@article{lyburn1916economic,
    author = "LYBURN, E. ST. JOHN",
    title = "Economic Geology and an Imperial Bureau of Scientific Intelligence",
    year = "1916",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/097380c0",
    doi = "10.1038/097380c0",
    number = "2436",
    openalex = "W2136246119",
    pages = "380-380",
    volume = "97"
}

@article{elles1922the,
    author = "Elles, Gertrude L.",
    title = "The graptolite faunas of the British Isles",
    year = "1922",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Geologists' Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7878(22)80007-9",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-7878(22)80007-9",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2090934660",
    pages = "168-IN1",
    volume = "33"
}

@book{berry1960graptolite1,
    author = "Berry, W. B. N",
    title = "Graptolite faunas of the Marathon region, west Texas, Publication 6005 of University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology",
    year = "1960",
    publisher = "Austin, Texas, 179 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berry, W. B. N., 1960, Graptolite faunas of the Marathon region, west Texas, Publication 6005 of University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology: Austin, Texas, 179 p.}"
}

@misc{cumming1963graptolite,
    author = "Cumming, L M",
    title = "Graptolite Faunas From the Ordovician and Silurian of Gaspe Peninsula",
    year = "1963",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4095/121593",
    doi = "10.4095/121593",
    openalex = "W2908996518"
}

@misc{shepard1973submarine2,
    author = "Shepard, F. P",
    title = "Submarine Geology [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "New York, Harper \& Row, 517 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Shepard, F. P., 1973, Submarine Geology [3rd ed.]: New York, Harper \& Row, 517 p.}"
}

@article{beavis1975ordovician,
    author = "Beavis, F. C.",
    title = "Ordovician graptolite faunas in Australia",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society of Australia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00167617508728910",
    doi = "10.1080/00167617508728910",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1986806897",
    pages = "447-455",
    volume = "22",
    references = "elles1922the"
}

@incollection{conybeare1979application,
    author = "CONYBEARE, C.E.B.",
    title = "Application of Basin Analysis to Economic Geology",
    year = "1979",
    booktitle = "Lithostratigraphic Analysis of Sedimentary Basins",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-186050-9.50011-x",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-186050-9.50011-x",
    openalex = "W2896052342",
    pages = "438-497"
}

@misc{king1980geology,
    author = "King, P.B.",
    title = "Geology of the eastern part of the Marathon Basin, Texas",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "Professional Paper",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1157",
    doi = "10.3133/pp1157",
    openalex = "W2253056581"
}

@article{doi101144sjg19030297,
    author = "Stone, P. and Rushton, A. W. A.",
    title = "Graptolite faunas from the Ballantrae ophiolite complex and their structural implications",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Scottish Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Graptolites from the Bennane Head area of the Ballantrae complex indicate ages ranging from lowest Arenig (Lancefieldian, with Tetragraptus approximates) to middle Arenig (Chewtonian). The distribution of the graptolite faunas strongly suggests a tectonic repetition of the sequence of lavas and interbedded clastic sediments in which they are contained. This throws some doubt on previous assumptions of an anomalously thick volcanic succession within the complex, a feature which has been widely quoted in support of the various proposals for its origin. Instead it seems likely that volcanic sequences of different ages and origins have been structurally juxtaposed. The origins of the older, lower-middle Arenig volcanics are confused but a younger, middle-upper Arenig sequence seems likely to be the product of an island arc. A phase of major thrusting intervened between the two volcanic episodes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg19030297",
    doi = "10.1144/sjg19030297",
    openalex = "W2067956913"
}

@article{kouda1983bureau,
    author = "KOUDA, Ryoichi",
    title = "Bureau of Economic Geology-Texas University (1)-",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3720/japt.48.190",
    doi = "10.3720/japt.48.190",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1485481960",
    pages = "190-194",
    volume = "48"
}

@article{rushton1988graptolite,
    author = "Rushton, A. W. A. and Stone, P.",
    title = "Graptolite faunas from the Ballantrae Complex",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Scottish Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg24010093",
    doi = "10.1144/sjg24010093",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2030081503",
    pages = "93-95",
    volume = "24"
}

@article{wermund1990a,
    author = "Wermund, E. G.",
    title = "A state geological survey commitment to environmental geology—the Texas bureau of economic geology",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Environmental Geology and Water Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01705093",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01705093",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2051037271",
    pages = "73-75",
    volume = "15"
}

@article{doi101080002411601300068279,
    author = "Maletz, Jörg and Egenhoff, Sven",
    title = "Late Tremadoc to early Arenig graptolite faunas of southern Bolivia and their implications for a worldwide biozonation",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "The graptolite faunal succession of the late Tremadoc to early Arenig in southern Bolivia is established from the Cieneguillas and Culpina sections and compared with faunas from other regions. The succession yields important data for the discussion on the proposed GSSP at the base of the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone and the completeness of the successions in eastern North America and Scandinavia. The graptolite faunas of the Aorograptus victoriae, Kiaerograptus supremus, Araneograptus murrayi, Hunnegraptus copiosus and Tetragraptus phyllograptoides zones are reviewed and the faunal associations discussed. The Kiaerograptus supremus Zone is regarded as a local Scandinavian biozone.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/002411601300068279",
    doi = "10.1080/002411601300068279",
    openalex = "W2134617902"
}

@article{doi101017s0016756802007227,
    author = "Jackson, D. E. and Lenz, Alfred C.",
    title = "Taxonomic and biostratigraphical significance of the Tremadoc graptolite fauna from northern Yukon Territory, Canada",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Twenty-two graptolite species are described from the Tremadoc portion of the Road River Group. In a 220 m thick, graptolite-rich section on Peel River, six graptolite biozones are recognized which in ascending order are: Staurograptus dichotomus, Anisograptus matanensis, Adelograptus cf. A. tenellus, Adelograptus antiquus, Kiaerograptus pritchardi and Paradelograptus kinnegraptoides. The Psigraptus fauna appears to be confined to a single bedding-plane within a thick interval dominated by Adelograptus cf. A. tenellus, and for this reason we propose a new zone characterized by the latter species rather than identify a Psigraptus Biozone as in China. The Adelograptus cf. A. tenellus Biozone has yielded Adelograptus? bulmani Spjeldnaes 1963, which we propose as the type species for the new genus Ancoragraptus. Graptolites recorded from the Tremadoc of the Yukon for the first time are: Ancoragraptus bulmani, Clonograptus magnificus, C. cf. C. multiplex, C. cf. C. rigidus, Hunnegraptus copiosus, Kiaerograptus? bulmani and K? kutchini sp. nov.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802007227",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756802007227",
    openalex = "W2131967920"
}

@article{doi101144sjg39010029,
    author = "Stone, P. and Rushton, A. W. A.",
    title = "A Late Arenig (early Yapeenian) graptolite fauna and the coeval tectonic development of the Ballantrae Complex ophiolite, SW Scotland",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Scottish Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "Synopsis A Late Arenig graptolite fauna is known from one isolated occurrence within the Ballantrae Complex ophiolite; a borehole core taken near North Ballaird farm. Reassessment of that fauna shows it to be of early Yapeenian (Yal) (just possibly late Castlemainian; Ca4) age and confirms that it is significantly younger than all other dated components of the complex. Of particular importance are the records of Arienigraptus gracilis (Ruedemann), Isograptus australis Cooper and Yutagraptus? v-deflexus (Harris). The graptolitic sequence conformably underlies a microconglomerate bed in which the clasts are coated by algal encrustation. Some of those clasts are of serpentinite, which was therefore clearly available for erosion into shallow water during the early Yapeenian stage. It seems most likely that the serpentinite was structurally elevated during obduction of the ophiolite, a process driven by arc-continent collision. On a broad, regional scale this can be associated with the collisional event initiating the Grampian Orogeny, for the timing of which the early Yapeenian age of the North Ballaird graptolite fauna provides an additional control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sjg39010029",
    doi = "10.1144/sjg39010029",
    openalex = "W2045944045",
    references = "doi1010160024493785900192, doi101017s0016756800011390, doi101130mem19p1, doi101139e95032, doi101144gslsp19920600101, doi101144gslsp19991640105, doi101144jgs15761149, doi1017226203, doi1018814epiiugs1996v19i12002, doi105962bhltitle62840, rushton1988graptolite"
}

@inproceedings{young2012update,
    author = "Young, Michael",
    title = "Update on Bureau of Economic Geology Research in Geological Sequestration",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "TCEQ Trade Fair Austin, Texas May 2012",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2172/1747975",
    doi = "10.2172/1747975",
    openalex = "W3117085339"
}

@article{doi101130b352011,
    author = "Gao, Zihui and Perez, Nicholas D. and Miller, Brent V. and Pope, Michael C.",
    title = "Competing sediment sources during Paleozoic closure of the Marathon-Ouachita remnant ocean basin",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract The Paleozoic construction of Pangea advanced southwestward from the Appalachian system to the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt in west Texas and progressively closed a remnant ocean basin between Laurentia and Gondwana. The resulting collisional orogen was a potential driver of Ancestral Rocky Mountain tectonism and impacted continental-scale sediment routing. New detrital zircon U-Pb geochronologic and heavy mineral provenance data from Ordovician–Pennsylvanian strata in the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt, and Permian strata in the Guadalupe Mountains of west Texas record changes in sediment provenance during the tectonic development of southwestern Laurentia and the Delaware Basin. In the Marathon fold-and-thrust belt, Ordovician rocks (Woods Hollow and Marathon Formations) record peri-Gondwanan sediment sources prior to continent collision. Syncollisional Mississippian and Pennsylvanian rocks (Tesnus, Haymond, Gaptank Formations) record contributions from distal Appalachian sources, recycled material from the active continental suture, and volcanic arc material from Gondwana. Near the Guadalupe Mountains, postcollisional Permian strata (Delaware Mountain Group) from the northern Delaware Basin margin suggest a dominantly southern catchment that was sourced from the deforming suture and Gondwanan arc. The results demonstrate that both plates and the active suture zone were sources for the siliciclastic wedge, but their proportions differed through time. These results also suggest that the delay between initial late Mississippian suturing in the Marathon region and increased mid-Permian siliciclastic deposition into the northern Delaware Basin may have been linked to a southward catchment expansion that integrated the collisional belt and southern volcanic arc into a broadly north-directed sediment dispersal system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b35201.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b35201.1",
    openalex = "W2959794588",
    references = "alsalem2018erratum, doi101016jjsg200802016, doi101016jjsg201301007"
}

@article{doi1010801103589720232285452,
    author = "Maletz, Jörg and Lindskog, Anders and Calner, Mikael and Wallin, Åsa K.",
    title = "The Ordovician Tøyen Shale (Floian) and its graptolite fauna at Kinnekulle, Västergötland, Sweden – a regional overview",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "GFF",
    abstract = "The graptolites of the Tøyen Shale Formation of Kinnekulle in Västergötland, south-central Sweden, are described for the first time and their biostratigraphic distribution is documented from drill core and outcrop material. The faunas indicate an age of mid to late Floian (Billingenian), thus showing a reduced biostratigraphic range of the Tøyen Shale as compared to other areas where this rock unit occurs. A considerable stratigraphic gap is apparent at its base, from the late Tremadocian to mid-Floian, as the limestones of the Ceratopyge acicularis trilobite Zone (late Tremadocian Bjørkåsholmen Formation) are followed by shales with a fauna of the Baltograptus jacksoni graptolite Biozone. Unverified records suggest that mid–late Ottenbyan (Hunnebergian) strata (Megistaspis planilimbata trilobite Zone s.l.) locally may be present in the uppermost Bjørkåsholmen Formation as identified herein. There is no indication that the Tøyen Shale reaches into the Dapingian, as Dapingian graptolites have not been recognized. The overlying limestones of the “Lanna Limestone” belong to the Megistaspis polyphemus trilobite Zone and the Baltoniodus triangularis conodont Zone, suggesting a gradual contact of the lithological units.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2023.2285452",
    doi = "10.1080/11035897.2023.2285452",
    openalex = "W4390271077",
    references = "doi101071rs19008"
}

@article{doi101111bre70098,
    author = "Juárez‐Zúñiga, Sandra and Stockli, Daniel F. and Johnson, Benjamin G. and Lawton, Timothy F.",
    title = "Depositional Interplay Between the Ancestral Rocky Mountains and Ouachita–Marathon–Sonora Orogenies: Insights From Provenance Records in the Late Palaeozoic Marfa Basin, West Texas, USA",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Basin Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The Marfa Basin in West Texas is a late Palaeozoic synorogenic depocenter associated with regional deformation linked to the Ancestral Rocky Mountains (ARM) and Ouachita–Marathon–Sonora (OMS) orogenies in southwestern Laurentia. Basin strata range in age from Middle Pennsylvanian to the middle Permian and include the Cieneguita, Alta, Pinto Canyon, Rose Mine and Mina Grande Formations. Sandstone petrography and detrital zircon (DZ) U–Pb and (U–Th)/He double dating data from these strata reveal three tectonically driven sedimentation stages: syntectonic ARM deposition, progressive OMS foredeep deposition and an orogenic transition. The Cieneguita and lower part of the Alta Formations exhibit a Mesoproterozoic DZ age signature (\textasciitilde 1318 and \textasciitilde 1076 Ma age peaks) and quartzo‐feldspathic sandstone compositions sourced from the adjacent ARM‐related Diablo Platform basement uplift in the Middle Pennsylvanian to earliest Permian. In contrast, the upper part of the Alta Formation, as well as the Pinto Canyon and Rose Mine Formations, have peri‐Gondwanan DZ age signatures, with Mesoproterozoic (\textasciitilde 1069–1036 Ma age peaks), Neoproterozoic–Cambrian (\textasciitilde 700–490 Ma) and Palaeozoic (\textasciitilde 490–300 Ma) age modes and litho‐quartzose sandstone compositions derived from the OMS fold‐and‐thrust belt and orogenic hinterland during the early to middle Permian. The lower to middle parts of the Alta Formation have alternating DZ age signatures and sandstone compositions from both ARM and OMS sources, revealing that the transition in the sediment supply occurred during the middle Wolfcampian. This transition was not characterised by source mixing, but rather by sediment interfingering alternately sourced from the Diablo Platform uplift and the advancing OMS belt. These observations are confirmed by the DZ He ages, which reveal distinct cooling histories for both source terranes. These results document a switch from ARM‐ to OMS‐related syntectonic deposition in southwestern Laurentia during the early Permian, demonstrating that ARM‐driven deformation largely preceded the continental collision along the Marathon segment of the OMS orogen.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/bre.70098",
    doi = "10.1111/bre.70098",
    openalex = "W7138314268",
    references = "doi101016jjsg201301007, doi101016jmarpetgeo2025107391"
}