@article{marsh1875ancient, author = "Marsh, O. C.", title = "Ancient lake basins of the Rocky Mountain region", year = "1875", journal = "American Journal of Science", url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-9.49.49", doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-9.49.49", number = "49", openalex = "W2977522644", pages = "49-52", volume = "s3-9" } @article{bradley1948limnology, author = "BRADLEY, W. H.", title = "LIMNOLOGY AND THE EOCENE LAKES OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION", year = "1948", journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin", url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[635:latelo]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[635:latelo]2.0.co;2", number = "7", openalex = "W2030338848", pages = "635", volume = "59" } @techreport{bradley1948limnology1, author = "Bradley, W. H", title = "Limnology and the Eocene lakes of the Rocky Mountain region", year = "1948", howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 59, p. 635-648", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bradley, W. H., 1948, Limnology and the Eocene lakes of the Rocky Mountain region: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 59, p. 635-648.}" } @article{doi1015771548865919457536romffa20co2, author = "Ball, R.C.", title = "Recovery of Marked Fish following a Second Poisoning of the Population in Ford Lake, Michigan", year = "1948", journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society", abstract = "In 1936, a 10.7-acre lake in Otsego County, Michigan, was treated with rotenone to eliminate a population of stunted yellow perch. An attempt to recover the entire population yielded 4,817 stunted perch, 27 trout in poor condition, and four species of minnows. The weight of what was assumed to be the total population was 516 pounds or slightly more than 50 pounds per acre. In 1937, an experimental planting of Montana grayling was made which was not successful owing to unauthorized introduction of bluegills about the same time. In 1941, 5,000 fingerling brook trout were stocked, but proved unable to compete with the rapidly increasing bluegill population and disappeared 4 years later. In 1943, walleyes were introduced in the hope of reducing the bluegill population to a point where survivors could make satisfactory growth. In 1946, when rotenone reappeared on the civilian market, the lake was treated with poison again, and an attempt made to recover the entire population. The total weight of fish recovered was 1,293 pounds, or 111.5 pounds per acre, more than twice the poundage found in 1936; the difference perhaps can be explained by bluegills being closer to the primary food chain than yellow perch. Of greater interest were the findings on completeness of recovery. Four and 3 days, respectively, prior to poisoning, 246 bluegills and 210 brook trout were fin-clipped and planted. Only 58.9 percent of the marked bluegills and 44.7 percent of the marked trout were recovered despite careful search. Considerable doubt is thereby cast on the prevalent practice of assuming practically complete recovery of fish populations following rotenone treatment, and figures on total fish production derived by this method.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[36:romffa]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1945)75[36:romffa]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W1994569434" } @article{doi1015771548865919477781etfpog20co2, author = "Rawson, D. S.", title = "Estimating the Fish Production of Great Slave Lake", year = "1949", journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society", abstract = "A biological survey of Great Slave Lake was begun in 1944 in order to estimate its capacity for fish production before commercial fishing began. This great inland lake of 10,500 square miles was found to have a fairly heavy population of desirable fish with lake trout, lake whitefish, and ciscoes predominating. Physical, chemical, and biological evidence suggested a capacity for sustained production not unlike that of the upper Great Lakes and Lake Nipigon. A first estimate of 3 to 5 million pounds per year was made in December 1944. Commercial fishing began in 1945 and has now increased to a point where production is 3.7 million pounds per year. General biological studies extended over 4 years, and a continuing program has been established to follow the effects of fishing on the fish population. This lake affords a unique opportunity for the scientific investigation of a large fishery and for the conservation of an important natural resource.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[81:etfpog]2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1947)77[81:etfpog]2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2072648665" } @article{rawson1950the, author = "Rawson, D. S.", title = "The Physical Limnology of Great Slave Lake", year = "1950", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "not available", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f50-001", doi = "10.1139/f50-001", number = "1", openalex = "W1972153177", pages = "3-66", volume = "8a", references = "doi1015771548865919477781etfpog20co2, doi1023071943298, doi102307210565, doi103996nafa270001" } @article{doi101139z52035, author = "Nursall, J. R.", title = "THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF A BOTTOM FAUNA IN A NEW POWER RESERVOIR IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS OF ALBERTA", year = "1952", journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology", abstract = "The Barrier reservoir, Alberta, was examined periodically from May, 1947, shortly after water impoundment began, until June 1949. The reservoir is fundamentally oligotrophic; rapid replacement of water, periodic fluctuation of the water level, and a marked annual deposition of sediment contribute to this condition. The bottom fauna, consisting chiefly of immature Chironomidae, was much influenced by these factors during the period of the investigation. A Pentapedilum–Chironomus–Tanytarsus succession is interpreted as indicating a change from original eutrophic conditions on the bottom to oligotrophic, as the rich leaf litter of the original bottom was lost under sediments.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/z52-035", doi = "10.1139/z52-035", openalex = "W1981306833" } @article{doi10108003680770195011895282, author = "Rawson, D. S.", title = "Morphometry as a dominant factor in the productivity of large lakes", year = "1953", journal = "SIL Proceedings 1922-2010", abstract = "SummaryThe early efforts of limnologists to understand the processes of biological production in lakes, led to the primary classification of lakes on a trophic basis. In this classification the edaphic situation, controlling the supply of nutrient materials from the watershed, is regarded as the primary determinant of trophic condition. It was soon recognized that the morphometry or shape of the lake basin, might also determine trophic type. It is obvious also that in some regions climate will provide a third set of factors which will dominate the situation.It appears that morphometric factors have a dominant effect on biological production in many large lakes across Canada. This conclusion is supported by the demonstration of inverse correlation between mean depth and the standing crops of net plankton, and between mean depth and macroscopic bottom organisms in some 20 large lakes. Mean depth has also been correlated inversely with the long-term fish production of the Great Lakes and other large lakes in western Canada. It is possible that long-sustained fish production may be a better indication of productivity than the standing crops of plankton and bottom fauna. Equations have been derived and curves drawn to represent the theoretical relationship between mean depth and amounts of plankton, bottom fauna and fish production in these lakes. Deviations of the actual amounts of these materials from those expected theoretically appear in most cases to be attributable to the modifying effects of climatic or edaphic conditions.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1950.11895282", doi = "10.1080/03680770.1950.11895282", openalex = "W2774722913" } @article{doi101139f53025, author = "Kennedy, W. A.", title = "Growth, Maturity, Fecundity and Mortality in the Relatively Unexploited Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, of Great Slave Lake", year = "1953", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "Ages were determined of 6,571 whitefish for which sizes were recorded. A length-weight relationship, the percentage of both sexes mature at each age, the sex ratio, the proportion of mature females that spawn annually and the relationship between size of fish and number of eggs were determined from smaller samples.Growth rate is difficult to assess because of net selection, but it seems to be slower than in more southerly lakes. Growth appears to be limited to the period June to September inclusive.The total annual mortality rate of 61 per cent represents the unexploited condition—four years of commercial fishing with 51/2-inch mesh gill-nets produced no obvious change. A moderate mortality rate acting at all ages will easily account for thousands of eggs being produced for every whitefish that survives to maturity—it is unnecessary to assume a low percentage of eggs fertilized or excessive mortality among fertilized eggs or among young fish.A more intensive fishery would probably increase sustained yield.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f53-025", doi = "10.1139/f53-025", openalex = "W2008765090" } @article{doi101139f56032, author = "Northcote, T. G. and Larkin, Peter", title = "Indices of Productivity in British Columbia Lakes", year = "1956", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "The relation between physical and chemical indices of production and standard crops of plankton, bottom fauna and fish was examined in 100 British Columbia lakes. A significant increase in plankton and fish quantities with increase in total dissolved solid content of lake waters was demonstrated and a similar relationship suggested for bottom fauna. Although the general form of the relationship between mean depth and plankton, and between bottom fauna and fish quantity, suggested a hyperbolic curve with larger quantities in lakes of low mean depth, the only generalization which seemed justified was that quantities of fauna from lakes of great mean depth were never as high as those found in some lakes of low mean depth. No significant relation was found between intensity and length of growing season and quantities of plankton, bottom fauna or fish, although a significant relationship was demonstrated between summer epilimnion temperature and plankton.In a multiple regression analysis using all lakes the predominance of total dissolved solids over mean depth in affecting summed indices of lake fauna was shown. However for lakes in the southern interior plateau, one of the 9 regions distinguished in British Columbia, no significant relation could be demonstrated between mean depth or total dissolved solids and summed indices of fauna or plankton alone. Thus total dissolved solid content of the water appeared to be the most important factor in determining the general level of productivity in lakes studied throughout the province, although within a region neither total dissolved solids nor mean depth could be used either singly or together to predict plankton, bottom fauna or fish quantities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f56-032", doi = "10.1139/f56-032", openalex = "W1991445327", references = "doi101139f53025, doi1023071943534" } @article{doi104319lo1960520195, author = "Rawson, D. S.", title = "A LIMNOLOGICAL COMPARISON OF TWELVE LARGE LAKES IN NORTHERN SASKATCHEWAN", year = "1960", journal = "Limnology and Oceanography", abstract = "Five large lakes on the rocky Precambrian Shield of northern Saskatchewan are definitely oligotrophic. Five others on the glacial drift south of the Shield are clearly eutrophic and two across the boundary are intermediate. From the analysis of extensive data, five physical and three biological criteria have been selected which tend to agree in indicating the trophic nature and relative productivity of these lakes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1960.5.2.0195", doi = "10.4319/lo.1960.5.2.0195", openalex = "W2117371514" } @book{morrison1965correlation4, author = "Morrison, R. B. and Frye, J. C", title = "Correlation of the middle and late Quaternary successions of the Lake Lahontan Lake Bonneville Rocky Mountain (Wasatch Range), southern Great Plains,and eastern midwest areas", year = "1965", publisher = "Las Vegas, Nevada, Nevada Bureau of Mines, University of Nevada, 45 p.; Report 9", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morrison, R. B., and Frye, J. C., 1965, Correlation of the middle and late Quaternary successions of the Lake Lahontan Lake Bonneville Rocky Mountain (Wasatch Range), southern Great Plains,and eastern midwest areas: Las Vegas, Nevada, Nevada Bureau of Mines, University of Nevada, 45 p.; Report 9.}" } @article{doi10108003680770196511895699, author = "Rodhe, Wilhelm and Hobbie, John E. and Wright, Richard T.", title = "Phototrophy and heterotrophy in high mountain lakes", year = "1966", journal = "SIL Proceedings 1922-2010", abstract = "(1966). Phototrophy and heterotrophy in high mountain lakes. SIL Proceedings, 1922-2010: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 302-313.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1965.11895699", doi = "10.1080/03680770.1965.11895699", openalex = "W2773846924", references = "doi101002iroh19380370415, doi1010160146631361900223, doi10108003680770192411898298, doi10108003680770195011895275, doi101093icesjms292130, doi101126science12432301026a, doi1015259780520318182027, doi1023071932984, doi104319lo19651010022, doi104319lo19651030471" } @article{sparrow1966comparative, author = "Sparrow, R. A. H.", title = "Comparative Limnology of Lakes in the Southern Rocky Mountain Trench, British Columbia", year = "1966", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "Within a restricted geographical area of British Columbia, detailed examination in 1960 and 1961 of nine lakes having similar morphometric and climatic characteristics but exhibiting a wide range in dissolved nutrients (50 to 1463 ppm) suggested that, standing crops of plankton were related to oxygen deficits and perimeter-to-area ratios of the lakes. Total dissolved solid contents of the lakes were not closely correlated to standing crops of plankton, bottom fauna, or fish. Ranking by selected physical or chemical indices of productivity failed to agree with ranking based on standing crops or various biological measurements of productivity. Water level fluctuation, perimeter-to-area ratios, lake basin shape, and the size and nature of the drainage area are discussed as some of the possible factors which interact to modify the expression of the primary factors in productivity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f66-176", doi = "10.1139/f66-176", number = "12", openalex = "W2120252579", pages = "1875-1895", volume = "23", references = "doi101139f56032, doi1023071931250, doi104319lo1960520230" } @article{doi1023071934117, author = "Pennak, Robert W.", title = "Field and Experimental Winter Limnology of Three Colorado Mountain Lakes", year = "1968", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "Physical, chemical, and plankton conditions were studied during two winters in three Colorado mountain lakes. Black Lake is mesotrophic, Pass Lake is highly oligotrophic, and Tea Lake is shallow, eutrophic, and pondlike. The lower waters of Black and Pass lakes absorb heat from the basin so that their winter temperatures are above 4.0°C and as high as 5.4°C. The substrate and bottom waters reach equilibrium in late February or March. Thereafter the lower waters cool toward 4.0°C. Black and Pass lakes had thick snow covers and no photosynthesis for 5—7 months, but Tea Lake had little snow and intermittent photosynthesis during all winter months. Black and Pass lakes are summer—oligotrophic and winter—eutrophic. They became so highly anaerobic by March and April that trout populations died. Such winter kills are thought to occur frequently in many small mountain lakes. All three lakes had negligible winter populations of diatoms and green and blue—green algae, but the populations of μ—algae attained winter maxima of 1—14.5 million cells per liter. Such maxima had no consistent seasonal pattern. The importance of winter algal heterotrophy is discussed. Winter copepod and cladoceran populations were negligible; densities seldom exceeded one adult per liter. Rotifer populations were usually dense, commonly exceeding 500 per liter, especially during December and January before the onset of severe anaerobiosis in Black and Pass lakes, and during all months in Tea Lake. Seston varied much more widely than during the months of open water. The seston of large lake—water samples stored in the dark at 3°C for 30 days ranged from a 20\% decrease to a 350\% increase over the original seston content. Winter plankton had an average respiratory rate in situ of about twice that of the plankton in corresponding water samples kept in a dark refrigerator at 3°C. Water samples treated with antibiotics had a lower plankton respiratory rate during 30 days in a dark refrigerator at 3°C than did refrigerated control samples. After an interval of 60 days, however, comparable samples treated with antibiotics had a respiratory rate higher than that of controls. It is postulated that the inhibition of bacteria by antibiotics makes nutrients available to yeasts, molds, mutant antibiotic—resistant bacteria, and μ—algae (?), which, after a lag phase, grow and collectively attain a high respiratory rate after the longer experimental interval. These results on seston and plankton show that the metabolism of small, enclosed experimental water samples is highly variable and poorly understood, especially in the dark at low temperatures.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1934117", doi = "10.2307/1934117", openalex = "W2327010778" } @article{doi101139f70031, author = "Anderson, R. Stewart", title = "Physical and Chemical Limnology of Two Mountain Lakes in Banff National Park, Alberta", year = "1970", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "Limnological investigations of an alpine and a lower subalpine lake in Banff National Park from 1966 to 1968 showed that vernal circulation may not extend to the bottom in either lake and that complete autumn circulation may persist for several weeks in both lakes. Winter heat incomes were similar in the lakes, but the summer heat income was much lower for the alpine lake due to heat lost through water renewal. Thermal stratification was more clearly defined in the subalpine lake each year than in the alpine lake. When well-defined chemical stratification occurred, it was short-lived in both lakes. With the exception of phosphate, which was highest in spring and early summer, most changes in chemical composition appeared related to dilution. Very low oxygen concentrations occurred in the bottom water strata of the subalpine lake, but depletion was never severe in the alpine lake. Of the incident visible light 16\% penetrated ice and snow cover (1 m) on the alpine lake, but less light reached the water of the lower subalpine lake because of cloudy ice and deeper snow. The trophogenic zone extended to the bottoms of both lakes (about 13 m) for at least part of each year.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f70-031", doi = "10.1139/f70-031", openalex = "W2064131623" } @article{doi10108005384680197111903926, author = "Pechlaner, Roland", title = "Factors that control the production rate and biomass of phytoplankton in high-mountain lakes", year = "1971", journal = "SIL Communications 1953-1996", abstract = "Clear lakes above the timber line are inhabited throughout the year by a considerable diversity of nannoplanktic algae. Only a few species are of quantitative importance, but these show a biomass (...", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/05384680.1971.11903926", doi = "10.1080/05384680.1971.11903926", openalex = "W2772041817", references = "doi101002iroh19380370415, doi101007bf02243159, doi101051limn1968019, doi101111j1469185x1965tb00803x, doi101111j146981371957tb07447x, doi101111j175110971967tb08744x, doi1023071934117, openalexw1498087204" } @article{doi101139f71034, author = "Patalas, K.", title = "Crustacean Plankton Communities in Forty-Five Lakes in the Experimental Lakes Area, Northwestern Ontario", year = "1971", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "Zooplankton communities were characterized on the basis of samples taken in summer as vertical net hauls in the central part of lakes. Twenty-eight species of crustaceans were found in the 45 lakes studied. The highest number of species as well as the highest numbers of individuals (per unit of area) usually occurred in the largest deepest lakes with most transparent water.The most common species were: Bosmina longirostris, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Mesocyclops edax, Diaptomus minutus, Holopedium gibberum, and Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi. Daphnids were rather scarcely represented.Senecella calanoides, Limnocalanus macrurus, and Diaptomus sicilis were confined to rather deeper lakes, whereas Diaptomus oregonensis was found mostly in smaller shallower lakes and Diaptomus leptopus in very small, but relatively deep lakes. Diaptomus minutus and C. b. thomasi, though widely distributed, showed a preference for deeper lakes, whereas T. p. mexicanus tended towards smaller shallower lakes.In particular lakes, the number of dominants ranged between 1 and 5, but three dominants per lake was the most commonly encountered case. The simplest community was composed of one cyclopoid, though the most common consisted of one cyclopoid, one diaptomid, and one cladoceran.Four types of communities were distinguished, each of them characteristic for a group of lakes of specific size and depth: (I) in the largest and deepest lakes (389–1007 ha of area, 30–117 m maximum depth); (II) in lakes of medium size and depth (6.5–200 ha, 4.8–33 m); (III) in small and very shallow lakes (3.1–28 ha, 2.7–7.3 m); (IV) in very small lakes with medium depth (1.3–3.7 ha, 6.1–12.8 m).The high degree of similarity between the plankton communities of the Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) and southern Ontario, as well as of some Great Lakes, suggest that they all basically belong to the same zoogeographical area.The fact that most species were distributed evenly throughout ELA may indicate the relative uniformity of the area. In ELA, lake morphology is mainly responsible for defining the type of community.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f71-034", doi = "10.1139/f71-034", openalex = "W2040123001" } @article{doi101139f72110, author = "Ryder, R. A.", title = "The Limnology and Fishes of Oligotrophic Glacial Lakes in North America (about 1800 A.D.)", year = "1972", journal = "Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada", abstract = "The general limnology and fish composition of 14 North American oligotrophic lakes is described as it likely was about the year 1800, prior to the adverse effects of man-made eutrophication, exploitation, and introductions of exotic species. The general description includes glacial history and geomorphology, climate and growing season, morphometry of the lake basins, physical and chemical characteristics, macroinvertebrates, and zooplankton. Fish populations are described with respect to their zoogeographic origins and the species composition of each lake. The relative degree of environmental change brought about by the activities of man in each lake is summarized.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f72-110", doi = "10.1139/f72-110", openalex = "W2014633492" } @article{doi101007bf00015354, author = "McColl, R. H. S. and Forsyth, D. J.", title = "The limnology of a Thermal Lake: Lake Rotowhero, New Zealand: I. General description and water chemistry", year = "1973", journal = "Hydrobiologia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00015354", doi = "10.1007/bf00015354", openalex = "W2048169707", references = "doi1010800028833019709515335" } @article{doi104319lo19731810001, author = "Brylinsky, M. and Mann, K. H.", title = "AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS GOVERNING PRODUCTIVITY IN LAKES AND RESERVOIRS1", year = "1973", journal = "Limnology and Oceanography", abstract = "Data collected as part of the International Biological Program from 43 lakes and 12 reservoirs, distributed from the tropics to the arctic, were subjected to statistical analysis to establish which factors are important in controlling production and how they are related. In the whole body of data, variables related to solar energy input have a greater influence on production than variables related to nutrient concentration; in lakes within a narrow range of latitude, nutrient‐related variables assume greater importance. Morphological factors have little influence on productivity per unit area in either case. Chlorophyll a concentration is a good indicator of nutrient conditions and when combined with an energy‐related variable constitutes a good estimator of primary production.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0001", doi = "10.4319/lo.1973.18.1.0001", openalex = "W2169537269", references = "doi101139f56032" } @article{doi10108003680770197411896091, author = "Patalas, K.", title = "The crustacean plankton communities of fourteen North American great lakes", year = "1975", journal = "SIL Proceedings 1922-2010", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1974.11896091", doi = "10.1080/03680770.1974.11896091", openalex = "W2774335570" } @misc{morrison1975predecessors3, author = "Morrison, R. B", title = "Predecessors of Great Salt Lake", year = "1975", howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1206", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morrison, R. B., 1975, Predecessors of Great Salt Lake: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 7, no. 6, p. 1206.}" } @article{beaufoy1976rocky, author = "Beaufoy, S. J.", title = "Rocky Mountain", year = "1976", journal = "The Forestry Chronicle", url = "https://doi.org/10.5558/tfc52249-5", doi = "10.5558/tfc52249-5", number = "5", openalex = "W4232618887", pages = "249-249", volume = "52" } @article{ferrari1976winter, author = "Ferrari, I.", title = "Winter limnology of a mountain lake: Lago Santo Parmense (Northern Appennines, Italy)", year = "1976", journal = "Hydrobiologia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00005751", doi = "10.1007/bf00005751", number = "3", openalex = "W2085477637", pages = "245-257", volume = "51", references = "doi101007bf02503083, doi101051limn1972006, doi10108003680770196511895699, doi10108005384680197111903926, doi101093icesjms182117, doi101139f70031, doi1023071934117, doi104319lo19671220343, doi104319lo19691450799, openalexw1562068747" } @misc{horis1978lacustrine2, author = "Horis, S", title = "Lacustrine Sedimentation, in Fairbridge, R. W., and Bourgeois, J., eds., The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology", year = "1978", howpublished = "Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 421-427", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Horis, S., 1978, Lacustrine Sedimentation, in Fairbridge, R. W., and Bourgeois, J., eds., The Encyclopedia of Sedimentology: Stroudsburg, Pa., Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, p. 421-427.}" } @article{doi101002aheh19850130310, author = "Pant, M. C. and Sharma, Prashant and Sharma, Ankita", title = "Physico‐chemical Limnology of Lake Naini Tal, Kumaun, Himalaya (U. P.), India", year = "1985", journal = "Acta hydrochimica et hydrobiologica", abstract = "Abstract The monomictic lake at a height of 1937 m, having an area of 48 ha, a mean depth of 16 m and a maximum depth of 27 m, is subjected to such an intensive use in its drainage area that the lake became eutrophicated. The spatial‐temporal distribution of important physico‐chemical criteria is represented for a period of two years. The depth of visibility varies between 0.4 m (March) and 2 m (June). The thermal stratification keeps up from March to November; therefore in the deep water zone a typical oxygen depletion and an enrichment of PO 4 P (26 μg/l) and of N inerg (940 μg/l) occur. The pH‐value lies in the alkaline range and shows a significantly positive correlation with primary production and temperature and a negative correlation with the carbonate content. Also the oxygen concentration is positively correlated with the primary production and temperature. During stagnation, the sediment/water contact zone is free of oxygen for ca. 70 \% of the area.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/aheh.19850130310", doi = "10.1002/aheh.19850130310", openalex = "W2005482253", references = "doi1010800028833019709515335" } @misc{olsen1986a5, author = "Olsen, P. E", title = "A 40-million-year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing", year = "1986", howpublished = "Science, v. 234, p. 842-848", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olsen, P. E., 1986, A 40-million-year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing: Science, v. 234, p. 842-848.}" } @article{doi101002iroh19870720604, author = "Ivanova, Marina B.", title = "Relationship between Zooplankton Development and Environmental Conditions in Different Types of Lakes in the Zone of Temperate Climate", year = "1987", journal = "Internationale Revue der gesamten Hydrobiologie und Hydrographie", abstract = "Abstract Comparison of the number of species and biomass of planktonic crustaceans with morphometric, hydrological, and hydrochemical features of lakes in the zone of temperate climate shows that there are no functional correlations between the development of zooplankton and each of the other separate factors. Results of multiple regression analysis for description of relationships between biotic and abiotic conditions were unsatisfactory (R 2 ⩽0.7) for the greater part of studies. It is apparently necessary to find methods to examine environmental characteristics limiting biological productivity in lakes and to classify lakes on this basis. Such classification may allow to work out quantitative predictions of plankton and benthos biomass development in response to change of some environmental factors.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/iroh.19870720604", doi = "10.1002/iroh.19870720604", openalex = "W2104923792", references = "doi10108003680770195011895282, doi10108003680770197411896091, doi10108003680770197411896094, doi10108003680770197411896107, doi101139f56032, doi101139f71034, doi101139f72110, doi1023073544007, doi104319lo1960520195, openalexw3010325136, sparrow1966comparative" } @incollection{doi101007978940093097113, author = "Rott, E.", title = "Some aspects of the seasonal distribution of flagellates in mountain lakes", year = "1988", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3097-1\_13", doi = "10.1007/978-94-009-3097-1\_13", openalex = "W2024853654", references = "doi101007bf02503083" } @article{doi10108003680770198711897977, author = "Antonietti, Markus and Ferrari, I. and Rossetti, Giampaolo and Tarozzi, L. and Viaroli, Pierluigi", title = "Zooplankton structure in an oligotrophic mountain lake in Northern Italy", year = "1988", journal = "SIL Proceedings 1922-2010", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03680770.1987.11897977", doi = "10.1080/03680770.1987.11897977", openalex = "W2771270453", references = "ferrari1976winter" } @article{doi101111j175216881989tb05662x, author = "Marcus, Michael D.", title = "LIMNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A ROCKY MOUNTAIN HEADWATER RESERVOIR 1", year = "1989", journal = "JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association", abstract = "ABSTRACT: Hyalite Reservoir, Montana, was studied to determine properties of this small, montane, headwater, deep‐release reservoir relative to reservoirs at lower elevations. While retention times for waters were as brief as 12 d, the mean residency of 40 d from mid‐March to mid‐December was within the range reported for other reservoirs. No significant through‐reservoir gradients for suspended sediments were observed, contrasting to observations for most reservoirs. Thermal stratification, evident during the first part of the summer, was disrupted in August by cool, dense tributary inflows and strong wind‐induced mixing. Dissolved oxygen concentrations paralleled temperature patterns in the reservoir; lowest average values for both occurred in waters sampled nearest the outlet. Total phosphorus averaged greater than twice the total nitrogen concentrations; greatest average concentrations for both were found in the near‐bottom waters nearest the outlet. Enrichment of nitrogen concentrations in outflow over inflow waters is hypothesized to occur through nitrogen fixation by Aphanizonwnon flos‐aquae. Despite the relatively high quality of waters from tributary inflows, an algal bloom, chlorophyll a concentrations, and primary productivity estimates suggested that the reservoir was mesotrophic. Circulation of waters within the reservoir was primarily influenced by wind‐induced mixing, thermal gradients, and currents produced by the deep‐water outlet.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05662.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1752-1688.1989.tb05662.x", openalex = "W2051263262", references = "doi101111j175216881980tb02450x" } @article{doi1023071940249, author = "McPeek, Mark A.", title = "Determination of Species Composition in the Enallagma Damselfly Assemblages of Permanent Lakes", year = "1990", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "In this study I investigated the important ecological interactions that contribute to maintaining a striking species distributional pattern for the Enallagma damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae) among lakes that do and do not support fish populations. One group of Enallagma species is found as larvae only in lakes containing fish, while the remaining Enallagma species are found as larvae only in fishless lakes. I performed observational and experimental studies to evaluate the importance of water chemistry, competition among the Enallagma species, and predators of the Enallagma species in maintaining the two discrete assemblages. The results of observational studies suggested that water chemistry could not account for the pattern of species distributions, but that differences in predator compositions and competition among the Enallagma species may. Quantitative sampling indicated that dragonfly larvae were the most abundant invertebrate predator group in both lake types, with each lake type supporting a characteristic set of dragonfly species, as in the damselflies. Fish were also potentially major predators in lakes containing fish. Also, Enallagma densities in both lake types were among the highest reported in the literature, suggesting that density—dependent competitive interactions may potentially contribute to maintaining the Enallagma species distributions. The results of laboratory and field experiments demonstrated that predation by large dragonflies in fishless lakes and predation by fish in fish—containing lakes are two major environmental factors maintaining the Enallagma species distributions. When simultaneously offered two Enallagma species in the laboratory, one from the fishless lake group and one from the fish—containing lake group, fish consumed more individuals of species from the fishless lake group, but all dragonfly species, regardless of lake type affiliation, consumed more individuals of species from the fish—containing lake group. The results of field experiments in which I transplanted Enallagma species between the lake types showed that large dragonflies in fishless lakes and fish impose much greater mortality on Enallagma species with which they do not coexist than on those with which they do. Other field experimental results indicated that density—dependent competitive interactions among the Enallagma species were only apparent in the fishless lakes, affected species from both groups similarly, and altered their growth but not their survival. The results of this study are discussed in the context of overall community organization and the consequences to the evolution of species.", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1940249", doi = "10.2307/1940249", openalex = "W2017097480", references = "doi1023071931250" } @book{crossref1994limnology, title = "Limnology of Mountain Lakes", year = "1994", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3", doi = "10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3", openalex = "W593267403" } @incollection{doi101007978940172095311, author = "Nauwerck, Arnold", title = "A survey on water chemistry and plankton in high mountain lakes in northern Swedish Lapland", year = "1994", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3\_11", doi = "10.1007/978-94-017-2095-3\_11", openalex = "W1970972625", references = "doi101007bf02503083" } @article{doi101007bf00213044, author = "Guilizzoni, Piero and Marchetto, Aldo and Lami, Andrea and Cameron, Nigel and Appleby, P. G. and Rose, Neil L. and Schnell, Alex and Belis, Claudio A. and Giorgis, Abraha G and Guzzi, L.", title = "The environmental history of a mountain lake (Lago Paione Superiore, Central Alps, Italy) for the last c. 100 years: a multidisciplinary, palaeolimnological study", year = "1996", journal = "Journal of Paleolimnology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00213044", doi = "10.1007/bf00213044", openalex = "W1966792416", references = "crossref1994limnology" } @article{doi101007bf02828451, author = "Ilyashuk, Boris and Ilyashuk, Elena A.", title = "Paleoecological analysis of chironomid assemblages of a mountain lake as a source of information for biomonitoring", year = "2000", journal = "Russian Journal of Ecology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02828451", doi = "10.1007/bf02828451", openalex = "W2002088694", references = "crossref1994limnology" } @article{doi1010291999wr900338, author = "Blanken, Peter D. and Rouse, Wayne R. and Culf, Alistair D. and Spence, Chris and Boudreau, L. Dale and Jasper, Jesse N. and Kochtubajda, Bob and Schertzer, William M. and Marsh, Philip and Verseghy, Diana", title = "Eddy covariance measurements of evaporation from Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada", year = "2000", journal = "Water Resources Research", abstract = "The first direct measurements of evaporation from a large high‐latitude lake, Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, were made using eddy covariance between July 24 and September 10, 1997, and June 22 and September 26, 1998. The main body of the lake was ice‐free between June 20 and December 13, 1997, and June 1, 1998, and January 8, 1999, with the extended ice‐free season in 1997–1998 coinciding with 4°C above normal air temperatures and an abnormally strong El Niño. Measurements extending roughly 5.0 to 8.5 km across the lake were made from a small rock outcrop located near the main body of the lake. The lake was thermally stratified between mid‐July and September, with the thermocline extending down to approximately 15 m. High winds were effective in mixing warm surface waters downward and, when accompanied by cold fronts, resulted in large, episodic evaporation events typically lasting 45 hours. The daily total evaporation was best described as a function of the product of the horizontal wind speed and vapor pressure difference between the water surface and atmosphere. Seasonally, the latent heat flux was initially negative (directed toward the surface) followed by a steady increase to positive values (directed away from the surface) shortly after ice breakup. The latent heat flux then remained positive for the remainder of the ice‐free period, decreasing midsummer and then steadily increasing until freeze‐up. The sensible heat flux was small and often negative most of the spring and summer yet switched to positive and began to increase in the early fall. Extrapolation of evaporation measurements for the entire ice‐free periods gave totals of 386 and 485 mm in 1997 and 1998–1999, respectively.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/1999wr900338", doi = "10.1029/1999wr900338", openalex = "W2082787430", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{gunkel2000limnology, author = "Gunkel, Günter", title = "Limnology of an equatorial high mountain lake in Ecuador, Lago San Pablo", year = "2000", journal = "Limnologica", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0075-9511(00)80005-5", doi = "10.1016/s0075-9511(00)80005-5", number = "2", openalex = "W2005161842", pages = "113-120", volume = "30", references = "doi1010079789401124065, doi101016030438009090003y, doi101127archivhydrobiol135199523, doi101146annureves18110187001111, openalexw2166593138, openalexw2977532096, openalexw573859052" } @article{doi101046j15298817200137602x, author = "Lembi, Carole A.", title = "Limnology, Lake and River Ecosystems", year = "2001", journal = "Journal of Phycology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.37602.x", doi = "10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.37602.x", openalex = "W2036025531" } @article{doi10108015230430200112003448, author = "Kamenik, Christian and Schmidt, Roland and Kum, Georg and Psenner, Roland", title = "The Influence of Catchment Characteristics on the Water Chemistry of Mountain Lakes", year = "2001", journal = "Arctic Antarctic and Alpine Research", abstract = "Forty-four lakes in the Austrian Alps were studied to examine the influence of catchment characteristics on water chemistry. The lakes are located along an altitudinal gradient (1502–2309 m a.s.l.) in a small study area (35.5 km * 15.5 km) without glaciers. Longitude and latitude accounted for 21.4\% of the variation in water chemistry. Bedrock mineralogy explained 14.5\% of the variation. Vegetation accounted for 13.2\% and slope for 5.5\% of the variation in water chemistry. No correlations were found between exposure and water chemistry. Water chemistry appeared to be mainly determined by (1) chemical weathering of carbonate minerals and (2) in-lake productivity. Carbonate minerals were assumed to be present in all watersheds. Trees and shrubs enhanced chemical weathering. Concentrations of chemical parameters indicating physical weathering were high in lakes with large, steep catchments. Steep watersheds were correlated with enhanced nitrogen concentrations in the lakes. In-lake productivity obscured relationships between chemical parameters and catchment characteristics. Nonetheless, catchment characteristics explained 45\% of the variation in water chemistry, stressing their importance for water chemistry in mountain lakes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2001.12003448", doi = "10.1080/15230430.2001.12003448", openalex = "W2315543615", references = "doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi104081jlimnol20011171, author = "Tolotti, Monica", title = "Phytoplankton and littoral epilithic diatoms in high mountain lakes of the Adamello-Brenta Regional Park (Trentino, Italy) and their relation to trophic status and acidification risk", year = "2001", journal = "Journal of Limnology", abstract = "A survey of phytoplankton and littoral epilithic diatom communities was carried out on 16 high mountain lakes in the Adamello- Brenta Regional Park (NE Italy) as part of a wider research project aimed to the limnological characterisation of the seldom-studied lakes in this Alpine Region. The regional study was supplemented by the analysis of seasonal variations in two representative lakes. The principal goals of this paper are 1) to identify the most important environmental variables regulating patterns in the species composition of both phytoplankton and littoral diatoms, 2) to evaluate whether these algal communities can be used to improve trophic classification and 3) whether they can facilitate monitoring of diffuse human impacts (e.g. airborne pollution) on high altitude lakes. The relevance to monitoring is based on the acid sensitivity of all lakes studied, as indicated by the very low average alkalinity values (4-97 μeq l-1) recorded during the investigation period. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and phytoplankton biovolume recorded in the lakes were very low, with maxima in the deep-water layers and in late summer. Phytoplankton communities were dominated by flagellated algae (Chrysophyceae and Dinophyceae). Several coccal green algae were present, while planktonic diatoms were almost completely absent. Littoral diatom communities were dominated by alpine and acidophilous taxa (mainly belonging to the genera Achnanthes and Eunotia). Trophic classification based on phytoplankton and littoral diatoms, respectively, ascribed all lakes to the oligotrophic range. In both algal communities species indicative of acidified conditions were found. Multivariate analyses indicated that both the regional distribution and seasonal variation of phytoplankton are mainly driven by nutrient concentration. Diatoms are predominantly affected by geochemical characteristics including pH and mineralization level.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2001.1.171", doi = "10.4081/jlimnol.2001.1.171", openalex = "W2152370408", references = "doi10108003680770196511895699" } @article{doi101016s0075951102800159, author = "Gunkel, Günter and Casallas, Jorge", title = "Limnology of an equatorial high mountain lake — Lago San Pablo, Ecuador: The significance of deep diurnal mixing for lake productivity", year = "2002", journal = "Limnologica", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0075-9511(02)80015-9", doi = "10.1016/s0075-9511(02)80015-9", openalex = "W1977968773", references = "gunkel2000limnology" } @article{doi101023a1016342007124, author = "Kolesar, Sarah and McKnight, Diane M. and Waters, Summer B.", title = "Late fall phytoplankton dynamics in three lakes, Rocky Mountain National Park", year = "2002", journal = "Hydrobiologia", url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016342007124", doi = "10.1023/a:1016342007124", openalex = "W203696750", references = "ferrari1976winter" } @article{doi1011751525754120030040720iasvot20co2, author = "Rouse, Wayne R. and Oswald, Claire M. and Binyamin, Jacqueline and Blanken, Peter D. and Schertzer, William M. and Spence, Christopher", title = "Interannual and Seasonal Variability of the Surface Energy Balance and Temperature of Central Great Slave Lake", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Hydrometeorology", abstract = "This paper addresses interannual and seasonal variability in the thermal regime and surface energy fluxes in central Great Slave Lake during three contiguous open-water periods, two of which overlap the Canadian Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) Enhanced Study (CAGES) water year. The specific objectives are to compare the air temperature regime in the midlake to coastal zones, detail patterns of air and water temperatures and atmospheric stability in the central lake, assess the role of the radiation balance in driving the sensible and latent heat fluxes on a daily and seasonal basis, quantify magnitudes and rates of the sensible and latent heat fluxes and evaporation, and present a comprehensive picture of the seasonal and interannual thermal and energy regimes, their variability, and their most important controls. Atmospheric and lake thermal regimes are closely linked. Temperature differences between midlake and the northern shore follow a seasonal linear change from 68C colder midlake in June, to 68C warmer in November–December. These differences are a response to the surface energy budget of the lake. The surface radiation balance, and sensible and latent heat fluxes are not related on a day-to-day basis. Rather, from final lake ice melt in mid-June through to mid- to late August, the surface waters strongly absorb solar radiation. A stable atmosphere dominates this period, the latent heat flux is small and directed upward, and the sensible heat flux is small and directed downward into the lake.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0720:iasvot>2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0720:iasvot>2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2159923592", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{doi1011751525754120040050129tcaebo20co2, author = "Oswald, Claire and Rouse, Wayne R.", title = "Thermal Characteristics and Energy Balance of Various-Size Canadian Shield Lakes in the Mackenzie River Basin", year = "2004", journal = "Journal of Hydrometeorology", abstract = "This study addresses the thermal and energy budget characteristics of four different-size Canadian Shield lakes in the Mackenzie River basin during the ice-free season of 2000. The objectives are to characterize and compare the surface temperature and thermal structures, and to quantify the magnitudes and flux rates of the energy balance components of each lake. This study highlights the variability in thermal and energy balance characteristics arising from differences in mean lake depth and surface area. The lakes exhibit similar temporal patterns for air temperature, net radiation, wind speed, and wind direction. Net radiation and wind speed are highest over the largest lake, Great Slave Lake, due to colder surface temperatures and lengthy across-lake wind fetch, respectively. During the warming phase of the summer, surface temperature is inversely related to mean depth; however, during the cooling phase this relationship reverses. The shallowest of the four lakes remains isothermal during the entire ice-free period, while the three larger and deeper lakes are all dimictic. A lag in the onset of thermal stratification in the dimictic lakes is positively correlated with mean depth and surface area. Large evaporative water losses correspond to periods of low net radiation and cold dry air over Great Slave Lake. However, over the smaller, shallower lakes periods of high evaporation occur on days with high net radiation and warm, dry air. The capacity of larger lakes to store more heat results in longer ice-free periods and higher evaporation. Maximum heat content increases and occurs later for lakes of greater depth. Maximum evaporative rates occur later and cumulative evaporation is highest for lakes of greater depth and area. The ratios of total open water evaporation for the four lakes in order of size (smallest = 1.0) are 1.0: 1.2: 1.3: 1.4. Evaporation magnitudes are discussed in the context of other temperate and high-latitude lake studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0129:tcaebo>2.0.co;2", doi = "10.1175/1525-7541(2004)005<0129:tcaebo>2.0.co;2", openalex = "W2181040308", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{doi101007s100210050065y, author = "Bondavalli, Cristina and Bodini, Antonio and Rossetti, Giampaolo and Allesina, Stefano", title = "Detecting Stress at the Whole-Ecosystem Level: The Case of a Mountain Lake (Lake Santo, Italy)", year = "2006", journal = "Ecosystems", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0065-y", doi = "10.1007/s10021-005-0065-y", openalex = "W2049575390", references = "ferrari1976winter" } @article{doi101111j15746968200600477x, author = "Liu, Yongqin and Yao, Tandong and Jiao, Nianzhi and Kang, Shichang and Zeng, Yonghui and Huang, Sijun", title = "Microbial community structure in moraine lakes and glacial meltwaters, Mount Everest", year = "2006", journal = "FEMS Microbiology Letters", abstract = "The bacterial diversity and abundance in two moraine lakes and two glacial meltwaters (5140, 5152, 5800 and 6350 m above sea level, respectively) in the remote Mount Everest region were examined through 16S rRNA gene clone library and flow cytometry approaches. In total, 247 clones were screened by RFLP and 60 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained, belonging to the following groups: Proteobacteria (8\% alpha subdivision, 21\% beta subdivision, and 1\% gamma subdivision), Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) (54\%), Actinobacteria (4\%), Planctomycetes (2\%), Verrucomicrobia (2\%), Fibrobacteres (1\%) and Eukaryotic chroloplast (3\%), respectively. The high dominance of CFB distinguished the Mount Everest waters from other mountain lakes. The highest bacterial abundance and diversity occurred in the open moraine lake at 5152 m, and the lowest in the glacial meltwater at 6350 m. Low temperature at high altitude is considered to be critical for component dominancy. At the same altitude, nutrient availability plays a role in regulating population structure. Our results also show that the bacteria in Mount Everest may be derived from different sources.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00477.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1574-6968.2006.00477.x", openalex = "W1867447038", references = "doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi101577t052371, author = "Zimmerman, Mara S. and Krueger, Charles C. and Eshenroder, Randy L.", title = "Phenotypic Diversity of Lake Trout in Great Slave Lake: Differences in Morphology, Buoyancy, and Habitat Depth", year = "2006", journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society", abstract = "Abstract Little is known about the phenotypic diversity of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in large North American lakes outside the Laurentian Great Lakes. This study tested the hypothesis that phenotypic diversity in Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada, is associated with water depth, as was observed during similar studies of lake trout in Lake Superior. We describe the association of body size with color, buoyancy, and morphology; compare these phenotypic traits among depth strata; and establish whether lake trout phenotypes occur as discrete groups. Phenotypic diversity increased among fish longer than 43 cm standard length. In water less than 50 m deep, large lake trout (≥43 cm) were light in color, buoyantly heavy, and streamlined and possessed short pectoral fins. In water deeper than 50 m, large lake trout were dark in color, buoyantly light, and deep bodied (less streamlined) and had long pectoral fins. Without assigning descriptions to individuals before the analysis, we identified two phenotypic groups. These groups represented nondiscrete phenotypes; lake trout of intermediate shape had intermediate fin lengths, capture depths, and buoyancies. The phenotypic patterns observed in Great Slave Lake were similar to the lean and siscowet forms that currently exist in Lake Superior. Deepwater forms, previously believed to be endemic to the Great Lakes, are more geographically widespread and may represent diversity typical of this species in large, deep lakes. We suggest that the lake trout phenotype associated with deep water (buoyantly light, long pectoral fins) is adaptive for daily vertical migrations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/t05-237.1", doi = "10.1577/t05-237.1", openalex = "W2115600154", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{doi10108014634980902905742, author = "Battarbee, Richard W. and Kernan, Martin and Rose, Neil L.", title = "Threatened and stressed mountain lakes of Europe: Assessment and progress", year = "2009", journal = "Aquatic Ecosystem Health \& Management", abstract = "Mountain regions are cold environments that are hostile to human occupation and widely regarded as places where the air is clean, water is pure and ecosystems are pristine. Yet many mountain regions, especially in Europe, are far from pristine. In the 1980s, research showed that mountain lakes were especially vulnerable to acid deposition and sediment core studies at many sites demonstrated that some mountain lakes had become acidified over the course of the last century. Since then, studies of the water chemistry, biology and history of lakes across the different European mountain regions have increased our understanding of the processes within these systems, their ecological condition and the threats facing them. These studies have demonstrated that: i) gradients of sulphur, nitrogen, metals and persistent organic pollutant deposition occur from relatively uncontaminated regions in Spain and Central Norway to regions of heavy pollution loading in central and eastern Europe;ii) nitrate and sulphate concentrations in lake water reflect the gradients in atmospheric deposition;iii) concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in fish tissue show marked regional differences;iv) the spatial pattern of organochlorine concentrations in fish and in sediments follow the pattern for other pollutants, although there is also good evidence for the selective cold trapping of some compounds both at high latitudes and at high altitudes;v) fish suffer physiological stress in mountain lake-water of low ionic strength;vi) climate change over the last century is likely to have induced significant changes in lake ice-cover and water column stratification and mixing in some regions and these have in turn influenced the structure and productivity of biological communities; This paper provides a review of the research undertaken on European mountain lakes over the past 30 years. In particular, it highlights the stresses faced by these vulnerable systems and the effects these have had, continue to have, and are likely to have on mountain lake ecosystems in future.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14634980902905742", doi = "10.1080/14634980902905742", openalex = "W1975547913", references = "doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi101111j13652427200902284x, author = "Kernan, Martin and Ventura, Marc and Bitušík, Peter and Brancelj, Anton and Clarke, G and Velle, Gaute and Raddum, Gunnar G. and Stuchlı́k, Evžen and Catalán, Jordi", title = "Regionalisation of remote European mountain lake ecosystems according to their biota: environmental versus geographical patterns", year = "2009", journal = "Freshwater Biology", abstract = "Summary 1. A survey of c. 350 remote high altitude and high latitude lakes from 11 different mountain regions was undertaken to explore species distribution across Europe at a scale not previously attempted. 2. Lakes were sampled for planktonic crustaceans, rotifers, littoral invertebrates and sub‐fossil chironomids, diatoms and cladocerans. Each lake was characterised in terms of water chemistry, morphology, catchment attributes and geographical location. 3. Separate twinspan analyses were undertaken on diatom, chironomid, planktonic crustacean, littoral invertebrate and cladoceran (chydorids only) data to classify sites according to taxonomic composition. For most datasets there was a spatial component to the classification with distinct geographical groups emerging – Norway and Scotland, Finland and Central/Eastern Europe. 4. Constrained ordination methods were employed to examine how species responded to a range of environmental factors, which were aggregated into a series of component groups – proximal environment (the chemical, trophic and physical attributes of the lake), catchment characteristics and geographical location. Several key environmental gradients were identified, which explained significant levels of the variance across several of the biological groups including dissolved organic carbon (chironomids, planktonic crustaceans), temperature (chironomids and littoral invertebrates), chloride/sea‐salt (littoral invertebrates, diatoms and rotifers), lake morphology (all groups), calcium/pH (diatoms), nitrate (chydorids, littoral invertebrates, rotifers and planktonic crustaceans) and fish (littoral invertebrates). In some cases these statistical relationships are likely to represent direct ecological constraints and, in others, it is probable that the environmental variable is acting as a surrogate for some other attribute or process. 5. Variance partitioning was undertaken to quantify how much of the variation in each biological group could be uniquely attributed to variables representing the proximal environment, catchment characteristics and geographical location. For most groups the location of the lake tends to explain the greatest variation in species composition across the Lake Districts. The proximal environment was also important but, with the exception of diatoms, secondary to location. Therefore, a strong geographical signal emerged from the analyses. Three distinct limno‐regions were identified; Nordic (Scotland and Norway), Sub‐Arctic (Northern Finland) and Alpine (Pyrenees, the Alps and Eastern Europe ranges). 6. Our results have implications for the development of regionalisation schemes based on biological responses to environmental gradients; (i) lake ‘types’ based on environmental factors cannot be extrapolated throughout Europe, even within the relatively narrow gradients found in remote mountain lakes, (ii) biotic response to large‐scale variations in environmental conditions, such as those that could be expected with climate change, is likely to vary according to regions because of the biogeographical differences among them.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02284.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02284.x", openalex = "W2158081425", references = "doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi101111j13652427200902286x, author = "Catalán, Jordi and BARBIERI, M. GRAZIA and Bartumeus, Frederic and Bitušík, Peter and Botev, Ivan and Brancelj, Anton and Cogălniceanu, Dan and Manca, Marina and Marchetto, Aldo and Ognjanova‐Rumenova, Nadja and Pla‐Rabès, Sergi and Rieradevall, María and Sorvari, Sanna and Štefková, Elena and Stuchlı́k, Evžen and Ventura, Marc", title = "Ecological thresholds in European alpine lakes", year = "2009", journal = "Freshwater Biology", abstract = "Summary 1. Species assemblages of diatoms, rotifers, chydorids, planktonic crustaceans and chironomids were studied in 235 alpine lakes in the Alps, Pyrenees, Tatras (Western Carpathians), Retezat (Southern Carpathians) and Rila Mountains (Balkans). 2. For all taxonomic groups we found a hierarchical structure in the community assemblage using distinct scales of lake clustering (number of k ‐means groups) based on species composition similarity (Hellinger distance). We determined the optimal partition in assemblage types (i.e. number of lake clusters) for each taxonomic group by maximising the sum of the taxon indicative value (IndVal) and performed discriminant analyses, using environmental variables not conditioned by geographical patterns. Relevant environmental variables differed among and within taxonomic groups. Therefore the assemblages respond to a complex environmental mosaic, with the exception of diatom assemblages, which followed an acid–base gradient. 3. The significant environmental variables could be grouped into four general factors: lake size, tropho‐dynamic status, acid–base balance and ice‐cover duration (i.e., altitudinal gradient). Lake size was significant for the highest number of assemblage types; however, the most significant factor differed among taxonomic groups: acid–base balance for diatoms, lake size for rotifers, ice‐cover duration for chydorids and planktonic crustaceans and tropho‐dynamic status for chironomids. No single environmental typology accounted for the assemblage structure of all taxonomic groups. 4. However, defining ecological thresholds as values within environmental gradients at which the rate of change in assemblages is accelerated relative to points distant from that threshold, we were able to find specific threshold values for each of the four main general environmental factors identified, which were relevant across several taxonomic groups: 3 ha for lake area; 0.6 mg L −1 for dissolved organic carbon; 190 days for ice‐cover duration and 200 μeq L −1 for acid neutralising capacity. Above and below these values ecosystem organisation change substantially. They have direct applications in establishing lake typologies for environmental quality and biodiversity conservation programmes, and in improving predictions about global change impacts.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02286.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02286.x", openalex = "W2097521480", references = "doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi101111j13652427200902326x, author = "Catalán, Jordi and Curtis, C. J. and Kernan, Martin", title = "Remote European mountain lake ecosystems: regionalisation and ecological status", year = "2009", journal = "Freshwater Biology", abstract = "Summary 1. A survey of c. 350 remote high altitude and high latitude lakes from 12 different mountain regions across Europe was undertaken to explore ecosystem variability, climate forcing, environmental conditions and pollution threats at a scale not previously attempted. 2. Lakes were sampled for a range of contemporary and sub‐fossil organisms including planktonic crustaceans, rotifers, littoral invertebrates, chironomids, diatoms and cladocerans. Survey and cartographic data were used to determine environmental characteristics at each site. Organic pollutants and trace metal concentrations were measured in the lake sediment. 3. A number of separate studies were undertaken which examined the environmental characteristics of the surveyed lakes (climate forcing and chemical composition), distribution of biota relative to local, regional and biogeographical factors and pollution threats (acidification, heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants) to these sensitive ecosystems. 4. There is a strong regional element to the way that environmental factors combine (including climate and pollution threats) and the biota responds in mountain lakes across Europe. From a management perspective it is clear that lake classification and the development of useful typologies and assessments of reference conditions should be undertaken at regional rather than pan‐European scales. 5. There are some common features across lake districts related to the timing of industrialisation, but the studies carried out on metals, organic pollutants and nitrate deposition indicate that each lake district has distinct pollution threats. Climate warming already affects most of the lake districts and there are considerable uncertainties as to how this will modify conditions in remote European mountain systems. 6. The lake district concept goes beyond a geographical construct and merits further theoretical and experimental development as an ecological concept.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02326.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02326.x", openalex = "W2167600001", references = "crossref1994limnology, doi10108005384680197111903926" } @article{doi104081jlimnol20161372, author = "Catalán, Jordi and Rondón, John Ch. Donato", title = "Perspectives for an integrated understanding of tropical and temperate high-mountain lakes", year = "2016", journal = "Journal of Limnology", abstract = "High mountain lakes are extreme freshwater ecosystems and excellent sentinels of current global change. They are likely among the most comparable ecosystems across the world. The largest contrast occurs between lakes in temperate and tropical areas. The main difference arises from the seasonal patterns of heat exchange and the external loadings (carbon, phosphorus, metals). The consequence is a water column structure based on temperature, in temperate lakes, and oxygen, in tropical lakes. This essential difference implies that, in tropical lakes, one can expect a more sustained productivity throughout the year; a higher nutrient internal loading based on the mineralization of external organic matter; higher nitrification-denitrification potential related to the oxyclines; and a higher metal mobilization due to the permanently reduced bottom layer. Quantifying and linking these and other biogeochemical pathways to particular groups of organisms is in the current agenda of high-mountain limnology. The intrinsic difficulties of the taxonomic study of many of the organisms inhabiting these systems can be now overcome with the use of molecular techniques. These techniques will not only provide a much less ambiguous taxonomic knowledge of the microscopic world, but also will unveil new biogeochemical pathways that are difficult to measure chemically and will solve biogeographical puzzles of the distribution of some macroscopic organism, tracing the relationship with other areas. Daily variability and vertical gradients in the tropics are the main factors of phytoplankton species turnover in tropical lakes; whereas seasonality is the main driver in temperate communities. The study of phytoplankton in high-mountain lakes only makes sense in an integrated view of the microscopic ecosystem. A large part of the plankton biomass is in heterotrophic, and mixotrophic organisms and prokaryotes compete for dissolved resources with eukaryotic autotrophs. In fact, high-mountain lake systems are excellent model ecosystems for applying an investigation linking airshed to sediments functional views. Additionally, the study of the mountain lakes districts as functional metacommunity units may reveal key differences in the distribution of organisms of limited (slow) dispersal. We propose that limnological studies at tropical and temperate high mountain lakes should adhere to a common general paradigm. In which biogeochemical processes are framed by the airshed-to-sediment continuum concept and the biogeographical processes in the functional lake district concept. The solid understanding of the fundamental limnological processes will facilitate stronger contributions to the assessment of the impacts of the on-going global change in remote areas.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1372", doi = "10.4081/jlimnol.2016.1372", openalex = "W2333575771", references = "gunkel2000limnology" } @article{doi1010022017wr020902, author = "Mosquera, Pablo V. and Hampel, Henrietta and Vázquez, Raúl F. and Alonso, Miguel and Catalán, Jordi", title = "Abundance and morphometry changes across the high‐mountain lake‐size gradient in the tropical A ndes of S outhern E cuador", year = "2017", journal = "Water Resources Research", abstract = "Abstract The number, size, and shape of lakes are key determinants of the ecological functionality of a lake district. The lake area scaling relationships with lake number and volume enable upscaling biogeochemical processes and spatially considering organisms' metapopulation dynamics. These relationships vary regionally depending on the geomorphological context, particularly in the range of lake area 10 4 m 2 and 50\% of the water resources are held in a few ones (∼10) deeper than 18 m. Therefore, midlakes and large lakes are by far more biogeochemically relevant than ponds and shallow lakes in this tropical mountain lake district.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020902", doi = "10.1002/2017wr020902", openalex = "W2739347546", references = "gunkel2000limnology" } @article{doi101038s41598018228353, author = "Ortiz‐Álvarez, Rüdiger and Triadó–Margarit, Xavier and Camarero, Lluís and Casamayor, Emilio O. and Catalán, Jordi", title = "High planktonic diversity in mountain lakes contains similar contributions of autotrophic, heterotrophic and parasitic eukaryotic life forms", year = "2018", journal = "Scientific Reports", abstract = "A rich eukaryotic planktonic community exists in high-mountain lakes despite the diluted, oligotrophic and cold, harsh prevailing conditions. Attempts of an overarching appraisal have been traditionally hampered by observational limitations of small, colorless, and soft eukaryotes. We aimed to uncover the regional eukaryotic biodiversity of a mountain lakes district to obtain general conclusions on diversity patterns, dominance, geographic diversification, and food-web players common to oligotrophic worldwide distributed freshwater systems. An unprecedented survey of 227 high-altitude lakes comprising large environmental gradients was carried out using Illumina massive tag sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene. We observed a large Chrysophyceae dominance in richness, abundance and novelty, and unveiled an unexpected richness in heterotrophic phagotrophs and parasites. In particular, Cercozoa and Chytridiomycota showed diversity features similar to the dominant autotrophic groups. The prominent beta-dispersion shown by parasites suggests highly specific interactions and a relevant role in food webs. Interestingly, the freshwater Pyrenean metacommunity contained more diverse specific populations than its closest marine oligotrophic equivalent, with consistently higher beta-diversity. The relevance of unseen groups opens new perspectives for the better understanding of planktonic food webs. Mountain lakes, with remarkable environmental idiosyncrasies, may be suitable environments for the genetic diversification of microscopic eukaryotic life forms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22835-3", doi = "10.1038/s41598-018-22835-3", openalex = "W2792852363", references = "doi10108003680770196511895699" } @article{doi101098rspb20200304, author = "Oleksy, Isabella A. and Baron, Jill S. and Leavitt, Peter R. and Spaulding, Sarah A.", title = "Nutrients and warming interact to force mountain lakes into unprecedented ecological states", year = "2020", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "1950 commensurate with many human-caused changes to the Earth System. In addition to N deposition, aeolian dust deposition may have contributed phosphorus. Strong increases in summer air and surface water temperatures since 1983 have direct and indirect consequences for high-elevation ecosystems. Such warming could have directly enhanced nutrient use and primary production. Indirect consequences of warming include enhanced leaching of nutrients from geologic and cryosphere sources, particularly as glaciers ablate. While we infer causal mechanisms, changes in primary producer communities appear to be without historical precedent and are commensurate with the post-1950 acceleration of global change.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.0304", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2020.0304", openalex = "W3037120747", references = "crossref1994limnology" } @article{doi1024189ncr2020025, author = "Afonina, E. Yu. and Tashlykova, Natalya A. and Kuklin, Alexey P. and Цыбекмитова, Г. Ц.", title = "Environmental features and dynamics of plankton communities in a mountain glacial moraine lake (Baikal Lake basin, Russia)", year = "2020", journal = "Nature Conservation Research", abstract = "The research on mountain lakes located in non-industrialised areas provides a thorough look at the background condition of the communities of hydrobionts in terms of their composition, structure, and distribution. Lake Shebety is a glacial moraine lake of the Baikal Lake basin, Russia that could be used as a pattern for studying biodiversity and adaptive mechanisms of aquatic communities. This paper is aimed to identify the essential transient factors that regulate the composition and structure of phytoplankton and zooplankton in different zones of Lake Shebety. This will provide a better understanding of the plankton dynamics under the extreme continental climate. The present article is the first limnological investigation conducted for the water body on the above mentioned factors. Samples were collected during the summer of 2002 and 2016. Lake Shebety is located at 1567.4 m above sea level in the Khentei-Daurian Highland which lies in the Chikoi National Park, Trans-Baikalsky Krai, Russia. The research was performed on the basin morphometry and hydrochemical composition, along with hydrobiological studies of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Typical ecosystem features include oligotrophic status, low salinity, and high oxygen content. The lake is mainly characterised by deep-water areas with shallow-water shorelines. The study covers environmental factors determining the distribution and development of plankton communities in a mountain deep-water lake under extreme continental climate condition. We have detected a total of 35 algae species belonging to the following phyla: Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta, Chrysophyta, Dinophyta, Chlorophyta, and Charophyta. The data on zooplankton consisted of 35 species representing the phyla of Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda. The greatest diversity of species was observed for the diatoms and cladocerans. It is apparent that the geographical distribution of some species of rotifers and crustaceans has been expanded. The species of Euchlanis alata, Acantocyclops capillatus, and Cyclops abyssorum are rare species for the water bodies in the Trans-Baikalsky Krai. The littoral plankton community is more diverse in components and quantities as compared to the pelagic one. As per the CCorA, the factors that contribute to the abundance and biomass of Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Dinophyta, Rotifera, Cladocera, and Copepoda have been observed in the following descending order: depth, phosphorus content, water temperature, and pH in littoral zone; pH, color, turbidity, nitrogen content determine density of Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Copepoda in the pelagic zone. The abundance of alga Crucigeniella irregularis and rotifers Kellicottia longispina and Conochilus unicornis were positively related to the phosphate content in the shallow areas. The abundance of the phytoplankton species Kephyrion doliolum, Cryptomonas ovata, Crucigenia tetrapedia, Peridinium sp. and zooplankton species Arctodiaptomus neithammeri and Cyclops abyssorum are associated with chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus content, depth, and the temperature in deep-water areas.", url = "https://doi.org/10.24189/ncr.2020.025", doi = "10.24189/ncr.2020.025", openalex = "W3024487356", references = "ferrari1976winter" } @article{doi101111gcb16525, author = "Jane, Stephen F. and Mincer, Joshua L. and Lau, Maximilian P. and Lewis, Abigail S. L. and Stetler, Jonathan T. and Rose, Kevin C.", title = "Longer duration of seasonal stratification contributes to widespread increases in lake hypoxia and anoxia", year = "2022", journal = "Global Change Biology", abstract = "The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important attribute of aquatic ecosystems, influencing habitat, drinking water quality, biodiversity, nutrient biogeochemistry, and greenhouse gas emissions. While average summer DO concentrations are declining in lakes across the temperate zone, much remains unknown about seasonal factors contributing to deepwater DO losses. It is unclear whether declines are related to increasing rates of seasonal DO depletion or changes in seasonal stratification that limit re-oxygenation of deep waters. Furthermore, despite the presence of important biological and ecological DO thresholds, there has been no large-scale assessment of changes in the amount of habitat crossing these thresholds, limiting the ability to understand the consequences of observed DO losses. We used a dataset from >400 widely distributed lakes to identify the drivers of DO losses and quantify the frequency and volume of lake water crossing biologically and ecologically important threshold concentrations ranging from 5 to 0.5 mg/L. Our results show that while there were no consistent changes over time in seasonal DO depletion rates, over three-quarters of lakes exhibited an increase in the duration of stratification, providing more time for seasonal deepwater DO depletion to occur. As a result, most lakes have experienced summertime increases in the amount of water below all examined thresholds in deepwater DO concentration, with increases in the proportion of the water column below thresholds ranging between 0.9\% and 1.7\% per decade. In the 30-day period preceding the end of stratification, increases were greater at >2.2\% per decade and >70\% of analyzed lakes experienced increases in the amount of oxygen-depleted water. These results indicate ongoing climate-induced increases in the duration of stratification have already contributed to reduction of habitat for many species, likely increased internal nutrient loading, and otherwise altered lake chemistry. Future warming is likely to exacerbate these trends.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16525", doi = "10.1111/gcb.16525", openalex = "W4310779480", references = "doi101126science2054406580" } @article{doi101098rspb20231252, author = "Rühland, Kathleen M. and Evans, Marlene S. and Smol, John P.", title = "Arctic warming drives striking twenty-first century ecosystem shifts in Great Slave Lake (Subarctic Canada), North America's deepest lake", year = "2023", journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences", abstract = "in West Basin sedimentary records. Such abrupt transformations in the primary producers of this socioecologically valuable 'northern Great Lake' may have widespread implications for the entire food web with unknown consequences for aquatic ecosystem functioning and fisheries, which First Nations, Métis and other northern communities depend upon, pointing to the need for new studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1252", doi = "10.1098/rspb.2023.1252", openalex = "W4386877610", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{doi101002ecy4413, author = "Maitland, Bryan M and Bootsma, Harvey A and Bronte, Charles R and Bunnell, David B and Feiner, Zachary S and Fenske, Kari H and Fetzer, William W and Foley, Carolyn J and Gerig, Brandon S and Happel, Austin and Höök, Tomas O and Keppeler, Friedrich W and Kornis, Matthew S and Lepak, Ryan F and McNaught, A Scott and Roth, Brian M and Turschak, Benjamin A and Hoffman, Joel C and Jensen, Olaf P", title = "Testing food web theory in a large lake: The role of body size in habitat coupling in Lake Michigan.", year = "2024", journal = "Ecology", abstract = "The landscape theory of food web architecture (LTFWA) describes relationships among body size, trophic position, mobility, and energy channels that serve to couple heterogenous habitats, which in turn promotes long-term system stability. However, empirical tests of the LTFWA are rare and support differs among terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems. Further, it is unclear whether the theory applies in highly altered ecosystems dominated by introduced species such as the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we provide an empirical test of the LTFWA by relating body size, trophic position, and the coupling of different energy channels using stable isotope data from species throughout the Lake Michigan food web. We found that body size was positively related to trophic position, but for a given trophic position, organisms predominately supported by pelagic energy had smaller body sizes than organisms predominately supported by nearshore benthic energy. We also found a hump-shaped trophic relationship in the food web where there is a gradual increase in the coupling of pelagic and nearshore energy channels with larger body sizes as well as higher trophic positions. This highlights the important role of body size and connectivity among habitats in structuring food webs. However, important deviations from expectations are suggestive of how species introductions and other anthropogenic impacts can affect food web structure in large lakes. First, native top predators appear to be flexible couplers that may provide food web resilience, whereas introduced top predators may confer less stability when they specialize on a single energy pathway. Second, some smaller bodied prey fish and invertebrates, in addition to mobile predators, coupled energy from pelagic and nearshore energy channels, which suggests that some prey species may also be important integrators of energy pathways in the system. We conclude that patterns predicted by the LTFWA are present in the face of species introductions and other anthropogenic stressors to a degree, but time-series evaluations are needed to fully understand the mechanisms that promote stability.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39234980/", doi = "10.1002/ecy.4413", openalex = "W4402274498", pmid = "39234980", references = "doi101002ecy4413, doi101007s004420060630x, doi101007s1122201696964, doi101046j15298817200137602x, doi101111brv12480, doi101111j1469185x201100208x, doi101146annureves18110187001453, doi1018637jssv080i01, doi1018900012965819990801395pccana20co2, doi1018900012965820020830703usitet20co2, doi101890039000" } @article{doi101016jjglr2024102348, author = "Bourdages, Madelaine P.T. and Provencher, Jennifer F. and Hurtubise, Jessica L. and Johnson, Noah and Vermaire, Jesse C.", title = "Microplastics and anthropogenic microparticles in surface waters from Yellowknife Bay, Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research", abstract = "Recent studies have identified the presence of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles in Arctic marine environments, but very little is known about anthropogenic microparticles in Arctic and sub-Arctic freshwater systems. Given the importance of freshwater systems to the health of northern communities, and their large input of water to the Arctic Ocean, circumpolar rivers and lakes should be considered within the context of anthropogenic microparticles in the region. Sample collections for this study were conducted in July and August of 2021 via a collaborative community-based approach. Thirty surface water samples were collected using a 300 µm Manta trawl from three sampling areas, the Yellowknife River (n = 10), Yellowknife Back Bay (n = 10), and Yellowknife Outer Bay (n = 10), to assess concentrations and transport of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles to Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories. Each trawl was towed for 20-minutes, resulting in 16 to 233 m3 of water filtered per sample. Suspected anthropogenic microparticles were found in all samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.03–2.04 particles m−3, however, there were no significant differences in microparticle concentrations between sampling areas. A wide range of microparticle morphologies and colours were observed in the samples. A total of 1012 suspected anthropogenic microparticles were extracted from the surface water samples, of which fibres accounted for 87 \% (n = 883), followed by fragments (11 \%, n = 112), films (1 \%, n = 7), and foams (1 \%, n = 10). Our results indicate a widespread occurrence of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles in the surface waters surrounding Yellowknife, Northwest Territories.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102348", doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102348", openalex = "W4394605705", references = "rawson1950the" } @article{doi101016jjglr2024102457, author = "Wegher, Marissa E. and Fisk, Aaron T. and Johnson, Timothy B. and Rennie, Michael D.", title = "Regional variability of resource use, trophic position and habitat coupling within Lake Superior", year = "2024", journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research", abstract = "Food web characterizations of large lakes have rarely considered spatial variation in resource use or trophic connections among species. This is also true of Lake Superior, the world’s second largest freshwater lake. While instances of habitat coupling in Lake Superior have been documented, the extent to which coupling or resource specialization in this system varies spatially, particularly within a species, remains unknown. To address this, stable isotopes of common fish species and prey were collected and analyzed along a depth gradient at four geographically and bathymetrically distinct regions of Lake Superior; 1099 fish and 60 composite invertebrate samples (separately for zooplankton and benthos) were collected from both deeper regions (Keweenaw and Western Arm) and shallower regions (Nipigon Bay and Whitefish Bay). Benthic and pelagic species of fish and invertebrates were collected to characterize different energy pathways. Within regions and taxa, benthic reliance and trophic position differences across depth strata were large and comparable to those previously observed among species lake wide. Across regions, large within-taxa differences in resource use patterns and trophic position existed at similar depth strata, as well as among taxa. Generally, there was a high reliance on pelagic resources across all fish species with greater benthic resource use observed at medium and deep strata. As expected, higher trophic organisms tended to have greater evidence of benthic-pelagic coupling. Our findings reinforce the need to consider regional variation in resource use and trophic position in large lake systems over broad approaches that can overgeneralize patterns of energy flow.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102457", doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2024.102457", openalex = "W4403846117", references = "doi101002ecy4413" } @article{doi101021acsest5c01359, author = "Lepak, Ryan F. and Hoffman, Joel C. and Janssen, Sarah E. and Tate, Michael T. and Shanoff, Morgann B. and Mahon, Michael B. and Rumschlag, Samantha L. and Yarnes, Christopher T. and Lenell, Brian A. and Krabbenhoft, David P. and Ogorek, Jacob M. and Hurley, James P.", title = "Ecological Factors Decouple Great Lakes Fish Mercury Concentrations Trends from Decadal Declines in Atmospheric Mercury", year = "2025", journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology", abstract = "Atmospheric mercury (Hg) deposition has been declining in North America but remains the dominant delivery mechanism to the Great Lakes. The Lakes are highly efficient at bioaccumulating methylmercury, making the fish excellent sentinels for tracking shifts in atmospheric Hg deposition. Invasive mussels have altered biogeochemical processes, prey populations and fish dietary strategies asynchronously and to varied extents across the lower four lakes, impacting fish Hg exposure. To test if fish are adapting to new biogeochemical conditions, we analyzed a 40 year fish archive for carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios and amino acid-specific nitrogen isotope ratios. To assess Hg sources, we measured Hg isotope ratios. We reconstructed and compared energetic pathways that impact fish Hg concentrations to Hg-source trends. We found fish-Hg concentrations are declining but not monotonically due to ecological disturbances. Fish-Hg isotope values, unimpacted by ecological disturbance, confirm that sources of bioaccumulated Hg shift contemporaneously with changes in atmospheric Hg concentrations. Across Lakes, the degree of responsiveness to changes in atmospheric Hg concentrations mirrors the proportion of atmospheric-delivered Hg we previously modeled. Changes in both fish concentrations and fish isotope values outpace paleolimnetic reconstructions suggesting declines in atmospheric Hg concentrations impact fish Hg more than sediment.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c01359", doi = "10.1021/acs.est.5c01359", openalex = "W4411095679", references = "doi101002ecy4413" } @article{doi101093inteamvjaf087, author = "Gerig, Brandon S. and Gay, Ross and Swanson, Reid G. and Paterson, Gordon", title = "Potential for contaminant biotransport by migratory fish prior to dam removal and selective fish passage in a Great Lakes tributary", year = "2025", journal = "Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management", abstract = "Dam removals and fish passage can enhance aquatic connectivity but may also promote upstream transport of legacy contaminants by migratory fish. This study assessed the potential for contaminant biotransport in Michigan's Boardman River following the planned removal of the Union Street Dam and installation of FishPass, a selective fish passage facility. We quantified polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), mercury (Hg), and organochlorine pesticides in carcass and egg samples from migratory species including Chinook and coho salmon, migratory rainbow trout, common white and longnose sucker, lake trout, walleye, and sea lamprey. Chinook salmon exhibited the highest PCB concentrations in both carcasses and eggs, exceeding those of rainbow trout and native suckers. Similarly, Chinook salmon were predicted to deposit up to 2,200 mg PCBs upstream under a high run size scenario, over 80 and 100 times greater than rainbow trout and native suckers. Although suckers had lower individual contaminant burdens, their relatively large run sizes contributed moderately to potential contaminant biotransport compared with rainbow trout, indicating an interaction between abundance and spawner contaminant burden. Stream-resident brook and brown trout in reaches open to migratory fish had higher PCBs and lower Hg concentrations than in closed reaches, likely reflecting dietary exposure to eggs and growth dilution. These results demonstrate that the potential for contaminant biotransport varies widely among migratory species and highlights the need for managers to consider both contaminant burden and run size when making fish passage decisions to balance ecological restoration with contaminant exposure risk.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/inteam/vjaf087", doi = "10.1093/inteam/vjaf087", openalex = "W4412366605", references = "doi101002ecy4413" } @article{doi101016jjglr2026102741, author = "Balgooyen, Sarah and Mahon, Michael B. and Krauss, Alena and Sluka, H and Backe, Will J. and Ankley, Gerald T. and Lepak, Ryan F.", title = "Historical PFAS trends in the Great Lakes using four decades of archived fish", year = "2026", journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102741", doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2026.102741", openalex = "W7118911904", references = "doi101002ecy4413" }