@article{jones1967marine, author = "Jones, Meredith L. and Millar, R. H.", title = "Marine Invertebrates of Scandanavia, Number 1, Tunicata Ascidiacea.", year = "1967", journal = "Systematic Zoology", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2411410", doi = "10.2307/2411410", number = "2", openalex = "W2326012259", pages = "170", volume = "16" } @incollection{berrill1975chordata1, author = "Berrill, N. J", editor = "Giese, A. C. and Pearse, J. S.", title = "Chordata: Tunicata", year = "1975", booktitle = "Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates II. Ectoprocts and Lesser Coelomates", publisher = "New York, Academic Press, p. 241-282", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berrill, N. J., 1975, Chordata: Tunicata, in Giese, A. C., and Pearse, J. S., eds., Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates II. Ectoprocts and Lesser Coelomates: New York, Academic Press, p. 241-282.}" } @article{alldredge1976field, author = "Alldredge, A. L.", title = "Field behavior and adaptive strategies of appendicularians (Chordata: Tunicata)", year = "1976", journal = "Marine Biology", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00391483", doi = "10.1007/bf00391483", number = "1", openalex = "W2037918663", pages = "29-39", volume = "38", references = "doi101017s0025315400024875, doi101126science15137161399, doi101126science1774052885, doi101590s037355241965000100004, doi1023071932247, doi104319lo19681320293, doi104319lo19741960984, doi104319lo19752060907, doi104319lo19762110014, doi105962bhltitle10166" } @article{doi1023071308815, author = "Alldredge, Alice L. and Madin, L. P.", title = "Pelagic Tunicates: Unique Herbivores in the Marine Plankton", year = "1982", journal = "BioScience", abstract = "Journal Article Pelagic Tunicates: Unique Herbivores in the Marine Plankton Get access A. L. Alldredge, A. L. Alldredge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. P. Madin L. P. Madin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 32, Issue 8, September 1982, Pages 655–663, https://doi.org/10.2307/1308815 Published: 01 September 1982 Article history Accepted: 02 March 1982 Published: 01 September 1982", url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1308815", doi = "10.2307/1308815", openalex = "W2024421271", references = "alldredge1976field, doi101007bf00390593, doi101007bf00391483, doi101007bf00395638, doi101086406066, doi101126science166390172, doi101126science2034381670, doi1023071307591, doi104159harvard9780674592513, doi104319lo19721730327, doi104319lo19721760805, doi104319lo19731840534, doi105114pm2021112474, flood1978filter" } @article{doi101144gslsp19840150103, author = "McCave, I Nick", title = "Erosion, transport and deposition of fine-grained marine sediments", year = "1984", journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications", abstract = "Summary Fine-grained marine sediments are cohesive but their degree of cohesion is not simply determined by grain size. Cohesion controls erodibility, and water content, mineralogy, cation exchange capacity, salinity of interstitial and eroding fluid, organic mucus content and Bingham yield strength are all parameters relating to cohesion that have been proposed. No unique relation to erodibility has emerged and for erosion of slowly deposited sediment, modified by biota, it seems that measures of surface properties such as aggregate strength should be more relevant than bulk properties such as yield strength. The latter may be more appropriate for rapidly deposited estuarine muds. Once eroded, suspended sediment is subject to flocculation and biological aggregation, which alters size and settling velocity distributions, thereby controlling distribution in the flow and rate of deposition. Disaggregation may also occur through turbulent straining of particles, but in most marine situations this will permit stable particles over 1 mm in diameter, though under higher shear close to the bed the upper limit may be 100–200 μm. For deposition where τ 0 < 0.1 Pa the maximum stable aggregate size is probably ≥ 100 μm. Deposition of fine sediment on smooth beds probably occurs by entrapment in, and settling through, the viscous sublayer. On rough beds particles are trapped in the interstices between roughness elements. We have only a rough idea of critical deposition conditions but can give a fairly good estimate of deposition rate in given conditions. The longer term net deposition rate as measured by radiometric methods over weeks to months probably owes as much to frequency of erosion as to frequency and rate of deposition and is not yet well predicted from fluid and sediment parameters.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1984.015.01.03", doi = "10.1144/gsl.sp.1984.015.01.03", openalex = "W2108902498", references = "alldredge1976field, doi101007bf00391483" } @article{doi101039np9900700269, author = "Faulkner, D. J.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "1990", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "This review covers the literature published in 2008 for marine natural products, with 829 citations (613 for the period January to December 2008) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1065 for 2008), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/np9900700269", doi = "10.1039/np9900700269", openalex = "W2111139603", references = "doi101002143976332002070337619aidcbic61930co29, doi101007bf00337288, doi101016jcbpc200605007, doi101016jtaap200402016, doi101016s1359644603027132, doi101021cr078199m, doi101021cr900211p, doi101021np200906s, doi101038nrd2487, doi10108010408690590957188, doi101111j14765381201001127x" } @article{doi101016s0021925818984917, author = "Bai, Ruo Li and Paull, Kenneth D. and Herald, Cherry L. and Malspeis, Louis and Pettit, George R. and Hamel, Ernest", title = "Halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B, marine natural products binding in the vinca domain of tubulin. Discovery of tubulin-based mechanism of action by analysis of differential cytotoxicity data", year = "1991", journal = "Journal of Biological Chemistry", abstract = "Data generated in the new National Cancer Institute drug evaluation program, which is based on inhibition of cell growth in 60 human tumor cell lines, were used to compare new compounds with agents of known mechanism of action in terms of their differential cytotoxicity. Two marine natural products, halichondrin B and homohalichondrin B, appeared repeatedly when the data base was probed with known antimitotic agents. We confirmed that both compounds were highly cytotoxic (IC50 values for L1210 murine leukemia cells of 0.3 and 1 nM, respectively), with accumulation of cells arrested in mitosis at toxic concentrations, that both inhibited the polymerization of purified tubulin, and that both inhibited microtubule assembly dependent on microtubule-associated proteins. Limited amounts of homohalichondrin B, the less active agent, were available, so only halichondrin B was studied in detail. Halichondrin B did not interfere with colchicine binding to tubulin, but it was a noncompetitive inhibitor of the binding of vinblastine to tubulin (apparent Ki, 5.0 microM). Halichondrin B was therefore compared with other agents which interfere with the binding of vinca alkaloids to tubulin (vinblastine, maytansine, dolastatin 10, phomopsin A, rhizoxin) in terms of its effects on tubulin polymerization, inhibition of GTP hydrolysis, inhibition of nucleotide exchange, and stabilization of tubulin, as well as the quantitative assessment of its effects on vinca alkaloid binding and inhibition of cell growth. Since halichondrin B was originally isolated from the same organism as the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, and since it is about 50-fold more effective than okadaic acid as an inhibitor of L1210 cell growth, perturbations of cellular microtubules observed following treatment with okadaic acid should be interpreted cautiously.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98491-7", doi = "10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98491-7", openalex = "W1542114385" } @article{doi101126science261511778, author = "Cariton, James T. and Geller, Jonathan B.", title = "Ecological Roulette: The Global Transport of Nonindigenous Marine Organisms", year = "1993", journal = "Science", abstract = "Ocean-going ships carry, as ballast, seawater that is taken on in port and released at subsequent ports of call. Plankton samples from Japanese ballast water released in Oregon contained 367 taxa. Most taxa with a planktonic phase in their life cycle were found in ballast water, as were all major marine habitat and trophic groups. Transport of entire coastal planktonic assemblages across oceanic barriers to similar habitats renders bays, estuaries, and inland waters among the most threatened ecosystems in the world. Presence of taxonomically difficult or inconspicuous taxa in these samples suggests that ballast water invasions are already pervasive.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5117.78", doi = "10.1126/science.261.5117.78", openalex = "W2079889397", references = "doi1010079781461249887, doi1010079789400918764, doi101016016953479390025k, doi101093plankt1481067, doi101111j152317391989tb00086x, doi101139f91165, doi101139f92047, doi102216i00318884322791, doi1023071942601, openalexw1605546520" } @article{doi101146annureves25110194002555, author = "Palumbi, Stephen R.", title = "GENETIC DIVERGENCE, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, AND MARINE SPECIATION", year = "1994", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "In marine species, high dispersal is often associated with only mild genetic differentiation over large spatial scales. Despite this generalization, there are numerous reasons for the accumulation of genetic differences between large, semi-isolated marine populations. A suite of well-known evolutionary mechanisms can operate within and between populations to result in genetic divergence, and these mechanisms may well be augmented by newly discovered genetic processes. This variety of mechanisms for genetic divergence is paralleled by great diversity in the types of reproductive isolation shown by recently diverged marine species. Differences in spawning time, mate recognition, environmental tolerance, and gamete compatibility have all been implicated in marine speeiation events. There is substantial evidence for rapid evolution of reproductive isolation in strictly allopatrie populations (e,g. across the Isthmus of Panama). Evidence for the action of selection in increasing reproductive isolation in sympatric populations is fragmentary. Although a great deal of information is available on population genetics, reproductive isolation, and cryptic or sibling species in marine environments, the influence of particular genetic changes on reproductive isolation is poorly understood for marine (or terrestrial) taxa. For a few systems, like the co-evolution of gamete recognition proteins, changes in a small number of genes may give rise to reproductive isolation. Such studies show how a focus on the physiology, ecology, or sensory biology of reproductive isolation can help uncover the", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002555", doi = "10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.002555", openalex = "W2173143655", references = "doi101038365636a0, doi1015159780295743240, doi101722611310, doi1023072412725, openalexw1528487914" } @article{doi101093icb376621, author = "Ruiz, Gregory M. and Carlton, James T. and Grosholz, Edwin D. and Hines, Anson H.", title = "Global Invasions of Marine and Estuarine Habitats by Non-Indigenous Species: Mechanisms, Extent, and Consequences", year = "1997", journal = "American Zoologist", abstract = "Non-indigenous species (NIS) are increasingly conspicuous in marine and estuarine habitats throughout the world, as the number, variety, and effects of these species continue to accrue. Most of these NIS invasions result from anthropogenic dispersal. Although the relative importance of different dispersal mechanisms varies both spatially and temporally, the global movement of ballast water by ships appears to be the largest single vector for NIS transfer today, andmany recent invasions have resulted from this transfer. The rate of new invasions may have increased in recent decades, perhaps due to changes in ballast water transport. Estuaries have been especially common sites of invasions, accumulating from tens to hundreds of NIS per estuary that include most major taxonomic and trophic groups. We now know of approximately 400 NIS along the Pacific, Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the U.S., and hundreds of marine and estuarine NIS are reported from other regions of the world. Although available information about invasions is limited to a few regions and underestimates the actual number of NIS invasions, there are apparent differences in the frequency of NIS among sites. Mechanisms responsible for observed patterns among sites likely include variation in supply of NIS, and perhaps variation in properties of recipient or donor communities,but the role of these mechanisms has not been tested. Although our present knowledge about the extent, patterns and mechanisms of marine invasions is still in its infancy, it is clear that NIS are a significant force of change in marine and especially estuarine communities globally. Taxonomically diverse NIS are having significant effects on many, if not most, estuaries that fundamentally alter population, community, and ecosystems processes. The impacts of most NIS remain unknown, and the predictability of their direct and indirect effects remains uncertain. Nonetheless, based upon the documented extent of NIS invasions and scope of then effects, studies of marine communities that do not include NIS are increasingly incomplete", url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/37.6.621", doi = "10.1093/icb/37.6.621", openalex = "W2107903493", references = "doi101126science25350241099, doi101126science261511778" } @article{doi101126science28554331505, author = "Harvell, C. Drew and Kim, Kiho and Burkholder, JoAnn M. and Colwell, Rita R. and Epstein, Paul R. and Grimes, D. Jay and Hofmann, Eileen E. and Lipp, Erin K. and Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E. and Overstreet, Robin M. and Porter, James W. and Smith, Garriet W. and Vasta, Gerardo R.", title = "Emerging Marine Diseases--Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors", year = "1999", journal = "Science", abstract = "Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997–98 is coincident with high El Niño temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.285.5433.1505", doi = "10.1126/science.285.5433.1505", openalex = "W2151399155", references = "doi101038280361a0, doi101126science261511778, doi102216i00318884322791" } @article{doi101146annurevecolsys311481, author = "Ruiz, Gregory M. and Fofonoff, Paul W. and Carlton, James T. and Wonham, Marjorie J. and Hines, Anson H.", title = "Invasion of Coastal Marine Communities in North America: Apparent Patterns, Processes, and Biases", year = "2000", journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics", abstract = "▪ Abstract Biological invasions of marine habitats have been common, and many patterns emerge from the existing literature. In North America, we identify 298 nonindigenous species (NIS) of invertebrates and algae that are established in marine and estuarine waters, generating many “apparent patterns” of invasion: (a) The rate of reported invasions has increased exponentially over the past 200 years; (b) Most NIS are crustaceans and molluscs, while NIS in taxonomic groups dominated by small organisms are rare; (c) Most invasions have resulted from shipping; (d) More NIS are present along the Pacific coast than the Atlantic and Gulf coasts; (e) Native and source regions of NIS differ among coasts, corresponding to trade patterns. The validity of these apparent patterns remains to be tested, because strong bias exists in the data. Overall, the emergent patterns reflect interactive effects of propagule supply, invasion resistance, and sampling bias. Understanding the relative contribution of each component remains a major challenge for invasion ecology and requires standardized, quantitative measures in space and time that we now lack.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.481", doi = "10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.481", openalex = "W2155758150", references = "doi10108000785236199010422025, doi101126science25350241099, doi101126science261511778" } @article{doi101126science1067728, author = "Roberts, Callum M. and McClean, Colin J. and Veron, J. E. N. and Hawkins, Julie P. and Allen, Gerald R. and McAllister, Don E. and Mittermeier, Cristina G. and Schueler, Frederick W and Spalding, Mark and Wells, Fred E. and Vynne, Carly and Werner, Timothy B.", title = "Marine Biodiversity Hotspots and Conservation Priorities for Tropical Reefs", year = "2002", journal = "Science", abstract = "Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse of shallow water marine ecosystems but are being degraded worldwide by human activities and climate warming. Analyses of the geographic ranges of 3235 species of reef fish, corals, snails, and lobsters revealed that between 7.2\% and 53.6\% of each taxon have highly restricted ranges, rendering them vulnerable to extinction. Restricted-range species are clustered into centers of endemism, like those described for terrestrial taxa. The 10 richest centers of endemism cover 15.8\% of the world's coral reefs (0.012\% of the oceans) but include between 44.8 and 54.2\% of the restricted-range species. Many occur in regions where reefs are being severely affected by people, potentially leading to numerous extinctions. Threatened centers of endemism are major biodiversity hotspots, and conservation efforts targeted toward them could help avert the loss of tropical reef biodiversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067728", doi = "10.1126/science.1067728", openalex = "W2149529243", references = "doi101126science26752011117" } @article{doi1010292002jd002670, author = "Rayner, Nick A and Parker, D. E. and Horton, E. B. and Folland, C. K. and Alexander, Lisa V. and Rowell, David P. and Kent, Elizabeth C. and Kaplan, Alexey", title = "Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century", year = "2003", journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres", abstract = "We present the Met Office Hadley Centre's sea ice and sea surface temperature (SST) data set, HadISST1, and the nighttime marine air temperature (NMAT) data set, HadMAT1. HadISST1 replaces the global sea ice and sea surface temperature (GISST) data sets and is a unique combination of monthly globally complete fields of SST and sea ice concentration on a 1° latitude‐longitude grid from 1871. The companion HadMAT1 runs monthly from 1856 on a 5° latitude‐longitude grid and incorporates new corrections for the effect on NMAT of increasing deck (and hence measurement) heights. HadISST1 and HadMAT1 temperatures are reconstructed using a two‐stage reduced‐space optimal interpolation procedure, followed by superposition of quality‐improved gridded observations onto the reconstructions to restore local detail. The sea ice fields are made more homogeneous by compensating satellite microwave‐based sea ice concentrations for the impact of surface melt effects on retrievals in the Arctic and for algorithm deficiencies in the Antarctic and by making the historical in situ concentrations consistent with the satellite data. SSTs near sea ice are estimated using statistical relationships between SST and sea ice concentration. HadISST1 compares well with other published analyses, capturing trends in global, hemispheric, and regional SST well, containing SST fields with more uniform variance through time and better month‐to‐month persistence than those in GISST. HadMAT1 is more consistent with SST and with collocated land surface air temperatures than previous NMAT data sets.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jd002670", doi = "10.1029/2002jd002670", openalex = "W2006165291", references = "doi101007s003820050009, doi10102997jc01736, doi10103843848, doi10103843854, doi1011751520044219940070929igssta20co2, doi1011751520044219990120829rtcstc20co2, doi1011751520044220020151609aiisas20co2, doi1011751520047719870681239acoads20co2, doi1011751520049319590870367aooas20co2, doi101256004316502320517344" } @article{doi101111j14610248200500871x, author = "Harley, Christopher D. G. and Hughes, A. Randall and Hultgren, Kristin M. and Miner, Benjamin G. and Sorte, Cascade J. B. and Thornber, Carol and Rodriguez, Laura F. and Tomanek, Lars and Williams, Susan L.", title = "The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems", year = "2006", journal = "Ecology Letters", abstract = "Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few 'leverage species' may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations' ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and living systems will respond.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00871.x", openalex = "W1503832382", references = "doi101016s0169534702000447, doi101038nature02808, doi101126science1097329, doi101126science1097403, doi101126science2845411118, doi1023072485224" } @article{doi101073pnas0700962104, author = "Udwary, Daniel and Zeigler, Lisa and Asolkar, Ratnakar N. and Singan, Vasanth and Lapidus, Alla and Fenical, William and Jensen, Paul R. and Moore, Bradley S.", title = "Genome sequencing reveals complex secondary metabolome in the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica", year = "2007", journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences", abstract = "Recent fermentation studies have identified actinomycetes of the marine-dwelling genus Salinispora as prolific natural product producers. To further evaluate their biosynthetic potential, we sequenced the 5,183,331-bp S. tropica CNB-440 circular genome and analyzed all identifiable secondary natural product gene clusters. Our analysis shows that S. tropica dedicates a large percentage of its genome (≈9.9\%) to natural product assembly, which is greater than previous Streptomyces genome sequences as well as other natural product-producing actinomycetes. The S. tropica genome features polyketide synthase systems of every known formally classified family, nonribosomal peptide synthetases, and several hybrid clusters. Although a few clusters appear to encode molecules previously identified in Streptomyces species, the majority of the 17 biosynthetic loci are novel. Specific chemical information about putative and observed natural product molecules is presented and discussed. In addition, our bioinformatic analysis not only was critical for the structure elucidation of the polyene macrolactam salinilactam A, but its structural analysis aided the genome assembly of the highly repetitive slm loci. This study firmly establishes the genus Salinispora as a rich source of drug-like molecules and importantly reveals the powerful interplay between genomic analysis and traditional natural product isolation studies.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700962104", doi = "10.1073/pnas.0700962104", openalex = "W1970413517" } @article{doi1011631875986607602004, author = "Voultsiadou, Eleni and Vafidis, Dimitris", title = "Marine invertebrate diversity in Aristotle’s zoology", year = "2007", journal = "Contributions to Zoology", abstract = "The aim of this paper is to bring to light Aristotle’s knowledge of marine invertebrate diversity as this has been recorded in his works 25 centuries ago, and set it against current knowledge. The analysis of information derived from a thorough study of his zoological writings revealed 866 records related to animals currently classified as marine invertebrates. These records corresponded to 94 different animal names or descriptive phrases which were assigned to 85 current marine invertebrate taxa, mostly (58\%) at the species level. A detailed, annotated catalogue of all marine anhaima (a = without, haima = blood) appearing in Aristotle’s zoological works was constructed and several older confusions were clarified. Some of Aristotle’s “genera” were found to be directly correlated to current invertebrate higher taxa. Almost the total of the marine anhaima were benthic invertebrates. The great philosopher had a remarkable, well-balanced scientific knowledge of the diversity of the various invertebrate groups, very similar to that acquired by modern marine biologists in the same area of study. The results of the present study should be considered as a necessary starting point for a further analysis of Aristotle’s priceless contribution to the marine environment and its organisms.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-07602004", doi = "10.1163/18759866-07602004", openalex = "W2120962158" } @article{doi101641b570707, author = "Spalding, Mark and Fox, Helen and Allen, Gerald R. and Davidson, Nick C. and Ferdaña, Zach and Finlayson, C. Max and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Jorge, Miguel Angel and Lombana, Al and Lourie, Sara A. and Martin, Kirsten D. and McManus, Edmund and Molnar, Jennifer and Recchia, Cheri A. and Robertson, James", title = "Marine Ecoregions of the World: A Bioregionalization of Coastal and Shelf Areas", year = "2007", journal = "BioScience", abstract = "ABSTRACT The conservation and sustainable use of marine resources is a highlighted goal on a growing number of national and international policy agendas. Unfortunately, efforts to assess progress, as well as to strategically plan and prioritize new marine conservation measures, have been hampered by the lack of a detailed, comprehensive biogeographic system to classify the oceans. Here we report on a new global system for coastal and shelf areas: the Marine Ecoregions of the World, or MEOW, a nested system of 12 realms, 62 provinces, and 232 ecoregions. This system provides considerably better spatial resolution than earlier global systems, yet it preserves many common elements and can be cross-referenced to many regional biogeographic classifications. The designation of terrestrial ecoregions has revolutionized priority setting and planning for terrestrial conservation; we anticipate similar benefits from the use of a coherent and credible marine system.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/b570707", doi = "10.1641/b570707", openalex = "W2098567981", references = "doi101016b9780124555211x50001, doi1016410006356820010510933teotwa20co2" } @article{doi101111j14610248200801253x, author = "Crain, Caitlin M. and Kroeker, Kristy J. and Halpern, Benjamin S.", title = "Interactive and cumulative effects of multiple human stressors in marine systems", year = "2008", journal = "Ecology Letters", abstract = "Humans impact natural systems in a multitude of ways, yet the cumulative effect of multiple stressors on ecological communities remains largely unknown. Here we synthesized 171 studies that manipulated two or more stressors in marine and coastal systems and found that cumulative effects in individual studies were additive (26\%), synergistic (36\%), and antagonistic (38\%). The overall interaction effect across all studies was synergistic, but interaction type varied by response level (community: antagonistic, population: synergistic), trophic level (autotrophs: antagonistic, heterotrophs: synergistic), and specific stressor pair (seven pairs additive, three pairs each synergistic and antagonistic). Addition of a third stressor changed interaction effects significantly in two-thirds of all cases and doubled the number of synergistic interactions. Given that most studies were performed in laboratories where stressor effects can be carefully isolated, these three-stressor results suggest that synergies may be quite common in nature where more than two stressors almost always coexist. While significant gaps exist in multiple stressor research, our results suggest an immediate need to account for stressor interactions in ecological studies and conservation planning.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01253.x", openalex = "W2145350205", references = "doi101017s1464793105006950" } @article{doi101016jjsps200912001, author = "El‐Gamal, Ali A.", title = "Biological importance of marine algae", year = "2010", journal = "Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal", abstract = "Marine organisms are potentially prolific sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that might represent useful leads in the development of new pharmaceutical agents. Algae can be classified into two main groups; first one is the microalgae, which includes blue green algae, dinoflagellates, bacillariophyta (diatoms)… etc., and second one is macroalgae (seaweeds) which includes green, brown and red algae. The microalgae phyla have been recognized to provide chemical and pharmacological novelty and diversity. Moreover, microalgae are considered as the actual producers of some highly bioactive compounds found in marine resources. Red algae are considered as the most important source of many biologically active metabolites in comparison to other algal classes. Seaweeds are used for great number of application by man. The principal use of seaweeds as a source of human food and as a source of gums (phycocollides). Phycocolloides like agar agar, alginic acid and carrageenan are primarily constituents of brown and red algal cell walls and are widely used in industry.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.001", doi = "10.1016/j.jsps.2009.12.001", openalex = "W2034081022", references = "doi101039b006897g" } @article{doi101111j17517915201000179x, author = "Debbab, Abdessamad and Aly, Amal H. and Lin, Wen Han and Proksch, Peter", title = "Bioactive Compounds from Marine Bacteria and Fungi", year = "2010", journal = "Microbial Biotechnology", abstract = "Marine bacteria and fungi are of considerable importance as new promising sources of a huge number of biologically active products. Some of these marine species live in a stressful habitat, under cold, lightless and high pressure conditions. Surprisingly, a large number of species with high diversity survive under such conditions and produce fascinating and structurally complex natural products. Up till now, only a small number of microorganisms have been investigated for bioactive metabolites, yet a huge number of active substances with some of them featuring unique structural skeletons have been isolated. This review covers new biologically active natural products published recently (2007-09) and highlights the chemical potential of marine microorganisms, with focus on bioactive products as well as on their mechanisms of action.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00179.x", doi = "10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00179.x", openalex = "W1814086198", references = "doi101039b006897g" } @article{doi101039c2np00090c, author = "Blunt, John W. and Copp, Brent R. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Munro, Murray H. G. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2011", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c2np00090c", doi = "10.1039/c2np00090c", openalex = "W1553908537" } @article{doi101055s00301250663, author = "Tempone, André G. and de Oliveira, Camila Martins and Berlinck, Roberto G. S.", title = "Current Approaches to Discover Marine Antileishmanial Natural Products", year = "2011", journal = "Planta Medica", abstract = "Leishmaniasis is a neglected infectious disease caused by kinetoplastid protozoans. An urgent need for novel chemotherapeutics exists. The current approaches to discover new antileishmanial compounds present many drawbacks, including high-cost and time-consuming bioassays. Thus, advances in leishmaniasis treatment are limited, and the development of screening assays is hindered. The combination of multidisciplinary approaches using standardised methods and synchronous projects could be an alternative to develop novel drugs for leishmaniasis treatment. In this review, we discuss the current status of leishmaniasis occurrence and treatment. In addition, we address the advantages and limitations of in vitro leishmaniasis bioassays and discuss the findings of drug discovery research using natural products. Finally, we comprehensively review the marine natural products that are active against Leishmania spp., including their natural sources and bioactivity profile.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1250663", doi = "10.1055/s-0030-1250663", openalex = "W2002493949" } @article{doi101126science1210288, author = "Burrows, Michael T. and Schoeman, David S. and Buckley, Lauren B. and Moore, Pippa J. and Poloczanska, Elvira S. and Brander, Keith and Brown, Christopher J. and Bruno, John F. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Holding, Johnna M. and Kappel, Carrie V. and Kiessling, Wolfgang and O’Connor, Mary I. and Pandolfi, John M. and Parmesan, Camille and Schwing, Franklin B. and Sydeman, William J. and Richardson, Anthony J.", title = "The Pace of Shifting Climate in Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems", year = "2011", journal = "Science", abstract = "Climate change challenges organisms to adapt or move to track changes in environments in space and time. We used two measures of thermal shifts from analyses of global temperatures over the past 50 years to describe the pace of climate change that species should track: the velocity of climate change (geographic shifts of isotherms over time) and the shift in seasonal timing of temperatures. Both measures are higher in the ocean than on land at some latitudes, despite slower ocean warming. These indices give a complex mosaic of predicted range shifts and phenology changes that deviate from simple poleward migration and earlier springs or later falls. They also emphasize potential conservation concerns, because areas of high marine biodiversity often have greater velocities of climate change and seasonal shifts.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210288", doi = "10.1126/science.1210288", openalex = "W1972162246", references = "doi101002joc1181, doi1010292002jd002670, doi101038nature01286, doi101038nature01333, doi101038nature08649, doi101038nature09329, doi101126science1111322, doi101126science1206432, doi101126science28754591770, doi101146annurevecolsys37091305110100, openalexw2939474406" } @article{doi101146annurevmarine041911111611, author = "Doney, Scott C. and Ruckelshaus, Mary and Duffy, J. Emmett and Barry, James and Chan, Francis and English, Chad and Galindo, Heather M. and Grebmeier, Jacqueline M. and Hollowed, Anne B. and Knowlton­, Nancy­ and Polovina, Jeffrey J. and Rabalais, Nancy N. and Sydeman, William J. and Talley, Lynne D.", title = "Climate Change Impacts on Marine Ecosystems", year = "2011", journal = "Annual Review of Marine Science", abstract = "In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate change are associated with concurrent shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen content, and ocean acidification, with potentially wide-ranging biological effects. Population-level shifts are occurring because of physiological intolerance to new environments, altered dispersal patterns, and changes in species interactions. Together with local climate-driven invasion and extinction, these processes result in altered community structure and diversity, including possible emergence of novel ecosystems. Impacts are particularly striking for the poles and the tropics, because of the sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea-ice retreat and poleward species migrations as well as the sensitivity of coral-algal symbiosis to minor increases in temperature. Midlatitude upwelling systems, like the California Current, exhibit strong linkages between climate and species distributions, phenology, and demography. Aggregated effects may modify energy and material flows as well as biogeochemical cycles, eventually impacting the overall ecosystem functioning and services upon which people and societies depend.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611", doi = "10.1146/annurev-marine-041911-111611", openalex = "W2170153270", references = "doi101016s0169534702000459, doi101038ngeo689, doi101093icesjmsfsn048, doi101111j14610248201001518x, doi101111j1466822x200600212x, doi101126science1152509, doi101146annurevmarine010908163834" } @article{doi101039c2np20112g, author = "Blunt, John W. and Copp, Brent R. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Munro, Murray H. G. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2012", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "This review covers the literature published in 2011 for marine natural products, with 870 citations (558 for the period January to December 2011) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1152 for 2011), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c2np20112g", doi = "10.1039/c2np20112g", openalex = "W4210951718", references = "doi101039c0np00040j, doi101039c0np00051e" } @article{doi101371journalpone0030580, author = "Leal, Miguel C. and Puga, João and Serôdio, João and Gomes, Newton C. M. and Calado, Ricardo", title = "Trends in the Discovery of New Marine Natural Products from Invertebrates over the Last Two Decades – Where and What Are We Bioprospecting?", year = "2012", journal = "PLoS ONE", abstract = "It is acknowledged that marine invertebrates produce bioactive natural products that may be useful for developing new drugs. By exploring untapped geographical sources and/or novel groups of organisms one can maximize the search for new marine drugs to treat human diseases. The goal of this paper is to analyse the trends associated with the discovery of new marine natural products from invertebrates (NMNPI) over the last two decades. The analysis considers different taxonomical levels and geographical approaches of bioprospected species. Additionally, this research is also directed to provide new insights into less bioprospected taxa and world regions. In order to gather the information available on NMNPI, the yearly-published reviews of Marine Natural Products covering 1990-2009 were surveyed. Information on source organisms, specifically taxonomical information and collection sites, was assembled together with additional geographical information collected from the articles originally describing the new natural product. Almost 10000 NMNPI were discovered since 1990, with a pronounced increase between decades. Porifera and Cnidaria were the two dominant sources of NMNPI worldwide. The exception was polar regions where Echinodermata dominated. The majority of species that yielded the new natural products belong to only one class of each Porifera and Cnidaria phyla (Demospongiae and Anthozoa, respectively). Increased bioprospecting efforts were observed in the Pacific Ocean, particularly in Asian countries that are associated with the Japan Biodiversity Hotspot and the Kuroshio Current. Although results show comparably less NMNPI from polar regions, the number of new natural products per species is similar to that recorded for other regions. The present study provides information to future bioprospecting efforts addressing previously unexplored taxonomic groups and/or regions. We also highlight how marine invertebrates, which in some cases have no commercial value, may become highly valuable in the ongoing search for new drugs from the sea.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030580", doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0030580", openalex = "W2081836531", references = "doi101016jdrudis200807004, doi101016jtree200611004, doi101016s1359644603027132, doi10103835002501, doi101038nrd2487, doi101039np9900700269, doi101126science1067728, doi101641b570707, doi1023071942321, openalexw2286479539" } @article{doi101021jf400819p, author = "Kadam, Shekhar U. and Tiwari, Brijesh K. and O’Donnell, Colm P.", title = "Application of Novel Extraction Technologies for Bioactives from Marine Algae", year = "2013", journal = "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry", abstract = "Marine algae are a rich source of bioactive compounds. This paper outlines the main bioactive compounds in marine algae and recent advances in novel technologies for extracting them. Novel extraction technologies reviewed include enzyme-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and pressurized liquid extraction. These technologies are reviewed with respect to principles, benefits, and potential applications for marine algal bioactives. Advantages of novel technologies include higher yield, reduced treatment time, and lower cost compared to traditional solvent extraction techniques. Moreover, different combinations of novel techniques used for extraction and technologies suitable for thermolabile compounds are identified. The limitations of and challenges to employing these novel extraction technologies in industry are also highlighted.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/jf400819p", doi = "10.1021/jf400819p", openalex = "W2118314854" } @article{doi101038nclimate1958, author = "Poloczanska, Elvira S. and Brown, Christopher J. and Sydeman, William J. and Kiessling, Wolfgang and Schoeman, David S. and Moore, Pippa J. and Brander, Keith and Bruno, John F. and Buckley, Lauren B. and Burrows, Michael T. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Halpern, Benjamin S. and Holding, Johnna M. and Kappel, Carrie V. and O’Connor, Mary I. and Pandolfi, John M. and Parmesan, Camille and Schwing, Franklin B. and Thompson, Sarah and Richardson, Anthony J.", title = "Global imprint of climate change on marine life", year = "2013", journal = "Nature Climate Change", abstract = "Research that combines all available studies of biological responses to regional and global climate change shows that 81–83\% of all observations were consistent with the expected impacts of climate change. These findings were replicated across taxa and oceanic basins. Past meta-analyses of the response of marine organisms to climate change have examined a limited range of locations1,2, taxonomic groups2,3,4 and/or biological responses5,6. This has precluded a robust overview of the effect of climate change in the global ocean. Here, we synthesized all available studies of the consistency of marine ecological observations with expectations under climate change. This yielded a meta-database of 1,735 marine biological responses for which either regional or global climate change was considered as a driver. Included were instances of marine taxa responding as expected, in a manner inconsistent with expectations, and taxa demonstrating no response. From this database, 81–83\% of all observations for distribution, phenology, community composition, abundance, demography and calcification across taxa and ocean basins were consistent with the expected impacts of climate change. Of the species responding to climate change, rates of distribution shifts were, on average, consistent with those required to track ocean surface temperature changes. Conversely, we did not find a relationship between regional shifts in spring phenology and the seasonality of temperature. Rates of observed shifts in species’ distributions and phenology are comparable to, or greater, than those for terrestrial systems.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1958", doi = "10.1038/nclimate1958", openalex = "W2018291779", references = "doi101038nature02808, doi101126science1210288" } @article{doi101111gcb12179, author = "Kroeker, Kristy J. and Kordas, Rebecca L. and Crim, Ryan and Hendriks, Iris E. and Ramajo, Laura and Singh, Gerald S. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Gattuso, Jean‐Pierre", title = "Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms: quantifying sensitivities and interaction with warming", year = "2013", journal = "Global Change Biology", abstract = "Ocean acidification represents a threat to marine species worldwide, and forecasting the ecological impacts of acidification is a high priority for science, management, and policy. As research on the topic expands at an exponential rate, a comprehensive understanding of the variability in organisms' responses and corresponding levels of certainty is necessary to forecast the ecological effects. Here, we perform the most comprehensive meta-analysis to date by synthesizing the results of 228 studies examining biological responses to ocean acidification. The results reveal decreased survival, calcification, growth, development and abundance in response to acidification when the broad range of marine organisms is pooled together. However, the magnitude of these responses varies among taxonomic groups, suggesting there is some predictable trait-based variation in sensitivity, despite the investigation of approximately 100 new species in recent research. The results also reveal an enhanced sensitivity of mollusk larvae, but suggest that an enhanced sensitivity of early life history stages is not universal across all taxonomic groups. In addition, the variability in species' responses is enhanced when they are exposed to acidification in multi-species assemblages, suggesting that it is important to consider indirect effects and exercise caution when forecasting abundance patterns from single-species laboratory experiments. Furthermore, the results suggest that other factors, such as nutritional status or source population, could cause substantial variation in organisms' responses. Last, the results highlight a trend towards enhanced sensitivity to acidification when taxa are concurrently exposed to elevated seawater temperature.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12179", doi = "10.1111/gcb.12179", openalex = "W2095807316", references = "doi101007s1064601004636, doi101016jtree200309002, doi101038nature04095, doi101111j14610248201001518x, doi101146annurevmarine010908163834, doi101201b110093, doi104835025539" } @article{doi101126science1239352, author = "Pinsky, Malin L. and Worm, Boris and Fogarty, Michael J. and Sarmiento, Jorge L. and Levin, Simon A.", title = "Marine Taxa Track Local Climate Velocities", year = "2013", journal = "Science", abstract = "Organisms are expected to adapt or move in response to climate change, but observed distribution shifts span a wide range of directions and rates. Explanations often emphasize biological distinctions among species, but general mechanisms have been elusive. We tested an alternative hypothesis: that differences in climate velocity-the rate and direction that climate shifts across the landscape-can explain observed species shifts. We compiled a database of coastal surveys around North America from 1968 to 2011, sampling 128 million individuals across 360 marine taxa. Climate velocity explained the magnitude and direction of shifts in latitude and depth much more effectively than did species characteristics. Our results demonstrate that marine species shift at different rates and directions because they closely track the complex mosaic of local climate velocities.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1239352", doi = "10.1126/science.1239352", openalex = "W2028787031", references = "doi10108001621459198310478017, doi101126science1210288" } @article{doi101039c3np70117d, author = "Blunt, John W. and Copp, Brent R. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Munro, Murray H. G. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2014", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "This review covers the literature published in 2012 for marine natural products, with 1035 citations (673 for the period January to December 2012) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1241 for 2012), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c3np70117d", doi = "10.1039/c3np70117d", openalex = "W4211013230", references = "doi101371journalpone0030580, doi103390md10081741" } @article{doi103390md12021066, author = "Martins, A.M. and Vieira, Helena and Gaspar, Helena and Santos, Susana", title = "Marketed Marine Natural Products in the Pharmaceutical and Cosmeceutical Industries: Tips for Success", year = "2014", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "The marine environment harbors a number of macro and micro organisms that have developed unique metabolic abilities to ensure their survival in diverse and hostile habitats, resulting in the biosynthesis of an array of secondary metabolites with specific activities. Several of these metabolites are high-value commercial products for the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries. The aim of this review is to outline the paths of marine natural products discovery and development, with a special focus on the compounds that successfully reached the market and particularly looking at the approaches tackled by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic companies that succeeded in marketing those products. The main challenges faced during marine bioactives discovery and development programs were analyzed and grouped in three categories: biodiversity (accessibility to marine resources and efficient screening), supply and technical (sustainable production of the bioactives and knowledge of the mechanism of action) and market (processes, costs, partnerships and marketing). Tips to surpass these challenges are given in order to improve the market entry success rates of highly promising marine bioactives in the current pipelines, highlighting what can be learned from the successful and unsuccessful stories that can be applied to novel and/or ongoing marine natural products discovery and development programs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md12021066", doi = "10.3390/md12021066", openalex = "W2139857335", references = "doi101371journalpone0030580" } @article{doi103390md12084539, author = "Mehbub, Mohammad F. and Lei, Jie and Franco, Christopher M. M. and Zhang, Wei", title = "Marine Sponge Derived Natural Products between 2001 and 2010: Trends and Opportunities for Discovery of Bioactives", year = "2014", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Marine sponges belonging to the phylum Porifera (Metazoa), evolutionarily the oldest animals are the single best source of marine natural products. The present review presents a comprehensive overview of the source, taxonomy, country of origin or geographical position, chemical class, and biological activity of sponge-derived new natural products discovered between 2001 and 2010. The data has been analyzed with a view to gaining an outlook on the future trends and opportunities in the search for new compounds and their sources from marine sponges.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md12084539", doi = "10.3390/md12084539", openalex = "W2057312326", references = "doi101016s0040403901889188, doi101039b302334f, doi101039b702742g, doi101039c0np00040j, doi101371journalpone0030580" } @article{doi101039c4np00144c, author = "Blunt, John W. and Copp, Brent R. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Munro, Murray H. G. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2015", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "This review covers the literature published in 2013 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 982 citations (644 for the period January to December 2013) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1163 for 2013), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c4np00144c", doi = "10.1039/c4np00144c", openalex = "W4211040155", references = "doi101016jbbagen201302008, doi101016jfoodchem201210078, doi101021ja00280a055, doi101021jf400819p, doi101021np400413s, doi101038nature11990, doi101039c2np00090c, doi101039c2np20112g, doi101039c3np70117d, doi101073pnas0700962104" } @article{doi101126science1255641, author = "McCauley, Douglas J. and Pinsky, Malin L. and Palumbi, Stephen R. and Estes, James A. and Joyce, Francis H. and Warner, Robert R.", title = "Marine defaunation: Animal loss in the global ocean", year = "2015", journal = "Science", abstract = "Marine defaunation, or human-caused animal loss in the oceans, emerged forcefully only hundreds of years ago, whereas terrestrial defaunation has been occurring far longer. Though humans have caused few global marine extinctions, we have profoundly affected marine wildlife, altering the functioning and provisioning of services in every ocean. Current ocean trends, coupled with terrestrial defaunation lessons, suggest that marine defaunation rates will rapidly intensify as human use of the oceans industrializes. Though protected areas are a powerful tool to harness ocean productivity, especially when designed with future climate in mind, additional management strategies will be required. Overall, habitat degradation is likely to intensify as a major driver of marine wildlife loss. Proactive intervention can avert a marine defaunation disaster of the magnitude observed on land.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255641", doi = "10.1126/science.1255641", openalex = "W2137011837", references = "doi101126science1101476, doi101126science1199113, doi101126science1210288, doi1012019781420064452, doi101371journalpone0000711, doi1016410006356820040540123rconac20co2, doi1018900814941, doi1023071933567" } @article{doi103390md13031133, author = "Younes, Islem and Rinaudo, Marguerite", title = "Chitin and Chitosan Preparation from Marine Sources. Structure, Properties and Applications", year = "2015", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "This review describes the most common methods for recovery of chitin from marine organisms. In depth, both enzymatic and chemical treatments for the step of deproteinization are compared, as well as different conditions for demineralization. The conditions of chitosan preparation are also discussed, since they significantly impact the synthesis of chitosan with varying degree of acetylation (DA) and molecular weight (MW). In addition, the main characterization techniques applied for chitin and chitosan are recalled, pointing out the role of their solubility in relation with the chemical structure (mainly the acetyl group distribution along the backbone). Biological activities are also presented, such as: antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and antioxidant. Interestingly, the relationship between chemical structure and biological activity is demonstrated for chitosan molecules with different DA and MW and homogeneous distribution of acetyl groups for the first time. In the end, several selected pharmaceutical and biomedical applications are presented, in which chitin and chitosan are recognized as new biomaterials taking advantage of their biocompatibility and biodegradability.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md13031133", doi = "10.3390/md13031133", openalex = "W2074980407", references = "doi101016jprogpolymsci200606001" } @article{doi103390md13074044, author = "Gribble, Gordon W.", title = "Biological Activity of Recently Discovered Halogenated Marine Natural Products", year = "2015", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "This review presents the biological activity-antibacterial, antifungal, anti-parasitic, antiviral, antitumor, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and enzymatic activity-of halogenated marine natural products discovered in the past five years. Newly discovered examples that do not report biological activity are not included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md13074044", doi = "10.3390/md13074044", openalex = "W1487192492", references = "doi101039c4np00144c" } @article{antoniadou2016ascidiacea, author = "Antoniadou, Chryssanthi and Gerovasileiou, Vasilis and Bailly, Nicolas", title = "Ascidiacea (Chordata: Tunicata) of Greece: an updated checklist", year = "2016", journal = "Biodiversity Data Journal", abstract = "The checklist of the ascidian fauna (Tunicata: Ascidiacea) of Greece was compiled within the framework of the Greek Taxon Information System (GTIS), an application of the LifeWatchGreece Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) aiming to produce a complete checklist of species recorded from Greece. This checklist was constructed by updating an existing one with the inclusion of recently published records. All the reported species from Greek waters were taxonomically revised and cross-checked with the Ascidiacea World Database. The updated checklist of the class Ascidiacea of Greece comprises 75 species, classified in 33 genera, 12 families, and 3 orders. In total, 8 species have been added to the previous species list (4 Aplousobranchia, 2 Phlebobranchia, and 2 Stolidobranchia). Aplousobranchia was the most speciose order, followed by Stolidobranchia. Most species belonged to the families Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Pyuridae, Ascidiidae, and Styelidae; these 4 families comprise 76\% of the Greek ascidian species richness. The present effort revealed the limited taxonomic research effort devoted to the ascidian fauna of Greece, which is attributed to the lack of experts and low sampling effort. Therefore, major knowledge gaps on the ascidian diversity of Greece occur and further research in this field is needed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.4.e9273", doi = "10.3897/bdj.4.e9273", openalex = "W2548807999", volume = "4", references = "doi101016jecss201512021, doi101038nature04336, doi1011631875986607602004, doi101186147121489187, doi1012681mms1123, doi101371journalpone0011842, doi101371journalpone0020657, doi101641b570707, doi103391ai2006126, openalexw2564338562" } @article{doi101007s1110101694553, author = "Oliveira, Marta and Barreira, Luísa and Gangadhar, Katkam N. and Rodrigues, Maria João and Santos, Tamára and Varela, João and Custódio, Luísa", title = "Natural products from marine invertebrates against Leishmania parasites: a comprehensive review", year = "2016", journal = "Phytochemistry Reviews", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-016-9455-3", doi = "10.1007/s11101-016-9455-3", openalex = "W2470388268", references = "doi101016jcimid200403004, doi101016jprogpolymsci200606001, doi101016jriam200906003, doi101016s0140673605676295, doi101016s1359644603027132, doi101039b006897g, doi101039c4np00144c, doi101039np9900700269, doi1011861475287510144, doi101371journalpone0035671" } @article{doi101126scienceaad8745, author = "Wernberg, Thomas and Bennett, Scott and Babcock, Russell C. and de Bettignies, Thibaut and Cure, Katherine and Depczynski, Martial and Dufois, François and Fromont, Jane and Fulton, Christopher J. and Hovey, Renae K. and Harvey, Euan S. and Holmes, Thomas H. and Kendrick, Gary A. and Radford, Ben and Santana‐Garcon, Julia and Saunders, Benjamin J. and Smale, Dan A. and Thomsen, Mads S. and Tuckett, Chenae A. and Tuya, Fernando and Vanderklift, Mathew A. and Wilson, Shaun K.", title = "Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem", year = "2016", journal = "Science", abstract = "Ecosystem reconfigurations arising from climate-driven changes in species distributions are expected to have profound ecological, social, and economic implications. Here we reveal a rapid climate-driven regime shift of Australian temperate reef communities, which lost their defining kelp forests and became dominated by persistent seaweed turfs. After decades of ocean warming, extreme marine heat waves forced a 100-kilometer range contraction of extensive kelp forests and saw temperate species replaced by seaweeds, invertebrates, corals, and fishes characteristic of subtropical and tropical waters. This community-wide tropicalization fundamentally altered key ecological processes, suppressing the recovery of kelp forests.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad8745", doi = "10.1126/science.aad8745", openalex = "W2473009902", references = "doi101126science1210288" } @article{doi103390md14040081, author = "Shannon, Emer and Abu‐Ghannam, Nissreen", title = "Antibacterial Derivatives of Marine Algae: An Overview of Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications", year = "2016", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "The marine environment is home to a taxonomically diverse ecosystem. Organisms such as algae, molluscs, sponges, corals, and tunicates have evolved to survive the high concentrations of infectious and surface-fouling bacteria that are indigenous to ocean waters. Both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (diatoms) contain pharmacologically active compounds such as phlorotannins, fatty acids, polysaccharides, peptides, and terpenes which combat bacterial invasion. The resistance of pathogenic bacteria to existing antibiotics has become a global epidemic. Marine algae derivatives have shown promise as candidates in novel, antibacterial drug discovery. The efficacy of these compounds, their mechanism of action, applications as antibiotics, disinfectants, and inhibitors of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria are reviewed in this article.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md14040081", doi = "10.3390/md14040081", openalex = "W2341960776", references = "doi101039c4np00144c" } @article{doi104062biomolther2016067, author = "Anjum, Komal and Abbas, Syed Qamar and Shah, Sayed Asmat Ali and Akhter, Najeeb and Batool, Sundas and ul Hassan, Syed Shams", title = "Marine Sponges as a Drug Treasure", year = "2016", journal = "Biomolecules \& Therapeutics", abstract = "Marine sponges have been considered as a drug treasure house with respect to great potential regarding their secondary metabolites. Most of the studies have been conducted on sponge’s derived compounds to examine its pharmacological properties. Such compounds proved to have antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, antitumor, immunosuppressive, and cardiovascular activity. Although, the mode of action of many compounds by which they interfere with human pathogenesis have not been clear till now, in this review not only the capability of the medicinal substances have been examined in vitro and in vivo against serious pathogenic microbes but, the mode of actions of medicinal compounds were explained with diagrammatic illustrations. This knowledge is one of the basic components to be known especially for transforming medicinal molecules to medicines. Sponges produce a different kind of chemical substances with numerous carbon skeletons, which have been found to be the main component interfering with human pathogenesis at different sites. The fact that different diseases have the capability to fight at different sites inside the body can increase the chances to produce targeted medicines.", url = "https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2016.067", doi = "10.4062/biomolther.2016.067", openalex = "W2468391563", references = "doi101371journalpone0030580" } @article{doi101039c6np00124f, author = "Blunt, John W. and Copp, Brent R. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Munro, Murray H. G. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2017", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "Covering: 2015. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2016, 33, 382-431This review covers the literature published in 2015 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 1220 citations (792 for the period January to December 2015) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1340 in 429 papers for 2015), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c6np00124f", doi = "10.1039/c6np00124f", openalex = "W4211082868", references = "doi101039c4np00144c" } @article{doi101039c7np00052a, author = "Blunt, John W. and Carroll, Anthony R. and Copp, Brent R. and Davis, Rohan A. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2018", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "Covering: 2016. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2017, 34, 235-294This review covers the literature published in 2016 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 757 citations (643 for the period January to December 2016) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1277 in 432 papers for 2016), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/c7np00052a", doi = "10.1039/c7np00052a", openalex = "W4211018043", references = "doi101039c4np00144c" } @article{doi101016jjsps201904013, author = "Wali, Adil Farooq and Majid, Sabhiya and Rasool, Shabhat and Shehada, Samar Bassam and Abdulkareem, Shahad Khalid and Firdous, Aimen and Beigh, Saba and Shakeel, Sheeba and Mushtaq, Saima and Akbar, Imra and Madhkali, Hassan and Rehman, Muneeb U.", title = "Natural products against cancer: Review on phytochemicals from marine sources in preventing cancer", year = "2019", journal = "Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal", abstract = "Marine natural products have as of now been acknowledged as the most important source of bioactive substances and drug leads. Marine flora and fauna, such as algae, bacteria, sponges, fungi, seaweeds, corals, diatoms, ascidian etc. are important resources from oceans, accounting for more than 90\% of the total oceanic biomass. They are taxonomically different with huge productive and are pharmacologically active novel chemical signatures and bid a tremendous opportunity for discovery of new anti-cancer molecules. The water bodies a rich source of potent molecules which improve existence suitability and serve as chemical shield against microbes and little or huge creatures. These molecules have exhibited a range of biological properties antioxidant, antibacterial, antitumour etc. In spite of huge resources enriched with exciting chemicals, the marine floras and faunas are largely unexplored for their anticancer properties. In recent past, numerous marine anticancer compounds have been isolated, characterized, identified and are under trials for human use. In this write up we have tried to compile about marine-derived compounds anticancer biological activities of diverse flora and fauna and their underlying mechanisms and the generous raise in these compounds examined for malignant growth treatment in the course of the most recent quite a long while.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2019.04.013", doi = "10.1016/j.jsps.2019.04.013", openalex = "W2942404546", references = "antoniadou2016ascidiacea" } @article{doi1010801478641920191619725, author = "Braun, Gláucia Hollaender and Ramos, Henrique Pereira and Cândido, Ana Carolina Bolela Bovo and Pedroso, Rita Cássia Nascimento and de Siqueira, Kátia Aparecida and Soares, Marcos Antônio and Dias, Gustavo M. and Magalhães, Lizandra Guidi and Ambrósio, Sérgio Ricardo and Januário, Ana Helena and Pietro, Rosemeire Cristina Linhari Rodrigues", title = "Evaluation of antileishmanial activity of harzialactone a isolated from the marine-derived fungus Paecilomyces sp", year = "2019", journal = "Natural Product Research", abstract = "spp. Furthermore, the present results corroborate marine-derived fungi as a promising source of natural products with antiparasitic activity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1619725", doi = "10.1080/14786419.2019.1619725", openalex = "W2947125957", references = "doi101007s1110101694553, doi101007s1110101694713, doi101016jpt201611003, doi101038ja201424, doi101039c7np00052a, doi101055s00301250663, doi10108010286020903339614, doi103390md13095579, doi103390molecules22010058, doi107164antibiotics5133, openalexw631796124" } @article{doi103390md17090491, author = "Khalifa, Shaden A. M. and Elias, Nizar and Farag, Mohamed A. and Chen, Lei and Saeed, Aamer and Hegazy, Mohamed‐Elamir F. and Moustafa, Moustafa S. and El‐Wahed, Aida A. Abd and Al‐Mousawi, Saleh Mohammed and Musharraf, Syed Ghulam and Chang, Fang‐Rong and Iwasaki, Arihiro and Suenaga, Kiyotake and Alajlani, Muaaz and Göransson, Ulf and El‐Seedi, Hesham R.", title = "Marine Natural Products: A Source of Novel Anticancer Drugs", year = "2019", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Cancer remains one of the most lethal diseases worldwide. There is an urgent need for new drugs with novel modes of action and thus considerable research has been conducted for new anticancer drugs from natural sources, especially plants, microbes and marine organisms. Marine populations represent reservoirs of novel bioactive metabolites with diverse groups of chemical structures. This review highlights the impact of marine organisms, with particular emphasis on marine plants, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges and soft corals. Anti-cancer effects of marine natural products in in vitro and in vivo studies were first introduced; their activity in the prevention of tumor formation and the related compound-induced apoptosis and cytotoxicities were tackled. The possible molecular mechanisms behind the biological effects are also presented. The review highlights the diversity of marine organisms, novel chemical structures, and chemical property space. Finally, therapeutic strategies and the present use of marine-derived components, its future direction and limitations are discussed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md17090491", doi = "10.3390/md17090491", openalex = "W2969876208", references = "doi101016s1359644603027132" } @article{doi101111jeb13609, author = "Hudson, Jamie and McQuaid, Christopher D. and Rius, Marc", title = "Contemporary climate change hinders hybrid performance of ecologically dominant marine invertebrates", year = "2020", journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "Human activities alter patterns of biodiversity, particularly through species extinctions and range shifts. Two of these activities are human mediated transfer of species and contemporary climate change, and both allow previously isolated genotypes to come into contact and hybridize, potentially altering speciation rates. Hybrids have been shown to survive environmental conditions not tolerated by either parent, suggesting that, under some circumstances, hybrids may be able to expand their ranges and perform well under rapidly changing conditions. However, studies assessing how hybridization influences contemporary range shifts are scarce. We performed crosses on Pyura herdmani and Pyura stolonifera (Chordata, Tunicata), two closely related marine invertebrate species that are ecologically dominant and can hybridize. These sister species live in sympatry along the coasts of southern Africa, but one has a disjunct distribution that includes northern hemisphere sites. We experimentally assessed the performance of hybrid and parental crosses using different temperature regimes, including temperatures predicted under future climate change scenarios. We found that hybrids showed lower performance than parental crosses at the experimental temperatures, suggesting that hybrids are unlikely to expand their ranges to new environments. In turn, we found that the more widespread species performed better at a wide array of temperatures, indicating that this parental species may cope better with future conditions. This study illustrates how offspring fitness may provide key insights to predict range expansions and how contemporary climate change may mediate both the ability of hybrids to expand their ranges and the occurrence of speciation as a result of hybridization.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13609", doi = "10.1111/jeb.13609", openalex = "W3008673688", references = "doi101016s0169534702024898, doi101038nature05706, doi101111j14209101201202599x, doi101111j15231739200800951x, doi101126science1086949, doi101126science1210288, doi101126science261511778, doi101146annurevecolsys110308120317, doi101146annurevecolsys27183, doi1018637jssv067i01" } @article{doi103390md18010037, author = "Долматова, Л. С. and Dolmatov, Igor Yu.", title = "Different Macrophage Type Triggering as Target of the Action of Biologically Active Substances from Marine Invertebrates", year = "2020", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Macrophages play a fundamental role in the immune system. Depending on the microenvironment stimuli, macrophages can acquire distinct phenotypes characterized with different sets of the markers of their functional activities. Polarization of macrophages towards M1 type (classical activation) is involved in inflammation and the related progression of diseases, while, in contrast, alternatively activated M2 macrophages are associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Reprogramming macrophages to switch their phenotypes could provide a new therapeutic strategy, and targeting the M1/M2 macrophage balance is a promising current trend in pharmacology. Marine invertebrates are a vast source of the variety of structurally diverse compounds with potent pharmacological activities. For years, a large number of studies concerning the immunomodulatory properties of the marine substances have been run with using some intracellular markers of immune stimulation or suppression irrespective of the possible application of marine compounds in reprogramming of macrophage activation, and only few reports clearly demonstrated the macrophage-polarizing activities of some marine compounds during the last decade. In this review, the data on the immunomodulating effects of the extracts and pure compounds of a variety of chemical structure from species of different classes of marine invertebrates are described with focus on their potential in shifting M1/M2 macrophage balance towards M1 or M2 phenotype.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md18010037", doi = "10.3390/md18010037", openalex = "W2996889013", references = "doi101007s1110101694553" } @article{doi101016jheliyon2021e07710, author = "Davies‐Bolorunduro, Olabisi Flora and Osuolale, Olayinka and Saibu, Salametu and Adeleye, Isaac Adeyemi and Aminah, Nanik Siti", title = "Bioprospecting marine actinomycetes for antileishmanial drugs: current perspectives and future prospects", year = "2021", journal = "Heliyon", abstract = "Revived analysis interests in natural products in the hope of discovering new and novel antileishmanial drug leads have been driven partially by the increasing incidence of drug resistance. However, the search for novel chemotherapeutics to combat drug resistance had previously concentrated on the terrestrial environment. As a result, the marine environment was often overlooked. For example, actinomycetes are an immensely important group of bacteria for antibiotic production, producing two-thirds of the known antibiotics. However, these bacteria have been isolated primarily from terrestrial sources. Consequently, there have been revived efforts to discover new compounds from uncharted or uncommon environments like the marine ecosystem. Isolation, purification and structure elucidation of target compounds from complex metabolic extract are major challenges in natural products chemistry. As a result, marine-derived natural products from actinomycetes that have antileishmanial bioactivity potentials have been understudied. This review highlights metagenomic and bioassay approaches which could help streamline the drug discovery process thereby greatly reducing time and cost of dereplication to identify suitable antileishmanial drug candidates.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07710", doi = "10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07710", openalex = "W3191872738", references = "doi1010801478641920191619725" } @article{doi101111geb13318, author = "McKnight, Ella and Spake, Rebecca and Bates, Amanda E. and Smale, Dan A. and Rius, Marc", title = "Non‐native species outperform natives in coastal marine ecosystems subjected to warming and freshening events", year = "2021", journal = "Global Ecology and Biogeography", abstract = "Abstract Aims Contemporary climate change and biological invasions are two main drivers of biodiversity redistribution. Interactive effects between these drivers have been reported in a variety of studies, yet results are conflicting. Some studies find that contemporary climate change facilitates the spread and success of non‐native species, especially those with broad physiological tolerances. Other studies conclude that non‐natives are vulnerable to current and future changes in climatic conditions. Given that most studies have focused on terrestrial species, here we contribute to this debate by analysing responses of marine native and non‐native fauna and flora to key climate‐related stressors, namely increased temperature (warming) and decreased salinity (freshening). Location Global. Time period 2002–2019. Major taxa studied Marine benthic macrophytes and invertebrates. Methods We conducted a meta‐analysis of experiments investigating the performance (e.g. growth, survival and reproduction) of benthic species in response to warming and freshening. Results We found that non‐native species tended to respond positively to elevated temperature, whereas the performance of native species declined. Similarly, decreased salinity negatively affected the biological processes of native species, but non‐natives showed neutral or negative overall responses to freshening. Main conclusions We find evidence that non‐native species outperform natives under a wide variety of warming and freshening conditions. The growth and reproduction of non‐natives are enhanced by warmer temperatures, and thus ocean warming is expected to facilitate future spread and success of non‐native species. Increased freshening along future coastal areas, however, will likely have a negative impact in both native and non‐native species and thus is expected to be a driver of significant change in coastal marine ecosystems. Our comprehensive analysis highlighted the need to expand our understanding of climate change effects beyond warming and specifically, studies focusing on salinity changes.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13318", doi = "10.1111/geb.13318", openalex = "W3162172724", references = "doi101016c20090033960, doi101037h0045186, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101111j14610248201101628x, doi101111j2041210x201000012x, doi101111jeb13609, doi101126scienceaai9214, doi101136bmj3277414557, doi1011770049124104268644, doi101242jeb037473, doi1018637jssv036i03" } @article{doi101111jeb13756, author = "Faria, Rui and Johannesson, Kerstin and Stankowski, Sean", title = "Speciation in marine environments: Diving under the surface", year = "2021", journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology", abstract = "Marine environments are inhabited by a broad representation of the tree of life, yet our understanding of speciation in marine ecosystems is extremely limited compared with terrestrial and freshwater environments. Developing a more comprehensive picture of speciation in marine environments requires that we 'dive under the surface' by studying a wider range of taxa and ecosystems is necessary for a more comprehensive picture of speciation. Although studying marine evolutionary processes is often challenging, recent technological advances in different fields, from maritime engineering to genomics, are making it increasingly possible to study speciation of marine life forms across diverse ecosystems and taxa. Motivated by recent research in the field, including the 14 contributions in this issue, we highlight and discuss six axes of research that we think will deepen our understanding of speciation in the marine realm: (a) study a broader range of marine environments and organisms; (b) identify the reproductive barriers driving speciation between marine taxa; (c) understand the role of different genomic architectures underlying reproductive isolation; (d) infer the evolutionary history of divergence using model-based approaches; (e) study patterns of hybridization and introgression between marine taxa; and (f) implement highly interdisciplinary, collaborative research programmes. In outlining these goals, we hope to inspire researchers to continue filling this critical knowledge gap surrounding the origins of marine biodiversity.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.13756", doi = "10.1111/jeb.13756", openalex = "W3122602508", references = "doi101038nature10944, doi101038s4158601802731, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg112, doi101111j14209101201202599x, doi101111jeb13609, doi101126science1107239, doi101126science1118052, doi101146annureves16110185000553, doi101146annureves25110194002555, doi101371journalpone0003376, doi101534genetics105047985" } @article{doi101186s40249021007966, author = "Nweze, Justus Amuche and Mbaoji, Florence N. and Li, Yanming and Yang, Liyan and Huang, Shushi and Chigor, Vincent N. and Eze, Emmanuel A. and Pan, Lixia and Zhang, Ting and Yang, Dengfeng", title = "Potentials of marine natural products against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis parasites: a review of recent articles", year = "2021", journal = "Infectious Diseases of Poverty", abstract = "BACKGROUND: Malaria and neglected communicable protozoa parasitic diseases, such as leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, are among the otherwise called diseases for neglected communities, which are habitual in underprivileged populations in developing tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Some of the currently available therapeutic drugs have some limitations such as toxicity and questionable efficacy and long treatment period, which have encouraged resistance. These have prompted many researchers to focus on finding new drugs that are safe, effective, and affordable from marine environments. The aim of this review was to show the diversity, structural scaffolds, in-vitro or in-vivo efficacy, and recent progress made in the discovery/isolation of marine natural products (MNPs) with potent bioactivity against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. MAIN TEXT: We searched PubMed and Google scholar using Boolean Operators (AND, OR, and NOT) and the combination of related terms for articles on marine natural products (MNPs) discovery published only in English language from January 2016 to June 2020. Twenty nine articles reported the isolation, identification and antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds from marine environment. A total of 125 compounds were reported to have been isolated, out of which 45 were newly isolated compounds. These compounds were all isolated from bacteria, a fungus, sponges, algae, a bryozoan, cnidarians and soft corals. In recent years, great progress is being made on anti-malarial drug discovery from marine organisms with the isolation of these potent compounds. Comparably, some of these promising antikinetoplastid MNPs have potency better or similar to conventional drugs and could be developed as both antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal drugs. However, very few of these MNPs have a pharmaceutical destiny due to lack of the following: sustainable production of the bioactive compounds, standard efficient screening methods, knowledge of the mechanism of action, partnerships between researchers and pharmaceutical industries. CONCLUSIONS: It is crystal clear that marine organisms are a rich source of antiparasitic compounds, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketides, terpene, coumarins, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and lactones. The current and future technological innovation in natural products drug discovery will bolster the drug armamentarium for malaria and neglected tropical diseases.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00796-6", doi = "10.1186/s40249-021-00796-6", openalex = "W3124713756", references = "doi1010801478641920191619725" } @article{doi103389fmars2021629629, author = "Rotter, Ana and Barbier, Michèle and Bertoni, Francesco and Bones, Atle M. and Cancela, M. Leonor and Carlsson, Jens and Carvalho, Maria F. and Cegłowska, Marta and Chirivella-Martorell, Jerónimo and Dalay, Meltem Conk and Cueto, Mercedes and Dailianis, Thanos and Deniz, İrem and Díaz‐Marrero, Ana R. and Drakulović, Dragana and Dubņika, Arita and Edwards, Christine and Einarsson, Hjörleifur and Erdoğan, Ayşegül and Eroldoğan, Orhan Tufan and Ezra‬‏, ‪David and Fazi, Stefano and Fitzgerald, Richard J. and Gargan, Laura and Gaudêncio, Susana P. and Udovič, Marija Gligora and DeNardis, Nadica Ivošević and Jónsdóttir, Rósa and Kataržytė, Marija and Klun, Katja and Kotta, Jonne and Ktari, L. and Ljubešić, Zrinka and Lukić‐Bilela, Lada and Mandalakis, Manolis and Massa-Gallucci, Alexia and Matijošytė, Inga and Mazur‐Marzec, Hanna and Mehiri, Mohamed and Nielsen, Søren Laurentius and Novoveská, Lucie and Overlingė, Donata and Perale, Giuseppe and Ramasamy, Praveen and Rebours, Céline and Reinsch, Thorsten and Reyes, Fernando and Rinkevich, Baruch and Robbens, Johan and Röttinger, Éric and Rudoviča, Vita and Sabotič, Jerica and Šafařı́k, Ivo and Talve, Siret and Taşdemir, Deniz and Schneider, Xenia and Thomas, Olivier P. and Toruńska-Sitarz, Anna and Varese, Giovanna Cristina and Vasquez, Marlen I.", title = "The Essentials of Marine Biotechnology", year = "2021", journal = "Frontiers in Marine Science", abstract = "Coastal countries have traditionally relied on the existing marine resources (e.g., fishing, food, transport, recreation, and tourism) as well as tried to support new economic endeavors (ocean energy, desalination for water supply, and seabed mining). Modern societies and lifestyle resulted in an increased demand for dietary diversity, better health and well-being, new biomedicines, natural cosmeceuticals, environmental conservation, and sustainable energy sources. These societal needs stimulated the interest of researchers on the diverse and underexplored marine environments as promising and sustainable sources of biomolecules and biomass, and they are addressed by the emerging field of marine (blue) biotechnology. Blue biotechnology provides opportunities for a wide range of initiatives of commercial interest for the pharmaceutical, biomedical, cosmetic, nutraceutical, food, feed, agricultural, and related industries. This article synthesizes the essence, opportunities, responsibilities, and challenges encountered in marine biotechnology and outlines the attainment and valorization of directly derived or bio-inspired products from marine organisms. First, the concept of bioeconomy is introduced. Then, the diversity of marine bioresources including an overview of the most prominent marine organisms and their potential for biotechnological uses are described. This is followed by introducing methodologies for exploration of these resources and the main use case scenarios in energy, food and feed, agronomy, bioremediation and climate change, cosmeceuticals, bio-inspired materials, healthcare, and well-being sectors. The key aspects in the fields of legislation and funding are provided, with the emphasis on the importance of communication and stakeholder engagement at all levels of biotechnology development. Finally, vital overarching concepts, such as the quadruple helix and Responsible Research and Innovation principle are highlighted as important to follow within the marine biotechnology field. The authors of this review are collaborating under the European Commission-funded Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action Ocean4Biotech – European transdisciplinary networking platform for marine biotechnology and focus the study on the European state of affairs.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.629629", doi = "10.3389/fmars.2021.629629", openalex = "W3127590788", references = "doi101016jcub201704060, doi101371journalpone0030580" } @article{doi101039d2np00083k, author = "Carroll, Anthony R. and Copp, Brent R. and Davis, Rohan A. and Keyzers, Robert A. and Prinsep, Michèle R.", title = "Marine natural products", year = "2023", journal = "Natural Product Reports", abstract = "Covering: January to December 2021This review covers the literature published in 2021 for marine natural products (MNPs), with 736 citations (724 for the period January to December 2021) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1425 in 416 papers for 2021), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Pertinent reviews, biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that led to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included. An analysis of the number of authors, their affiliations, domestic and international collection locations, focus of MNP studies, citation metrics and journal choices is discussed.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/d2np00083k", doi = "10.1039/d2np00083k", openalex = "W4320709510", references = "doi1010801478641920191619725, doi103390md19120656" } @article{doi1010801028602020232249825, author = "Rai, Tamanna and Kaushik, Niranjan and Malviya, Rishabha and Sharma, Pramod Kumar", title = "A review on marine source as anticancer agents", year = "2023", journal = "Journal of Asian Natural Products Research", abstract = ". Various marine species, including algae, mollusks, actinomycetes, fungi, sponges, and soft corals, have been studied for their bioactive metabolites with diverse chemical structures. The review explores the therapeutic potential of various marine-derived substances and discusses their possible applications in cancer treatment.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2023.2249825", doi = "10.1080/10286020.2023.2249825", openalex = "W4386508191", references = "antoniadou2016ascidiacea" } @article{doi103354meps14471, author = "Reyna, PB and Alurralde, Gastón and Taverna, Anabela and Calcagno, E and Scarabino, Fabrizio and Vélez‐Rubio, Gabriela M. and Tatián, Marcos and Schwindt, Evangelina", title = "Hotspot areas of marine introduced species in the Southwestern Atlantic", year = "2023", journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series", abstract = "Some worldwide marine regions have been invaded by introduced species more than others, and those accruing a large number of introduced species are identified as hotspot areas. The southern Southwest Atlantic (SWA) is a vast region that has a variety of heterogeneous environments that are affected by different environmental and anthropogenic drivers and have been colonized by many introduced species. Nevertheless, a comprehensive analysis considering all these aspects together to identify hotspots of introduced species has not been developed, nor has a statistically based procedure to define and identify these hotspots been produced. Therefore, the main objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the spatial richness of introduced species (ISR) in the SWA, (2) identify introduced species hotspots, (3) explore the environmental and anthropogenic drivers that explain the ISR pattern and the assemblage composition of introduced species in these hotspots, and (4) assess the variation in the assemblage species composition among the introduced species in the identified hotspots. Six different hotspots were identified. The ISR in these hotspots was significantly explained by a set of environmental (maximum and minimum sea surface temperature, distance to shore, maximum salinity) and anthropogenic drivers (maritime traffic density, distance to the nearest port). Assemblage composition was related only to the environmental predictors. The variation in assemblage composition showed heterogeneity among introduced species hotspots. Our study shows that mapping introduced species hotspots and identifying them through spatial statistics facilitates the synthesis and integration of information objectively. This represents a cutting-edge approach to prioritize areas for management and adopt policies for the SWA.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14471", doi = "10.3354/meps14471", openalex = "W4388286093", references = "doi101111geb13318" } @article{doi103390md21020084, author = "Zhang, Mingyue and Zhang, Qinrong and Zhang, Qunde and Cui, Xinyuan and Zhu, Lifeng", title = "Promising Antiparasitic Natural and Synthetic Products from Marine Invertebrates and Microorganisms", year = "2023", journal = "Marine Drugs", abstract = "Parasitic diseases still threaten human health. At present, a number of parasites have developed drug resistance, and it is urgent to find new and effective antiparasitic drugs. As a rich source of biological compounds, marine natural products have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new antiparasitic drugs. The literature related to the study of the antigenic animal activity of marine natural compounds from invertebrates and microorganisms was selected to summarize the research progress of marine compounds and the structure-activity relationship of these compounds in the past five years and to explore the possible sources of potential antiparasitic drugs for parasite treatment.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/md21020084", doi = "10.3390/md21020084", openalex = "W4318055068", references = "doi1010801478641920191619725" } @article{doi101007s1053002403354x, author = "Rius, Marc and Turón, Xavier and Morán, Paloma and Pérez-Dieste, Jacinto and Almón, Bruno and Pahad, Govan and Teske, Peter R. and Vázquez, Elsa", title = "A morphogenetic characterisation of a potentially dominant African marine species in Europe", year = "2024", journal = "Biological Invasions", abstract = "Abstract Studying the early stages of the introduction of non-indigenous species (NIS) is crucial as it allows immediate management actions aimed at preventing NIS spread at a time when these actions are more likely to be effective. Recent species introductions present unique opportunities to study key aspects of the invasion process. However, comprehensive information on how and when NIS are first introduced remains rare. We assessed the characteristics of the introduction of a member of the widespread Pyura stolonifera species group (Chordata, Tunicata) in Europe. These ascidians are important bioengineer species that can attain amongst the highest benthic biomass per surface area ever reported. We collected introduced individuals on the coast of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula, an area with high shipping traffic and one of the world’s most important mussel farming regions. The specimens were analysed using taxonomic and genetic tools. Both field surveys and taxonomic analysis showed that one of the African members of the species group, Pyura herdmani, has recently been introduced to Europe and, although it does not yet form the large aggregates found in the native range, it is already well-established. Genetic data revealed that only the northwest African lineage of P. herdmani has been introduced to Europe. Considering the low dispersal capabilities of the early life-history stages of P. herdmani, the introduction of this species into Europe can only be explained via human mediated transport of NIS. In order to prevent any detrimental effects on both native biota and/or economically-important anthropogenic activities, regular monitoring of recent NIS introductions is urgently required.", url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-024-03354-x", doi = "10.1007/s10530-024-03354-x", openalex = "W4400802567", references = "doi101007s0022701527345, doi101007s1053001610620, doi101016jtree201703007, doi101017s0025315406014354, doi101073pnas0401921101, doi101093molbevmsw054, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026036, doi1011112041210x12410, doi101111jeb13609, doi101111zoj12036, doi1011861471214811176" } @article{doi103354meps14716, author = "Noè, Simona and Bommarito, Claudia and Díaz-Morales, DM and Guy‐Haim, Tamar and Ermak, Khristina and Wahl, Martin and Sures, Bernd and Morov, AR and Rilov, Gil", title = "Response of native and invasive grazers to global warming: marine heatwaves vs. gradual trends", year = "2024", journal = "Marine Ecology Progress Series", abstract = "Ecological responses to global warming are likely driven by a combination of gradual warming trends and extreme climate events, which are increasing in frequency and intensity. Specifically, heatwaves may amplify the impact of ongoing warming, and thus affect species’ physiological responses, behaviour and eventually survival. Here, we tested the hypothesis that a tropical invasive grazer snail, Cerithium scabridum, will be more resilient to the effects of future gradual warming and marine heatwaves (MHWs) than its native congener C. lividulum, co-occurring in rocky intertidal pools along the Levantine coast. Survival and faecal production (as a proxy for feeding rate) of the 2 species were measured under 4 experimental temperature conditions: ambient summer mean (31°C), predicted warming scenario (ambient +3°C), and short-term MHWs (+5°C) added to either ambient or warming treatments, followed by a recovery period. No effect of warming alone was detected on either species, whereas MHW reduced faecal production only in the native C. lividulum. During the recovery period, C. lividulum survival dropped, but the few surviving individuals recovered from the heat stress as indicated by the increase in faecal production. Neither snail species survived under the combination of warming and MHW. These results suggest that both species, living in a thermally fluctuating and often extreme environment, can tolerate a +3°C gradual warming, but only the invasive snail can withstand a +5°C heatwave. However, neither species can endure a severe heatwave on top of predicted gradual warming, potentially leading to population collapse among both species in the region.", url = "https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14716", doi = "10.3354/meps14716", openalex = "W4402751037", references = "doi101111geb13318" }