@article{doi10113000167606195465591njdftk20co2,
    author = "Welles, S.",
    title = "NEW JURASSIC DINOSAUR FROM THE KAYENTA FORMATION OF ARIZONA",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/64c9381de77bcd407f4f558a7199dffe46a21463",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[591:NJDFTK]2.0.CO;2",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "6",
    pages = "591",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "60",
    semanticscholar_id = "64c9381de77bcd407f4f558a7199dffe46a21463",
    volume = "65"
}

@article{welles1954new,
    author = "WELLES, S. P.",
    title = "NEW JURASSIC DINOSAUR FROM THE KAYENTA FORMATION OF ARIZONA",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[591:njdftk]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1954)65[591:njdftk]2.0.co;2",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2090065025",
    pages = "591",
    volume = "65"
}

@techreport{welles1954new1,
    author = "Welles, S. P",
    title = "New Jurassic dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona",
    year = "1954",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, p. 591-598",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Welles, S. P., 1954, New Jurassic dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 65, p. 591-598.}"
}

@misc{welles1971dinosaur2,
    author = "Welles, S. P",
    title = "Dinosaur footprints from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Plateau, v. 44, p. 27-38",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Welles, S. P., 1971, Dinosaur footprints from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona: Plateau, v. 44, p. 27-38.}"
}

@book{openalexw606525048,
    author = "Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The Beginning of the age of dinosaurs: faunal change across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary",
    year = "1986",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Preface Introduction Part I. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs: The Time and the Setting: 1. Historical aspects of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary problem Edwin H. Colbert 2. Fossil plants and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary Sidney Ash Part II. Late Triassic Vertebrate Taxa and Faunas: 3. Thoughts on the origin of the Theropoda Samuel P. Welles 4. Structure and function of the tarsus in the phytosaurs (Reptilia: Archosauria) J. Michael Parrish 5. On the type material of Coelophysis Cope (Saurischis: Theropoda), and a new specimen from the Petrified Forest of Arizona (Late Triassic: Chinle Formation) Kevin Padian 6. The ichnogenus Atreipus and its significance for Triassic biostratigraphy Paul E. Olsen and Donald Baird 7. The limb posture of kannemeyeriid dicynodonts: functional and ecological considerations Laurie R. Walter 8. A new family of mammals from the lower part of the French Rhaetic Denise Sigogneau-Russell, R. M. Frank and J. Hemmerle 9. Vertebrate paleontology of the Dockum Group, western Texas and eastern New Mexico Phillip A. Murry 10. The Late Triassic Dockum vertebrates: their stratigraphic and paleobiogeographic significance Sankar Chatterjee 11. A new vertenrate fauna from the Dockum Formation (Late Triasssic) of eastern New Mexico J. Michael Parrish and Kenneth Carpenter 12. Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona: preliminary results R. A. Long and Kevin Padian Part III. Taxa and Trends Across the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary: 13. Triassic and Jurassic fishes: patterns of diversity Amy R. McCune and Bobb Schaeffer 14. Triassic and Early Jurassic turtles Eugene S. Gaffney 15. Archosaur footprints at the terrestrial Triassic-Jurassic transition Hartmut Haubold 16. Herbivorous adaptations of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic dinosaurs Pater M. Galton 17. Masticatory apparatus of the larger herbivores during Late Triassic and early Jurassic times A. W. Crompton and J. Attridge 18. On Triassic and Jurassic mammals William A. Clemens Part IV. Early Jurassic Vertebrate Taxa and Faunas: 19. The early radiation and phylogenetic relationships of the Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs, based on vertebral anatomy Jose F. Bonaparte 20. Earliest records of Batrachopus from the southwestern United States, and a revision of some early Mesozoic crocodylomorph ichnogenera Paul E. Olsen and Kevin Padian 21. A brief introduction to the Lower Lufeng saurischian fauna (Lower Jurassic: Lufeng, Yunnan, People's Republic of China) A. L. Sun and K. H. Cui 22. Relationships and biostratigraphic significance of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida) from the Kayenta Formation of northeastern Arizona Hans Dieter Sues 23. Vertebrate biostrarigraphy of the Glen canyon Group in northern Arizona James M. Clark and David E. Fastovsky Part V. Macroevolutionary Patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic Transition: 24. The Late Triassic tetrapod extinction events Michael J. Benton 25. Correlation of continental Late Triassic and Early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod transition Paul E. Olsen and Hans-Dieter Sues 26. Terrestrial vertebrate faunal succession during the Triassic J. M. Zawiskie Summary and prospectus Taxonomic index Ichnotaxonomic index.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W606525048",
    openalex = "W606525048"
}

@article{doi1011300091761319890170438potdsi23co2,
    author = "Padian, K.",
    title = "Presence of the dinosaur Scelidosaurus indicates Jurassic age for the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group, northern Arizona)",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Geology",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cc72438e60cbc200408222c9dc84ec2579649489",
    doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0438:POTDSI>2.3.CO;2",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "5",
    pages = "438",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "50",
    semanticscholar_id = "cc72438e60cbc200408222c9dc84ec2579649489",
    volume = "17"
}

@article{doi1023073514751,
    author = "Beerbower, Richard and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "The record of life on land has been a principal concern of historical biology not only because of our fascination with our own past (and with giants, dragons, and other ancient monsters) but because of special opportunities and challenges for development of methods, principles, and concepts of explanation. The Beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs treats an intriguing phase of that history, one that included the first appearance of dinosaurs, and mammals, the extinction or near extinction of many clades of vertebrates, and extensive changes in plant associations. Further, the patterns of change (and of stasis) raise general questions about macroecologic and macroevolutionary processes and factors and even about the roles of chance and determination in biological history. Although the book was published initially in 1986 (and was based on a 1984 symposium sponsored by the Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists), its content remains current and its release in paperback form (for $34.50 rather than $75.00 for the hardcover version) justifies a review even at this late date. The Introduction and the Summary and Prospectus, written by the editor, Kevin Padian, demonstrate the significance of the interval from mid-Triassic to early Jurassic-particularly for vertebrates on land. Advanced mammal-like reptiles (therapsids) dominate lower Triassic assemblages in abundance, taxonomic diversity, and ecological variety; non-therapsids (mostly archosaurs) are rare elements and apparently of little ecological importance. In upper Triassic and lower Jurassic assemblages the situation is reversed, therapsids rare with limited diversity and variety but archosaurs abundant, diverse and varied. The archosaur expansion starts in middle of the succession; pterodactyls, crocodylomorphs, and dinosaurs appear (as archosaur subclades) in approximate coincidence with a marked decline in therapsids. Mammals (at least 3 subclades) occur along with two other subclades of very mammal-like therapsids very close to the top. In the upper Triassic two relatively sharp breaks in faunal composition appear, one relatively low, in the top of the Carnian and base of the Norian stages (around 225 Ma), and one higher, at the top of the Norian (around 215 Ma). These breaks, if real and not a consequence of miscorrelations or gaps in sampling, suggest high rates of taxonomic extinction and origination and have been interpreted as intervals of catastrophic extinction. These changes coincide more or less with some in the flora (except that the latter seem continuous rather than stepped) and thus with overall changes in terrestrial ecosystems. Radically different explanations have been offered for these patterns, at one extreme a deterministic argument from the competitive superiority of dinosaurs to the other, an opportunistic one based on chance differences in survival through episodes of mass extinction. This book can be viewed (and reviewed) as an extended example of analysis and interpretation in historical biology. The concerns of the discipline are twofold, chronicle and narrative (the concepts those of O'Hara, 1988). Chronicle comprises when, what, and where; narrative, how. A chronicle extends of course beyond description and chronologic ordering of fossils to paleobiogeographic, paleoecologic, and phylogenetic reconstructions. The latter derive from patterns in form and occurrence of fossils as analyzed in terms of taphonomic, constructional, functional, and phylogenetic processes and factors (viz Seilacher, 1970) and of stratigraphic and geographic distribution. Each reconstruction represents a particular state, and stratigraphic analysis arranges these reconstructions into a chronicle. Narrative, in contrast, involves explanation of the patterns (temporal, geographic, ecologic and phyletic) in the chronicle by a sequence of biological and physical circumstances and by evolutionary processes and factors (genetic, phylogenetic, and ecological). Of the 26 papers in this volume, 24 focus primarily on the chronicle and are dominated by consideration of what-when, i.e., the stratigraphic distribution of various groups of fossils, and of what-how, i.e., the phylogenetic and functional analyses. Among those in the what-when group are papers by Colbert on historical aspects of upper Triassic-lower Jurassic stratigraphy, by Ash on fossil plants, by Olsen and Baird on the ichnogenus Atreipus, by Chatterjee and by Parrish and Carpenter on vertebrates of the Dockum Group (Texas and New Mexico), and by Long and Padian on biostratigraphy of the Chinle Formation (Arizona). Also best included here are the studies by McCune and Schaeffer on Triassic and Jurassic fishes, Gaffney on turtles, Clemens on mammals, Olson and Padian on crocodylomorph ichnogenera, Sun and Cui on saurishians from the lower Lufeng (China), Clark and Fastovsky on the vertebrates of the Glen Canyon Group (Arizona), Haubold on archosaur trackways, Sigogneau-Russell, Frank, and Hemmerle on a new family of Triassic",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3514751",
    doi = "10.2307/3514751",
    openalex = "W2320472492",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi1023072807146, doi1023072992272"
}

@article{padian1989presence,
    author = "Padian, Kevin",
    title = "Presence of the dinosaur Scelidosaurus indicates Jurassic age for the Kayenta Formation (Glen Canyon Group, northern Arizona)",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0438:potdsi>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0438:potdsi>2.3.co;2",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2080429813",
    pages = "438",
    volume = "17"
}

@article{rowe1989a,
    author = "Rowe, Timothy",
    title = "A new species of the theropod dinosaur Syntarsus from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1989.10011748",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2059514783",
    pages = "125-136",
    volume = "9",
    references = "doi10108002724634198810011708, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi1023073514751, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105479si03629236110i, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw78510971"
}

@article{doi1011300091761319910191201fvfitc23co2,
    author = "Brand, Leonard R. and Tang, Thu",
    title = "Fossil vertebrate footprints in the Coconino Sandstone (Permian) of northern Arizona: Evidence for underwater origin",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1201:fvfitc>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1201:fvfitc>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W1986564167"
}

@book{doi107312lock90868,
    author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Hunt, Adrian P.",
    title = "Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States",
    year = "1995",
    booktitle = "Columbia University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "A comprehensive and illustrated review of fossil vertebrate tracks known to date from the Western United States extending from Texas to California and from Arizona to Washington. Includes tracks from the Paleozoic, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic Eras. Also provides insight on the scientific importance, identification, and preservation of fossil footprints.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/lock90868",
    doi = "10.7312/lock90868",
    openalex = "W4300932534"
}

@article{doi105860choice332752,
    author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Hunt, Adrian P.",
    title = "Dinosaur tracks and other fossil footprints of the western United States",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "For dinosaur lovers and tourists alike, this guide explores the palaeontological treasure trove of the western United States. Concentrating on the rich fossil life of the Colorado Plateau region - including parts of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico - it gives readers the story behind a track record which extends some 300 million years back in time. Readers learn about America's prehistory as they explore a region with one of the best track records of land animals found anywhere in the world. An appendix lists museums and other major repositories of tracks and replicas, and gives details on tracksites open to the public. Lockley leads his readers to the footprints themselves, and shows fossil explorers how these traces can help to interpret the behaviour of dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.33-2752",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.33-2752",
    openalex = "W1570663375",
    references = "doi1011300091761319910191201fvfitc23co2, openalexw3093435588, openalexw603337959"
}

@article{doi10108002724634199810011086,
    author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Smith, Joshua B. and McDonald, Nicholas G.",
    title = "Type material of the type species of the classic theropod footprint genera Eubrontes, Anchisauripus, and Grallator (Early Jurassic, Hartford and Deerfield basins, Connecticut and Massachusetts, U.S.A.)",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The classic Early Jurassic age theropod footprints Eubrontes giganteus, Anchisauripus sillimani, and Grallator parallelus were established by Edward Hitchcock in 1836–1847 and are the type ichnospecies of their respective ichnogenera. We identify, describe, and figure the type specimens in detail for the first time since they were named. We also figure and describe the other elements of the type series as well as specimens mistakenly thought to be the types. All of the tracks come from cyclical lacustrine and marginal lacustrine to fluvial strata from an interval spanning about one million years in the Early Jurassic age Meriden and Agawam groups of the Hartford and Deerfield basins of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Based on osteometric comparisons with skeletal material, these three ichnospecies were most likely made by theropod dinosaurs, as usually assumed. Although treated here as distinct ichnogenera, it is possible that their major proportional differences derive from allometric growth with individuals of several related species in one genus or even within one species of trackmaker. The rigorous establishment of these classic ichnological taxa forms a basis for more wide ranging studies of theropod diversity in the early Mesozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011086",
    openalex = "W2003962594",
    references = "doi1010160031018272900491, doi101017s0025315400028575, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi101126science5130998, doi101146annurevearth251337, doi10230725058147, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice332752, doi105962bhltitle125523, doi107312lock90868, openalexw39955589, openalexw606525048"
}

@article{doi101126science1065522,
    author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.",
    title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1065522",
    openalex = "W2107051375",
    references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868"
}

@article{doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2,
    author = "Tykoski, Ronald S. and Rowe, Timothy B. and Ketcham, Richard A. and Colbert, Matthew W.",
    title = "Calsoyasuchus valliceps, a new crocodyliform from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract We describe a new fossil crocodyliform archosaur from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation of the Navajo Nation that is surprisingly derived for so ancient a specimen. High-resolution X-ray CT analysis reveals that its long snout houses an extensive system of pneumatic paranasal cavities. These are among the most distinctive features of modern crocodylians, yet the evolutionary history of this unique system has been obscured by the inaccessibility of internal structures in most fossil crania. Preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicates that the new species is the oldest known member of a monophyletic Goniopholididae, and within this lineage to be the sister taxon of Eutretauranosuchus, from the Late Jurassic Morrison formation of Colorado. Goniopholididae became extinct at the end of the Cretaceous, but it is more closely related to living crocodylians than are several lineages known only from Cretaceous and younger fossils. The new taxon nearly doubles the known length of goniopholid history and implies a deep, as yet undiscovered, Mesozoic history for several crocodyliform lineages that were once thought to have relatively complete fossil records.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0593:cvancf]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0593:cvancf]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2180510264",
    references = "doi101002jmor1052250304, doi101016s0098300400001163, doi10103835016061, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011201, doi101093sysbio463479, doi101098rstb19700028, doi105860choice325663, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, welles1954new"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres200510010,
    author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Houck, Karen J. and Yang, Seong‐Young and Matsukawa, Masaki and Lim, Seong‐Kyu",
    title = "Dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation, Hallyo Haesang National Park area, Goseong County, South Korea: Evidence and implications",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010",
    openalex = "W2007949655",
    references = "doi1010160031018272900491, doi101016jcretres200510003, doi101038331433a0, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634198110011900, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108010420940490428625, doi101098rstb19920051, doi101130001676061986971163naldts20co2, doi105860choice273305, openalexw114509570, openalexw2206796883, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, openalexw603337959"
}

@article{doi10108010420940802471027,
    author = "Marty, Daniel and Strasser, André and Meyer, Christian A.",
    title = "Formation and Taphonomy of Human Footprints in Microbial Mats of Present-Day Tidal-flat Environments: Implications for the Study of Fossil Footprints",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Ichnos/Ichnos : an international journal for plant and animal traces",
    abstract = "This study concerns the formation, taphonomy, and preservation of human footprints in microbial mats of present-day tidal-flat environments. Due to differences in water content and nature of the microbial mats and the underlying sediment, a wide range of footprint morphologies was produced by the same trackmaker. Most true tracks are subjected to modification due to taphonomic processes, leading to modified true tracks. In addition to formation of biolaminites, microbial mats play a major role in the preservation of footprints on tidal flats. A footprint may be consolidated by desiccation or lithification of the mat, or by ongoing growth of the mat. The latter process may lead to the formation of overtracks. Among consolidated or (partially) lithified footprints found on present-day tidal flats, poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, and overtracks were most frequently encountered while unmodified and well-defined true tracks are rather rare. We suggest that modified true tracks and overtracks make up an important percentage of fossil footprints and that they may be as common as undertracks. However, making unambiguous distinctions between poorly defined true tracks, modified true tracks, undertracks, and overtracks in the fossil record will remain a difficult task, which necessitates systematic excavation of footprints combined with careful analysis of the encasing sediment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10420940802471027",
    doi = "10.1080/10420940802471027",
    openalex = "W2103008101",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jtim200507008, doi10103820167, doi101046j13653091200000284x, doi101111j13653091200400649x, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi1023073514674, doi1023073514964, doi1023073514973, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice295709, doi105860choice332752, doi105860choice393984, doi107312lock90868, openalexw114509570, openalexw39955589, openalexw603337959"
}

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0004591,
    author = "Milner, Andrew R. and Harris, Jerald D. and Lockley, Martin G. and Kirkland, James I. and Matthews, Neffra A.",
    title = "Bird-Like Anatomy, Posture, and Behavior Revealed by an Early Jurassic Theropod Dinosaur Resting Trace",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Fossil tracks made by non-avian theropod dinosaurs commonly reflect the habitual bipedal stance retained in living birds. Only rarely-captured behaviors, such as crouching, might create impressions made by the hands. Such tracks provide valuable information concerning the often poorly understood functional morphology of the early theropod forelimb. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe a well-preserved theropod trackway in a Lower Jurassic (approximately 198 million-year-old) lacustrine beach sandstone in the Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah. The trackway consists of prints of typical morphology, intermittent tail drags and, unusually, traces made by the animal resting on the substrate in a posture very similar to modern birds. The resting trace includes symmetrical pes impressions and well-defined impressions made by both hands, the tail, and the ischial callosity. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: The manus impressions corroborate that early theropods, like later birds, held their palms facing medially, in contrast to manus prints previously attributed to theropods that have forward-pointing digits. Both the symmetrical resting posture and the medially-facing palms therefore evolved by the Early Jurassic, much earlier in the theropod lineage than previously recognized, and may characterize all theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004591",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0004591",
    openalex = "W2091913214",
    references = "doi101002ara10097, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038nature02898, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868, openalexw2306571682, openalexw2788234611"
}

@article{openalexw2306571682,
    author = "Heckert, Andrew B.",
    title = "Arizona’s Jurassic Fossil Vertebrates and the Age of the Glen Canyon Group",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)",
    abstract = "Most fossil vertebrates of Jurassic age from Arizona are derived from the Glen Canyon Group on the southern Colorado Plateau in the northeastern part of the state. Glen Canyon Group strata of Jurassic age in Arizona that yield fossils include the upper Dinosaur Canyon and the Whitmore Point members of the Moenave Formation, the Kayenta Formation, and the Navajo Sandstone. All of these units yield both trace (principally dinosaur footprint) and body fossils of tetrapods. To date, only the Kayenta Formation fauna is particularly diverse (more than 10 taxa), and the Kayenta fauna is one of the best known Dawan (Early Jurassic: Sinemurian) tetrapod faunas in North America, and includes numerous type specimens, representing important records of tritylodonts, theropod dinosaurs, amphibians, turtles, and mammals. Non-Glen Canyon Group records of Jurassic vertebrates from northern Arizona are limited to scattered occurrences of footprints in the Middle-Upper Jurassic Summerville Formation and a single documented Apatosaurus vertebra from the Morrison Formation. The only Jurassic vertebrates from southern Arizona are fragmentary tetrapods from the Gardner Canyon Formation in the Santa Rita Mountains and undescribed osteichthyans from Upper Jurassic marine strata in the Chiricahua Mountains.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2306571682",
    openalex = "W2306571682"
}

@article{s29012588de600fa55f961d0d278c8dd1cb214c027,
    author = "Heckert, A.",
    title = "Arizona’s Jurassic Fossil Vertebrates and the Age of the Glen Canyon Group",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "NC Digital Online Collection of Knowledge and Scholarship (The University of North Carolina at Greensboro)",
    abstract = "Most fossil vertebrates of Jurassic age from Arizona are derived from the Glen Canyon Group on the southern Colorado Plateau in the northeastern part of the state. Glen Canyon Group strata of Jurassic age in Arizona that yield fossils include the upper Dinosaur Canyon and the Whitmore Point members of the Moenave Formation, the Kayenta Formation, and the Navajo Sandstone. All of these units yield both trace (principally dinosaur footprint) and body fossils of tetrapods. To date, only the Kayenta Formation fauna is particularly diverse (more than 10 taxa), and the Kayenta fauna is one of the best known Dawan (Early Jurassic: Sinemurian) tetrapod faunas in North America, and includes numerous type specimens, representing important records of tritylodonts, theropod dinosaurs, amphibians, turtles, and mammals. Non-Glen Canyon Group records of Jurassic vertebrates from northern Arizona are limited to scattered occurrences of footprints in the Middle-Upper Jurassic Summerville Formation and a single documented Apatosaurus vertebra from the Morrison Formation. The only Jurassic vertebrates from southern Arizona are fragmentary tetrapods from the Gardner Canyon Formation in the Santa Rita Mountains and undescribed osteichthyans from Upper Jurassic marine strata in the Chiricahua Mountains.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9012588de600fa55f961d0d278c8dd1cb214c027",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W2306571682",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "9012588de600fa55f961d0d278c8dd1cb214c027"
}

@article{doi101111j15023931201100276x,
    author = "Avanzini, Marco and Piñuela, Laura and García-Ramos, José Carlos",
    title = "Late Jurassic footprints reveal walking kinematics of theropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00276.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.2011.00276.x",
    openalex = "W1880620305",
    references = "doi101016s0016699588800913, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi101139e91009, doi101144pygs543185, doi102110palo2007p07070r"
}

@article{doi101111zoj12029,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio",
    title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029",
    openalex = "W1572867283",
    references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1416252111,
    author = "Falkingham, Peter and Gatesy, Stephen M.",
    title = "The birth of a dinosaur footprint: Subsurface 3D motion reconstruction and discrete element simulation reveal track ontogeny",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Locomotion over deformable substrates is a common occurrence in nature. Footprints represent sedimentary distortions that provide anatomical, functional, and behavioral insights into trackmaker biology. The interpretation of such evidence can be challenging, however, particularly for fossil tracks recovered at bedding planes below the originally exposed surface. Even in living animals, the complex dynamics that give rise to footprint morphology are obscured by both foot and sediment opacity, which conceals animal-substrate and substrate-substrate interactions. We used X-ray reconstruction of moving morphology (XROMM) to image and animate the hind limb skeleton of a chicken-like bird traversing a dry, granular material. Foot movement differed significantly from walking on solid ground; the longest toe penetrated to a depth of ∼5 cm, reaching an angle of 30° below horizontal before slipping backward on withdrawal. The 3D kinematic data were integrated into a validated substrate simulation using the discrete element method (DEM) to create a quantitative model of limb-induced substrate deformation. Simulation revealed that despite sediment collapse yielding poor quality tracks at the air-substrate interface, subsurface displacements maintain a high level of organization owing to grain-grain support. Splitting the substrate volume along "virtual bedding planes" exposed prints that more closely resembled the foot and could easily be mistaken for shallow tracks. DEM data elucidate how highly localized deformations associated with foot entry and exit generate specific features in the final tracks, a temporal sequence that we term "track ontogeny." This combination of methodologies fosters a synthesis between the surface/layer-based perspective prevalent in paleontology and the particle/volume-based perspective essential for a mechanistic understanding of sediment redistribution during track formation.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416252111",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1416252111",
    openalex = "W1964452431",
    references = "doi101002jez589, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s0031018296001423, doi10103820167, doi10108809650393181015012, doi101111j14691795200600044x, doi101111jzo12110, doi101126science1229163, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101504pcfd2012047457, doi1023071445147, doi1023072412825, doi1023073514816, lockley1988james, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2506868775"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0098605,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    openalex = "W2033356851",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002jmor10372, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017cbo9780511564345, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086653688, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1023072291098, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2138825607, openalexw2183707334, openalexw575814759"
}

@article{doi1026879529,
    author = "Lallensack, Jens N. and Sander, M and Knötschke, Nils and Wings, Oliver",
    title = "Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Palaeontologia Electronica",
    abstract = "Here we describe dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry near Goslar (Lower Saxony) that represent the first footprints from the Late Jurassic of Germany discovered outside the Wiehen Mountains. The footprints are preserved in Kimmeridgian marginal marine carbonates. They vary in length from 36 to 47 cm and were made by theropod dinosaurs. The original tracksite with 20 footprints was destroyed by quarrying soon after its discovery in 2003. Only the five best defined footprints were excavated. Based on scanned-in analog photographs which were taken during the excavation, a three-dimensional (3-D) model of the original tracksite was generated by applying historical photogrammetry. The resulting model is accurate enough to allow a detailed description of the original tracksite. Different preservation types result from changing substrate properties and include both well-defined footprints and deeply impressed footprints with elongated heel and variably defined digit impressions. The tracksite was discovered stratigraphically close to the bone accumulation of the dwarfed sauropod dinosaur Europasaurus holgeri and probably records a sea level fall along with a faunal interchange, which would likely have eliminated the resident dwarf island fauna. The two largest and best preserved footprints differ from most other Late Jurassic theropod footprints in their great width. Two different trackmaker species might have been present at the site. Several hypotheses presented in a recent paper on Late Jurassic dinosaur tracks from the Wiehen Mountains by Diedrich (2011b) are commented upon herein.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26879/529",
    doi = "10.26879/529",
    openalex = "W1903208034",
    references = "doi10103820167, doi101038261129a0, doi101073pnas1416252111, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111jzo12110, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi102110pec98020003, doi1026879264, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice435907, martinsander2006bone, openalexw114509570, openalexw2593733766"
}

@article{doi102110palo2016041,
    author = "Kirkland, James I. and Simpson, Edward L. and DeBlieux, Donald D. and Madsen, Scott K. and Bogner, Emily and Tibert, Neil E.",
    title = "DEPOSITIONAL CONSTRAINTS ON THE LOWER CRETACEOUS STIKES QUARRY DINOSAUR SITE: UPPER YELLOW CAT MEMBER, CEDAR MOUNTAIN FORMATION, UTAH",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "A new mass death assemblage in Lower Cretaceous strata of east-central Utah contains well-preserved skeletons representing an ontogenetic series of individuals of Utahraptor, and at minimum two iguanodont grade ornithischian skeletons. The dinosaurs were entombed in ovoid-lensoidal, fine-grained sandstone sills linked by sandstone pipes and/or dikes and another basal lensoidal mass with scattered and broken iguanodont and sauropod bones and to an underlying gravelly sandstone bed. Exposed in the excavation high-walls are syndepositional normal-faults bounding graded ripple strata. Multiphased fluid over-pressurization in an artesian setting creating the structures. Trapping, killing, and subsequent burial mechanism was generated by variations of pressure in a localized artesian spring system that breached the surface and is the first such mechanism documented with numerous dinosaur victims.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2016.041",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2016.041",
    openalex = "W2519789898",
    references = "doi10100797814899503456, doi1010160148906279912439, doi101016b9780444414205500204, doi101016jsedgeo200608004, doi101016s0013795296000403, doi101046j136530911996d015x, doi101111j136530911969tb01125x, doi101111j136530911975tb00290x, doi10130604090705181, doi101306212f92412b2411d78648000102c1865d, openalexw2306571682"
}

@article{doi101371journalpone0204007,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Rowe, Timothy B.",
    title = "Anatomy and systematics of the sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis from the Early Jurassic Kayenta Formation",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis, from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona, is one of only three sauropodomorph dinosaurs known from the Early Jurassic of North America. It joins Anchisaurus polyzelus, from the older Portland Formation of the Hartford Basin, and Seitaad reussi, from the younger Navajo Sandstone of Utah, in representing the oldest North American sauropodomorphs. If it is true that sauropodomorphs were absent from North America during the Late Triassic, the relationship among these three dinosaurs offers a test of the mechanisms that drove recovery in North American biodiversity following the end-Triassic extinction event. Here we provide the first thorough description of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis based on completed preparation and computed tomographic imaging of the holotype and referred specimens. With new anatomical data, our phylogenetic analysis supports the conclusion that Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis is nested within the primarily Gondwanan clade Massospondylidae, while agreeing with previous analyses that the three North American sauropodomorphs do not themselves form an exclusive clade. A revised diagnosis and more thorough understanding of the anatomy of Sarahsaurus aurifontanalis support the view that independent dispersal events were at least partly responsible for the recovery in North American vertebrate diversity following a major extinction event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204007",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0204007",
    openalex = "W2897614356",
    references = "doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12775, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012063521, doi104202app20090075, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence"
}

@article{doi107717peerj7240,
    author = "Chapelle, Kimberley E. J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Botha, Jennifer and Choiniere, Jonah N.",
    title = "Ngwevu intloko: a new early sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa and comments on cranial ontogeny in Massospondylus carinatus",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Our knowledge of Early Jurassic palaeobiodiversity in the upper Elliot Formation of South Africa has increased markedly in recent years with the discovery of new fossils, re-assessments of previously collected material and a better understanding of Stormberg Group stratigraphy. Here, Ngwevu intloko, a new genus of upper Elliot basal sauropodomorph is named on the basis of a complete skull and partial skeleton (BP/1/4779) previously assigned to Massospondylus carinatus. It can be distinguished from all other basal sauropodomorphs by a combination of 16 cranial and six postcranial characters. The new species is compared to a small ontogenetic series of M. carinatus as well as to a range of closely related taxa. Taphonomic deformation, sexual dimorphism and ontogeny are rejected as possible explanations for the morphological differences present between BP/1/4779 and other taxa. Osteohistological examination reveals that BP/1/4779 had nearly reached adult size at the time of its death at a minimum age of 10 years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7240",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7240",
    openalex = "W2966268078",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0204007"
}

@article{doi101017jpa202014,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Rowe, Timothy B.",
    title = "A comprehensive anatomical and phylogenetic evaluation of Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) with descriptions of new specimens from the Kayenta Formation of northern Arizona",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Dilophosaurus wetherilli was the largest animal known to have lived on land in North America during the Early Jurassic. Despite its charismatic presence in pop culture and dinosaurian phylogenetic analyses, major aspects of the skeletal anatomy, taxonomy, ontogeny, and evolutionary relationships of this dinosaur remain unknown. Skeletons of this species were collected from the middle and lower part of the Kayenta Formation in the Navajo Nation in northern Arizona. Redescription of the holotype, referred, and previously undescribed specimens of Dilophosaurus wetherilli supports the existence of a single species of crested, large-bodied theropod in the Kayenta Formation. The parasagittal nasolacrimal crests are uniquely constructed by a small ridge on the nasal process of the premaxilla, dorsoventrally expanded nasal, and tall lacrimal that includes a posterior process behind the eye. The cervical vertebrae exhibit serial variation within the posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina, which bifurcates and reunites down the neck. Iterative specimen-based phylogenetic analyses result in each of the additional specimens recovered as the sister taxon to the holotype. When all five specimens are included in an analysis, they form a monophyletic clade that supports the monotypy of the genus. Dilophosaurus wetherilli is not recovered as a ceratosaur or coelophysoid, but is instead a non-averostran neotheropod in a grade with other stem-averostrans such as Cryolophosaurus ellioti and Zupaysaurus rougieri. We did not recover a monophyletic ‘Dilophosauridae.’ Instead of being apomorphic for a small clade of early theropods, it is more likely that elaboration of the nasals and lacrimals of stem-averostrans is plesiomorphically present in early ceratosaurs and tetanurans that share those features. Many characters of the axial skeleton of Dilophosaurus wetherilli are derived compared to Late Triassic theropods and may be associated with macropredation and an increase in body size in Theropoda across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2020.14",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2020.14",
    openalex = "W3039835864",
    references = "doi101002ar24130, doi101038ncomms12931, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111joa12775, doi101126science2845414616, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0004591, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0145713, doi101371journalpone0204007, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi104202app001432014, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amgh040820173100, doi105962bhltitle156765, doi107717peerj5976, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, welles1954new"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420201781142,
    author = "Gatesy, Stephen M. and Falkingham, Peter",
    title = "Hitchcock’s Leptodactyli, Penetrative Tracks, and Dinosaur Footprint Diversity",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Starting with his first report on fossil footprints from the Connecticut Valley over 180 years ago, Edward Hitchcock described what he interpreted as a burgeoning ancient fauna founded on ever-increasing nominal track diversity. For three decades, Hitchcock made countless contributions to ichnology, but his inference of thin-toed animals (Leptodactyli) from thin-toed tracks is flawed by modern criteria. Leptodactylous tracks are now recognized as variants made by thick-toed feet penetrating into soft, collapsing substrates. Herein, we take a closer look at the creation of such penetrative tracks using computer simulations of particle flow. Classic specimens are used to demonstrate how different modes of surface presentation make penetrative tracks challenging to recognize and interpret. Evaluation of 266 specimens from 43 leptodactylous ichnotaxa reveals that ∼90\% are penetrative. We propose that a reliance on a single formation mechanism confounded Hitchcock’s ability to reliably recognize different trackmakers. This is not an old problem applicable only to fossils collected long ago; domination of a transmission-based model continues to bias the field today. Most texts and many publications either omit collapsed penetrative tracks or fail to recognize them as a significant source of variation. Without proper regard for subsurface toe movement and sediment flow, inferences of foot shape from track shape can, as for Hitchcock, be led far astray. The misidentification and misunderstanding of penetrative tracks impact our conception of the diversity of life in the Early Jurassic, as well as in other ichnofaunas worldwide.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1781142",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2020.1781142",
    openalex = "W3092060719",
    references = "doi101007978331946487931, doi1010079783540472261, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016s001669958880038x, doi101073pnas1416252111, doi1010800272463420171314298, doi10108809650393181015012, doi101109cvpr2016445, doi101111pala12373, doi101504pcfd2012047457, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi10230725058147, doi1023073514816, doi1026879529, doi10297960650, doi105962bhltitle20094, doi105962bhltitle70405, lull1915triassic, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2619609965, openalexw384818744, openalexw603337959"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420201791894,
    author = "Breeden, Benjamin T. and Rowe, Timothy B.",
    title = "New Specimens of Scutellosaurus Lawleri Colbert, 1981, from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation in Arizona Elucidate the Early Evolution of Thyreophoran Dinosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "We describe new specimens of the ornithischian dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri Colbert, 1981 Colbert, E. H. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin Series 53:1–60. [Google Scholar], from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona and discuss their systematic importance. The new specimens represent at least 46 individuals and include two associated skeletons that preserve regions that were poorly known until now, including the skull and pelvis. Computed tomography (CT) assisted our interpretation of these specimens. Using an ornithischian data matrix, we first tested whether the two associated skeletons were justifiably assigned to Scutellosaurus lawleri and found that they group unequivocally with the holotype and paratype specimens. This enabled scoring of 35 character states that were previously unknown, raising the scoring completeness of Scutellosaurus lawleri from 52\% to 67\%. The results recovered Lesothosaurus diagnosticus as the basal-most member of Neornithischia, while corroborating the monophyly of Thyreophora and Scutellosaurus lawleri as its most basally branching member. In terms of numbers of specimens, Scutellosaurus lawleri is now the most abundant dinosaur known in any Early Jurassic vertebrate fauna. The presence of a second thyreophoran in the Kayenta Formation, along with the presence of Early Jurassic thyreophorans in Europe and Asia, suggests that Thyreophora may have originated in the northern hemisphere. The ornithischians from the Kayenta Formation support a pattern of dinosaurian diversification after the end-Triassic extinction in North America, if not a broader area, that was fueled by independent northward dispersals from the southern hemisphere, supporting dispersal as an early driver of dinosaurian evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2020.1791894",
    openalex = "W3090448472",
    references = "doi1010800891296320181563784, lucas2001theropod"
}

@article{doi101098rspb20202310,
    author = "Pol, Diego and Ramezani, Jahandar and Gomez, Kevin L. and Carballido, José Luis and Carabajal, A. Paulina and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Escapa, Ignacio H. and Cúneo, N. Rubén",
    title = "Extinction of herbivorous dinosaurs linked to Early Jurassic global warming event",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Sauropods, the giant long-necked dinosaurs, became the dominant group of large herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems after multiple related lineages became extinct towards the end of the Early Jurassic (190-174 Ma). The causes and precise timing of this key faunal change, as well as the origin of eusauropods (true sauropods), have remained ambiguous mainly due to the scarce dinosaurian fossil record of this time. The terrestrial sedimentary successions of the Cañadón Asfalto Basin in central Patagonia (Argentina) document this critical interval of dinosaur evolution. Here, we report a new dinosaur with a nearly complete skull that is the oldest eusauropod known to date and provide high-precision U-Pb geochronology that constrains in time the rise of eusauropods in Patagonia. We show that eusauropod dominance was established after a massive magmatic event impacting southern Gondwana (180-184 Ma) and coincided with severe perturbations to the climate and a drastic decrease in the floral diversity characterized by the rise of conifers with small scaly leaves. Floral and faunal records from other regions suggest these were global changes that impacted the terrestrial ecosystems during the Toarcian warming event and formed part of a second-order mass extinction event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2310",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2020.2310",
    openalex = "W3102407232",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101038s41467018051281"
}

@article{doi102110palo2019063,
    author = "Vitkus, Allison Rebecca and Chin, Karen and Kirkland, James I. and Milner, Andrew R. and Simpson, Edward L. and Ellison, Eric T.",
    title = "UNUSUAL FOSSILIFEROUS CONCRETIONS FROM LACUSTRINE DEPOSITS IN THE LOWER JURASSIC MOENAVE FORMATION IN ST. GEORGE, UTAH, USA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ANCIENT FISH MASS MORTALITIES",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Two types of unusual concretions with similar biotic contents but markedly different shapes and distributions were found in close stratigraphic proximity within the Lower Jurassic Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in St. George, Utah. Both types of concretions formed in lacustrine sediments and contain abundant ganoid fish scales, numerous ostracode carapaces, and apparent rip-up clasts. Elongate, cylindrical concretions developed in parallel and regularly spaced rows in one horizon, and comparatively flat and irregularly shaped and distributed concretions formed in an overlying layer only a few centimeters above. Microprobe and Raman analyses of concretion samples reveal abundant hematite in both concretions as well as groundmass minerals dominated by silica in the cylindrical concretions and dolomite in the flat concretions. The abundance of fish skeletal debris in concretions from two consecutive horizons may suggest recurring fish mass mortality in ancient Lake Dixie, the large lake that occupied the St. George area during the Early Jurassic. We propose a model for the formation of the concretions based on their shapes, distributions, and chemistry. In this model, accumulations of disarticulated fish debris were colonized and consolidated by microbial mats and shaped by oscillatory flow (in the case of the cylindrical concretions) or lack thereof (in the case of the flat concretions). Then, after burial, groundwater chemistry and possibly the metabolic activities of microorganisms led to the precipitation of minerals around and within the masses of fish material. Finally, diagenetic alteration changed the mineral makeups of the cylindrical and flat concretions into what they are today.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2019.063",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2019.063",
    openalex = "W3008297284",
    references = "doi101016s0037073800000981, doi101038259391a0, doi101111j13653091201101278x, doi101130g222461, doi101130gsatg187a1, doi101144sp33413, doi1013062dc4095d0e4711d78643000102c1865d, doi1015159783110417104003, doi102113gsecongeo665710, doi102216i00318884322791, doi1023073514690, openalexw2306571682"
}

@article{breeden2021the,
    author = "Breeden, Benjamin T. and Raven, Thomas J. and Butler, Richard J. and Rowe, Timothy B. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (Lower Jurassic) of Arizona",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "The armoured dinosaurs, Thyreophora, were a diverse clade of ornithischians known from the Early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. During the Middle and Late Jurassic, the thyreophorans radiated to evolve large body size, quadrupedality, and complex chewing mechanisms, and members of the group include some of the most iconic dinosaurs, including the plated Stegosaurus and the club-tailed Ankylosaurus; however, the early stages of thyreophoran evolution are poorly understood due to a paucity of relatively complete remains from early diverging thyreophoran taxa. Scutellosaurus lawleri is generally reconstructed as the earliest-diverging thyreophoran and is known from over 70 specimens from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona, USA. Whereas Scutellosaurus lawleri is pivotal to our understanding of character-state changes at the base of Thyreophora that can shed light on the early evolution of the armoured dinosaurs, the taxon has received limited study. Herein, we provide a detailed account of the osteology of Scutellosaurus lawleri, figuring many elements for the first time. Scutellosaurus lawleri was the only definitive bipedal thyreophoran. Histological studies indicate that it grew slowly throughout its life, possessing lamellar-zonal tissue that was a consequence neither of its small size nor phylogenetic position, but may instead be autapomorphic, and supporting other studies that suggest thyreophorans had lower basal metabolic rates than other ornithischian dinosaurs. Faunal diversity of the Kayenta Formation in comparison with other well-known Early Jurassic-aged dinosaur-bearing formations indicates that there was considerable spatial and/or environmental variation in Early Jurassic dinosaur faunas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.201676",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.201676",
    number = "7",
    openalex = "W3184028119",
    volume = "8",
    references = "doi101016s0037073803001581, doi101017jpa202014, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101130b264061, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0204007, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice393984, padian1989presence"
}

@article{doi1010800272463420211897604,
    author = "Marsh, Adam D. and Milner, Andrew R. and Harris, Jerald D. and Blieux, Donald D. De and Kirkland, James I.",
    title = "A non-averostran neotheropod vertebra (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the earliest Jurassic Whitmore Point Member (Moenave Formation) in southwestern Utah",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Theropod dinosaurs are minor components of Late Triassic ecosystems in North America, comprising coelophysoids and various non-neotheropods from the Chinle Formation of Arizona, Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico and the Dockum Group of western Texas. By the Sinemurian (Early Jurassic), the coelophysoid “Syntarsus” kayentakatae and the large-bodied non-averostran neotheropod Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the Kayenta Formation were the dominant terrestrial predators. Theropods are virtually unknown from the intervening Rhaetian–Hettangian Moenave Formation, with the exception of two partial coelophysoid pelves from somewhere within the Dinosaur Canyon Member, which includes the Triassic–Jurassic boundary and end-Triassic mass extinction. Here we describe an anterior trunk vertebra from a non-coelophysoid, non-averostran neotheropod from the uppermost Whitmore Point Member of the Moenave Formation in southwestern Utah, which is Hettangian in age. The vertebra has prominent vertebral laminae and associated pneumatic fossae, and anterior and posterior ‘shoulders’ on the neural spine that are similar to those found in Dilophosaurus wetherilli. This vertebra belongs to a theropod that may be as many as 15 million years older than Dilophosaurus wetherilli from the middle of the Kayenta Formation in Arizona. This theropod is associated with Grallator, Eubrontes, and Characichnos theropod traces made on the shores of the Early Jurassic Lake Whitmore that are abundant in the Whitmore Point Member in southwestern Utah. Its occurrence in the Hettangian roughly coincides with the appearance of Eubrontes tracks in North America, indicating that not all contemporaneous theropod traces were made by coelophysoids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1897604",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2021.1897604",
    openalex = "W3171257201",
    references = "doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1234204, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi102110palo2019063, doi102475ajss321125417, jenkins2017first, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi1011111755672414774,
    author = "Wang, Zizheng and Jiang, Xinsheng and Wang, Xiaobing and Gao, Jianguo and Zhu, Si-Bao",
    title = "Tooth Plates of Ceratodus (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from the Upper Jurassic Shaximiao Formation of Guang'an, Sichuan Province, China",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    abstract = "Abstract Ceratodus is a form genus of ceratodontid lungfishes. Until now, only 14 specimens have been reported from the Mesozoic of China. Detailed measurements and characteristic comparisons based on 15 well‐preserved lungfish tooth plates of Ceratodus type, uncovered from the upper member of the Upper Jurassic Shaximiao Formation at Luojiashan, Qianfeng District, Guang'an, Sichuan Province in 2019, allow us to establish a new species, Ceratodus guanganensis sp. nov., on the basis of its small swollen irregular triangular tooth plate with four low and swollen radial crests on the occlusal surface without denticles. Other specimens from the same locality can be referred to C. szechuanensis and C. youngi. This is the first discovery of Ceratodus in the Guang'an region and represents the fifth Ceratodus fossil site in the Sichuan Basin. The discovery indicates that the climate was hot and arid in the Sichuan Basin during the Late Jurassic, and reveals a tectonic paleogeographic relationship between the Yangtze block in southwestern China and the Kola Basin in northern Thailand.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.14774",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-6724.14774",
    openalex = "W3176725177",
    references = "doi101017jpa2016131"
}

@article{doi106084m9figsharec5506765v1,
    author = "Maidment, S.",
    title = {Supplementary material from "The anatomy and palaeobiology of the early armoured dinosaur Scutellosaurus lawleri (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Kayenta Formation (lower jurassic) of Arizona"},
    year = "2021",
    publisher = "The Royal Society",
    abstract = "The armoured dinosaurs, Thyreophora, were a diverse clade of ornithischians known from the Early Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. During the Middle and Late Jurassic, the thyreophorans radiated to evolve large body size, quadrupedality, and complex chewing mechanisms, and members of the group include some of the most iconic dinosaurs, including the plated <i>Stegosaurus</i> and the club-tailed <i>Ankylosaurus</i>; however, the early stages of thyreophoran evolution are poorly understood due to a paucity of relatively complete remains from early diverging thyreophoran taxa. <i>Scutellosaurus lawleri</i> is generally reconstructed as the earliest-diverging thyreophoran and is known from over 70 specimens from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona, USA. Whereas <i>Scutellosaurus lawleri</i> is pivotal to our understanding of character-state changes at the base of Thyreophora that can shed light on the early evolution of the armoured dinosaurs, the taxon has received limited study. Herein, we provide a detailed account of the osteology of <i>Scutellosaurus lawleri</i>, figuring many elements for the first time. <i>Scutellosaurus lawleri</i> was the only definitive bipedal thyreophoran. Histological studies indicate that it grew slowly throughout its life, possessing lamellar-zonal tissue that was a consequence neither of its small size nor phylogenetic position, but may instead be autapomorphic, and supporting other studies that suggest thyreophorans had lower basal metabolic rates than other ornithischian dinosaurs. Faunal diversity of the Kayenta Formation in comparison with other well-known Early Jurassic-aged dinosaur-bearing formations indicates that there was considerable spatial and/or environmental variation in Early Jurassic dinosaur faunas.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7bccae4b10c09e22c9733142a8e7d7b257f6cf92",
    doi = "10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.5506765.V1",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "7bccae4b10c09e22c9733142a8e7d7b257f6cf92"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2022104196,
    author = "Reolid, Matías and Ruebsam, Wolfgang and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    openalex = "W4297473149",
    references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103389feart2022899541, doi107717peerj5976"
}

@article{doi107554elife75248,
    author = "Yao, Xi and Barrett, Paul M and Yang, Lei and Xu, Xing and Bi, Shundong",
    title = "A new early branching armored dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of southwestern China",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "eLife",
    abstract = "The early evolutionary history of the armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) is obscured by their patchily distributed fossil record and by conflicting views on the relationships of Early Jurassic taxa. Here, we describe an early diverging thyreophoran from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation of Yunnan Province, China, on the basis of an associated partial skeleton that includes skull, axial, limb, and armor elements. It can be diagnosed as a new taxon based on numerous cranial and postcranial autapomorphies and is further distinguished from all other thyreophorans by a unique combination of character states. Although the robust postcranium is similar to that of more deeply nested ankylosaurs and stegosaurs, phylogenetic analysis recovers it as either the sister taxon of Emausaurus or of the clade Scelidosaurus + Eurypoda. This new taxon, Yuxisaurus kopchicki, represents the first valid thyreophoran dinosaur to be described from the Early Jurassic of Asia and confirms the rapid geographic spread and diversification of the clade after its first appearance in the Hettangian. Its heavy build and distinctive armor also hint at previously unrealized morphological diversity early in the clade's history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7554/elife.75248",
    doi = "10.7554/elife.75248",
    openalex = "W4220800158",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038nature21700, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi107717peerj1523"
}

@article{doi101007s41513023002266,
    author = "Díaz‐Martínez, Ignacio and Citton, Paolo and Castanera, Diego",
    title = "What do their footprints tell us? Many questions and some answers about the life of non-avian dinosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Iberian Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract Dinosaur tracks are considerably common in the fossil record and were described from many areas in the world. They provide a live picture of dinosaur behaviour and offer valuable data about different aspects of the trackmaker paleobiology. The dinosaur ichnological record allows gain information about autopod anatomy, functional adaptations, stance and gaits with which dinosaurs moved. This information, which is often difficult to obtain from the body-fossil record alone, allows making inferences not only concerning the single individuals who produced the footprints, but also within an evolutionary context. Footprints provide also evidences about the abilities that dinosaurs had to swim, run or live with certain pathologies. They also allowed inferring how they move in herds or even made courtship rituals. The study of tracks also enables the reconstruction of paleocommunities including predator–prey interaction. On the other hand, footprints are useful paleoenvironmental indicators, informing about moisture content, bathymetry, paleocurrents, subaqueous substrates, zonations in lacustrine margins, etc. In addition, it has been proposed that dinosaur track assemblages can be related to certain facies (ichnofacies), in order to refine paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Dinosaur tracks can sometimes be in the shadow with respect to the skeletal record. However, the data obtained from the ichnological record complements and completes the knowledge we have about the life of dinosaurs, even showing previously unknown aspects. This work is an overview of the information we can obtain from the study of non-avian dinosaur footprints, trying to answer some questions about their life.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-023-00226-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s41513-023-00226-6",
    openalex = "W4390334302",
    references = "doi101002spp21430, doi10100797830311398338, doi1010800891296320181516766, doi101111brv12829, doi101111pala12584, doi107717peerj5358"
}

@article{doi1010801477201920232210577,
    author = "Pond, Stuart and Strachan, S.R. and Raven, Thomas J. and Simpson, Martin I. and Morgan, Kirsty and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "Vectipelta barretti, a new ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, UK",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The Wealden Group of southern England was deposited by rivers, on floodplains and in lagoons during the Early Cretaceous. Two historically significant ankylosaurs, Polacanthus and Hylaeosaurus, are currently known from its deposits; Hylaeosaurus from the ‘lower Wealden fauna’ and Polacanthus from the ‘upper Wealden fauna’. Here, we describe a new genus and species of ankylosaur from the Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, which is characterized by numerous postcranial autapomorphies. Vectipelta barretti gen. et sp. nov. is 6–8 million years older than Polacanthus, and at least 3 million years younger than Hylaeosaurus, suggesting a more complicated pattern of faunal turnover in the Wealden Group than previously realized. Vectipelta does not appear to be closely related to either of the other Wealden taxa, but instead is found in a clade with two Chinese ankylosaurs, suggesting a complex pattern of dispersal to and from Europe, North America and Asia during the Early Cretaceous. The historic practise of cataloguing all ankylosaur material from the Wessex Formation as ‘Polacanthus’ has potentially prevented a diversity of taxa from being discovered, and new and existing material in museum collections should be re-appraised using an autapomorphy-driven approach.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0B19B56E-971D-4316-A92C-FC9AB29BBC38",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2023.2210577",
    openalex = "W4380739090",
    references = "doi1010801477201920232205433, doi101127njgpm19831983141"
}

@article{doi101098rsbl20240429,
    author = "Upchurch, Paul and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro",
    title = "A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    openalex = "W4403856200",
    references = "chiarenza2024early, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038s41598021837455, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101080027246342010520779, doi1010800272463420232199810, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi10108010635150701883881, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101086648217, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101098rsbl20180431, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023072413039, doi1023073243019, doi1029920070860302, doi105860choice353642"
}

@article{marsh2024the,
    author = "Marsh, Adam and De Blieux, Donald and Kirkland, James",
    title = "The first dinosaur postcranial body fossils from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Utah",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geology of the Intermountain West",
    abstract = "The vertebrate assemblage of the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation is known for its preservation of post-end Triassic mass extinction lineages, including lissamphibians, lepidosaurs, turtles, mammaliamorphs, crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and ornithischian, theropod, and sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Most of the body fossils from the formation are known from its ‘silty facies’ in north-central Arizona and southwestern Utah, whereas the sandier ‘typical facies’ of northeastern Arizona preserves few body fossils, and until recently they were completely absent in the typical facies of southeastern Utah. A 2011 team conducting a paleontological survey of Arches National Park discovered the first body fossils from the typical facies of the Kayenta Formation in Utah, here identified as belonging to a single individual of a saurischian dinosaur, likely a theropod. The fossil elements include a partial centrum articular face, a prezygapophysis, part of a caudal vertebra, the distal end of a left radius, part of the distal end of a left femur, a shaft fragment from the left fibula, the distal end of right metatarsal I, and the proximal portion of left metatarsals III and IV. This specimen from Arches National Park underscores the importance of federally protected land in fossil resource management and suggests that the typical facies of the Kayenta Formation may be undersampled and could preserve more vertebrate bones than previously thought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31711/giw.v11.pp45-57",
    doi = "10.31711/giw.v11.pp45-57",
    openalex = "W4401662659",
    pages = "45-57",
    volume = "11",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101016s0037073803001581, doi101038nature22037, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101126science1234204, doi102475ajss321125417, doi107312lock90868, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3215057009"
}

@article{doi101017s1755691024000148,
    author = "Panciroli, Elsa and Funston, Gregory F. and Maidment, Susannah C. R. and Butler, Richard J. and Benson, Roger and CRAWFORD, Brett L. and FAIR, Matt and Fraser, Nicholas C. and Walsh, Stig A.",
    title = "The first and most complete dinosaur skeleton from the Middle Jurassic of Scotland",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The fossil record of dinosaurs in Scotland mostly comprises isolated highly fragmentary bones from the Great Estuarine Group in the Inner Hebrides (Bajocian–Bathonian). Here we report the first definite dinosaur body fossil ever found in Scotland (historically), having been discovered in 1973, but not collected until 45 years later. It is the first and most complete partial dinosaur skeleton currently known from Scotland. NMS G.2023.19.1 was recovered from a challenging foreshore location in the Isle of Skye, and transported to harbour in a semi-rigid inflatable boat towed by a motor boat. After manual preparation, micro-CT scanning was carried out, but this did not aid in identification. Among many unidentifiable elements, a neural arch, two ribs and part of the ilium are described herein, and their features indicate that this was a cerapodan or ornithopod dinosaur. Histological thin sections of one of the ribs support this identification, indicating an individual at least eight years of age, growing slowly at the time of death. If ornithopodan, as our data suggest, it could represent the world's oldest body fossil of this clade.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1755691024000148",
    doi = "10.1017/s1755691024000148",
    openalex = "W4408207098",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101038s41586024077331, doi101111j17494877200900146x, doi101242jeb00841, doi101525california97805202735280030004, doi1016710272463420030230344teovpi20co2, doi105860choice490282, köhler2012seasonal, s275130bec4b7de57fce9bef0ec8999fa1f29d33c4"
}

@article{doi101098rsos241624,
    author = "Maidment, S. and Ouarhache, D. and Butler, Richard J. and Boumir, Khadija and Oussou, Ahmed and Ech-charay, Kawtar and Khanchoufi, Abdessalam El and Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "The world’s oldest cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Morocco",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "The cerapodan dinosaurs were an ornithischian clade that achieved a global distribution in the Cretaceous Period. The ichnological record suggests that these dinosaurs had evolved by the Middle Jurassic, but only a single cerapodan body fossil, an isolated femur from the Callovian of the UK, is known from this interval. In order to elucidate the early stages of cerapodan evolution and help to resolve the many phylogenetic inconsistencies in the clade, new specimens, particularly from historically undersampled localities, are needed. Herein, we report the proximal femur of a cerapodan dinosaur from the Bathonian El Mers III Formation of the Middle Atlas Mountains, Morocco. The specimen, although fragmentary, bears characteristics, including a femoral head offset on a distinct neck and a constriction between the head and greater trochanter, that unite it with Cerapoda to the exclusion of other neornithischians. This specimen represents the world’s oldest cerapodan. The El Mers III Formation has also yielded the world’s oldest ankylosaur (and the first discovered in Africa), as well as one of the oldest stegosaurs. Further sampling of these rocks will therefore be crucial for understanding the radiation of ornithischian dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c8b1ee67d0695979b05e9342559df6f8c58b406c",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.241624",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "c8b1ee67d0695979b05e9342559df6f8c58b406c",
    volume = "12",
    references = "doi107554elife75248"
}

@article{doi101098rsos250081,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Garcia, Maurício Silva and Novas, Fernando E. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Agnolín, Federico L. and Chatterjee, Sankar",
    title = "A new herrerasaurian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri Formation of south-central India",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Some of the oldest known dinosaurs and the first faunas numerically dominated by them are documented in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic-aged Gondwana formations exposed in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of south-central and east-central India. The Upper Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin preserves an early-middle Norian dinosaur assemblage numerically dominated by sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including at least two nominal species. However, the preliminary report of a herrerasaurian dinosaur specimen indicates that this assemblage of south-central Gondwana was more taxonomically diverse. Here, we describe and compare in detail the anatomy and assess the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Maleri herrerasaurian specimen. A unique combination of character states present in this specimen allows the erection of the new genus and species Maleriraptor kuttyi. Updated quantitative phylogenetic analyses focused on early dinosauriforms recovered Maleriraptor kuttyi as a member of Herrerasauria outside of the South American clade Herrerasauridae. Maleriraptor kuttyi fills a temporal gap between the Carnian South American herrerasaurids and the younger middle Norian-Rhaetian herrerasaurs of North America. Maleriraptor kuttyi shows the first evidence that herrerasaurs survived also in Gondwana the early Norian tetrapod turnover that resulted in the global extinction of the rhynchosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250081",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.250081",
    openalex = "W4410176241",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020678541, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111cla12581, doi101111pala12514, doi104202app001432014, doi105710amgh040820173100"
}

@article{doi101098rsos251016,
    author = "Blakesley, Tone and dePolo, Paige E. and Ross, Dugald A. and Clark, Neil D. L. and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "Small theropod-dominated dinosaur footprint assemblages in the Middle Jurassic Valtos Sandstone and Kilmaluag Formations on the Isle of Skye, Scotland",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "dinosaur tracks from Skye's Trotternish Peninsula-many described for the first time and imaged using photogrammetric techniques-into four morphotypes within a new Hebridean series. In the freshwater, closed-lagoonal Kilmaluag Formation at Lùb Score, smaller morphotypes are more abundant than larger equivalents in the freshwater-brackish fluviodeltaic Valtos Sandstone Formation at Valtos. Although assessable outcrops of track-bearing horizons are limited, we infer that the proximity to, or suitability of, specific palaeoenvironments for different-sized trackmakers may influence assemblage composition. Scarce surfaces with multiple tracks indicate potential trackmaker behaviours in respective palaeoenvironments, including foraging at Valtos and post-hatchling care at Lùb Score. The tracks most likely represent traces of a large megalosaurid and multiple smaller-bodied basal coelurosaurian or non-coelurosaurian (e.g. Ceratosauria, Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea) theropods. The documentation of these trackmakers and their behaviours further enriches our understanding of dinosaur faunas during this poorly known time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.251016",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.251016",
    openalex = "W4414311311",
    references = "doi101017s1755691024000148"
}

@article{doi101130b377841,
    author = "Suarez, Celina and Sharman, Glenn R. and Oefinger, Jordan and Boudreaux, Asher and Mmasa, Dennis and Crowley, James L. and Mohr, Michael T. and Marsh, Adam D. and Milner, Andrew R. and Boush, Lisa Park",
    title = "A revised chronostratigraphy of the Triassic-Jurassic Moenave Formation, western USA: Implications for timing of continental climate change",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract The Moenave Formation of the Colorado Plateau region of western USA preserves the Triassic-Jurassic transition, a time period that saw one of the most significant climate disruptions in Earth’s history. During this time, major carbon (C)-cycle perturbations due to carbon release from the emplacement of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) caused rapid climate change prompting the end-Triassic mass extinction (ETE). Here we present a Bayesian age-model generated from new C-isotope chemostratigraphic records paired with high-precision detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology to constrain the stratigraphic placement of the ETE and Triassic-Jurassic boundary within the Moenave Formation. Maximum depositional ages of detrital zircon from the Moenave Formation range between 203.71 ± 0.09 Ma to 200.20 ± 0.17 Ma. A −6.0‰ C-isotope excursion within the middle Dinosaur Canyon Member (DCM) is correlated to the initial negative C-isotope excursion of the ETE, indicating that the lower to middle DCM is latest Triassic and that climatic and biotic disturbances associated with CAMP should be preserved within this stratigraphic interval. Chemostratigraphic, geochronologic, and biostratigraphic data supports an earliest Jurassic age assignment for the lacustrine Whitmore Point Member, suggesting that it is an example of an earliest Jurassic ecosystem recovering from the ETE that warrants detailed exploration. This study greatly expands our knowledge of the chronostratigraphic framework of the continental Triassic-Jurassic transition and is important for correlating other global records of the ETE event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b37784.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b37784.1",
    openalex = "W4411169607",
    references = "doi1010800272463420211897604, doi102110palo2019063"
}

@article{doi101186s13358025004199,
    author = "Yurac, Marko and Belvedere, Matteo and Salazar, Christian and Méndez, Javiera and Meyer, Christian",
    title = "Upper Jurassic dinosaur tracks from the Majala Formation in the Huatacondo area (Tarapacá Basin, Chile): reappraisal of known localities and new tracksite discoveries",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Swiss Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The bone record of non-avian dinosaurs from Chile consists of sauropods, theropods, ornithopods, and rare thyreophorans. However, the ichnological record is potentially even more abundant and plays a significant role in supplementing and enlarging the Chilean dinosaur record. Rich track-bearing levels, dated from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous, are known mainly from northern Chile. This study describes for the first time a stratigraphic section of the Majala Formation (late Oxfordian) in the Quebrada Huatacondo. In this section, five track-bearing levels were recorded confirming the presence of ichnites of giant (lengths between 51 and 52.8 cm), large (lengths between 43.5 and 46.5 cm) and medium (lengths between 25 and 27 cm) theropods. One surface (Maj5) has more than 25 footprints of minute to small theropods (footprints lengths ranging from 8 to 13 cm). Morphological parameters from the small footprints are similar to Carmelopodus, Grallator, and Therangospodus. Meanwhile, some similarities were observed with Kayentapus and Megalosauripus for the range of medium to giant footprints. When comparing track sizes from Quebrada Huatacondo with other theropod tracks from the Tarapacá Basin (Quebrada Chacarilla and Río San Salvador localities), their dimensions and morphology are similar, but the small tracks are substantially smaller than those from the other localities and constitute to the smallest footprints found on the western margin of Gondwana for this time. These tracks and trackways represent the oldest dinosaur footprints reported for Chile and the western margin of Gondwana.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c8058cbdfe90696ca63cbb42c5f927041f8af895",
    doi = "10.1186/s13358-025-00419-9",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "c8058cbdfe90696ca63cbb42c5f927041f8af895",
    volume = "144"
}

@article{doi107717peerj19664,
    author = "Yunfeng, Yang and King, Logan and Xu, Xing",
    title = "A new neornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of northern China",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "represents the second known dinosaur to preserve ossified laryngeal elements, thus suggesting that a bird-like vocalization evolved early in non-avian dinosaur evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19664",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.19664",
    openalex = "W4412191515",
    references = "doi101017s1755691024000148"
}

@article{lucas2025arizonas,
    author = "Lucas, Spencer G. and Heckert, Andrew B. and Tanner, Lawrence H.",
    title = "Arizona’s Jurassic Fossil Vertebrates and the Age of the Glen Canyon Group",
    year = "2025",
    publisher = "Appalachian State University",
    abstract = "Most fossil vertebrates of Jurassic age from Arizona are derived from the Glen Canyon Group on the southern Colorado Plateau in the northeastern part of the state. Glen Canyon Group strata of Jurassic age in Arizona that yield fossils include the upper Dinosaur Canyon and the Whitmore Point members of the Moenave Formation, the Kayenta Formation, and the Navajo Sandstone. All of these units yield both trace (principally dinosaur footprint) and body fossils of tetrapods. To date, only the Kayenta Formation fauna is particularly diverse (more than 10 taxa), and the Kayenta fauna is one of the best known Dawan (Early Jurassic: Sinemurian) tetrapod faunas in North America, and includes numerous type specimens, representing important records of tritylodonts, theropod dinosaurs, amphibians, turtles, and mammals. Non-Glen Canyon Group records of Jurassic vertebrates from northern Arizona are limited to scattered occurrences of footprints in the Middle-Upper Jurassic Summerville Formation and a single documented Apatosaurus vertebra from the Morrison Formation. The only Jurassic vertebrates from southern Arizona are fragmentary tetrapods from the Gardner Canyon Formation in the Santa Rita Mountains and undescribed osteichthyans from Upper Jurassic marine strata in the Chiricahua Mountains.",
    url = "https://appstate.figshare.com/articles/journal\_contribution/Arizona\_s\_Jurassic\_Fossil\_Vertebrates\_and\_the\_Age\_of\_the\_Glen\_Canyon\_Group/30804809/1",
    doi = "10.71889/5fylantbak.30804809.v1",
    openalex = "W7108982379"
}