of the features that are typical for Megalosauripus (notably phalangeal pads). Therefore, it is not very likely that these tracks are preservational variants of Megalosauripus transjuranicus or Megalosauripus isp. These trackways are interpreted to have been left by an ornithopod dinosaur. The high frequency of large theropod tracks in tidal-flat deposits of the Jura carbonate platform, associated on single ichnoassemblages with minute to medium-sized tridactyl and tiny to large sauropod tracks has important implications for the dinosaur community and for paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical reconstructions. As with most other known occurrences of Megalosauripus tracks, M. transjuranicus is found in coastal settings, which may reflect the preference of their theropod trackmakers for expanded carbonate flats where food was abundant.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180289", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0180289", openalex = "W2735513027", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101038261129a0, doi101038srep31494, doi10108000241160600787890, doi10108008912960903503345, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101306m43478, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi1026879529, doi105860choice273305, doi107717peerj2059, fiorillo2014herd, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{jenkins2017first, author = "Jenkins, Xavier and Foster, John and Gay, Robert", title = "First unambiguous dinosaur specimen from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in Utah", year = "2017", journal = "Geology of the Intermountain West", abstract = "Triassic dinosaurs represent relatively rare but important components of terrestrial faunas across Pangea. Whereas this record has been well studied at various locales across the American West, there has been no previous systematic review of Triassic material assigned to Dinosauria from Utah. Here, we critically examine the published body fossil and footprint record of Triassic dinosaurs from Utah and revise their record from the state. In addition, we describe a sacrum from a locality within the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of southeastern Utah. \_is specimen represents the only unambiguous Triassic dinosaur body fossil from Utah. MWC 5627 falls within the range of variation known for sacrum morphology from Coelophysis bauri. Based on a literature review and examination of specimens available to us, we restrict the Triassic Utah dinosaurian record to \_eropoda from the Chinle Formation. Preliminary reports of Triassic dinosaurs from other clades and formations in Utah are unsubstantiated.", url = "https://doi.org/10.31711/giw.v4.pp231-242", doi = "10.31711/giw.v4.pp231-242", openalex = "W4243048261", pages = "231-242", volume = "4", references = "doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101038nature21700, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science1198467, doi102475ajss3179786, doi107312lock90868, jenkins2017first, nesbitt2009a" } @article{doi1010800272463420181531878, author = "Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Butler, Richard J. and da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock and Sayão, Juliana Manso and Langer, Max C.", title = "A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, south Brazil", year = "2018", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878", openalex = "W2911000763", references = "doi101080031155182015994114, doi101371journalpone0145713" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzly009, author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Bronzati, Mario and Pacheco, Cristián and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio", title = "Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil", year = "2018", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract An exceptional new specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0035) of Buriolestes schultzi was discovered during recent fieldwork at the type locality of the taxon, which is Carnian in age (Late Triassic). This early sauropodomorph is peculiar owing to its faunivorous feeding habits, unusual amongst the members of this large omnivorous/herbivorous clade. The specimen incorporates new data on skeletal portions that have so far been unknown for B. schultzi, particularly regarding the skull and axial skeleton. As such, B. schultzi is now as complete as the best-known early dinosaurs, such as Eoraptor lunensis and Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. A phylogenetic investigation fully supports B. schultzi as a sauropodomorph, corroborating the previous assignation. Despite the presence of traits found in Theropoda, distinct skeletal portions of B. schultzi do not share its morphospace in a morphological disparity analysis. We also propose an alternative evolutionary scenario for the first members of Sauropodomorpha: some Carnian taxa from South America form a monophyletic group instead of a series of low-diversity lineages paraphyletic with respect to Plateosauria.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009", openalex = "W2803291137", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi101080027246342013820113, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111pala12236, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101590s000137652011000100005, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2183707334, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzly068, author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Schwarz, Daniela and Wings, Oliver", title = "Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution", year = "2018", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "The Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, southeastern Africa, records a diverse and abundant sauropod fauna, including the flagellicaudatan diplodocoids Dicraeosaurus and Tornieria, and the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan. However, the taxonomic affinities of other sympatric sauropod taxa and remains are poorly understood. Here, we critically reassess and redescribe these problematic taxa, and present the largest phylogenetic analysis for sauropods (117 taxa scored for 542 characters) to explore their placement within Eusauropoda. A full re-description of the holotype of Janenschia, and all referable remains, supports its validity and placement as a nonneosauropod eusauropod. New information on the internal pneumatic tissue structure of the anterior dorsal vertebrae of the enigmatic Tendaguria tanzaniensis, coupled with a full re-description, results in its novel placement as a turiasaur. A previously referred caudal sequence cannot be assigned to Janenschia and displays several features that indicate a close relationship with Middle–Late Jurassic East Asian mamenchisaurids. It can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, and we erect the new taxon Wamweracaudia keranjei n. gen. n. sp. The Tendaguru Formation shares representatives of nearly all sauropod lineages with Middle Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous global faunas, but displays a greater range of diversity than any of those faunas considered individually.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068", openalex = "W2911482806", references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng19994860020109, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038ncomms3929, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342011557116, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080027246342013776562, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111pala12142, doi101111zoj12029, doi101111zoj12425, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1021425f55419694, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023073802723, doi1026879529, doi10274700206814489791, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amegh261210131889, doi105860choice331556, doi107717peerj857, heinrich1998late, openalexw1545181283" } @article{doi101111joa12775, author = "Griffin, Christopher T.", title = "Developmental patterns and variation among early theropods", year = "2018", journal = "Journal of Anatomy", abstract = "Understanding ontogenetic patterns is important in vertebrate paleontology because the assessed skeletal maturity of an individual often has implications for paleobiogeography, species synonymy, paleobiology, and body size evolution of major clades. Further, for many groups the only means of confidently determining ontogenetic status of an organism is through the destructive process of histological sampling. Although the ontogenetic patterns of Late Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs are better understood, knowledge of the ontogeny of the earliest dinosaurs is relatively poor because most species-level growth series known from these groups are small (usually, maximum of n \textasciitilde\ 5) and incomplete. To investigate the morphological changes that occur during ontogeny in early dinosaurs, I used ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA) to reconstruct developmental sequences of morphological changes in the postcranial ontogeny of the early theropods Coelophysis bauri and Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis, both of which are known from large sample sizes (n = 174 and 182, respectively). I found a large amount of sequence polymorphism (i.e. intraspecific variation in developmental patterns) in both taxa, and especially in C. bauri, which possesses this variation in every element analyzed. Megapnosaurus rhodesiensis is similar, but it possesses no variation in the sequence of development of ontogenetic characters in the tibia and tarsus. Despite the large amount of variation in development, many characters occur consistently earlier or later in ontogeny and could therefore be important morphological features for assessing the relative maturity of other early theropods. Additionally, there is a phylogenetic signal to the order in which homologous characters appear in ontogeny, with homologous characters appearing earlier or later in developmental sequences of early theropods and the close relatives of dinosaurs, silesaurids. Many of these morphological features are important characters for the reconstruction of archosaurian phylogeny (e.g. trochanteric shelf). Because these features vary in presence or appearance with ontogeny, these characters should be used with caution when undertaking phylogenetic analyses in these groups, since a specimen may possess certain character states owing to ontogenetic stage, not evolutionary relationships.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12775", doi = "10.1111/joa.12775", openalex = "W2789926504", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, cuny1993revision, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101073pnas1613813113, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rsbl20150947, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111joa12719, doi101144sp37916, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi1023071292217, doi104202app001432014, doi107717peerj1778, openalexw1565584485, openalexw638862129" } @article{doi101371journalpone0204007, author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Rowe, Timothy B.", title = "Anatomy and systematics of the sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation", year = "2018", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis, from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona, is one of only three sauropodomorph dinosaurs known from the Early Jurassic of North America. It joins Anchisaurus polyzelus, from the older Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin, and Seitaad reussi, from the younger Navajo Sandstone of Utah, in representing the oldest North American sauropodomorphs. If it is true that sauropodomorphs were absent from North America during the Late Triassic, the relationship among these three dinosaurs offers a test of the mechanisms that drove recovery in North American biodiversity following the end-Triassic extinction event. Here we provide the first thorough description of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis based on completed preparation and computed tomographic imaging of the holotype and referred specimens. With new anatomical data, our phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis is nested within the primarily Gondwanan clade Massospondylidae, while agreeing with previous analyses that the three North American sauropodomorphs do not themselves form an exclusive clade. A revised diagnosis and more thorough understanding of the anatomy of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis support the view that independent dispersal events were at least partly responsible for the recovery in North American vertebrate diversity following a major extinction event.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204007", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0204007", openalex = "W2897614356", references = "doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12775, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012063521, doi104202app20090075, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence" } @article{doi1010801042094020191612392, author = "Foster, John R. and Lockley, Martin G.", title = "Second occurrence of the dinosauriform ichnogenus Atreipus in the western United States, Upper Triassic Chinle Group of Eastern Utah", year = "2019", journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces", abstract = "A newly discovered track in the Chinle Group north of Moab, Utah, is attributable to the ichnogenus Atreipus, an ichnotaxon that is relatively common in eastern North America (Newark Supergroup) but very rare in the Late Triassic of the western part of the continent. This is only the second report of the genus from the Chinle Group. Atreipus has been attributed to a silesaurid dinosauriform, and dinosauriform taxa are relatively abundant by skeletal material in the Late Triassic of western North America, but track evidence in the same units is dominated by ichnotaxa attributed to dinosaurs. The rarity of Atreipus is currently an anomaly in the region.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940.2019.1612392", doi = "10.1080/10420940.2019.1612392", openalex = "W2945503399", references = "doi101007bf00377897, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010420949809386417, doi101126science1143325, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1023073514751, doi105281zenodo4650990, doi1056577ffc4881, doi107312lock90868, jenkins2017first, openalexw2188958809" } @article{doi101139cjes20190019, author = "Eberth, David A. and Kamo, Sandra L.", title = "High-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada", year = "2019", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "The non-marine Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm, southern Alberta) yields taxonomically diverse, late Campanian to middle Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages that play a central role in documenting dinosaur evolution, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography leading up to the end-Cretaceous extinction. Here, we present high-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS ages and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the HCFm using zircon grains from (1) four HCFm bentonites distributed through 129 m of section, (2) one bentonite from the underlying Bearpaw Formation, and (3) a bentonite from the overlying Battle Formation that we dated previously. In its type area, the HCFm ranges in age from 73.1–68.0 Ma. Significant paleoenvironmental and climatic changes are recorded in the formation, including (1) a transition from a warm-and-wet deltaic setting to a cooler, seasonally wet-dry coastal plain at 71.5 Ma, (2) maximum transgression of the Drumheller Marine Tongue at 70.896 ± 0.048 Ma, and (3) transition to a warm-wet alluvial plain at 69.6 Ma. The HCFm’s three mega-herbivore dinosaur assemblage zones track these changes and are calibrated as follows: Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis zone, 73.1–71.5 Ma; Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni zone, 71.5–69.6 Ma; and Eotriceratops xerinsularis zone, 69.6–68.2 Ma. The Albertosaurus Bonebed — a monodominant assemblage of tyrannosaurids in the Tolman Member — is assessed an age of 70.1 Ma. The unusual triceratopsin, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, from the Carbon Member, is assessed an age of 68.8 Ma. This chronostratigraphy is useful for refining correlations with dinosaur-bearing upper Campanian–middle Maastrichtian units in Alberta and elsewhere in North America.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2019-0019", openalex = "W2979872101", references = "andeberth2016new, doi101007springerreference4923, doi1010160016703773902135, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jgca200509007, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s0009254196000332, doi101016s0195667105800308, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1230492, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi104202app20110033, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2989049194" } @article{doi107717peerj7963, author = "Pacheco, Cristián and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Kerber, Leonardo and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio", title = "Gnathovorax cabreirai: a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs", year = "2019", journal = "PeerJ", abstract = "Predatory dinosaurs were an important ecological component of terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems. Though theropod dinosaurs carried this role during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (and probably the post-Carnian portion of the Triassic), it is difficult to depict the Carnian scenario, due to the scarcity of fossils. Until now, knowledge on the earliest predatory dinosaurs mostly relies on herrerasaurids recorded in Carnian strata of South America. Phylogenetic investigations recovered the clade in different positions within Dinosauria, whereas fewer studies challenged its monophyly. Although herrerasaurid fossils are much better recorded in present-day Argentina than in Brazil, Argentinean strata so far yielded no fairly complete skeleton representing a single individual. Here, we describe Gnathovorax cabreirai, a new herrerasaurid based on an exquisite specimen found as part of a multitaxic association form southern Brazil. The type specimen comprises a complete and well-preserved articulated skeleton, preserved in close association (side by side) with rhynchosaur and cynodont remains. Given its superb state of preservation and completeness, the new specimen sheds light into poorly understood aspects of the herrerasaurid anatomy, including endocranial soft tissues. The specimen also reinforces the monophyletic status of the group, and provides clues on the ecomorphology of the early carnivorous dinosaurs. Indeed, an ecomorphological analysis employing dental traits indicates that herrerasaurids occupy a particular area in the morphospace of faunivorous dinosaurs, which partially overlaps the area occupied by post-Carnian theropods. This indicates that herrerasaurid dinosaurs preceded the ecological role that later would be occupied by large to medium-sized theropods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7963", doi = "10.7717/peerj.7963", openalex = "W2989522329", references = "doi101016jcub201608040, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw2138825607" } @article{doi101017pab202046, author = "Bishop, Peter J. and Cuff, Andrew R. and Hutchinson, John R.", title = "How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals", year = "2020", journal = "Paleobiology", abstract = "Abstract The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that Coelophysis probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fiber length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2020.46", doi = "10.1017/pab.2020.46", openalex = "W3095550271", references = "doi101007s0001501000242, doi101016jcub201910050, doi101038s4158601808512, doi1010800272463420171427593, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101098rsos160342, doi1011112041210x12226, doi101111brv12071, doi101111pala12329, doi101242jeb069567, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0192172, doi101666100041, doi103389fbioe201800140, doi104202app20090075" } @article{doi1010800272463420201791894, author = "Breeden, Benjamin T. and Rowe, Timothy B.", title = "New Specimens of Scutellosaurus Lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona Elucidate the Early Evolution of Thyreophoran Dinosaurs", year = "2020", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "We describe new specimens of the ornithischian dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981 Colbert, E. H. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin Series 53:1–60. [Google Scholar], from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona and discuss their systematic importance. The new specimens represent at least 46 individuals and include two associated skeletons that preserve regions that were poorly known until now, including the skull and pelvis. Computed tomography (CT) assisted our interpretation of these specimens. Using an ornithischian data matrix, we first tested whether the two associated skeletons were justifiably assigned to Scutellosaurus lawleri and found that they group unequivocally with the holotype and paratype specimens. This enabled scoring of 35 character states that were previously unknown, raising the scoring completeness of Scutellosaurus lawleri from 52\% to 67\%. The results recovered Lesothosaurus diagnosticus as the basal-most member of Neornithischia, while corroborating the monophyly of Thyreophora and Scutellosaurus lawleri as its most basally branching member. In terms of numbers of specimens, Scutellosaurus lawleri is now the most abundant dinosaur known in any Early Jurassic vertebrate fauna. The presence of a second thyreophoran in the Kayenta Formation, along with the presence of Early Jurassic thyreophorans in Europe and Asia, suggests that Thyreophora may have originated in the northern hemisphere. The ornithischians from the Kayenta Formation support a pattern of dinosaurian diversification after the end-Triassic extinction in North America, if not a broader area, that was fueled by independent northward dispersals from the southern hemisphere, supporting dispersal as an early driver of dinosaurian evolution.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894", openalex = "W3090448472", references = "doi1010800891296320181563784, lucas2001theropod" } @article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173, author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.", title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs", year = "2020", journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society", abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173", doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173", openalex = "W3124534006", references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845" } @article{doi101098rspb20202258, author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Canale, Juan I. and Apesteguı́a, Sebastián and Smith, Nathan D. and Hu, Dongyu and Makovicky, Peter J.", title = "Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution", year = "2020", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2258", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2020.2258", openalex = "W3110230871", references = "doi101016jcub201408034, doi101017s0094837300006588, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1225376, doi101126science1258750, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186174170071060, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice490282, erickson2014on" } @article{doi1012060003009044011, author = "Pittman, Michael and Xu, Xing", title = "Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress and New Frontiers", year = "2020", journal = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History", abstract = "Pittman, Michael, Xu, Xing (2020): Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (440): 1-353, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", doi = "10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1", openalex = "W3000686130", references = "cau2018redescription, doi101002ar24241, doi101007s0011401209171, doi101007s0011401311075, doi101007s0011401411439, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jcub201508003, doi101016jcub201804062, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jjsames201810005, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017njg201815, doi1010292018gc007584, doi101038nature13467, doi101038nature14423, doi101038nature19417, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s4146701909259x, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101073pnas1813206116, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080027246342012719176, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rsbl20060523, doi101111cla12160, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311999tb00278x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101126science1126377, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1253451, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0014329, doi101371journalpone0036790, doi101371journalpone0080557, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0126791, doi1015468gcrned, doi10159023174889201500020001, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi10166613052, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn8325, doi1033740140540102, doi103389feart201800252, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962p339375, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj2159, doi107717peerj4558, doi107717peerj7247, lee2019a, longrich2008a, osmólska1982hulsanpes, sues1978a, xu2010a" } @article{doi101371journalpone0233115, author = "Drumheller, Stephanie K. and McHugh, Julia and Kane, Miriam and Riedel, Anja and D’Amore, Domenic C.", title = "High frequencies of theropod bite marks provide evidence for feeding, scavenging, and possible cannibalism in a stressed Late Jurassic ecosystem", year = "2020", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "Bite marks provide direct evidence for trophic interactions and competition in the fossil record. However, variations in paleoecological dynamics, such as trophic relationships, feeding behavior, and food availability, govern the frequency of these traces. Theropod bite marks are particularly rare, suggesting that members of this clade might not often focus on bone as a resource, instead preferentially targeting softer tissues. Here, we present an unusually large sample of theropod bite marks from the Upper Jurassic Mygatt-Moore Quarry (MMQ). We surveyed 2,368 vertebrate fossils from MMQ in this analysis, with 684 specimens (28.885\% of the sample) preserving at least one theropod bite mark. This is substantially higher than in other dinosaur-dominated assemblages, including contemporaneous localities from the Morrison Formation. Observed bite marks include punctures, scores, furrows, pits, and striations. Striated marks are particularly useful, diagnostic traces generated by the denticles of ziphodont teeth, because the spacing of these features can be used to provide minimum estimates of trace maker size. In the MMQ assemblage, most of the striations are consistent with denticles of the two largest predators known from the site: Allosaurus and Ceratosaurus. One of the bite marks suggests that a substantially larger theropod was possibly present at the site and are consistent with large theropods known from other Morrison Formation assemblages (either an unusually large Allosaurus or a separate, large-bodied taxon such as Saurophaganax or Torvosaurus). The distribution of the bite marks on skeletal elements, particularly those found on other theropods, suggest that they potentially preserve evidence of scavenging, rather than active predation. Given the relative abundances of the MMQ carnivores, partnered with the size-estimates based on the striated bite marks, the feeding trace assemblage likely preserves the first evidence of cannibalism in Allosaurus.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233115", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0233115", openalex = "W3031393202", references = "doi101080027246342015982797, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi10166600948373354525, doi102110palo2017076, doi107717peerj885, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi103897zookeys92847517, author = "Ibrahim, Nizar and Sereno, Paul C. and Varricchio, David J. and Martill, David M. and Dutheil, Didier B. and Unwin, David M. and Baïdder, Lahssen and Larsson, Hans C. E. and Zouhri, Samir and Kaoukaya, Abdelhadi", title = "Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco", year = "2020", journal = "ZooKeys", abstract = {The geological and paleoenvironmental setting and the vertebrate taxonomy of the fossiliferous, Cenomanian-age deltaic sediments in eastern Morocco, generally referred to as the "Kem Kem beds", are reviewed. These strata are recognized here as the Kem Kem Group, which is composed of the lower Gara Sbaa and upper Douira formations. Both formations have yielded a similar fossil vertebrate assemblage of predominantly isolated elements pertaining to cartilaginous and bony fishes, turtles, crocodyliforms, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, as well as invertebrate, plant, and trace fossils. These fossils, now in collections around the world, are reviewed and tabulated. The Kem Kem vertebrate fauna is biased toward large-bodied carnivores including at least four large-bodied non-avian theropods (an abelisaurid, Spinosaurus, Carcharodontosaurus, and Deltadromeus), several large-bodied pterosaurs, and several large crocodyliforms. No comparable modern terrestrial ecosystem exists with similar bias toward large-bodied carnivores. The Kem Kem vertebrate assemblage, currently the best documented association just prior to the onset of the Cenomanian-Turonian marine transgression, captures the taxonomic diversity of a widespread northern African fauna better than any other contemporary assemblage from elsewhere in Africa.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.928.47517", doi = "10.3897/zookeys.928.47517", openalex = "W3019720657", references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi10100797814899503456, doi101007s0011401208891, doi101016jjafrearsci200507017, doi101016jjsames201501001, doi101017s0022336000036076, doi101017s0094837300006941, doi101038srep20252, doi101126science1258750, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28253921298, doi101139e93179, doi101146annureves22110191000555, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0093105, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023073514686, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi103897zookeys28325, heinrich1998late, horner2011dinosaur" } @article{doi101016jcub202111061, author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Farnsworth, Alex and Carrano, Matthew T. and Varela, Sara", title = "Climatic constraints on the biogeographic history of Mesozoic dinosaurs", year = "2021", journal = "Current Biology", abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, whereas a pole-to-pole geographic distribution characterized ornithischians and theropods, sauropods were restricted to lower latitudes. Here, we evaluate the role of climate in shaping these biogeographic patterns through the Jurassic-Cretaceous (201-66 mya), combining dinosaur fossil occurrences, past climate data from Earth System models, and habitat suitability modeling. Results show that, uniquely among dinosaurs, sauropods occupied climatic niches characterized by high temperatures and strongly bounded by minimum cold temperatures. This constrained the distribution and dispersal pathways of sauropods to tropical areas, excluding them from latitudinal extremes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The greater availability of suitable habitat in the southern continents, particularly in the Late Cretaceous, might be key to explaining the high diversity of sauropods there, relative to northern landmasses. Given that ornithischians and theropods show a flattened or bimodal latitudinal biodiversity gradient, with peaks at higher latitudes, the closer correspondence of sauropods to a subtropical concentration could hint at fundamental thermophysiological differences to the other two clades.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061", doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061", openalex = "W4200184737", references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, cubo2020were, doi101002ar23306, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038nature09670, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi10108000401706196410490181, doi10108001621459195210483441, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi101093biomet4034237, doi1011112041210x12613, doi101111j20060906759004596x, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1018901119521, erickson2014on" } @article{doi101016jisci2021103516, author = "Xing, Lida and Niu, Kecheng and Ma, Waisum and Zelenitsky, Darla K. and Yang, Tzu-Ruei and Brusatte, Stephen L.", title = "An exquisitely preserved in-ovo theropod dinosaur embryo sheds light on avian-like prehatching postures", year = "2021", journal = "iScience", abstract = "embryos are remarkably rare. Here we report an exceptionally preserved, articulated oviraptorid embryo inside an elongatoolithid egg, from the Late Cretaceous Hekou Formation of southern China. The head lies ventral to the body, with the feet on either side, and the back curled along the blunt pole of the egg, in a posture previously unrecognized in a non-avian dinosaur, but reminiscent of a late-stage modern bird embryo. Comparison to other late-stage oviraptorid embryos suggests that prehatch oviraptorids developed avian-like postures late in incubation, which in modern birds are related to coordinated embryonic movements associated with tucking - a behavior controlled by the central nervous system, critical for hatching success. We propose that such pre-hatching behavior, previously considered unique to birds, may have originated among non-avian theropods, which can be further investigated with additional discoveries of embryo fossils.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516", doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516", openalex = "W4200185644", references = "doi101038ncomms4788, doi1012060003009044011, doi101642auk152161, doi1033740140540102, lee2019a" } @article{doi1010800272463420211897604, author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Milner, Andrew R. and Harris, Jerald D. and Blieux, Donald D. De and Kirkland, James I.", title = "A non-averostran neotheropod vertebra (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the earliest Jurassic Whitmore Point Member (Moenave Formation) in southwestern Utah", year = "2021", journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology", abstract = "Theropod dinosaurs are minor components of Late Triassic ecosystems in North America, comprising coelophysoids and various non-neotheropods from the Chinle Formation of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico and the Dockum Group of western Texas. By the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic), the coelophysoid “Syntarsus” kayentakatae and the large-bodied non-averostran neotheropod Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the Kayenta Formation were the dominant terrestrial predators. Theropods are virtually unknown from the intervening Rhaetian–Hettangian Moenave Formation, with the exception of two partial coelophysoid pelves from somewhere within the Dinosaur Canyon Member, which includes the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and end-Triassic mass extinction. Here we describe an anterior trunk vertebra from a non-coelophysoid, non-averostran neotheropod from the uppermost Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah, which is Hettangian in age. The vertebra has prominent vertebral laminae and associated pneumatic fossae, and anterior and posterior ‘shoulders’ on the neural spine that are similar to those found in Dilophosaurus wetherilli. This vertebra belongs to a theropod that may be as many as 15 million years older than Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the middle of the Kayenta Formation in Arizona. This theropod is associated with Grallator, Eubrontes, and Characichnos theropod traces made on the shores of the Early Jurassic Lake Whitmore that are abundant in the Whitmore Point Member in southwestern Utah. Its occurrence in the Hettangian roughly coincides with the appearance of Eubrontes tracks in North America, indicating that not all contemporaneous theropod traces were made by coelophysoids.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1897604", doi = "10.1080/02724634.2021.1897604", openalex = "W3171257201", references = "doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1234204, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi102110palo2019063, doi102475ajss321125417, jenkins2017first, openalexw2912219260" } @article{doi101098rsos210915, author = "Spiekman, Stephan N. F. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Butler, Richard J. and Fraser, Nicholas C. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "Pendraig milnerae, a new small-sized coelophysoid theropod from the Late Triassic of Wales", year = "2021", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "We describe a new small-bodied coelophysoid theropod dinosaur, Pendraig milnerae gen. et sp. nov, from the Late Triassic fissure fill deposits of Pant-y-ffynnon in southern Wales. The species is represented by the holotype, consisting of an articulated pelvic girdle, sacrum and posterior dorsal vertebrae, and an associated left femur, and by two referred specimens, comprising an isolated dorsal vertebra and a partial left ischium. Our phylogenetic analysis recovers P. milnerae as a non-coelophysid coelophysoid theropod, representing the first-named unambiguous theropod from the Triassic of the UK. Recently, it has been suggested that Pant-y-ffynnon and other nearby Late Triassic to Early Jurassic fissure fill faunas might have been subjected to insular dwarfism. To test this hypothesis for P. milnerae, we performed an ancestral state reconstruction analysis of body size in early neotheropods. Although our results indicate that a reduced body size is autapomorphic for P. milnerae, some other coelophysoid taxa show a similar size reduction, and there is, therefore, ambiguous evidence to indicate that this species was subjected to dwarfism. Our analyses further indicate that, in contrast with averostran-line neotheropods, which increased in body size during the Triassic, coelophysoids underwent a small body size decrease early in their evolution.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210915", doi = "10.1098/rsos.210915", openalex = "W3199960193", references = "cuny1993revision, doi101002ar24130, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi101017s0016756807003925, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101073pnas1613813113, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rsos190258, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101111joa12775, doi101111zoj12458, doi101126science28454232137, doi101144sp3799, doi101186174170071060, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi1023071005355, doi104202app001432014, doi105710amgh040820173100, openalexw3215057009" } @article{doi101139cjes20200174, author = "Holtz, Thomas R.", title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1", year = "2021", journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences", abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174", doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174", openalex = "W3168560974", references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580" } @article{doi101038s4159802219896w, author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Beveridge, Tegan L and Rogers, Raymond R and Eberth, David A and Roberts, Eric M", title = "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology.", year = "2022", journal = "Scientific reports", abstract = "The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9512893/", doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w", pmcid = "PMC9512893", pmid = "36163377" } @article{doi101111brv12829, author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Bell, Phil R. and Pittman, Michael and Milner, Andrew R. and Cuesta, Elena and O’Connor, Jingmai K. and Loewen, Mark A. and Currie, Philip J. and Mateus, Octávio and Kaye, Thomas G. and Delcourt, Rafael", title = "Morphology and distribution of scales, dermal ossifications, and other non‐feather integumentary structures in non‐avialan theropod dinosaurs", year = "2022", journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society", abstract = "Modern birds are typified by the presence of feathers, complex evolutionary innovations that were already widespread in the group of theropod dinosaurs (Maniraptoriformes) that include crown Aves. Squamous or scaly reptilian-like skin is, however, considered the plesiomorphic condition for theropods and dinosaurs more broadly. Here, we review the morphology and distribution of non-feathered integumentary structures in non-avialan theropods, covering squamous skin and naked skin as well as dermal ossifications. The integumentary record of non-averostran theropods is limited to tracks, which ubiquitously show a covering of tiny reticulate scales on the plantar surface of the pes. This is consistent also with younger averostran body fossils, which confirm an arthral arrangement of the digital pads. Among averostrans, squamous skin is confirmed in Ceratosauria (Carnotaurus), Allosauroidea (Allosaurus, Concavenator, Lourinhanosaurus), Compsognathidae (Juravenator), and Tyrannosauroidea (Santanaraptor, Albertosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Tarbosaurus, Tyrannosaurus), whereas dermal ossifications consisting of sagittate and mosaic osteoderms are restricted to Ceratosaurus. Naked, non-scale bearing skin is found in the contentious tetanuran Sciurumimus, ornithomimosaurians (Ornithomimus) and possibly tyrannosauroids (Santanaraptor), and also on the patagia of scansoriopterygids (Ambopteryx, Yi). Scales are surprisingly conservative among non-avialan theropods compared to some dinosaurian groups (e.g. hadrosaurids); however, the limited preservation of tegument on most specimens hinders further interrogation. Scale patterns vary among and/or within body regions in Carnotaurus, Concavenator and Juravenator, and include polarised, snake-like ventral scales on the tail of the latter two genera. Unusual but more uniformly distributed patterning also occurs in Tyrannosaurus, whereas feature scales are present only in Albertosaurus and Carnotaurus. Few theropods currently show compelling evidence for the co-occurrence of scales and feathers (e.g. Juravenator, Sinornithosaurus), although reticulate scales were probably retained on the mani and pedes of many theropods with a heavy plumage. Feathers and filamentous structures appear to have replaced widespread scaly integuments in maniraptorans. Theropod skin, and that of dinosaurs more broadly, remains a virtually untapped area of study and the appropriation of commonly used techniques in other palaeontological fields to the study of skin holds great promise for future insights into the biology, taphonomy and relationships of these extinct animals.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12829", doi = "10.1111/brv.12829", openalex = "W4206485050", references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor10382, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017jpa202014, doi10103831635, doi10103834356, doi10103835047056, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s41598018371862, doi101038srep44942, doi1010800272463420211897604, doi101080147720192013781067, doi101093biolinneanblaa105, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111brv12829, doi101111cla12160, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi10230725058147, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj7963, doi107717peerj9192, erickson2014on, openalexw1915591379, openalexw2619609965" } @article{doi103389feart2022899562, author = "Langer, Max C. and Godoy, Pedro L.", title = "So Volcanoes Created the Dinosaurs? A Quantitative Characterization of the Early Evolution of Terrestrial Pan-Aves", year = "2022", journal = "Frontiers in Earth Science", abstract = "The early Mesozoic is marked by several global-scale environmental events, including the emplacement of large igneous provinces, such as the Siberian Traps, Wrangellia, and Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). These have been hypothesised as drivers of the successful diversification of Pan-Aves, the lineage of archosaurs closer to birds than to crocodiles. We characterize here the diversification and body size evolution of terrestrial pan-avians (excluding pterosaurs) along the Triassic and Early Jurassic, using phylogenetic- and occurrence-based approaches, in an attempt to test the influence of such drivers. As diversity metrics, we quantified raw species richness and phylogenetic diversity (using time-calibrated phylogenetic trees), and net diversification rates were estimated with PyRate and the episodic fossilized-birth-death model. We have also characterised through-time patterns of body size (femoral length) and estimated body size evolutionary rates. Our results indicate that macroevolutionary shifts estimated from occurrence data are placed more recently in time than those from phylogenetic-based approaches, as shown by the higher diversity increase, diversification rates, and body size disparity of terrestrial Pan-Aves in the Carnian. This is consistent with hypotheses suggesting that the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE) was crucial for the early radiation of the group. Yet, phylogeny-based results show higher diversity/diversification rates for the Ladinian and Norian, suggesting a minor effect for the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE). We also found no meaningful shifts in diversity, diversification, or size-related metrics across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Even if the end-Triassic mass extinction possibly emptied ecospace, allowing dinosaur diversity to increase during the Jurassic, our results suggest that this expansion did not occur fast and homogeneously for the entire group. In fact, a sustained reduction in diversity and sub-zero net diversification rates are seen after the extinction, but macroevolutionary patterns here should be interpreted with care towards the end of the Early Jurassic, as they may be biased by an “edge effect.” Overall, few macroevolutionary shifts were consistently identified across all results, suggesting that the early diversification of terrestrial pan-avians was more nuanced and complex than anticipated.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.899562", doi = "10.3389/feart.2022.899562", openalex = "W4281932058", references = "doi101002ar24130, doi101098rsos210915" } @article{doi101002ar25342, author = "Garcia, Maurício Silva and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and da Silva, Lúcio Roberto and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Müller, Rodrigo Temp", title = "A saurischian (Archosauria, Dinosauria) ilium from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil and the rise of Herrerasauria", year = "2023", journal = "The Anatomical Record", abstract = {The Carnian (Upper Triassic) rocks of the Candelária Sequence present a rich record of dinosaurs, including some of the oldest known dinosaurs worldwide. In this contribution we describe the first unequivocal dinosaur from the Pivetta site, located in the Restinga Sêca municipality, Southern Brazil. The specimen CAPPA/UFSM 0373 is an isolated but well-preserved left ilium. A thorough examination of the specimen's anatomy and a phylogenetic analysis provides evidence that CAPPA/UFSM 0373 belongs to the Herrerasauria. We were able to identify several similarities with potential non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurians (e.g., Tawa hallae, "Caseosaurus crosbyensis"), which were previously only known from North American deposits. In contrast, herrerasaurids (e.g., Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis) are almost exclusively known from South America. Our results support the nesting of CAPPA/UFSM 0373 as an early-diverging herrerasaurian. Furthermore, this is potentially the first record of a non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurian in unambiguous Carnian beds, suggesting a hidden diversity of dinosaurs in the Carnian rocks of the Candelária Sequence, which can be revealed even by fragmentary specimens.}, url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25342", doi = "10.1002/ar.25342", openalex = "W4388735493", references = "doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, müller2021astragalar" } @article{doi101098rsos221618, author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Rigby, Samantha L. and Duncan, Ruairidh J. and Pentland, Adele H. and Bevitt, Joseph J. and Sloan, Trish and Elliott, David A.", title = "A nearly complete skull of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae from the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Australia and implications for the early evolution of titanosaurs", year = "2023", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were diverse and abundant throughout the Cretaceous, with a global distribution. However, few titanosaurian taxa are represented by multiple skeletons, let alone skulls. Diamantinasaurus matildae, from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, was heretofore represented by three specimens, including one that preserves a braincase and several other cranial elements. Herein, we describe a fourth specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae that preserves a more complete skull-including numerous cranial elements not previously known for this taxon-as well as a partial postcranial skeleton. The skull of Diamantinasaurus matildae shows many similarities to that of the coeval Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from Argentina (e.g. quadratojugal with posterior tongue-like process; braincase with more than one ossified exit for cranial nerve V; compressed-cone-chisel-like teeth), providing further support for the inclusion of both taxa within the clade Diamantinasauria. The replacement teeth within the premaxilla of the new specimen are morphologically congruent with teeth previously attributed to Diamantinasaurus matildae, and Diamantinasauria more broadly, corroborating those referrals. Plesiomorphic characters of the new specimen include a sacrum comprising five vertebrae (also newly demonstrated in the holotype of Diamantinasaurus matildae), rather than the six or more that typify other titanosaurs. However, we demonstrate that there have been a number of independent acquisitions of a six-vertebrae sacrum among Somphospondyli and/or that there have been numerous reversals to a five-vertebrae sacrum, suggesting that sacral count is relatively plastic. Other newly identified plesiomorphic features include: the overall skull shape, which is more similar to brachiosaurids than 'derived' titanosaurs; anterior caudal centra that are amphicoelous, rather than procoelous; and a pedal phalangeal formula estimated as 2-2-3-2-0. These features are consistent with either an early-branching position within Titanosauria, or a position just outside the titanosaurian radiation, for Diamantinasauria, as indicated by alternative character weighting approaches applied in our phylogenetic analyses, and help to shed light on the early assembly of titanosaurian anatomy that has until now been obscured by a poor fossil record.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.221618", doi = "10.1098/rsos.221618", openalex = "W4365147243", references = "doi101038srep19165, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101111cla12524, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0151661" } @article{doi101098rsos231091, author = "Oussou, Ahmed and Falkingham, Peter and Butler, Richard J. and Boumir, Khadija and Ouarhache, Driss and Ech-charay, Kawtar and Charrière, André and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "New Middle to?Late Jurassic dinosaur tracksites in the Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco", year = "2023", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "Besides bones, fossil tracks and trackways are important sources of knowledge about dinosaur palaeobiology. Here, we report three new tracksites from two different synclines in the Imilchil area, Central High Atlas, Morocco. The tracks and trackways are preserved in fluvial deposits in different levels of the Isli Formation (Early Bathonian-?Upper Jurassic), and contain impressions made by sauropods, theropods and ornithopods, as well as tracks that might represent bird-like non-avian theropod dinosaurs. In addition to traditional field measurements, three-dimensional digital models of the track sites were created using photogrammetry. These new tracksites add to the rich faunal ichnoassemblage already recorded from the High Atlas Mountains and North Africa, which is considerably richer than the contemporaneous body fossil record, and also provide new data on dinosaurs-substrate interactions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.231091", doi = "10.1098/rsos.231091", openalex = "W4387102056", references = "doi1010800272463420201781142, doi101111pala12373, doi101111pala12502, doi101111pala12584, nouri2011tetradactyl" } @article{lazer2023preserved, author = "LAZER, KAYLA and STOUT, IAN P. and SIMPSON, EDWARD L. and WIZEVICH, MICHAEL C. and KEEBLER, ABIGAL M. and HETRICK, GRACE K.", title = "PRESERVED MEMBRANE ON DINOSAUR EGGSHELL FRAGMENTS, UPPER JURASSIC MORRISON FORMATION, EASTERN UTAH", year = "2023", journal = "PALAIOS", abstract = "Dinosaur eggshell fragments, from the Upper Jurassic Brushy Basin Member of the Morrison Formation, Utah, were examined using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, and Raman Spectroscopy. Analyses revealed that the mammillary tips on the shell interior contain carbonaceous residue. Comparison under the FESEM of these shells with modern bird shells, including some samples heated to diagenetic temperatures, indicate that the residue is degraded organic compounds (DOC). Bird egg membrane is composed of interlaced collagen fibers. Features observed on, and common to, modern bird and dinosaur egg fragments include: (1) irregular-shaped calcium carbonate grains “floating” in an organic matrix; (2) three-dimensional organic fiber matrix; (3) external calcium carbonate molds of fibers in the mammillary bodies; and in heated specimens, (4) carbonaceous residue with ovate to circular pores. However, unlike birds' eggs, the dinosaur eggs contain a calcium carbonate tube around fibrous organic material that emerges from the tube and spreads laterally in a ‘puddle-like' deposit. The sizes of circular organic matrix pores of the dinosaur egg fragments are significantly smaller than those in the bird shells. Gallus gallus domesticus eggshell membranes heated to diagenetic temperatures resulted in alteration of collagen fibers to gel-like substances. The organic matrix with ovate to circular pore openings and the puddle-like deposits in the dinosaur egg fragments are interpreted as the product of membrane thermal diagenesis. The recognition of carbonaceous residue of the shell membrane on dinosaur shell fragments opens newfound opportunities to explore DOC associated with fragmental dinosaur eggs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2022.002", doi = "10.2110/palo.2022.002", number = "1", openalex = "W4318309511", pages = "43-55", volume = "38", references = "doi1010160022283679905072, doi101016jbpj201104033, doi101016jcoal201604008, doi101016jearscirev2019102936, doi101016jijbiomac200507004, doi10103833573, doi101038ncomms14220, doi101038s4158602024128, doi101111ggr12178, doi101111j13653121201000956x" } @article{doi101002spp21577, author = "Spiekman, Stephan N. F. and Butler, Richard J. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.", title = "The postcranial anatomy and osteohistology of Terrestrisuchus gracilis (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Wales", year = "2024", journal = "Papers in Palaeontology", abstract = "Abstract The earliest crocodylomorphs, known as non‐crocodyliform crocodylomorphs, first appeared during the Late Triassic. In contrast to extant crocodylians, which are all semi‐aquatic, early crocodylomorphs represent terrestrial taxa with a fully erect posture and in most cases a small body size. Their gracile skeletons suggest an active mode of life, possibly similar to contemporaneous, bipedal theropod dinosaurs. Despite this remarkable body plan, the postcranial morphology of early crocodylomorphs has rarely been documented in detail, restricting our ability to infer aspects of their functional morphology and evolution. Here, we provide a detailed description of the postcranium of Terrestrisuchus gracilis, a small‐bodied crocodylomorph from the Late Triassic of Pant‐y‐Ffynnon Quarry (southern Wales, UK), including a description of long bone tissues based on histological thin sections. Almost all elements of the postcranial skeleton have been preserved. The skeleton of Terrestrisuchus gracilis is highly gracile, even for a non‐crocodyliform crocodylomorph. Osteological correlates of the appendicular skeleton suggest that Terrestrisuchus gracilis had a digitigrade, quadrupedal posture. A quantitative analysis of limb robustness corroborates that Terrestrisuchus gracilis was a quadruped. Histological analysis suggests that all sampled specimens were skeletally immature and had fast growth at the time of death, as indicated by the lack of an external fundamental system and the predominance of fibrolamellar bone. The bone tissue is similar to that recently described for Saltoposuchus connectens and certain non‐crocodylomorph pseudosuchians, but differs from Hesperosuchus agilis and crocodyliforms, in which parallel‐fibred bone is more prevalent.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1577", doi = "10.1002/spp2.1577", openalex = "W4400898203", references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101017s1755691011000181, doi101098rsos190258, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111brv12666, doi101111j146363951921tb00489x, doi101111joa12775, doi107717peerj2075, doi107717peerj7764" } @article{doi101111cla12583, author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael", title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria", year = "2024", journal = "Cladistics", abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583", doi = "10.1111/cla.12583", openalex = "W4398169218", references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976" } @article{doi101098rsos250081, author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Garcia, Maurício Silva and Novas, Fernando E. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Agnolín, Federico L. and Chatterjee, Sankar", title = "A new herrerasaurian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri Formation of south-central India", year = "2025", journal = "Royal Society Open Science", abstract = "Some of the oldest known dinosaurs and the first faunas numerically dominated by them are documented in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic-aged Gondwana formations exposed in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of south-central and east-central India. The Upper Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin preserves an early-middle Norian dinosaur assemblage numerically dominated by sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including at least two nominal species. However, the preliminary report of a herrerasaurian dinosaur specimen indicates that this assemblage of south-central Gondwana was more taxonomically diverse. Here, we describe and compare in detail the anatomy and assess the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Maleri herrerasaurian specimen. A unique combination of character states present in this specimen allows the erection of the new genus and species Maleriraptor kuttyi. Updated quantitative phylogenetic analyses focused on early dinosauriforms recovered Maleriraptor kuttyi as a member of Herrerasauria outside of the South American clade Herrerasauridae. Maleriraptor kuttyi fills a temporal gap between the Carnian South American herrerasaurids and the younger middle Norian-Rhaetian herrerasaurs of North America. Maleriraptor kuttyi shows the first evidence that herrerasaurs survived also in Gondwana the early Norian tetrapod turnover that resulted in the global extinction of the rhynchosaurs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250081", doi = "10.1098/rsos.250081", openalex = "W4410176241", references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020678541, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111cla12581, doi101111pala12514, doi104202app001432014, doi105710amgh040820173100" } @article{doi101130b377841, author = "Suarez, Celina and Sharman, Glenn R. and Oefinger, Jordan and Boudreaux, Asher and Mmasa, Dennis and Crowley, James L. and Mohr, Michael T. and Marsh, Adam D. and Milner, Andrew R. and Boush, Lisa Park", title = "A revised chronostratigraphy of the Triassic-Jurassic Moenave Formation, western USA: Implications for timing of continental climate change", year = "2025", journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin", abstract = "Abstract The Moenave Formation of the Colorado Plateau region of western USA preserves the Triassic-Jurassic transition, a time period that saw one of the most significant climate disruptions in Earth’s history. During this time, major carbon (C)-cycle perturbations due to carbon release from the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) caused rapid climate change prompting the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE). Here we present a Bayesian age-model generated from new C-isotope chemostratigraphic records paired with high-precision detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology to constrain the stratigraphic placement of the ETE and Triassic-Jurassic boundary within the Moenave Formation. Maximum depositional ages of detrital zircon from the Moenave Formation range between 203.71 ± 0.09 Ma to 200.20 ± 0.17 Ma. A −6.0‰ C-isotope excursion within the middle Dinosaur Canyon Member (DCM) is correlated to the initial negative C-isotope excursion of the ETE, indicating that the lower to middle DCM is latest Triassic and that climatic and biotic disturbances associated with CAMP should be preserved within this stratigraphic interval. Chemostratigraphic, geochronologic, and biostratigraphic data supports an earliest Jurassic age assignment for the lacustrine Whitmore Point Member, suggesting that it is an example of an earliest Jurassic ecosystem recovering from the ETE that warrants detailed exploration. This study greatly expands our knowledge of the chronostratigraphic framework of the continental Triassic-Jurassic transition and is important for correlating other global records of the ETE event.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b37784.1", doi = "10.1130/b37784.1", openalex = "W4411169607", references = "doi1010800272463420211897604, doi102110palo2019063" }