@article{crossref1866mammoth,
    title = "Mammoth cave of Kentucky",
    year = "1866",
    journal = "Notes and Queries",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-ix.212.61b",
    doi = "10.1093/nq/s3-ix.212.61b",
    number = "212",
    pages = "61-61",
    volume = "s3-IX"
}

@article{vestal1870the,
    author = "VESTAL, TILGHMAN B.",
    title = "The Mammoth Cave and the Cave Regions of Kentucky",
    year = "1870",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican06251870-412",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican06251870-412",
    number = "26",
    pages = "412-413",
    volume = "22"
}

@article{stevens1882the,
    author = "Stevens, W. LeConte",
    title = "The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky",
    year = "1882",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.os-3.80.3",
    doi = "10.1126/science.os-3.80.3",
    number = "80",
    pages = "3-6",
    volume = "os-3"
}

@article{hovey1891mammoth,
    author = "Hovey, Horace C.",
    title = "Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1891",
    journal = "Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/196576",
    doi = "10.2307/196576",
    pages = "47",
    volume = "23"
}

@article{doi1023072422733,
    author = "Barr, Thomas C.",
    title = "The Blind Beetles of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "The American Midland Naturalist",
    abstract = "Six species of troglobitic (obligatory cavernicole) beetles inhabit the caves of Mammoth Cave National Park. in Edmonson, Hart. and Barren counties. Kentucky-Carabidae: Pseudanophthalmus menetriesi (Motsch.). P. pubescens (Horn), P. inexpectatus Barr. and Neaphaenops t. tellkampfi (Erichs.) Catopidae: Ptomaphagus (Adelops) hirtus (Tellk.) Pselaphidae: Batrisodes (Babnormodes) henroti Park. P. striatus (Motsch.) is a synonym of P. menetriesi. New distributional records are P. pubescens from Mammoth Cave and P. inexpectatus from Great Onyx Cave. T he most extensive cavern systems of the world lie within the boundaries of Mammoth Cave National Park, in Edmonson, Barren, and Hart counties. Kentucky. About 28 miles of passages have been surveyed in Mammoth Cave itself, and nearly 35 miles have been surveyed in the gigantic Flint Ridge system in the eastern part of the Park (including Floyd Collins' Crystal Cave, Colossal Cave, and Great Salts Cave). Hundreds of other smaller caves are known within the Mammoth Cave plateau and adjacent Pennyroyal plateau. All of them are excavated in the mid-Mississippian limestones of Chester and Meraimiac age, specifically the Renault-Paint Creek, Ste. Genevieve. and St. Louis limestones. Although Mammoth Cave was discovered prior to September 1798, when it was mentioned in a land grant. it was not widely known until the War of 1812, when it was mined extensively for nitrous earth. Constantin Rafinesque (1832) visited the cave several times between 1818 and 1826 and made preliminary geological and zoological observations, butt widespread interest in the vast extent of the cave and its rich troglobitic (= obligatory cavernicole) fauna began in 1837 when the famous guide. Stephen Bishop, crossed Bottomless Pit and discovered Echo River and the regions beyond. The discovery and description of the northern cavefish. Amblyopsis spelaea (Dekay. 1842), attracted zoological attention. Theodor Tellkampf (1844) collected and described the first troglobitic invertebrates, including Adelops Ihirtus. a wingless catopid beetle with greatly reduced eyes. Erichson (1844), from Tellkampf's collections, described Aniophlthalnius Tellkampfii, an eyeless trechine carabid beetle. Motschulsky (1862), Leconte (1863), and Hubbard (1880a) described five more species of Anophthalmus from Mammoth Cave, and Horn described A. pubescens (1868) froim Cave City Cave, in Barren County, and A. audax (1883) from Ronalds Cave, Hart Cotunty. Packard (1876. 1888) and Hubbard (1880b) discuLssed the distribution of the beetles in the 1 This investigation was supported by a grant (G-18765) from the National Science Foundationi.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2422733",
    doi = "10.2307/2422733",
    openalex = "W2334215954",
    references = "doi101086271651, doi1023072411478, doi1023072422894, doi10230725076425, openalexw2609544273, openalexw2944097281"
}

@article{doi102307278384,
    author = "Benington, F. and Melton, C.W. and Watson, Patty Jo",
    title = "Carbon Dating Prehistoric Soot from Salts Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "American Antiquity",
    abstract = "Abstract The interiors of two large Kentucky caves — Mammoth Cave and nearby Salts Cave, both within Mammoth Cave National Park — were much visited and utilized by prehistoric Indians. Large quantities of artifacts and numerous other evidences of human activity are still present in both caves, especially in undisturbed portions of Salts Cave. Most of the remains comprise perishable materials of vegetable fiber and wood, and plants or plant parts carried into the caves by the aboriginal inhabitants of the region. Several collections of artifacts gathered 40 or 50 years ago from the surface in the Mammoth Cave area have recently been examined by D. W. Schwartz of the University of Kentucky. One such collection hints at a village site of the late Archaic-Early Woodland time range somewhere near the entrance to Salts Cave. In 1961, specimens of the black-brown ceiling and wall deposits which are quite extensive in parts of both Salts and Mammoth caves were collected and analyzed. The deposits were found to be soot, presumably from aboriginal torches and hearths whose remains occur plentifully in some areas of the caves. A sample of soot from Salts Cave was submitted for radiocarbon determination; the resulting date is 3075 ± 140 B.P. Two dates had been previously obtained by the National Park Service from artifacts in Mammoth Cave: 2230 ± 40 B.P. and 2370 ± 60 B.P. These three dates support the suggestion of a late Archaic-Early Woodland placement for the prehistoric activity in Salts and Mammoth caves.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/278384",
    doi = "10.2307/278384",
    openalex = "W867013568",
    references = "doi101016c2009007233x, doi101021ed036pa1101, openalexw828977847, stevens1882the"
}

@article{jones1965algological,
    author = "Jones, H.",
    title = "Algological investigations in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.1.4.6",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.1.4.6",
    number = "4",
    pages = "491-516",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{vanlandingham1965diatoms,
    author = "Van Landingham, Sam",
    title = "Diatoms from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.1.4.7",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.1.4.7",
    number = "4",
    pages = "517-539",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{doi1023072694457,
    author = "Watson, Patty Jo and Yarnell, Richard A.",
    title = "Archaeological and Paleoethnobotanical Investigations in Salts Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "American Antiquity",
    abstract = "Abstract Reconnaissance, surface collecting, and test excavation were carried on in Salts Cave in August, 1963, by a joint Illinois State Museum-Cave Research Foundation expedition in cooperation with the National Park Service. Various analyses and secondary investigations have continued since then. The main upper passages of the cave were extensively visited during the last millennium B.C. by a prehistoric people who are probably to be assigned to the Early Woodland culture grouping. They were exploiting the mineral resources of the cave, primarily sulfate crystalline deposits, at least one of which is cathartic. Some individuals penetrated nearly two miles into the cave, using cane torches. Quantities of prehistoric, dried human feces are available and are yielding important dietary information. The people were apparently cultivating some plant species, including sunflower (Heliarn thus annus) and two members of the classic tropical horticultural complex, squash and gourd (Cucurbita pepo and Lagenarid siceraria). There is as yet no evidence that they grew or used maize (Zea mays).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2694457",
    doi = "10.2307/2694457",
    openalex = "W1968146470",
    references = "doi102307278384"
}

@misc{doi103133wsp1837,
    author = "Brown, Richmond",
    title = "Hydrology of the cavernous limestones of the Mammoth Cave area, Kentucky",
    year = "1966",
    abstract = "The Mammoth Cave National Park in central Kentucky offers a unique opportunity to study the occurrence of ground water in limestone under natural conditions. Ground water occurs as perched and semiperched bodies in alternate sandstone, shale, and limestone formations and under water-table conditions at the approximate level of the Green River in thick soluble limestone. Three continuous recorders that operated for 5 years indicate that precipitation on the Mammoth Cave plateau recharges the underlying sandstone rapidly. Ground water from the sandstone discharges horizontally to the edges of the plateau and vertically to underlying formations. Some of the precipitation recharges underlying formations almost immediately through overland flow to sinkholes and free fall through open shafts to pools at the water table. Much of the precipitation on the Pennyroyal plain flows overland into sinkholes and then through solution openings to the Green River. Water from the Green River flows into limestone solution channels under Mammoth Cave plateau at some stages, and this water discharges again to the Green River downstream. The presence of salt water, high in chloride in the Green River, makes it possible to trace the movement of the river water through the underground streams. Graphs show relationships of chloride concentration, stage of the Green River, time, precipitation, ground-water levels, and stratigraphy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/wsp1837",
    doi = "10.3133/wsp1837",
    openalex = "W2254239676"
}

@misc{shackleton1973oxygen2,
    author = "Shackleton, N. J. and Opdyke, N. D",
    title = "Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equitorial Pacific core V28-238",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Quaternary Research, v. 3, p. 39-55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Shackleton, N. J., and Opdyke, N. D., 1973, Oxygen isotope and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of equitorial Pacific core V28-238: Quaternary Research, v. 3, p. 39-55.}"
}

@article{schmidt1982magnetostratigraphy,
    author = "Schmidt, Victor A.",
    title = "Magnetostratigraphy of Sediments in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Clastic sediment deposits found within the caves of Mammoth Cave National Park have yielded a magnetostratigraphic pattern of magnetic polarity reversals which indicates-that they were deposited over a range of at least 1 million and most likely 2 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.217.4562.827",
    doi = "10.1126/science.217.4562.827",
    number = "4562",
    pages = "827-829",
    volume = "217"
}

@misc{schmidt1982magnetostratigraphy1,
    author = "Schmidt, V. A",
    title = "Magnetostratigraphy of sediments in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 217, p. 827-829",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schmidt, V. A., 1982, Magnetostratigraphy of sediments in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky: Science, v. 217, p. 827-829.}"
}

@article{openalexw1605248500,
    author = "Munson, Patrick J. and Tankersley, Kenneth B. and Munson, Cheryl A. and Watson, Patty Jo",
    title = "Prehistoric Selenite and Satinspar Mining in the Mammoth Cave System, Kentucky",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology",
    abstract = "Etude de l'extraction des mineraux contenus dans les sediments de 2 grottes du Mammoth, Cave National Park, Kentucky. Description des mines et techniques d'extraction. Probleme de l'utilisation des cristaux de gypse extraits. Datations C 14",
    openalex = "W1605248500",
    references = "stevens1882the"
}

@article{doi1011300016760620011130825ppiotg20co2,
    author = "Granger, Darryl E. and Fabel, Derek and Palmer, Arthur N.",
    title = "Pliocene−Pleistocene incision of the Green River, Kentucky, determined from radioactive decay of cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in Mammoth Cave sediments",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Cosmogenic 26Al and 10Be in sediments washed into Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, record the history of 3.5 m.y. of water-table position, governed by incision and aggradation of the Green River, a tributary of the Ohio River. Upper levels of the cave formed during a period of slow river incision and were later filled with sediment due to river aggradation at 2.3–2.4 Ma. A brief surge of river incision ca. 2 Ma was followed by river stability and cave-passage formation at a lower level. Rapid incision through 15 m of bedrock ca. 1.5 Ma was prompted by repositioning of the Ohio River to its present course along an ice-sheet margin. Renewed incision ca. 1.2 Ma and aggradation at 0.7–0.8 Ma correlate with major ice advances in the Ohio River basin. Measurements of 26Al and 10Be also indicate that sandstone-capped uplands have maintained slow erosion rates of 2–7 m/m.y. for the past 3.5 m.y., despite accelerated Pleistocene river incision rates of ∼30 m/m.y.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0825:ppiotg>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<0825:ppiotg>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W1976894260",
    references = "doi1010160012821x9190220c, doi1010160012821x9400249x, doi1010160012821x9500169d, doi1010160016703792904014, doi101016s0169555x98000889, doi101017s0263593300020782, doi10103841056, doi101086629823, doi1011300016760619911030001oamolc23co2, doi101146annurevea22050194002033, schmidt1982magnetostratigraphy"
}

@article{doi101353sgo20040002,
    author = "Algeo, Katie",
    title = "Mammoth Cave and the Making of Place",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Southeastern geographer",
    abstract = "Occupation, use, and symbolic construction of place in the Mammoth Cave region of Kentucky has resulted in five distinct eras of place-making during the past two hundred years. The connectedness of Mammoth Cave to the larger national stage is revealed through struggles over control and development that wrought successive transformations upon the cultural landscape. The symbolic import of the world's largest cave altered as, in turn, resource extraction, tourism, and environmentalism became the dominant ideology influencing development in the Mammoth Cave region. This paper positions the process of placemaking at Mammoth Cave within the changing scene of American society and culture.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2004.0002",
    doi = "10.1353/sgo.2004.0002",
    openalex = "W2168388033",
    references = "openalexw2618378391, stevens1882the"
}

@article{doi1050381827806x3626,
    author = "Smith, Thomas E. and Olson, Rick",
    title = "A taxonomic survey of lamp flora (algae and cyanobacteria) in electrically lit passages within Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    abstract = "A taxonomic survey of the lamp flora from electrically lit passages in Mammoth Cave, Mammoth Cave National Park, identified 28 species. Overall, cyanobacteria were dominant represented by 14 species (50\% of the total), green algae had eight species (29\%), and six diatoms species (21\%) were present. There was not a correlation between species diversity and temperature, but there is a general trend of increasing diversity with warmer temperatures. There were two algal or cyanobacterial species identified in this study that overlapped with previous studies. There is a lack of continuity between previous studies only having one species identified in more than one study. This suggests a high algal turnover and possible colonization rates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.36.2.6",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.36.2.6",
    openalex = "W2147687789",
    references = "doi101007bf00425188, jones1965algological, vanlandingham1965diatoms"
}

@incollection{brucker2012mammoth,
    author = "Brucker, Roger W.",
    title = "Mammoth Cave System, Kentucky",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Caves",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-383832-2.00067-0",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-383832-2.00067-0",
    pages = "469-474"
}

@article{doi101007s110690162600x,
    author = "Wall, John and Bohnenstiehl, D. R. and Wegmann, Karl W. and Levine, Norman",
    title = "Morphometric comparisons between automated and manual karst depression inventories in Apalachicola National Forest, Florida, and Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky, USA",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Natural Hazards",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2600-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s11069-016-2600-x",
    openalex = "W2528162649",
    references = "doi102307213346"
}

@article{openalexw2548912576,
    author = "Pope, Dakota",
    title = "Cases of the Mammoth Cave Bug: The Fascination of Exploration at Mammoth Cave",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "TopSCHOLAR (Western Kentucky University)",
    abstract = "Mammoth Cave captures the attention of people from around the world. Its vast passages and amount of darkness entices the creativity of those who visit. For many, it is like a giant puzzle and they are just trying to put all of the pieces together in their exploration and want to see how it all comes out in the end. Through a series of personal interviews and readings I created a video series and webpage. I seek to find out why people were so enamored with the cave, to show their fascination with the cave, and to honor their contributions to the exploration of Mammoth Cave. To experience the full project please visit the website at www.mammothcavebug.com.",
    openalex = "W2548912576",
    references = "openalexw652838928"
}

@article{palmer2016the,
    author = "Palmer, A. N.",
    title = "The Mammoth Cave system, Kentucky, USA",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Boletín Geológico y Minero",
    abstract = "Mammoth Cave is the main attraction of Mammoth Cave National Park. For several decades it has been the longest known cave in the world and currently contains 652 km in 2016 of surveyed passages. It is located in the heart of an extensive karst plateau, in which the stratal dip averages only one degree. The cave is part of a drainage basin of more than 200 km². The cave has been known to local inhabitants for several millennia and contains a rich trove of archaeological and historical artifacts. It contains many speleo biota including several rare and endangered species and has been designated a World Heritage Site and an International Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO). Its many passage levels and sediments contain a record of the fluvial history of most of southeastern North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.009",
    doi = "10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.009",
    number = "1",
    pages = "131-145",
    volume = "127"
}

@article{doi101353khs20180091,
    author = "Warrick, Alyssa D.",
    title = "Underground Wilderness? Mammoth Cave National Park, the Wilderness Act of 1964, and the Limits of Preservation",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "˜The œRegister - Kentucky Historical Society/˜The œregister of the Kentucky Historical Society",
    abstract = {Underground Wilderness?Mammoth Cave National Park, the Wilderness Act of 1964, and the Limits of Preservation Alyssa D. Warrick (bio) On September 9, 1972, a team of cave explorers, five men and one woman, entered a man-made entrance into the Flint Ridge Cave System within Mammoth Cave National Park in Kentucky. They carried with them food, extra light sources, cave surveying equipment, and the weight of thousands of hours that had been dedicated to the task of linking the world's longest cave, the Flint Ridge Cave System, to the world famous Mammoth Cave. They passed somewhat swiftly through obstacles that had bruised and abused their predecessors, including Agony Avenue, the Chest Compressor, and the Tight Spot. Just over a week before the team's entry, another caving party found an underground river that might lead to Mammoth Cave and named it Hanson's Lost River after a Mammoth Cave guide, Pete Hanson, who had died in World War II. Optimism seemed to fade when expedition leader John Wilcox ventured chest-deep into Hanson's Lost River. With only twelve inches of breathing room between the downward-angled ceiling and the water level, this kind of caving could be dangerous. Cavers who went to into such water could drown if a flash flood raised the rivers or if they stayed in too long and hypothermia set in. The rocky ceiling began to rise up until Wilcox could no longer see it in his carbide light, but the walls of the cave passage opened into a room. Across the chamber [End Page 405] Wilcox saw a horizontal formation—a handrail to an old tourist trail in Mammoth Cave. Fourteen hours after they crawled, climbed, and squeezed their way through the Flint Ridge Cave System, the caving team left through the freight elevator that serviced the underground Snowball Dining Room of Mammoth Cave—or as it would soon be known, the Flint Mammoth Cave System.1 The connection came at a crucial moment in Mammoth Cave National Park history. In 1964, Congress passed the Wilderness Act to protect those "untrammeled" natural places "where man himself is a visitor who does not remain."2 According to the law, national parks had to study their lands and determine within ten years if they had areas that could be further protected in the newly-created National Wilderness Preservation System. While most wilderness advocates across the nation looked primarily at the surface, this Kentucky battle for wilderness was unique in that proponents wanted to create both an underground wilderness in addition to a surface wilderness. At the same time, Mammoth Cave National Park officials were struggling to preserve park resources while also supporting increased visitation rates. Visitor facilities such as campgrounds and restrooms developed in the 1930s were out of date, and vocal local communities spoke out against the perceived "neglect" of Mammoth Cave's development, particularly as they became involved in park planning in the 1960s and 1970s. South central Kentuckians in the orbit of Mammoth Cave fought against anything the National Park Service (NPS) might do to limit their use of the park and its amenities. Also in 1964, Congress passed the Economic Opportunity Act, which created the Job Corps program as part of President Lyndon Johnson's War on Poverty, with one Job Corps camp located at Mammoth Cave. While training disadvantaged or unemployed youths, the Great Onyx Job Corps camp at Mammoth Cave National Park was tasked with building new facilities begun by the Civilian Conservation Corps during [End Page 406] the Great Depression, which sparked new discussions regarding site development versus preservation3 Click for larger view View full resolution The Cave Research Foundation team that made the connection between the Flint Ridge Cave System and the Mammoth Cave System on September 9, 1972. Back row, left to right: John Wilcox, Richard Zopf, Steve Wells, and Cleve Pinnix. Front row, left to right: Gary Eller and Pat Crowther. Courtesy Mammoth Cave National Park, MACA 35120.jpg Histories of Mammoth Cave abound, but none have yet situated the story of Mammoth Cave within the broader context of national [End Page 407] park history and the environmental movement.4 The three-way...},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/khs.2018.0091",
    doi = "10.1353/khs.2018.0091",
    openalex = "W2914639754",
    references = "openalexw2618378391"
}

@incollection{brucker2019mammoth,
    author = "Brucker, Roger W.",
    title = "Mammoth Cave System, Kentucky",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Caves",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814124-3.00080-7",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-814124-3.00080-7",
    pages = "669-677"
}

@phdthesis{doi1012794metadc1986816,
    author = "McClain, Elisabeth Ray",
    title = {"Come along, Floyd!" An Ethnographic Study of the Crystal Cave District at Mammoth Cave National Park},
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "Cultural landscape reports (CLR) are commonly utilized by the National Park Service to define the significance of cultural landscapes. This thesis explores the importance of documenting not only physical characteristics of cultural landscapes, but the cultural elements such as associated values, beliefs, ideas, and traditions. My applied research was conducted for Mammoth Cave National located in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky and focuses on the Crystal Cave District. Research explores data collected through archival research, a PPGIS exercise, and ethnographic interviews to examine the experiences and relationships between research participants and the Crystal Cave District. Research findings highlight the ways in which concepts such as place, history, identity, and tradition can act as significant factors in shaping environmental relationships today.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.12794/metadc1986816",
    doi = "10.12794/metadc1986816",
    openalex = "W4406492870",
    references = "openalexw652838928"
}