@article{welch1896the,
    author = "Welch, William H.",
    title = "The Journal of Experimental Medicine: Introduction",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "Journal of Experimental Medicine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.1.1.1",
    doi = "10.1084/jem.1.1.1",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2339529074",
    pages = "1-3",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{doi101001archinte192800130130142015,
    title = "Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine",
    year = "1928",
    journal = "Archives of Internal Medicine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1928.00130130142015",
    doi = "10.1001/archinte.1928.00130130142015",
    openalex = "W2460961807"
}

@article{dodge1951review,
    author = "Dodge, Ruth A.",
    title = "Review: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, by Claude Bernard and Henry Copley Greene",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "The American Biology Teacher",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4438275",
    doi = "10.2307/4438275",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2326083895",
    pages = "119-119",
    volume = "13"
}

@article{doi1023074438275,
    author = "Dodge, Ruth A.",
    title = "Review: An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, by Claude Bernard and Henry Copley Greene",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "The American Biology Teacher",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/4438275",
    doi = "10.2307/4438275",
    openalex = "W2326083895"
}

@book{bernard1957an1,
    author = "Bernard, C",
    title = "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, in Greene, H. C., ed",
    year = "1957",
    publisher = "New York, Dover Publications",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bernard, C., 1957, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, in Greene, H. C., ed., : New York, Dover Publications.}"
}

@incollection{tattersfield1981introduction,
    author = "Tattersfield, A. E. and Howell, J. B. L.",
    title = "Introduction: Experimental Methods in Respiratory Medicine",
    year = "1981",
    booktitle = "Methods in Clinical Pharmacology—Respiratory System",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-05940-9\_1",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-349-05940-9\_1",
    openalex = "W2414204780",
    pages = "1-2"
}

@article{doi101017s0025727300042265,
    author = "Shortt, S. E. D.",
    title = "Physicians, science, and status: issues in the professionalization of Anglo-American medicine in the nineteenth century",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Medical History",
    abstract = {THE professionalization of Anglo-American medicine, most scholars would agree, took place during the nineteenth century. But how this process occurred or, indeed, what the term itself signifies, encourages no such consensus. This confusion may be a reflection of the relatively little historical curiosity sparked by those individuals or institutions subsumed under the diffuse designation "middle class". The professions, a significant feature of middle-class culture, have inspired "house histories of professional bodies",' but such studies are in general "so thin and lacking in critical framework as to be of almost no use to succeeding scholars".2 Faced with the analytical vacuum in existing literature, the historian may turn to studies by sociological colleagues. To the uninitiated, the works encountered present both a taxonomic quagmire and a series of theoretical constructs quite at odds with the historian's principal concerns. Since most of the sociologist's formulations are derived from current practice, they are likely to produce what one historian has called "nonsensical results" when applied to the historical process. Lyell, Herschel, and Darwin, for example, would find themselves excluded from the ranks of professionals by a twentieth-century definition of scientist emphasizing specialized training and income derived from the sale of that expertise.3 Neither does such terminology take into account vestigial criteria. To the earnest Victorians, for example, the attainment of professional status was intimately linked to the possession of "character", a nineteenth-century cipher signifying a range of "enduring credentials" such as "mental initiative, self-reliance, and usefulness".4 Confronted by such difficulties, it},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300042265",
    doi = "10.1017/s0025727300042265",
    openalex = "W2149239143"
}

@article{doi1023072786835,
    author = "Krackhardt, David and Stern, Robert N.",
    title = "Informal Networks and Organizational Crises: An Experimental Simulation",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Social Psychology Quarterly",
    abstract = "This paper argues that organizations with a particular social network structure are more effective than most organizations in responding to crises. Further, it is argued that the effective structure does not occur naturally, but must be designed consciously and carefully. A theory is developed based on well-founded principles of social science, most notably work on formal structure, conflict, friendships, and organizational crises. The paper concludes with an experimental test of one of the four propositions deduced from the theory. Six trials of the experiment found significant support for this proposition.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2786835",
    doi = "10.2307/2786835",
    openalex = "W2059837179"
}

@book{doi1012019780429246593,
    author = "Efron, Bradley and Tibshirani, Robert",
    title = "An Introduction to the Bootstrap",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "An Introduction to the Bootstrap arms scientists and engineers as well as statisticians with the computational techniques they need to analyze and understand complicated data sets. The bootstrap is a computer-based method of statistical inference that answers statistical questions without formulas and gives a direct appreciation of variance, bias, coverage, and other probabilistic phenomena. This book presents an overview of the bootstrap and related methods for assessing statistical accuracy, concentrating on the ideas rather than their mathematical justification. Not just for beginners, the presentation starts off slowly, but builds in both scope and depth to ideas that are quite sophisticated.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429246593",
    doi = "10.1201/9780429246593",
    openalex = "W1995945562"
}

@article{doi101136bmjopen2014006530,
    author = "White, James and Greene, Giles and Dunstan, Frank and Rodgers, Sarah and Lyons, Ronan A and Humphreys, Ioan and John, Ann and Webster, Chris and Palmer, Stephen and Elliott, Eva and Phillips, Ceri J and Fone, David",
    title = "The communities first (ComFi) study: protocol for a prospective controlled quasi-experimental study to evaluate the impact of area-wide regeneration on mental health and social cohesion in deprived communities.",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "BMJ open",
    abstract = "INTRODUCTION: Recent systematic reviews have highlighted the dearth of evidence on the effectiveness of regeneration on health and health inequalities. 'Communities First' is an area-wide regeneration scheme to improve the lives of people living in the most deprived areas in Wales (UK). This study will evaluate the impact of Communities First on residents' mental health and social cohesion. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A prospective controlled quasi-experimental study of the association between residence in Communities First regeneration areas in Caerphilly county borough and change in mental health and social cohesion. The study population is the 4226 residents aged 18-74 years who responded to the Caerphilly Health and Social Needs Study in 2001 (before delivery) and 2008 (after delivery of Communities First). Data on the location, type and cost of Communities First interventions will be extracted from records collected by Caerphilly county borough council. The primary outcome is the change in mental health between 2001 and 2008. Secondary outcomes are changes: in common mental disorder case status (using survey and general practice data), social cohesion and mental health inequalities. Multilevel models will examine change in mental health and social cohesion between Communities First and control areas, adjusting for individual and household level confounding factors. Further models will examine the effects of (1) different types of intervention, (2) contamination across areas, (3) length of residence in a Communities First area, and (4) population migration. We will carry out a cost-consequences analysis to summarise the outcomes generated for participants, as well as service utilisation and utility gains. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has had approval from the Information Governance Review Panel at Swansea University (Ref: 0266 CF). Findings will be disseminated through peer-review publications, international conferences, policy and practice partners in local and national government, and updates on our study website (http://medicine.cardiff.ac.uk/clinical-study/communities-first-regeneration-programme/).",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4202000/",
    doi = "10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006530",
    openalex = "W2132146342",
    pmcid = "PMC4202000",
    pmid = "25314962",
    references = "doi101007bf00930892, doi101016jsocscimed200411008, doi101016s089543569800081x, doi101136bmj3237306187, doi101136jech2011200375, doi1011861472694793, doi101186147269639157, doi102105ajph2008143909, openalexw1493773294, openalexw1521542335"
}

@article{doi101353dia20150003,
    author = "Cecire, Natalia",
    title = "Experimentalism by Contact",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "diacritics",
    abstract = {This essay considers literary "experimentalism" as a constructed category animated by epistemic virtues, using the case study of "contact" as both anthropological and literary values in the 1920s. Examines Language writing, the work of William Carlos Williams, and the Writing Culture group in anthropology.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/dia.2015.0003",
    doi = "10.1353/dia.2015.0003",
    openalex = "W2117215481",
    references = "dodge1951review, doi101093auk1002507, doi1023071386453, doi1023071512299, doi1023072692957, doi1023072759245, doi1023074438275, doi102307604991, doi102307jctvjf9x0h, doi105860choice306249, openalexw1586405747, openalexw2152534083"
}

@incollection{doi10432497813513207641,
    author = "Bernard, Claude C.A. and Wolf, Stewart and Greene, Henry Copley",
    title = "An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine",
    year = "2018",
    abstract = "The reprinting of this classic is pleasing and indicates continued or increasing interest in this excellent book. It should be read by all medical students and young men planning a research career in medicine. Claude Bernard's role in physiology and experimental medicine can never be forgotten. To have an opportunity to profit from the wisdom of such a great man is certainly a privilege. Unfortunately, other great scientists did not make it possible for those who followed them to profit from such advice.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351320764-1",
    doi = "10.4324/9781351320764-1",
    openalex = "W2086702565"
}

@article{doi101353lit20190000,
    author = "Bradway, Tyler",
    title = "Introduction: The Promise of Experimental Writing",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "College literature",
    abstract = {Introduction:The Promise of Experimental Writing Tyler Bradway (bio) What promise does experimental writing hold for literary studies now? This special issue of College Literature asks why experimental writing has risen to the forefront of contemporary literary studies in a historical moment defined by reactionary nationalism and populism, weaponized state violence against people of color, the enclosures of digital surveillance, and the ongoing economic and ecological precarity wrought by global capitalism. After all, experimental writing has often been understood—and understood itself—as removed from the everyday concerns of the social world. By now, the epithets are familiar: elitist, esoteric, solipsistic, formalist. The pure commitment to aesthetic experimentation has been seen as an end in itself; the artwork's autonomy from the social world has been understood as the very locus of its critical power.1 Yet the past decade has witnessed a scholarly reappraisal of the social and cultural relevance of experimental writing. This reappraisal is evident in the notable publication of The Routledge Companion to Experimental Literature (Bray et al. 2012) and the inauguration of Wesleyan University Press's annual Best American Experimental Writing anthology in 2014. Moreover, there has been a proliferation of scholarly monographs, articles, and special issues of academic journals focused specifically on the politics of experimental writing—its responsiveness to the [End Page 1] material forces of social strife; its embeddedness within progressive and radical political movements; and its innovations in the politics of aesthetics.2 These considerations arise in monographs such as Timothy Yu's Race and the Avant-Garde: Experimental and Asian American Poetry Since 1965 (2009); Evie Shockley's Renegade Poetics: Black Aesthetics and Formal Innovation in African American Poetry (2011); Alex Houen's Powers of Possibility: Experimental American Writing since the 1960s (2012); Anthony Reed's Freedom Time: The Poetics and Politics of Black Experimental Writing (2014); and Ellen Berry's Women's Experimental Writing: Negative Aesthetics and Feminist Critique (2016)—to name just a few representative examples.3 If "experimental writing" once nominated a tradition of innovative writing by European, white, male, and heteronormative authors, then the new criticism of experimental writing finds promise in the excavation of hidden, degraded, and ignored experimentalisms developed among marginalized writers and communities. Yet the return to experimental writing is not solely a project of recovery; its conceptual ambit is much broader, as intimated by the title of this special issue. The phrase, "lively words," is drawn from Gertrude Stein's Lectures in America (1935), in which Stein famously invokes the concept of "liveliness" to describe an experimental poetics of language that does not operate primarily through meaning—through denotation or connotation—but through the affective forces of language itself. Indeed, for Stein, language is quite literally alive, if not exactly human: it is autopoietic and signifies without necessarily expressing an authorial subject.4 Words have a materiality and force all their own—a liveliness that experimental writing makes uniquely perceptible by undoing our unconscious readerly habits. Undoubtedly, Stein's experimental writing inaugurates an important genealogy of modernist, queer, and feminist literature to which many of the authors and texts in this volume owe a debt. Yet it is her more expansive conception of experimental writing—as revealing the entanglements of language and matter, of words and the world—that anticipates contemporary interest in experimental writing. This entanglement underlies the conjunction of "politics and poetics" that this special issue seeks to understand with fresh eyes. To be sure, the essays collected here do not advocate for a single, overarching conception of the politics and poetics of experimental writing. Rather, each is invested in experimental writing because the texts themselves are actively rethinking the chiasmus of politics and poetics through their formal experimentations. The new [End Page 2] criticism on experimental writing thus promises to discover an array of new practices for reading the politics of literature, and its search is guided by the specific poetic forms and interpretative protocols that experimental writers innovate. If literary studies again finds itself debating the work that form can do, experimental writing gets there first.5 Whereas formalism and historicism have often been opposed by literary scholars, this has not been the case for experimental writers, particularly...},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2019.0000",
    doi = "10.1353/lit.2019.0000",
    openalex = "W2908972568",
    references = "doi101353dia20150003"
}

@misc{deblock2023introduction,
    author = "De Block, Andreas and Hens, Kristien",
    title = "Introduction: Whither (Experimental) Philosophy of Medicine?",
    year = "2023",
    booktitle = "Advances in Experimental Philosophy of Medicine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350281554.0007",
    doi = "10.5040/9781350281554.0007",
    openalex = "W4386688458",
    pages = "1-10"
}

@article{doi1051847ujklbmwzvp,
    author = "Suzuki, M and Tanabe, Yoko",
    title = "Parental Concepts and Genetic Relations: An Experimental Philosophy Study in Reproductive Ethics",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Asian Journal of Ethics in Health and Medicine",
    abstract = "In this article, we present findings from an experimental study in reproductive ethics that examines how people think about reproduction and parenthood. Our results show that, although we often take for granted that everyone interprets these concepts—and the links between them—in the same way, this assumption may not hold. For instance, one might expect that if “x is y’s father,” then “y is x’s child” must also be true. Yet our participants did not consistently accept this inference. This sugges",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.51847/ujklbmwzvp",
    doi = "10.51847/ujklbmwzvp",
    openalex = "W7128053160",
    references = "deblock2023introduction, doi101007s1101702109546z, doi101007s11017021095512, doi101016jjbef201712004, doi10108005568640509485163, doi101093acprofoso97801995907040010001, doi101111j14678519200901715x, doi101111j146859301995tb00119x, doi101111nous12110, doi101111phc312271, doi1043249781315573274"
}

@article{doi101007s11229025052804,
    author = "Varga, Somogy and Latham, Andrew J. and Machery, Édouard",
    title = "Concepts of health and disease: insights from experimental philosophy of medicine",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Synthese",
    abstract = "The aim of the paper is to explore how people understand the concepts of health and disease, including the factors that influence their judgments about whether a condition is a disease or a healthy state. The study investigates whether health and disease judgments come apart, and whether they are affected by factors such as typicality, dysfunction, and disvalue. We conclude that the folk concept of health is positive (such that being healthy is consistent with having a disease), while the folk concept of disease is naturalistic (such that value judgments do not play a direct, significant role in determining whether a condition counts as a disease).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-025-05280-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s11229-025-05280-4",
    openalex = "W4415243063",
    references = "deblock2023introduction, doi10100797815925945111, doi101007s1101900690173, doi101007s1109802502359z, doi101016jijchp201412001, doi1010370003066x473373, doi101038s415620170189z, doi101086288768, doi101093analys633190, doi101093jmpjhu035, doi101111j193315922006tb00603x, doi105840philtopics2001291217"
}

@article{doi103998ergo7139,
    author = "Varga, Somogy and Latham, Andrew J. and Stegenga, Jacob",
    title = "Health, Disease, and the Medicalization of Low Sexual Desire: A Vignette-Based Experimental Study",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy",
    abstract = "Debates about the genuine disease status of controversial diseases rely on intuitions about a range of factors. Adopting tools from experimental philosophy, this paper explores some of the factors that influence judgments about whether low sexual desire should be considered a disease and whether it should be medically treated. Drawing in part on some assumptions underpinning a divide in the literature between viewing low sexual desire as a genuine disease and seeing it as improperly medicalized, we investigate whether health and disease judgments are affected by factors such as an individual’s gender, the cause of the low desire, whether the desire is high or low, and both personal and societal valuations of the condition. Our main findings indicate that (a) the cause of a condition influences whether it is judged a disorder, (b) how the individual values the condition influences whether the condition is seen as a proper target of medical intervention, and (c) perceived dysfunction influences judgments regarding health, disorder classification, medicalization, and medical intervention. Our findings help further illuminate the intricate interplay of factors that influence judgments about health and disease in controversial conditions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3998/ergo.7139",
    doi = "10.3998/ergo.7139",
    openalex = "W4406752124",
    references = "doi1010800020174x20242361694"
}