@article{doi1010160016703763900450,
    author = "Kaplan, I. R. and Degens, Egon T. and Reuter, J.H.",
    title = "Organic compounds in stony meteorites",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(63)90045-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-7037(63)90045-0",
    openalex = "W1982685350"
}

@article{hayatsu1964orgueil,
    author = "Hayatsu, Ryoichi",
    title = "Orgueil Meteorite: Organic Nitrogen Contents",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Purines, amino derivatives of sym -triazine, and substituted guanidines isolated from the Orgueil meteorite were identified by chromatographic, spectroscopic, and other techniques. The presence of large amounts of sym -triazine derivatives is of particular interest, because these compounds have no known biochemical significance.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.146.3649.1291",
    doi = "10.1126/science.146.3649.1291",
    number = "3649",
    openalex = "W2049824278",
    pages = "1291-1293",
    volume = "146",
    references = "doi1010160003986161900339, doi1010160006291x60901388, doi1010160016703763900450, doi1010160022286070850141, doi1010381911137a0, doi1010381911193a0, doi101038197756a0, doi101073pnas495737, doi101139v56231, doi101246bcsj30723"
}

@misc{hayatsu1964orgueil2,
    author = "Hayatsu, R",
    title = "Orgueil meteorite",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Organic nitrogen contents: Science, v. 146, p. 1291-1292",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hayatsu, R., 1964, Orgueil meteorite: Organic nitrogen contents: Science, v. 146, p. 1291-1292.}"
}

@misc{anders1973organic1,
    author = "Anders, E. and Hayatso, R. and Studier, M. H",
    title = "Organic compounds in meteorites",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 182, p. 781-790",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Anders, E., Hayatso, R., and Studier, M. H., 1973, Organic compounds in meteorites: Science, v. 182, p. 781-790.}"
}

@article{kerridge1976mafic,
    author = "Kerridge, John F. and Douglas Macdougall, J.",
    title = "Mafic silicates in the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Earth and Planetary Science Letters",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(76)90138-2",
    doi = "10.1016/0012-821x(76)90138-2",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2050774434",
    pages = "341-348",
    volume = "29",
    references = "doi101007978940103411139, doi1010160016703772900294, doi1010160016703772900786, doi101016s0016703767800139, doi101016s0016703767800309, doi101021ac60294a030, doi101029rg012i001p00071, doi101086627339, doi105479si00810274101, openalexw611058136"
}

@article{doi101029js082i028p04641,
    author = "Biemann, K. and Oró, J. and Toulmin, Priestley and Orgel, Leslie E. and Nier, A. O. and Anderson, Duwayne M. and Simmonds, Peter G. and Flory, D. A. and Diaz, A. V. and Rushneck, D. R. and Biller, J. E. and Lafleur, Arthur L.",
    title = "The search for organic substances and inorganic volatile compounds in the surface of Mars",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "A total of four Martian samples, one surface and one subsurface sample at each of the two Viking landing sites, Chryse Planitia and Utopia Planitia, have been analyzed for organic compounds by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. In none of these experiments could organic material of Martian origin be detected at detection limits generally of the order of parts per billion and for a few substances closer to parts per million. The evolution of water and carbon dioxide, but not of other inorganic gases, was observed upon heating the sample to temperatures of up to 500°C. The absence of organic compounds seems to preclude their production on the planet at rates that exceed the rate of their destruction. It also makes it unlikely that living systems that behave in a manner similar to terrestrial biota exist, at least at the two Viking landing sites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/js082i028p04641",
    doi = "10.1029/js082i028p04641",
    openalex = "W2131107714"
}

@misc{stoks1978uracil3,
    author = "Stoks, P. G. and Schwarts, A. W",
    title = "Uracil in carbonaceous meteorites",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 282, p. 709-710",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stoks, P. G., and Schwarts, A. W., 1978, Uracil in carbonaceous meteorites: Nature, v. 282, p. 709-710.}"
}

@article{doi101038282709a0,
    author = "Stoks, Peter G. and Schwartz, Alan W.",
    title = "Uracil in carbonaceous meteorites",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/282709a0",
    doi = "10.1038/282709a0",
    openalex = "W2027902774",
    references = "hayatsu1964orgueil"
}

@article{doi101126science2054404395,
    author = "Kerridge, J. F. and Mackay, Alan L. and Boynton, W. V.",
    title = "Magnetite in CI Carbonaceous Meteorites: Origin by Aqueous Activity on a Planetesimal Surface",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The composition and morphology of magnetite in CI carbonaceous meteorites appear incompatible with a nebular origin. Mineralization on the meteorite parent body is a more plausible mode of formation. The iodine-xenon age of this material therefore dates an episode of secondary mineralization on a planetesimal rather than the epoch of condensation in the primitive solar nebula.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.205.4404.395",
    doi = "10.1126/science.205.4404.395",
    openalex = "W2093553539",
    references = "kerridge1976mafic"
}

@article{doi101086176485,
    author = "Bernstein, Max P. and Sandford, Scott A. and Allamandola, L. J. and Chang, Sherwood and Scharberg, Maureen A.",
    title = "Organic Compounds Produced by Photolysis of Realistic Interstellar and Cometary Ice Analogs Containing Methanol",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "The Astrophysical Journal",
    abstract = {The infrared (IR) spectra of ultraviolet (UV) and thermally processed, methanol-containing interstellar/ cometary ice analogs at temperatures from 12 to 300 K are presented. Infrared spectroscopy, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicate that CO (carbon monoxide), CO 2 (carbon dioxide), CH 4 (methane), HCO (the formyl radical), H 2 CO (formaldehyde), CH 3 CH 2 OH (ethanol), HC(=O)NH 2 (formamide), CH 3 C(=O)NH 2 (acetamide), and R-C=-N (nitriles) are formed. In addition, the organic materials remaining after photolyzed ice analogs have been warmed to room temperature contain (in rough order of decreasing abundance), (1) hexamethylenetetramine (HMT, C 6 H 12 N 4), (2) ethers, alcohols, and compounds related to polyoxymethylene {POM, (CH 2 O)n}, and (3) ketones {R-C(=O)-R'} and amides {H 2 NC(=O)-R}. Most of the carbon in these residues is thought to come from the methanol in the original ice. Deuterium and 13 C isotopic labeling demonstrates that methanol is definitely the source of carbon in HMT. High concentrations of HMT in interstellar and cometary ices could have important astrophysical consequences. The ultraviolet photolysis of HMT frozen in H 2 O ice readily produces the "XCN" band observed in the spectra of protostellar objects and laboratory ices, as well as other nitriles. Thus, HMT may be a precursor of XCN and a source of CN in comets and the interstellar medium. Also, HMT is known to hydrolyze under acidic conditions to yield ammonia, formaldehyde, and amino acids. Thus, HMT may be a significant source of prebiogenic compounds on asteroidal parent bodies. A potential mechanism for the radiative formation of HMT in cosmic ices is outlined.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/176485",
    doi = "10.1086/176485",
    openalex = "W2043045481"
}

@article{doi101146annurevastro381427,
    author = "Ehrenfreund, P. and Charnley, Steven B.",
    title = "Organic Molecules in the Interstellar Medium, Comets, and Meteorites: A Voyage from Dark Clouds to the Early Earth",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics",
    abstract = "▪ Abstract Our understanding of the evolution of organic molecules, and their voyage from molecular clouds to the early solar system and Earth, has changed dramatically. Incorporating recent observational results from the ground and space, as well as laboratory simulation experiments and new methods for theoretical modeling, this review recapitulates the inventory and distribution of organic molecules in different environments. The evolution, survival, transport, and transformation of organics is monitored, from molecular clouds and the diffuse interstellar medium to their incorporation into solar system material such as comets and meteorites. We constrain gas phase and grain surface formation pathways to organic molecules in dense interstellar clouds, using recent observations with the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and ground-based radiotelescopes. The main spectroscopic evidence for carbonaceous compounds in the diffuse interstellar medium is discussed (UV bump at 2200 Å, diffuse interstellar bands, extended red emission, and infrared absorption and emission bands). We critically review the signatures and unsolved problemsrelated to the main organic components suggested to be present in the diffuse gas, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), fullerenes, diamonds, and carbonaceous solids. We also briefly discuss the circumstellar formation of organics around late-typestars. In the solar system, space missions to comet Halley and observations of the bright comets Hyakutake and Hale-Bopp have recently allowed a reexamination of the organic chemistry of dust and volatiles in long-period comets. We review the advances in this area and also discuss progress being made in elucidating the complex organic inventory of carbonaceous meteorites. The knowledge of organic chemistry in molecular clouds, comets, and meteorites and their common link provides constraints for the processes that lead to the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the Galaxy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.427",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.427",
    openalex = "W2148340339",
    references = "doi101006icar19996299, doi101038318162a0, doi101038347354a0, doi101038355125a0, doi101038359707a0, doi101086155591, doi101126science11538074, doi101126science2735277924, doi101146annurevaa09090171000245, doi101146annurevaa28090190000345, doi105860choice312093"
}

@article{doi101073pnas051502898,
    author = "Ehrenfreund, P. and Glavin, D. P. and Botta, Oliver and Cooper, George and Bada, Jeffrey L.",
    title = "Extraterrestrial amino acids in Orgueil and Ivuna: Tracing the parent body of CI type carbonaceous chondrites",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Amino acid analyses using HPLC of pristine interior pieces of the CI carbonaceous chondrites Orgueil and Ivuna have found that beta-alanine, glycine, and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (ABA) are the most abundant amino acids in these two meteorites, with concentrations ranging from approximately 600 to 2,000 parts per billion (ppb). Other alpha-amino acids such as alanine, alpha-ABA, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB), and isovaline are present only in trace amounts (<200 ppb). Carbon isotopic measurements of beta-alanine and glycine and the presence of racemic (D/L approximately 1) alanine and beta-ABA in Orgueil suggest that these amino acids are extraterrestrial in origin. In comparison to the CM carbonaceous chondrites Murchison and Murray, the amino acid composition of the CIs is strikingly distinct, suggesting that these meteorites came from a different type of parent body, possibly an extinct comet, than did the CM carbonaceous chondrites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.051502898",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.051502898",
    openalex = "W1983647917"
}

@article{doi101039b103775g,
    author = "Sephton, Mark A.",
    title = "Organic compounds in carbonaceous meteorites",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Natural Product Reports",
    abstract = "The carbonaceous chondrite meteorites are fragments of asteroids that have remained relatively unprocessed since the formation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. These carbon-rich objects contain a variety of extraterrestrial organic molecules that constitute a record of chemical evolution prior to the origin of life. Compound classes include aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, amino acids, carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, sugars, amines, amides, nitrogen heterocycles, sulfur heterocycles and a relatively abundant high molecular weight macromolecular material. Structural and stable isotopic characteristics suggest that a number of environments may have contributed to the organic inventory, including interstellar space, the solar nebula and the asteroidal meteorite parent body. This review covers work published between 1950 and the present day and cites 193 references.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1039/b103775g",
    doi = "10.1039/b103775g",
    openalex = "W2143996386",
    references = "doi101038205284b0, doi101038355125a0, doi101126science11538074, hayatsu1964orgueil"
}

@article{sephton2002organic,
    author = "Sephton, Mark A.",
    title = "Organic Compounds in Carbonaceous Meteorites",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "ChemInform",
    abstract = "For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.200238262",
    doi = "10.1002/chin.200238262",
    number = "38",
    openalex = "W2951544752",
    pages = "262-262",
    volume = "33",
    references = "doi101039b103775g"
}

@article{doi101126science1132175,
    author = "Nakamura‐Messenger, K. and Messenger, S. and Keller, L. P. and Clemett, S. J. and Zolensky, M. E.",
    title = "Organic Globules in the Tagish Lake Meteorite: Remnants of the Protosolar Disk",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Coordinated transmission electron microscopy and isotopic measurements of organic globules in the Tagish Lake meteorite shows that they have elevated ratios of nitrogen-15 to nitrogen-14 (1.2 to 2 times terrestrial) and of deuterium to hydrogen (2.5 to 9 times terrestrial). These isotopic anomalies are indicative of mass fractionation during chemical reactions at extremely low temperatures (10 to 20 kelvin), characteristic of cold molecular clouds and the outer protosolar disk. The globules probably originated as organic ice coatings on preexisting grains that were photochemically processed into refractory organic matter. The globules resemble cometary carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) particles, suggesting that such grains were important constituents of the solar system starting materials.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132175",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1132175",
    openalex = "W2019386802"
}

@article{doi101073pnas0912157107,
    author = "Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe and Gabélica, Z. and Gougeon, Régis D. and Fekete, Ágnes and Kanawati, Basem and Harir, Mourad and Gebefuegi, Istvan and Eckel, Gerhard and Hertkorn, Norbert",
    title = "High molecular diversity of extraterrestrial organic matter in Murchison meteorite revealed 40 years after its fall",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Numerous descriptions of organic molecules present in the Murchison meteorite have improved our understanding of the early interstellar chemistry that operated at or just before the birth of our solar system. However, all molecular analyses were so far targeted toward selected classes of compounds with a particular emphasis on biologically active components in the context of prebiotic chemistry. Here we demonstrate that a nontargeted ultrahigh-resolution molecular analysis of the solvent-accessible organic fraction of Murchison extracted under mild conditions allows one to extend its indigenous chemical diversity to tens of thousands of different molecular compositions and likely millions of diverse structures. This molecular complexity, which provides hints on heteroatoms chronological assembly, suggests that the extraterrestrial chemodiversity is high compared to terrestrial relevant biological- and biogeochemical-driven chemical space.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912157107",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0912157107",
    openalex = "W2070751667",
    references = "doi101016c20201040965, doi101016jgca200702008, doi101016jgca200706052, doi101038228923a0, doi101038355125a0, doi101039b103775g, doi101073pnas0805069105, doi101146annurevaa09090171000245, doi102307jctv1v7zdmm, doi105860choice264478"
}

@article{doi101111j19455100201001132x,
    author = "Glavin, D. P. and Callahan, Michael P. and Dworkin, Jason P. and Elsila, Jamie E.",
    title = "The effects of parent body processes on amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Meteoritics and Planetary Science",
    abstract = "To investigate the effect of parent body processes on the abundance, distribution, and enantiomeric composition of amino acids in carbonaceous chondrites, the water extracts from nine different powdered Cl, CM, and CR carbonaceous chondrites were analyzed for amino acids by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-FD/ToF-MS). Four aqueously altered type 1 carbonaceous chondrites including Orgueil (C11), Meteorite Hills (MET) 01070 (CM1), Scott Glacier (SCO) 06043 (CM1), and Grosvenor Mountains (GRO) 95577 (CR1) were analyzed using this technique for the first time. Analyses of these meteorites revealed low levels of two- to five-carbon acyclic amino alkanoic acids with concentrations ranging from -1 to 2,700 parts-per-billion (ppb). The type 1 carbonaceous chondrites have a distinct distribution of the five-carbon (C5) amino acids with much higher relative abundances of the gamma- and delta-amino acids compared to the type 2 and type 3 carbonaceous chondrites, which are dominated by a-amino acids. Much higher amino acid abundances were found in the CM2 chondrites Murchison, Lonewolf Nunataks (LON) 94102, and Lewis Cliffs (LEW) 90500, the CR2 Elephant Moraine (EET) 92042, and the CR3 Queen Alexandra Range (QUE) 99177. For example, a-aminoisobutyric acid ((alpha-AIB) and isovaline were approximately 100 to 1000 times more abundant in the type 2 and 3 chondrites compared to the more aqueously altered type 1 chondrites. Most of the chiral amino acids identified in these meteorites were racemic, indicating an extraterrestrial abiotic origin. However, non-racemic isovaline was observed in the aqueously altered carbonaceous chondrites Murchison, Orgueil, SCO 06043, and GRO 95577 with L-isovaline excesses ranging from approximately 11 to 19\%, whereas the most pristine, unaltered carbonaceous chondrites analyzed in this study had no detectable L-isovaline excesses. These results are consistent with the theory that aqueous alteration played an important role in amplification of small initial left handed isovaline excesses on the parent bodies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01132.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1945-5100.2010.01132.x",
    openalex = "W2171407804",
    references = "doi101073pnas0912157107"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1106493108,
    author = "Callahan, Michael P. and Smith, Karen E. and Cleaves, Henderson James and Růžička, Josef and Stern, J. C. and Glavin, D. P. and House, Christopher H. and Dworkin, Jason P.",
    title = "Carbonaceous meteorites contain a wide range of extraterrestrial nucleobases",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "All terrestrial organisms depend on nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), which use pyrimidine and purine nucleobases to encode genetic information. Carbon-rich meteorites may have been important sources of organic compounds required for the emergence of life on the early Earth; however, the origin and formation of nucleobases in meteorites has been debated for over 50 y. So far, the few nucleobases reported in meteorites are biologically common and lacked the structural diversity typical of other indigenous meteoritic organics. Here, we investigated the abundance and distribution of nucleobases and nucleobase analogs in formic acid extracts of 12 different meteorites by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The Murchison and Lonewolf Nunataks 94102 meteorites contained a diverse suite of nucleobases, which included three unusual and terrestrially rare nucleobase analogs: purine, 2,6-diaminopurine, and 6,8-diaminopurine. In a parallel experiment, we found an identical suite of nucleobases and nucleobase analogs generated in reactions of ammonium cyanide. Additionally, these nucleobase analogs were not detected above our parts-per-billion detection limits in any of the procedural blanks, control samples, a terrestrial soil sample, and an Antarctic ice sample. Our results demonstrate that the purines detected in meteorites are consistent with products of ammonium cyanide chemistry, which provides a plausible mechanism for their synthesis in the asteroid parent bodies, and strongly supports an extraterrestrial origin. The discovery of new nucleobase analogs in meteorites also expands the prebiotic molecular inventory available for constructing the first genetic molecules.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1106493108",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1106493108",
    openalex = "W2008349049",
    references = "doi101016001670379490121x, doi101016jepsl200803026, doi101038228923a0, doi101038343033a0, doi10103838460, doi101038418214a, doi101038nature01499, doi101039b103775g, doi101073pnas0912157107, doi105860choice264478"
}

@article{doi101073pnas1422225112,
    author = "Saladino, Raffaele and Carota, Eleonora and Botta, Giorgia and Kapralov, M. I. and Тимошенко, Г. Н. and Rozanov, A. Yu. and Krasavin, Eugene and Mauro, Ernesto Di",
    title = "Meteorite-catalyzed syntheses of nucleosides and of other prebiotic compounds from formamide under proton irradiation",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Liquid formamide has been irradiated by high-energy proton beams in the presence of powdered meteorites, and the products of the catalyzed resulting syntheses were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Relative to the controls (no radiation, or no formamide, or no catalyst), an extremely rich, variegate, and prebiotically relevant panel of compounds was observed. The meteorites tested were representative of the four major classes: iron, stony iron, chondrites, and achondrites. The products obtained were amino acids, carboxylic acids, nucleobases, sugars, and, most notably, four nucleosides: cytidine, uridine, adenosine, and thymidine. In accordance with theoretical studies, the detection of HCN oligomers suggests the occurrence of mechanisms based on the generation of radical cyanide species (CN·) for the synthesis of nucleobases. Given that many of the compounds obtained are key components of extant organisms, these observations contribute to outline plausible exogenous high-energy-based prebiotic scenarios and their possible boundary conditions, as discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422225112",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1422225112",
    openalex = "W2059742271",
    references = "doi101038384055a0, doi101038nature08013, doi10108010409230490460765, doi101086381182, doi101093ajcn541175b, doi101126science1092464, doi101126science1170025, doi101146annurevaa09090171000245, doi102307jctv1v7zdmm, openalexw1482115950"
}

@article{doi101126scienceaab0689,
    author = "Goesmann, F. and Rosenbauer, H. and Bredehöft, Jan Hendrik and Cabane, M. and Ehrenfreund, P. and Gautier, Thomas and Giri, Chaitanya and Krüger, Harald and Roy, L. Le and MacDermott, Alexandra J. and McKenna‐Lawlor, S. and Meierhenrich, Uwe J. and Muñoz, G. M. and Raulin, F. and Roll, R. and Steele, A. and Steininger, H. and Sternberg, R. and Szopa, Cyril and Thiemann, Wolfram and Ulamec, Stephan",
    title = "Organic compounds on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko revealed by COSAC mass spectrometry",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Comets harbor the most pristine material in our solar system in the form of ice, dust, silicates, and refractory organic material with some interstellar heritage. The evolved gas analyzer Cometary Sampling and Composition (COSAC) experiment aboard Rosetta's Philae lander was designed for in situ analysis of organic molecules on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Twenty-five minutes after Philae's initial comet touchdown, the COSAC mass spectrometer took a spectrum in sniffing mode, which displayed a suite of 16 organic compounds, including many nitrogen-bearing species but no sulfur-bearing species, and four compounds—methyl isocyanate, acetone, propionaldehyde, and acetamide—that had not previously been reported in comets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab0689",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aab0689",
    openalex = "W2113172499",
    references = "doi10108010409230490460765"
}

@incollection{doi101016b9780128133255000033,
    author = "Glavin, D. P. and Alexander, C. M. O'd. and Aponte, José C. and Dworkin, Jason P. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Yabuta, Hikaru",
    title = "The Origin and Evolution of Organic Matter in Carbonaceous Chondrites and Links to Their Parent Bodies",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Elsevier eBooks",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-813325-5.00003-3",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-12-813325-5.00003-3",
    openalex = "W2890437843",
    references = "doi101016c20091284735, doi101038378767a0, doi10108010409230490460765, doi101086375492, doi101126science1135840, doi101126science1173046528, doi101126science2625133550, doi101146annurevastro381427, doi102307jctv1v7zdmm, doi105860choice264478, hayatsu1964orgueil"
}

@article{doi101038s4146702229612x,
    author = "Oba, Yasuhiro and Takano, Yoshinori and Furukawa, Yoshihiro and Koga, Toshiki and Glavin, D. P. and Dworkin, Jason P. and Naraoka, Hiroshi",
    title = "Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucleobases in carbonaceous meteorites",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "The lack of pyrimidine diversity in meteorites remains a mystery since prebiotic chemical models and laboratory experiments have predicted that these compounds can also be produced from chemical precursors found in meteorites. Here we report the detection of nucleobases in three carbonaceous meteorites using state-of-the-art analytical techniques optimized for small-scale quantification of nucleobases down to the range of parts per trillion (ppt). In addition to previously detected purine nucleobases in meteorites such as guanine and adenine, we identify various pyrimidine nucleobases such as cytosine, uracil, and thymine, and their structural isomers such as isocytosine, imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, and 6-methyluracil, respectively. Given the similarity in the molecular distribution of pyrimidines in meteorites and those in photon-processed interstellar ice analogues, some of these derivatives could have been generated by photochemical reactions prevailing in the interstellar medium and later incorporated into asteroids during solar system formation. This study demonstrates that a diversity of meteoritic nucleobases could serve as building blocks of DNA and RNA on the early Earth.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-29612-x",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-022-29612-x",
    openalex = "W4224995967",
    references = "doi101007s1121401704051, doi101038343033a0, doi101038355125a0, doi101038nchem2099, doi101038npp2012112, doi101038nrg201733, doi101073pnas0912157107, doi101073pnas1106493108, doi101073pnas1422225112, doi101126science11536547, doi101146annurevastro381427, hayatsu1964orgueil"
}

@article{doi101126scienceabn7850,
    author = "Yokoyama, Tetsuya and Nagashima, K. and Nakai, Izumi and Young, Edward and Abe, Yoshinari and Aléon, J. and Alexander, C. M. O'd. and Amari, S. and Amelin, Yuri and Bajo, Ken‐ichi and Bizzarro, Martin and Bouvier, Audrey and Carlson, Richard W. and Chaussidon, Marc and Choi, Byeon‐Gak and Dauphas, Nicolas and Davis, A. M. and Rocco, Tommaso Di and Fujiya, Wataru and Fukai, Ryota and Gautam, Ikshu and Haba, Makiko K. and Hibiya, Yuki and Hidaka, Hiroshi and Homma, Hisashi and Höppe, P. and Huss, G. R. and Ichida, Kiyohiro and Iizuka, Tsuyoshi and Ireland, T. R. and Ishikawa, Akira and Ito, Motoo and Itoh, Shoichi and Kawasaki, Noriyuki and Kita, N. T. and Kitajima, Kouki and Kleine, T. and Komatani, Shintaro and Krot, Alexander N. and Liu, Ming‐Chang and Masuda, Yuki and McKeegan, K. D. and Morita, Mayu and Motomura, Kazuko and Moynier, Frédéric and Nguyen, A. N. and Nittler, L. R. and Onose, Morihiko and Pack, Andreas and Park, Changkun and Piani, Laurette and Qin, Liping and Russell, S. S. and Sakamoto, Naoya and Schönbächler, Maria and Tafla, Lauren and Tang, Haolan and Terada, Kentaro and Terada, Yasuko and Usui, Tomohiro and Wada, Sohei and Wadhwa, M. and Walker, R. J. and Yamashita, Katsuyuki and Yin, Qing‐Zhu and Yoneda, Shigekazu and Yui, Hiroharu and Zhang, Ai‐Cheng and Connolly, H. C. and Lauretta, D. S. and Nakamura, Tomoki and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yabuta, Hikaru and Abe, Masanao and Arakawa, Masahiko and Fujii, Atsushi and Hayakawa, Masahiko and Hirata, Naoyuki and Hirata, Naru and Honda, Rie and Honda, Chikatoshi and Hosoda, S and Iijima, Yuichi and Ikeda, Hitoshi and Ishiguro, Masateru and Ishihara, Yoshiaki and Iwata, Takahiro and Kawahara, Kosuke and Kikuchi, Shota and Kitazato, K. and Matsumoto, Koji and Matsuoka, M. and Michikami, Tatsuhiro and Mimasu, Yuya and Miura, Akira and Morota, Tomokatsu and Nakazawa, Satoru",
    title = "Samples returned from the asteroid Ryugu are similar to Ivuna-type carbonaceous meteorites",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Carbonaceous meteorites are thought to be fragments of C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids. Samples of the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu were retrieved by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We measured the mineralogy and bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of Ryugu samples. The samples are mainly composed of materials similar to those of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, particularly the CI (Ivuna-type) group. The samples consist predominantly of minerals formed in aqueous fluid on a parent planetesimal. The primary minerals were altered by fluids at a temperature of 37° ± 10°C, about [Formula: see text] million (statistical) or [Formula: see text] million (systematic) years after the formation of the first solids in the Solar System. After aqueous alteration, the Ryugu samples were likely never heated above \textasciitilde 100°C. The samples have a chemical composition that more closely resembles that of the Sun's photosphere than other natural samples do.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7850",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abn7850",
    openalex = "W4281709976",
    references = "doi101016jgsf201804001"
}

@misc{doi1021203rs3rs1813273v1,
    author = "Aponte, José C. and Dworkin, Jason P. and Glavin, D. P. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Parker, Eric T. and McLain, Hannah L. and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Okazaki, Ryuji and Takano, Yoshinori and Tachibana, Shogo and Zeichner, Sarah S. and Eiler, John M. and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Nakamura, Tomoki and Yabuta, Hikaru and Terui, Fuyuto and Noguchi, Takaaki and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Nakato, Aiko and Miyazaki, Akiko and Yogata, Kasumi and Abe, Masanao and Okada, Tatsuaki and Usui, Tomohiro and Yoshikawa, Makoto and Saiki, Takanao and Tanaka, Satoshi and Nakazawa, S. and Tsuda, Yuichi and Watanabe, Sei‐ichiro",
    title = "Organic-Soluble Compounds in Asteroid Ryugu Samples A0106 and C0107 and the Orgueil (CI1) Meteorite",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Research Square",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1813273/v1",
    doi = "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1813273/v1",
    openalex = "W4285388260",
    references = "sephton2002organic"
}

@misc{doi1026434chemrxiv20223kzsz,
    author = "Chimiak, Laura and Eiler, John M.",
    title = "Prebiotic Synthesis on Meteorite Parent Bodies:Insights from Hydrogen and Carbon Isotope Models",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "ChemRxiv",
    abstract = "Several mechanisms could produce the biorelevant compounds in carbonaceous meteorites. These include radiation-driven reactions in the interstellar medium, gas-phase mineral-catalyzed reactions in the solar nebula, and aqueous chemistry in meteorite parent bodies. The ratio of heavy-to-light isotopes in a compound can constrains its formation history: a reaction’s substrates, mechanisms, and physiochemical conditions impact isotope ratios. Studies of the stable isotope compositions of meteoritic organic compounds have focused on sample- and molecular-average isotope measurements and have interpreted those data via qualitative or semi-quantitative models. Here we create quantitative models (i.e., explicitly fit to measurements) for hydrogen and carbon isotope compositions of organic compounds in primitive carbonaceous meteorites and use these models to reach broader conclusions regarding the environments, substrates, and chemical processes that contributed to pre- and early-solar-system organic synthesis. The hydrogen model fits measured molecular-average deuterium concentrations in a compound class (e.g., amines, carboxylic acids) as linear combinations of hydrogens with similar chemical environments. In the chondrites studied, methyl hydrogens are amongst the most deuterium-enriched moiety and hydrogens attached to α-carbons are the least. Deuterium enrichment is inversely related to both a compound class’s water solubility and a meteorite sample’s degree of aqueous alteration and terrestrial weathering. These values suggest that ISM-sourced compounds reacted to form deuterium-enriched molecules on meteorites’ parent bodies and the enrichments were attenuated through exchange with water during aqueous alteration on the parent body and subsequent terrestrial processing. The carbon model fits the δ13CVPDB of products from various reaction mechanisms by applying isotope effects to reactant δ13C measurements. The model with the most accurate δ13C fits of the compounds in the Murchison meteorite (62 \% of previous measurements fit by model) and the lowest average residuals (5 ‰) uses the integrated aldehyde network (oxidation, reductive amination, and Strecker synthesis on aldehydes and ketones) to produce straight-chain compounds that undergo formaldehyde addition to create branched-chain compounds. Formaldehyde addition has not been previously considered in prebiotic chemical reaction networks, but the best-fit network’s ability to fit compounds that span over 100 ‰ in carbon isotope abundances makes it an attractive chemistry to explore.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-3kzsz",
    doi = "10.26434/chemrxiv-2022-3kzsz",
    openalex = "W4304776320",
    references = "sephton2002organic"
}

@article{doi101038s41467023369043,
    author = "Oba, Yasuhiro and Koga, Toshiki and Takano, Yoshinori and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Sasaki, Kazunori and Sato, Hajime and Glavin, D. P. and Dworkin, Jason P. and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Tachibana, Shogo and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Nakamura, Tomoki and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Yabuta, Hikaru and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Nakato, Aiko and Miyazaki, Akiko and Yogata, Kasumi and Abe, Masanao and Okada, Tatsuaki and Usui, Tomohiro and Yoshikawa, Makoto and Saiki, Takanao and Tanaka, Satoshi and Terui, Fuyuto and Nakazawa, Satoru and Watanabe, Sei‐ichiro and Tsuda, Yuichi and team, Hayabusa2-initial-analysis SOM",
    title = "Uracil in the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "vitamer), its derivatives, and imidazoles were detected in search for nitrogen heterocyclic molecules. The observed difference in the concentration of uracil between A0106 and C0107 may be related to the possible differences in the degree of alteration induced by energetic particles such as ultraviolet photons and cosmic rays. The present study strongly suggests that such molecules of prebiotic interest commonly formed in carbonaceous asteroids including Ryugu and were delivered to the early Earth.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36904-3",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-023-36904-3",
    openalex = "W4328089473",
    references = "doi101007s113060090178y, doi101038416401a, doi101038s4146702229612x, doi101038s41550021015506, doi101073pnas1106493108, doi101073pnas95147933, doi10108010409230490460765, doi101126scienceaaa6100, doi101126scienceaav7432, doi101126scienceabn7850, doi101126scienceabn8671"
}

@article{doi101038s41467023408710,
    author = "Yoshimura, Toshihiro and Takano, Yoshinori and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Koga, Toshiki and Araoka, Daisuke and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe and Hertkorn, Norbert and Oba, Yasuhiro and Dworkin, Jason P. and Aponte, José C. and Yoshikawa, Takaaki and Tanaka, Satoru and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Hashiguchi, Minako and McLain, Hannah L. and Parker, Eric T. and Sakai, Saburo and Yamaguchi, Mihoko and Suzuki, Takahiro and Yokoyama, Tetsuya and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Nakamura, Tomoki and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Yabuta, Hikaru and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Nakato, Aiko and Miyazaki, Akiko and Yogata, Kasumi and Abe, Masanao and Okada, Tatsuaki and Usui, Tomohiro and Yoshikawa, Makoto and Saiki, Takanao and Tanaka, Satoshi and Terui, Fuyuto and Nakazawa, Satoru and Watanabe, Sei‐ichiro and Tsuda, Yuichi and Tachibana, Shogo and team, Hayabusa2-initial-analysis SOM and Hamase, Kenji and Furusho, Aogu and Fukushima, Kazuhiko and Aoki, Dan and Glavin, D. P. and McLain, Hannah L. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Graham, Heather V. and Eiler, John M. and Ruf, Alexander and Orthous‐Daunay, François‐Régis and Wolters, Cédric and Isa, J. and Vuitton, V. and Thissen, R. and Sugahara, Haruna and Mita, Hajime and Furukawa, Yoshihiro and Chikaraishi, Yoshito and Morita, Mayu and Onose, Morihiko and Kabashima, Fumie and Fujishima, Kosuke and Sato, Hajime and Sasaki, Kazunori and Kano, Kuniyuki and Nomura, Shin‐ichiro M. and Aoki, Junken and Yamazaki, Tomoya and Kimura, Yuki",
    title = "Chemical evolution of primordial salts and organic sulfur molecules in the asteroid 162173 Ryugu",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "-alkylsulfonates, alkylthiosulfonates, hydroxyalkylsulfonates, and hydroxyalkylthiosulfonates (n < 7). The sulfur-bearing soluble compounds may have driven the molecular evolution of prebiotic organic material transforming simple organic molecules into hydrophilic, amphiphilic, and refractory S allotropes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-40871-0",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-023-40871-0",
    openalex = "W4386833435",
    references = "doi101007s11214021008258, doi101021jp802310p, doi101038s41467023369043, doi101038s41550021015506, doi101073pnas051502898, doi101073pnas0912157107, doi101126science1132175, doi101126scienceabn7850, doi101126scienceabn8671, doi101126scienceabn9033, doi102307jctv1v7zdmm35"
}

@article{doi101038s4146702342075y,
    author = "Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe and Hertkorn, Norbert and Harir, Mourad and Moritz, Franco and Lucio, Marianna and Bonal, L. and Quirico, É. and Takano, Yoshinori and Dworkin, Jason P. and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Tachibana, Shogo and Nakamura, Tomoki and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Yabuta, Hikaru and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Nakato, Aiko and Miyazaki, Akiko and Yogata, Kasumi and Abe, Masanao and Usui, Tomohiro and Yoshikawa, Makoto and Saiki, Takanao and Tanaka, Satoshi and Terui, Fuyuto and Nakazawa, Satoru and Okada, Tatsuaki and Watanabe, Sei‐ichiro and Tsuda, Yuichi and team, Hayabusa2-initial-analysis SOM and Hamase, Kenji and Furusho, Aogu and Hashiguchi, Minako and Fukushima, Kazuhiko and Aoki, Dan and Aponte, José C. and Parker, Eric T. and Glavin, D. P. and McLain, Hannah L. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Graham, Heather V. and Eiler, John M. and Ruf, Alexander and Orthous‐Daunay, François‐Régis and Isa, J. and Vuitton, V. and Thissen, R. and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Sakai, Saburo and Yoshimura, Toshihiro and Koga, Toshiki and Sugahara, Haruna and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Mita, Hajime and Furukawa, Yoshihiro and Oba, Yasuhiro",
    title = "Soluble organic matter Molecular atlas of Ryugu reveals cold hydrothermalism on C-type asteroid parent body",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "The sample from the near-Earth carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu is analyzed in the context of carbonaceous meteorites soluble organic matter. The analysis of soluble molecules of samples collected by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft shines light on an extremely high molecular diversity on the C-type asteroid. Sequential solvent extracts of increasing polarity of Ryugu samples are analyzed using mass spectrometry with complementary ionization methods and structural information confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Here we show a continuum in the molecular size and polarity, and no organomagnesium molecules are detected, reflecting a low temperature and water-rich environment on the parent body approving earlier mineralogical and chemical data. High abundance of sulfidic and nitrogen rich compounds as well as high abundance of ammonium ions confirm the water processing. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also detected in a structural continuum of carbon saturations and oxidations, implying multiple origins of the observed organic complexity, thus involving generic processes such as earlier carbonization and serpentinization with successive low temperature aqueous alteration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42075-y",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-023-42075-y",
    openalex = "W4387665856",
    references = "doi101002rcm7038, doi1010160016703785901413, doi101016jgca201305019, doi101038s4146702229612x, doi101038s41550021015506, doi101073pnas0912157107, doi101086184435, doi101126scienceaav7432, doi101126scienceabn7850, doi101126scienceabn8671, doi101126scienceabn9033"
}

@article{doi101126scienceabn9033,
    author = "Naraoka, Hiroshi and Takano, Yoshinori and Dworkin, Jason P. and Oba, Yasuhiro and Hamase, Kenji and Furusho, Aogu and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Hashiguchi, Minako and Fukushima, Kazuhiko and Aoki, Dan and Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe and Aponte, José C. and Parker, Eric T. and Glavin, D. P. and McLain, Hannah L. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Graham, Heather V. and Eiler, John M. and Orthous‐Daunay, François‐Régis and Wolters, Cédric and Isa, J. and Vuitton, V. and Thissen, R. and Sakai, Saburo and Yoshimura, Toshihiro and Koga, Toshiki and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Chikaraishi, Yoshito and Sugahara, Haruna and Mita, Hajime and Furukawa, Yoshihiro and Hertkorn, Norbert and Ruf, Alexander and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Nakamura, Tomoki and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Yabuta, Hikaru and Sakamoto, Kanako and Tachibana, Shogo and Connolly, H. C. and Lauretta, D. S. and Abe, Masanao and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Yogata, Kasumi and Nakato, Aiko and Yoshitake, Miwa and Suzuki, Ayako and Miyazaki, Akiko and Furuya, Shizuho and Hatakeda, Kentaro and Soejima, Hiromichi and Hitomi, Yuya and Kumagai, Kazuya and Usui, Tomohiro and Hayashi, Tasuku and Yamamoto, Daiki and Fukai, Ryota and Kitazato, K. and Sugita, Seiji and Namiki, Noriyuki and Arakawa, Masahiko and Ikeda, Hitoshi and Ishiguro, Masateru and Hirata, Naru and Wada, Koji and Ishihara, Yoshiaki and Noguchi, Rina and Morota, Tomokatsu and Sakatani, Naoya and Matsumoto, Koji and Senshu, Hiroki and Honda, Rie and Tatsumi, Eri and Yokota, Y. and Honda, Chikatoshi and Michikami, Tatsuhiro and Matsuoka, M. and Miura, Akira and Noda, Hirotomo and Yamada, Tetsuya and Yoshihara, Keisuke and Kawahara, Kosuke and Ozaki, Masanobu and Iijima, Yuichi and Yano, Hajime and Hayakawa, Masahiko and Iwata, Takahiro and Tsukizaki, Ryudo and Sawada, Hirotaka and Hosoda, S and Ogawa, Kazunori and Okamoto, Chisato and Hirata, Naoyuki and Shirai, K. and Shimaki, Yuri and Yamada, Manabu and Okada, Tatsuaki and Yamamoto, Yukio",
    title = "Soluble organic molecules in samples of the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The Hayabusa2 spacecraft collected samples from the surface of the carbonaceous near-Earth asteroid (162173) Ryugu and brought them to Earth. The samples were expected to contain organic molecules, which record processes that occurred in the early Solar System. We analyzed organic molecules extracted from the Ryugu surface samples. We identified a variety of molecules containing the atoms CHNOS, formed by methylation, hydration, hydroxylation, and sulfurization reactions. Amino acids, aliphatic amines, carboxylic acids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds were detected, which had properties consistent with an abiotic origin. These compounds likely arose from an aqueous reaction on Ryugu's parent body and are similar to the organics in Ivuna-type meteorites. These molecules can survive on the surfaces of asteroids and be transported throughout the Solar System.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn9033",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abn9033",
    openalex = "W4321749424",
    references = "doi101016b9780128133255000033"
}

@article{doi101016jgca202410001,
    author = "Laize-Générat, Lucie and Soussaintjean, Lison and Poch, Olivier and Bonal, L. and Savarino, Joël and Caillon, Nicolas and Ginot, Patrick and Vella, Anthony T. and Lamothe, Alexis and Elazzouzi, Rhabira and Flandinet, L. and Vacher, Lionel G. and Gounelle, M. and Bizzaro, Martin and Beck, Pierre and Quirico, É. and Schmitt, B.",
    title = "Nitrogen in the Orgueil meteorite: Abundant ammonium among other reservoirs of variable isotopic compositions",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    abstract = "Nitrogen, because of its abundance and variety of carrier phases, is a unique tracer of physico-chemical processes occurring throughout star and planet formations. The refractory organic matter is commonly considered as the main carrier of nitrogen in the most primitive objects of our Solar System. However, nitrogen in the form of ammonium (NH 4 +) was observed in the Ivuna-type carbonaceous (CI) chondrites Alais in 1834, and Orgueil just after its fall in 1864, as well as more recently on Ceres, comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, and possibly on some asteroids. In the present study, we have measured the nitrogen content and isotopic composition in various nitrogen-bearing phases of several samples of the Orgueil meteorite, with different degrees of terrestrial weathering. Water-soluble NH 4 + is present in Orgueil at a mean concentration of 0.07 ± 0.01 wt\%, with a mean isotopic composition of δ 15 N = +72 ± 9 ‰ (14 N/ 15 N = 254 ± 2), confirming its extra-terrestrial origin. In the most terrestrially altered sample of Orgueil that we analysed, the isotopic composition is δ 15 N = +50 ± 12 ‰ (14 N/ 15 N = 259 ± 3). NH 4 + is in species that are thermally stable up to 383 K, possibly ammonium inorganic/organic salts and ammoniated phyllosilicates. We also show that the nitrogen in Orgueil is distributed among the insoluble organic matter (IOM) (35 ± 5 \%), ammonium (27 ± 5 \%), and other minor water-soluble species (e.g., nitrate, amines etc.: < 6 \%). The remaining nitrogen (34 ± 14 \%) is mainly in an unidentified organic matter (UOM), which may be IOM lost during its extraction and/or acid hydrolysable functional groups bounded to the IOM and/or organic nitrogen trapped within minerals. The three main carriers of nitrogen in Orgueil have δ 15 N (and 14 N/ 15 N) values of + 32 ± 1 ‰ (264 ± 0.3) for IOM, +39 ± 16 ‰ (262 ± 4) for UOM, and + 72 ± 9 ‰ (254 ± 2) for NH 4 +. Although IOM and NH 4 + have significantly different δ 15 N, we cannot exclude that these phases could be compositionally related because IOM is heterogeneous in 15 N. Ammonium could have been produced via heating and/or aqueous alteration processes of organic matter in the CI parent body. Alternatively, or additionnally, ammonium could be a tracer of the accretion and/or later deposit of NH 3 ice, NH 3 hydrates, and/or NH 4 + salts on the CI parent body. As shown by previous studies, Ryugu grains sampled by the Hayabusa2 mission (JAXA) have heterogeneous compositions at the millimeter scale, with nitrogen concentrations and δ 15 N similar or lower than Orgueil, possibly because of different parent body processing. The present study suggests that the lack or loss of 15 N-rich NH 4 + in some Ryugu grains may explain some of these differences with Orgueil.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2024.10.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gca.2024.10.001",
    openalex = "W4403280041",
    references = "doi101038s4146702342075y, doi101038s41467024492376"
}

@article{doi101021acsearthspacechem4c00099,
    author = "Abe, Shunpei and Yoda, Isao and Kobayashi, Kensei and Kebukawa, Yoko",
    title = "Gamma-Ray-Induced Synthesis of Sugars in Meteorite Parent Bodies",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "ACS Earth and Space Chemistry",
    abstract = "Sugars play an indispensable role for all living organisms. Given that certain sugars have been identified in carbonaceous chondrites, these compounds might have been delivered to the early Earth via meteorites. The genesis of these sugars, however, has been a subject of debate; they are considered to have either originated from UV irradiation of interstellar ice or from hydrothermal reactions within the environments of meteorite parent bodies. The parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites contained water ice which underwent hydrothermal alteration as a result of the internal warming of these bodies. The most likely source of this heat is believed to be the decay of radioactive nuclides, such as 26Al. In our previous research, we demonstrated that gamma-ray exposure significantly enhances the synthesis of amino acids from aqueous solutions of formaldehyde, ammonia, and methanol. Nonetheless, the impact of radiation on sugar formation has not been investigated. Hence, the current study is conducted with a focus on the formation of aldose sugars through gamma-ray irradiation to such solution mixtures. Our results reveal that gamma-rays indeed promote the formation of sugars, including ribose, without the presence of a catalyst such as glycolaldehyde. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the presence of ammonia enhanced the yield of aldose sugars, although higher concentration of ammonia inhibited sugar production. Our findings suggest that gamma-rays from the decay of 26Al played a significant role in the formation of sugars during low-temperature aqueous alteration inside meteorite parent bodies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00099",
    doi = "10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00099",
    openalex = "W4401607863",
    references = "doi101038s41467023369043"
}

@article{doi101038s41467024492376,
    author = "Takano, Yoshinori and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Dworkin, Jason P. and Koga, Toshiki and Sasaki, Kazunori and Sato, Hajime and Oba, Yasuhiro and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Yoshimura, Toshihiro and Hamase, Kenji and Ohkouchi, Naohiko and Parker, Eric T. and Aponte, José C. and Glavin, D. P. and Furukawa, Yoshihiro and Aoki, Junken and Kano, Kuniyuki and Nomura, Shin‐ichiro M. and Orthous‐Daunay, François‐Régis and Schmitt‐Kopplin, Philippe and team, Hayabusa2-initial-analysis SOM and Furusho, Aogu and Hashiguchi, Minako and Fukushima, Kazuhiko and Aoki, Dan and McLain, Hannah L. and Elsila, Jamie E. and Graham, Heather V. and Eiler, John M. and Hertkorn, Norbert and Ruf, Alexander and Wolters, Cédric and Isa, J. and Vuitton, V. and Thissen, R. and Sakai, Saburo and Sugahara, Haruna and Mita, Hajime and Chikaraishi, Yoshito and Yoshikawa, Takaaki and Tanaka, Satoru and Morita, Mayu and Onose, Morihiko and Araoka, Daisuke and Kabashima, Fumie and Fujishima, Kosuke and Sato, Hajime and Yamazaki, Tomoya and Kimura, Yuki and Yurimoto, Hisayoshi and Nakamura, Tomoki and Noguchi, T. and Okazaki, Ryuji and Yabuta, Hikaru and Sakamoto, Kanako and Yada, Toru and Nishimura, Masahiro and Nakato, Aiko and Miyazaki, Akiko and Yogata, Kasumi and Abe, Masanao and Okada, Tatsuaki and Usui, Tomohiro and Yoshikawa, Makoto and Saiki, Takanao and Tanaka, Satoshi and Terui, Fuyuto and Nakazawa, Satoru and Watanabe, Sei‐ichiro and Tsuda, Yuichi and Tachibana, Shogo",
    title = "Primordial aqueous alteration recorded in water-soluble organic molecules from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "We report primordial aqueous alteration signatures in water-soluble organic molecules from the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft of JAXA. Newly identified low-molecular-weight hydroxy acids (HO-R-COOH) and dicarboxylic acids (HOOC-R-COOH), such as glycolic acid, lactic acid, glyceric acid, oxalic acid, and succinic acid, are predominant in samples from the two touchdown locations at Ryugu. The quantitative and qualitative profiles for the hydrophilic molecules between the two sampling locations shows similar trends within the order of ppb (parts per billion) to ppm (parts per million). A wide variety of structural isomers, including α- and β-hydroxy acids, are observed among the hydrophilic molecules. We also identify pyruvic acid and dihydroxy and tricarboxylic acids, which are biochemically important intermediates relevant to molecular evolution, such as the primordial TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle. Here, we find evidence that the asteroid Ryugu samples underwent substantial aqueous alteration, as revealed by the presence of malonic acid during keto-enol tautomerism in the dicarboxylic acid profile. The comprehensive data suggest the presence of a series for water-soluble organic molecules in the regolith of Ryugu and evidence of signatures in coevolutionary aqueous alteration between water and organics in this carbonaceous asteroid.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49237-6",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-024-49237-6",
    openalex = "W4400504046",
    references = "doi101007s113060090178y, doi1010160273117784905465, doi101038ngeo2451, doi101038s4146702229612x, doi101038s41467023369043, doi101038s41467023408710, doi101038s4146702342075y, doi101038s41550021015506, doi101073pnas051502898, doi101073pnas1015913108, doi101126scienceaaz1701, doi101126scienceabn7850, doi101126scienceabn8671, doi101126scienceabn9033"
}

@article{doi101038s41550025026945,
    author = "Sandford, Scott A. and Gainsforth, Z. and Nuevo, Michel and Marcus, Matthew A. and Bechtel, Hans A. and Ogliore, R. C. and Jones, Clive G. and Domínguez, G. and Glavin, D. P. and Dworkin, Jason P. and McCoy, T. J. and Russell, S. S. and Zega, T. J. and Connolly, H. C. and Lauretta, D. S.",
    title = "Nitrogen- and oxygen-rich organic material indicative of polymerization in pre-aqueous cryochemistry on Bennu’s parent body",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Nature Astronomy",
    abstract = "Nitrogen-containing organic compounds play key biological roles, and their identification in primitive astromaterials such as meteorites can shed light on the origin of life. However, meteorites are typically contaminated by uncontrolled exposure to Earth. Here we show that pristine samples returned from asteroid Bennu contain polymeric organics exceptionally rich in nitrogen and oxygen. These polymers contain a variety of functional groups including amines, amides, N-heterocycles, and aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, among others. They are seen in a carbonaceous vein with mineral inclusions and in multilayered organic sheets. Their morphology and composition indicate formation from pre-aqueous N-rich precursors and later modification during aqueous alteration. These findings demonstrate that asteroids like Bennu contain complex nitrogen-rich organic phases formed by pre-aqueous and aqueous processes, and they expand the known inventory of potential prebiotic extraterrestrial compounds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-025-02694-5",
    doi = "10.1038/s41550-025-02694-5",
    openalex = "W4416905664",
    references = "doi101038s41550024024729"
}

@article{doi101111maps14359,
    author = "Gattacceca, J. and Gounelle, M. and Devouard, Bertrand and Barrat, Jean‐Alix and Bonal, L. and King, A. J. and Maurel, Clara and Beck, Peter and Roskosz, Mathieu and Viennet, Jean‐Christophe and Mukherjee, Debarun and Dauphas, Nicolas and Heck, P. R. and Yokoyama, Tetsuya and García, Karina Silva and Poch, Olivier and Grauby, Olivier and Harrison, C. S. and Vinogradoff, Vassilissa and Vernazza, Pierre and Tikoo-Schantz, Sonia M. and Vidal, Vladimir and Rochette, P. and AuYang, D. and Borschneck, Daniel and Juraszek, Janusz and Clark, Brett",
    title = "Oued Chebeika 002: A new CI1 meteorite linked to outer solar system bodies",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Meteoritics and Planetary Science",
    abstract = "Abstract CI1 chondrites are rare meteorites with high scientific value. In fact, they are the most chemically primitive meteorites and show evidence of intense parent‐body aqueous alteration. They also share strong similarities with samples from Ryugu and Bennu asteroids returned by the JAXA Hayabusa2 and NASA's OSIRIS‐REx missions. In this work, we present a detailed study of the Oued Chebeika 002 meteorite, a \textasciitilde 420 g CI1 chondrite found in Morocco in 2024. We describe its petrography, texture, and mineralogy, with a focus on clay mineralogy. We provide the bulk and mineral chemical composition, as well as the bulk oxygen, iron, and chromium isotopic compositions. Spectroscopic properties were studied by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We also measured the density, grain density and magnetic properties. Our results confirm that Oued Chebeika 002 is a CI1 chondrite, with close similarities to the other five know CI1 chondrites, and samples from Ryugu and Bennu asteroids. Several lines of evidence indicate that Oued Chebeika 002 has suffered no significant terrestrial alteration. It is more pristine in that regard than Alais, Orgueil and Ivuna CI1 chondrites, and more similar to samples from asteroids Ryugu and Bennu. Subtle differences exist between Oued Chebeika 002 and other CI1 chondrites that cannot be accounted for by terrestrial alteration of the latter. For instance, olivine and calcite were not observed. It is also noteworthy that the magnetic mineral assemblage of Oued Chebeika 002 is significantly different from that of Alais, Ivuna and Orgueil, but undiscernible from that of Ryugu samples. Chromium and iron isotopic composition of Oued Chebeika 002 confirms that CI1 chondrites, like Ryugu samples, are distinct from meteorites belonging to the non‐carbonaceous and carbonaceous isotopic groups and may have originated from the same region where ice giant planets and Oort Cloud comets were formed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.14359",
    doi = "10.1111/maps.14359",
    openalex = "W4410099129",
    references = "doi101038s41467023369043, doi101038s41550024024729"
}

@article{doi101038s4155002602791z,
    author = "Koga, Toshiki and Oba, Yasuhiro and Takano, Yoshinori and Naraoka, Hiroshi and Ogawa, Nanako O. and Sasaki, Kazunori and Sato, Hajime and Yoshimura, Toshihiro and Ohkouchi, Naohiko",
    title = "A complete set of canonical nucleobases in the carbonaceous asteroid (162173) Ryugu",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Nature Astronomy",
    abstract = "Abstract Organic molecules delivered from extraterrestrial materials may have played a key role in supplying building blocks for life on Earth. Here we report all five canonical nucleobases—purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine and uracil)—in samples returned from the C-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 mission and compare the results with data from similar extraterrestrial material. Ryugu samples contain nearly equal amounts of purines and pyrimidines, whereas Murchison is enriched in purines and Bennu and Orgueil in pyrimidines. Samples from Ryugu, Bennu and Orgueil, which have a similar mineralogy and elemental composition, show purine-to-pyrimidine ratios negatively correlating with ammonia. These observations indicate that the nucleobases in these samples may have formed via a shared pathway depending on the physicochemical environment of the respective parent bodies. The detection of diverse nucleobases in asteroid and meteorite materials demonstrates their widespread presence throughout the Solar System and reinforces the hypothesis that carbonaceous asteroids contributed to the prebiotic chemical inventory of early Earth.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-026-02791-z",
    doi = "10.1038/s41550-026-02791-z",
    openalex = "W7136295414",
    references = "doi101038s4146702342075y, doi101038s41467024492376"
}