@article{doi101086jg69230057142,
    author = "Rosholt, J. N. and Emiliani, Cesare and Geiss, J. and Koczy, F.F. and Wangersky, Peter J.",
    title = "Absolute Dating of Deep-Sea Cores by the Pa 231 /Th 230 Method",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "Oxygen isotopic analysis of Globigerina-ooze cores from the Atlantic and adjacent seas showed that surface ocean temperatures underwent numerous, apparently periodical, variations during the past few hundred thousand years. C14 dating showed that the last temperature minimum of the deep-sea cores was synchronous with the last major glaciation, the Main Würm. Previous attempts to date deep-sea cores were based on the decay of uranium-unsupported Th230 (ionium). This method requires, among other conditions, that the supply of uranium-supported Th230 in sea water and the rate of non-carbonate sedimentation remained essentially constant over the time interval to be dated. Attempts to correct for possible variations in the non-carbonate sedimentation rate have been made by using such ratios as Th230/Th232 or Th230/Fe2O3. The validity of these corrections is questionable because Th230 produced in sea water by the decay of U238 and U234 has a geochemical history different from that of Th232 and Fe2O3. The requirements mentioned above need not be met if the ratio $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ is used. Since Pa231 and Th230 are daughters of the same element, uranium, and since they decay at different rates, their ratio is a function of time alone. While information from deep-sea cores, bearing directly on Pleistocene history, has been obtained almost exclusively by isotopic and micropaleontological analysis of the foraminiferal component of Globigerina-ooze cores, dating by the decay of uranium-unsupported Th230 or by the ratio $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ is based on the clay component where these nuclides are concentrated. Therefore, dating, by these two methods, of the stratigraphic record given by the foraminiferal component requires synchronism between the two components. Such synchronism may be exceptional, for the clay component may frequently or even generally contain some or much reworked material, even when the foraminiferal record is undisturbed. In such cases, the ages obtained may be generally greater than the ages of the events to be dated. $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ dating of two deep-sea cores from the Caribbean, about 600 km. apart, has given a set of dates which are internally consistent; identical, within the limits of error, in stratigraphically equivalent levels of the two cores; and coincident with the C14 chronology. This set of dates is believed to provide a reliable, absolute time scale, extending from the present to about 175,000 years ago. $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ and C14 measurements on deep-sea cores, C14 measurements on continental material, paleotemperature analysis of deep-sea cores, and correlation of the temperature record of the deep-sea cores with continental events provide the following ages for Pleistocene stages: postglacial, 0-10,000 years; Late and Main Wurm, 10,000-30,000 years; Main Würm-Early Würm interval, 30,000-50,000 years; Early Würm, 50,000-65,000 years; Riss/Würm interglacial, 65,000-100,000 years; Riss, 100,000-130,000 years; and Mindel/Riss interglacial, 130,000-175,000 years. These ages are very close to or identical with the ages given by Emiliani (1955a, 1958). Correlation between temperature variations of the deep-sea cores and continental stages preceding the last interglacial, however, is only tentative. The apparent identity of the C14 and $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ chronologies over the entire range of the C14 method indicates that the cosmic-ray flux did not change by more than a factor of 2 during the past 60,000 years. $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ dating of a deep-sea core from the North Atlantic gave ages which are consistently about 30,000 years greater than the $$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ ages obtained from the two Caribbean cores and the C14 chronology. This is believed to result from contamination by reworked clay, an effect which may actually exist in most deep-sea cores. Rates of sedimentation of the carbonate fraction larger than 62 μ, the carbonate fraction smaller than 62 μ, and the non-carbonate fraction, calculated for the intervals between selected dated levels, appear not to have changed markedly when averaged over time intervals of some tens of thousands of years. The rates of sedimentation during the last 11,000 years, however, were lower than during previous time intervals. A generalized temperature curve, calibrated in terms of the C14-$$Pa^{231}/Th^{230}$$ chronology, is presented. This curve is very close to the curve previously constructed by Emiliani (1955a, 1958).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/jg.69.2.30057142",
    doi = "10.1086/jg.69.2.30057142",
    openalex = "W2255096707"
}

@phdthesis{broecker1968milankovich1,
    author = "Broecker, W. S. and Thurber, D. L. and Goddard, J. and Ku, T. and Matthews, R. K. and Mesolella, K. J",
    title = "Milankovich hypothesis supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep-sea cores",
    year = "1968",
    publisher = "Science, v. 159, p. 297-300",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Broecker, W. S., Thurber, D. L., Goddard, J., Ku, T., Matthews, R. K., and Mesolella, K. J., 1968, Milankovich hypothesis supported by precise dating of coral reefs and deep-sea cores: Science, v. 159, p. 297-300.}"
}

@article{doi101126science1593812297,
    author = "Broecker, Wallace S. and Thurber, David L. and Goddard, J. and Ku, Teh‐Lung and Matthews, R. K. and Mesolella, Kenneth J.",
    title = "Milankovitch Hypothesis Supported by Precise Dating of Coral Reefs and Deep-Sea Sediments",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Barbados provides a possibly unique opportunity for reconstruction of the times and elevations of late-Pleistocene high stands of the sea. The island appears to be rising from the sea at a uniform rate that is fast enough to separate in elevation coral-reef tracts formed at successive high stands of the sea. Unaltered coral found in the lower terraces enables high-precision Th(230): U(234) and Pa(231): U(235) dating. Three distinct high stands of the sea are found about 122,000, 103,000, and 82,000 years ago. New Pa(231) and Th(230) dates from a deep-sea core also indicate that Ericson's W-X cold-to-warm climatic change occurred close to 126,000 years ago. These data show a parallelism over the last 150,000 years between changes in Earth's climate and changes in the summer insolation predicted from cycles in the tilt and precession of Earth's axis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.159.3812.297",
    doi = "10.1126/science.159.3812.297",
    openalex = "W1980046754",
    references = "doi101007bf01803043, doi101029jz070i008p01843, doi101086627150, doi101103revmodphys30585, doi101126science1243213175a, doi101126science1463645723, doi101126science149367955, doi101126science149367958, doi101126science1513708299, doi101126science1563775638"
}

@article{doi101029rg008i001p00169,
    author = "Broecker, Wallace S. and van Donk, Jan",
    title = "Insolation changes, ice volumes, and the O 18 record in deep‐sea cores",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "A detailed curve of ice volume versus time is needed in order to test the validity of the hypothesis that changes in the earth's orbital parameters are the cause of oscillations in Pleistocene climate. Although absolute ages available for glacial moraines and raised coral reefs provide a number of key points, they by no means allow a continuous curve to be drawn. Those points that exist, however, are entirely consistent with the hypothesis that the O 18 /O 16 curves from deep‐sea cores provide good approximations to the ice volume record. If so, then the primary glacial cycle must be sawtoothed in character; gradual glacial buildups over periods averaging 90,000 years in length are terminated by deglaciations completed in less than one tenth this time. Modulating this primary cycle are secondary oscillations. Those recognized during glacial growth phases average 20,000 years in length and those during the retreats about one thousand years in length. When the ice volume curve obtained in this way is compared with the summer insolation curve for the northern hemisphere, it is seen that the rapid deglaciations occur during times of unusually great seasonal contrast and that the secondary cycles modulating the glacial buildups closely parallel the insolation variations. Although these findings provide convincing evidence for the influence of orbital changes on climate, the cause of the primary sawtoothed cycle is still an open question. In conjunction with this study, we have determined the O 18 /O 16 record for Caribbean core V12‐122 and find it to be compatible with those given by Emiliani for cores P6304‐8 and P6304‐9. Our dating of this core by Pa 231 ‐Th 230 and by magnetic reversals, however, strongly suggests that the absolute time scale adopted by Emiliani for deep‐sea cores must be increased by 25\%.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/rg008i001p00169",
    doi = "10.1029/rg008i001p00169",
    openalex = "W1974828561",
    references = "broecker1958radiocarbon, broecker1965radiocarbon, doi101029jb073i006p02271, doi101029jz071i014p03379, doi101038215015a0, doi101086626295, doi101086627150, doi101086627434, doi101126science1593812297, doi101126science16238581121, doi101126science16238591227, doi101126science1633864237, doi101130001676061958691009rcolla20co2, doi1015159781400876525046, doi102475ajs2586429"
}

@article{mangini1977231pa,
    author = "Mangini, A. and Sonntag, C.",
    title = "231Pa dating of deep-sea cores via 227Th counting",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Earth and Planetary Science Letters",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(77)90170-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0012-821x(77)90170-4",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1983437711",
    pages = "251-256",
    volume = "37",
    references = "doi1010079783642463006, doi101016s0012821x68800573, doi101029jc079i033p05065, doi101086jg69230057142, doi101126science1283317204, doi101126science12833301003, doi101126science13234411761a, doi101524ract196433122, doi101524ract196543128"
}

@article{doi101126science21845791273,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. and Clausen, H. B. and Gundestrup, N. and Hammer, C. U. and Johnsen, S. and Kristinsdottir, P. M. and Reeh, Niels",
    title = "A New Greenland Deep Ice Core",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The polar ice sheets are rich sources of information on past atmospheric conditions, including paleoclimates. A new deep ice core has been drilled in south Greenland. Comparison of the oxygen isotopic profile with that from camp Century and with a deep-sea foraminifera record indicates that the new core reaches back to about 90,000 years before present in a continuous sequence. The details in the Wisconsin part of the ice core records seem to be climatically, significant, and the general trends reveal all of the relevant Emiliani stages recorded in deep-sea cores. The redated Camp Century record suggests a dramatic termination of the Eem/Sangamon interglacial.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4579.1273",
    doi = "10.1126/science.218.4579.1273",
    openalex = "W2094392026",
    references = "doi101017s0022143000028367, doi101017s0022143000031208, doi101038266508a0, doi101038280644a0, doi101086627150, doi101126science1663903377, doi101126science1673919862, doi103189s0022143000028367, doi103189s0022143000031208"
}

@incollection{dansgaard1985dating,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. and Clausen, H. B. and Gundestrup, N. and Johnsen, S. J. and Rygner, C.",
    title = "Dating and climatic interpretation of two deep Greenland ice cores",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Geophysical Monograph Series",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/gm033p0071",
    doi = "10.1029/gm033p0071",
    openalex = "W1586495331",
    pages = "71-76",
    references = "doi1010160012825272900384, doi101017s0022143000015227, doi101017s0022143000031208, doi101038235429a0, doi101038266508a0, doi101038280644a0, doi101038288230a0, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science21845791273, doi10113000167606198293784wahovb20co2"
}

@incollection{doi101029gm033p0090,
    author = "Hammer, C. U. and Clausen, Henrik and Dansgaard, W. and Neftel, A. and Kristinsdottir, P. M. and Johnson, E.",
    title = "Continuous impurity analysis along the Dye 3 deep core",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Geophysical monograph",
    abstract = "Preindustrial Greenland ice-sheet impurities consist of marine, continental, volcanic, stratospheric, and extraterrestial material. In order to estimate the contribution of the various impurity sources, the concentration of insoluble and soluble material was measured on the Dye 3 deep core. During nonvolcanic periods in the Holocene the oceans and the continents dominate as source regions, but the stratospheric HNO3 component is probably an important contributor to the generally acid character of the ice. In volcanic periods the continuous acidity profiles reveal several large volcanic eruptions that strongly contribute to the precipitation chemistry up to a few years after the eruptions. Ice from the Wisconsin glaciation has 3 to 70 times higher dust concentrations than does Holocene ice in both Greenland deep cores. The concentrations of all major impurities, soluble as well as insoluble, are strongly correlated with δ(18O). Detection of individual volcanic eruptions by acidity measurements is prevented because Wisconsin ice is generally alcalic, and chemical detection is hampered by the high and variable impurity levels. However, Byrdcore analyses show that Antarctica is better suited for this kind of analysis, because the Wisconsin ice is acidic, and the impurity level is much lower than in Greenland.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/gm033p0090",
    doi = "10.1029/gm033p0090",
    openalex = "W1672243584",
    references = "dansgaard1985dating"
}

@article{doi1010160033589487900469,
    author = "Martinson, Douglas G. and Pisias, Nicklas G. and Hays, James D and Imbrie, John and Moore, Theodore C. and Shackleton, Nicholas J",
    title = "Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages: Development of a High-Resolution 0 to 300,000-Year Chronostratigraphy",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Quaternary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Using the concept of “orbital tuning”, a continuous, high-resolution deep-sea chronostratigraphy has been developed spanning the last 300,000 yr. The chronology is developed using a stacked oxygen-isotope stratigraphy and four different orbital tuning approaches, each of which is based upon a different assumption concerning the response of the orbital signal recorded in the data. Each approach yields a separate chronology. The error measured by the standard deviation about the average of these four results (which represents the “best” chronology) has an average magnitude of only 2500 yr. This small value indicates that the chronology produced is insensitive to the specific orbital tuning technique used. Excellent convergence between chronologies developed using each of five different paleoclimatological indicators (from a single core) is also obtained. The resultant chronology is also insensitive to the specific indicator used. The error associated with each tuning approach is estimated independently and propagated through to the average result. The resulting error estimate is independent of that associated with the degree of convergence and has an average magnitude of 3500 yr, in excellent agreement with the 2500-yr estimate. Transfer of the final chronology to the stacked record leads to an estimated error of ±1500 yr. Thus the final chronology has an average error of ±5000 yr.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9",
    doi = "10.1016/0033-5894(87)90046-9",
    openalex = "W2146605432",
    references = "doi1010079789401748414, doi1010160016703782901107, doi1010160033589473900525, doi1010160033589474900076, doi101016003358947890100x, doi101038261017a0, doi101086627150, doi101126science1593812297, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science2074434943, doi1011751520046919840413380tlqgat20co2"
}

@misc{kerr1987milankovich2,
    author = "Kerr, R. A",
    title = "Milankovich climate cycles through the ages",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 235, p. 973-994",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kerr, R. A., 1987, Milankovich climate cycles through the ages: Science, v. 235, p. 973-994.}"
}

@article{kerr1987milankovitch,
    author = "Kerr, Richard A.",
    title = "Milankovitch Climate Cycles Through the Ages",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.235.4792.973",
    doi = "10.1126/science.235.4792.973",
    number = "4792",
    openalex = "W2030761404",
    pages = "973-974",
    volume = "235",
    references = "doi101029pa001i004p00369, doi101126science2344778842"
}

@article{doi101126science1059412,
    author = "Zachos, James C. and Pagani, Mark and Sloan, Lisa C. and Thomas, Ellen and Billups, Katharina",
    title = "Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059412",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1059412",
    openalex = "W2115575384",
    references = "doi1010160025322771900533, doi1010160031018294902518, doi101016027737919190033q, doi10102990jb02015, doi10102993pa03266, doi10102995pa02087, doi10102996pa00571, doi10103835021000, doi101038353225a0, doi101038359117a0, doi10108004353676199311880395, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science2875451269, doi101126science28954861897, doi1011300091761319920200569eoiseo23co2, doi1015159781400862924, doi102110pec9504, doi102110pec9554, doi102475ajs294156"
}

@article{doi1011751520044220040171929comcv20co2,
    author = "Roe, Gerard H. and Steig, Eric J.",
    title = "Characterization of Millennial-Scale Climate Variability",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Climate",
    abstract = "The oxygen isotope time series from ice cores in central Greenland [the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) and the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP)] and West Antarctica (Byrd) provide a basis for evaluating the behavior of the climate system on millennial time scales. These time series have been invoked as evidence for mechanisms such as an interhemispheric climate seesaw or a stochastic resonance process. Statistical analyses are used to evaluate the extent to which these mechanisms characterize the observed time series. Simple models in which the Antarctic record reflects the Greenland record or its integral are statistically superior to a model in which the two time series are unrelated. However, these statistics depend primarily on the large events in the earlier parts of the record (between 80 and 50 kyr BP). For the shorter, millennial-scale (Dansgaard-Oeschger) events between 50 and 20 kyr BP, a first-order autoregressive [AR(1)] stochastic climate model with a physical time scale of 600 300 yr is a self-consistent explanation for the Antarctic record. For Greenland, AR(1) with 400 200 yr, plus a simple threshold rule, provides a statistically comparable characterization to stochastic resonance (though it cannot account for the strong 1500-yr spectral peak). The similarity of the physical time scales underlying the millennial-scale variability provides sufficient explanation for the similar appearance of the Greenland and Antarctic records during the 50-20-kyr BP interval. However, it cannot be ruled out that improved cross dating for these records may strengthen the case for an interhemispheric linkage on these shorter time scales. Additionally, the characteristic time scales for the records are significantly shorter during the most recent 10 kyr. Overall, these results suggest that millennial-scale variability is determined largely by regional processes that change significantly between glacial and interglacial climate regimes, with little influence between the Southern and Northern Hemispheres except during those largest events that involve major reorganizations of the ocean thermohaline circulation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1929:comcv>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1929:comcv>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2014246290",
    references = "doi1010160033589488900579, doi10103820859, doi101038364218a0, doi101126science27853411257, doi1023072007938, doi1023072234664, doi1023072286100, doi1023072669798, doi105860choice305638, openalexw2070611029"
}

@article{thompson2005opensystem,
    author = "Thompson, William G. and Goldstein, Steven L.",
    title = "Open-System Coral Ages Reveal Persistent Suborbital Sea-Level Cycles",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Sea level is a sensitive index of global climate that has been linked to Earth's orbital variations, with a minimum periodicity of about 21,000 years. Although there is ample evidence for climate oscillations that are too frequent to be explained by orbital forcing, suborbital-frequency sea-level change has been difficult to resolve, primarily because of problems with uranium/thorium coral dating. Here we use a new approach that corrects coral ages for the frequently observed open-system behavior of uranium-series nuclides, substantially improving the resolution of sea-level reconstruction. This curve reveals persistent sea-level oscillations that are too frequent to be explained exclusively by orbital forcing.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1104035",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1104035",
    number = "5720",
    openalex = "W2061993062",
    pages = "401-404",
    volume = "308",
    references = "doi1010160033589487900469, doi101016s0277379101001019, doi101038364218a0, doi101038nature01391, doi101038nature01690, doi101038nature03067, doi101093oso97801985264070010001, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science28954861897, doi105860choice332720"
}

@article{doi101126science1139994,
    author = "Martrat, Belén and Grimalt, Joan O. and Shackleton, Nicholas J and de Abreu, Lúcia and Hutterli, M. A. and Stocker, Thomas F.",
    title = "Four Climate Cycles of Recurring Deep and Surface Water Destabilizations on the Iberian Margin",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Centennial climate variability over the last ice age exhibits clear bipolar behavior. High-resolution analyses of marine sediment cores from the Iberian margin trace a number of associated changes simultaneously. Proxies of sea surface temperature and water mass distribution, as well as relative biomarker content, demonstrate that this typical north-south coupling was pervasive for the cold phases of climate during the past 420,000 years. Cold episodes after relatively warm and largely ice-free periods occurred when the predominance of deep water formation changed from northern to southern sources. These results reinforce the connection between rapid climate changes at Mediterranean latitudes and century-to-millennial variability in northern and southern polar regions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1139994",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1139994",
    openalex = "W1978347718",
    references = "doi101038nature02786"
}

@article{doi101126science1152509,
    author = "Hoegh‐Guldberg, Ove and Mumby, Peter J. and Hooten, Anthony J. and Steneck, Robert S. and Greenfield, Paul and Gomez, E. D. and Harvell, C. Drew and Sale, Peter F. and Edwards, Alasdair J. and Caldeira, K. and Knowlton­, Nancy­ and Eakin, C. Mark and Iglesias‐Prieto, Roberto and Muthiga, Nyawira A. and Bradbury, Roger and Dubi, Alfonse and Hatziolos, Marea Eleni",
    title = "Coral Reefs Under Rapid Climate Change and Ocean Acidification",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and global temperatures to rise by at least 2 degrees C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed those of at least the past 420,000 years during which most extant marine organisms evolved. Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion, with corals becoming increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and carbonate reef structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs increasingly toward the tipping point for functional collapse. This review presents future scenarios for coral reefs that predict increasingly serious consequences for reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and people. As the International Year of the Reef 2008 begins, scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions are required if the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems is to be avoided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1152509",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1152509",
    openalex = "W2123920115",
    references = "doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101016s0921800999000099, doi10103820859, doi101071mf99078, doi101073pnas0702737104, doi101093icb326674, doi101093icb391146, doi101126science1063699, doi101126science1085046, doi101126science1116448, doi101146annurevecolsys271477, doi101371journalpone0000711, doi102475ajs294156, doi102475ajs3012182, openalexw1621450917, openalexw2907110490, openalexw2939474406, openalexw2986345846, openalexw617039848"
}

@incollection{crossref2008milankovich,
    title = "MILANKOVICH CYCLES",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "The Complete Guide to Climate Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203888469-48",
    doi = "10.4324/9780203888469-48",
    openalex = "W4231049438",
    pages = "287-289"
}

@article{doi101126science1221294,
    author = "Elderfield, Henry and Ferretti, Patrizia and Greaves, Mervyn and Crowhurst, Simon J and McCave, I Nick and Hodell, David A and Piotrowski, Alexander M.",
    title = "Evolution of Ocean Temperature and Ice Volume Through the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Earth's climate underwent a fundamental change between 1250 and 700 thousand years ago, the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT), when the dominant periodicity of climate cycles changed from 41 thousand to 100 thousand years in the absence of substantial change in orbital forcing. Over this time, an increase occurred in the amplitude of change of deep-ocean foraminiferal oxygen isotopic ratios, traditionally interpreted as defining the main rhythm of ice ages although containing large effects of changes in deep-ocean temperature. We have separated the effects of decreasing temperature and increasing global ice volume on oxygen isotope ratios. Our results suggest that the MPT was initiated by an abrupt increase in Antarctic ice volume 900 thousand years ago. We see no evidence of a pattern of gradual cooling, but near-freezing temperatures occur at every glacial maximum.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1221294",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1221294",
    openalex = "W2031171042",
    references = "doi10102997pa01019, doi101038324137a0, doi101038nature01690, doi101126science1141038"
}

@misc{brenner2013dating,
    author = "Brenner, Mark and Kenney, William F.",
    title = "Dating Wetland Sediment Cores",
    year = "2013",
    booktitle = "SSSA Book Series",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser10.c45",
    doi = "10.2136/sssabookser10.c45",
    openalex = "W2497698697",
    pages = "879-900",
    references = "doi101007030647669x9, doi101007bf00026640, doi101007bf00028424, doi1010160012821x71902020, doi1010160016703775901982, doi101016s0016699586800286, doi101016s0341816278800022, doi101017s0033822200034202, doi101111j146981371966tb06356x, doi105860choice413461"
}

@article{doi105194cp917332013,
    author = "Vereş, Daniel and Bazin, Lucie and Landais, Amaëlle and Toye, Habib and Lemieux-Dudon, B. and Parrenin, Frédéric and Martinerie, Patricia and Blayo, Éric and Blunier, Thomas and Capron, Émilie and Chappellaz, J. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Severi, Mirko and Svensson, Anders and Vinther, Bo and Wolff, Eric",
    title = "The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. The deep polar ice cores provide reference records commonly employed in global correlation of past climate events. However, temporal divergences reaching up to several thousand years (ka) exist between ice cores over the last climatic cycle. In this context, we are hereby introducing the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012 (AICC2012), a new and coherent timescale developed for four Antarctic ice cores, namely Vostok, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) and Talos Dome (TALDICE), alongside the Greenlandic NGRIP record. The AICC2012 timescale has been constructed using the Bayesian tool Datice (Lemieux-Dudon et al., 2010) that combines glaciological inputs and data constraints, including a wide range of relative and absolute gas and ice stratigraphic markers. We focus here on the last 120 ka, whereas the companion paper by Bazin et al. (2013) focuses on the interval 120–800 ka. Compared to previous timescales, AICC2012 presents an improved timing for the last glacial inception, respecting the glaciological constraints of all analyzed records. Moreover, with the addition of numerous new stratigraphic markers and improved calculation of the lock-in depth (LID) based on δ15N data employed as the Datice background scenario, the AICC2012 presents a slightly improved timing for the bipolar sequence of events over Marine Isotope Stage 3 associated with the seesaw mechanism, with maximum differences of about 600 yr with respect to the previous Datice-derived chronology of Lemieux-Dudon et al. (2010), hereafter denoted LD2010. Our improved scenario confirms the regional differences for the millennial scale variability over the last glacial period: while the EDC isotopic record (events of triangular shape) displays peaks roughly at the same time as the NGRIP abrupt isotopic increases, the EDML isotopic record (events characterized by broader peaks or even extended periods of high isotope values) reached the isotopic maximum several centuries before. It is expected that the future contribution of both other long ice core records and other types of chronological constraints to the Datice tool will lead to further refinements in the ice core chronologies beyond the AICC2012 chronology. For the time being however, we recommend that AICC2012 be used as the preferred chronology for the Vostok, EDC, EDML and TALDICE ice core records, both over the last glacial cycle (this study), and beyond (following Bazin et al., 2013). The ages for NGRIP in AICC2012 are virtually identical to those of GICC05 for the last 60.2 ka, whereas the ages beyond are independent of those in GICC05modelext (as in the construction of AICC2012, the GICC05modelext was included only via the background scenarios and not as age markers). As such, where issues of phasing between Antarctic records included in AICC2012 and NGRIP are involved, the NGRIP ages in AICC2012 should therefore be taken to avoid introducing false offsets. However for issues involving only Greenland ice cores, there is not yet a strong basis to recommend superseding GICC05modelext as the recommended age scale for Greenland ice cores.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013",
    openalex = "W1995539736",
    references = "doi1010292004pa001071, doi1010292005jd006079, doi10102996rg03527, doi10103820859, doi101038366552a0, doi101038nature02599, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101038nature06015, doi101038nature06692, doi101126science1141038, doi101126science1226660, doi101126science2915501109"
}

@article{doi1010022014pa002752,
    author = "Molnár, Péter and Cronin, Timothy W.",
    title = "Growth of the Maritime Continent and its possible contribution to recurring Ice Ages",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    abstract = "Abstract The areal extent of the Maritime Continent (the islands of Indonesia and surrounding region) has grown larger by \textasciitilde 60\% since 5 Ma. We argue that this growth might have altered global climate in two ways that would have contributed to making recurring Ice Ages possible. First, because rainfall over the islands of the Maritime Continent not only is heavier than that over the adjacent ocean but also correlates with the strength of the Walker Circulation, the growth of the Maritime Continent since 5 Ma may have contributed to the cooling of the eastern tropical Pacific since that time. Scaling relationships between the strength of the Walker Circulation and rainfall over the islands of the Maritime Continent and between sea surface temperature (SST) of the eastern tropical Pacific and the strength of easterly wind stress suggest that the increase in areal extent of islands would lead to a drop in that SST of 0.75°C. Although only a fraction of the 3–4°C decrease in SSTs between the eastern and western tropical Pacific, the growth of the Maritime Continent may have strengthened the Walker Circulation, increased the east‐west temperature gradient across the Pacific and thereby enabled ice sheets to wax and wane over Canada since 3 Ma. Second, because the weathering of basaltic rock under warm, moist conditions extracts CO 2 from the atmosphere more rapidly than weathering of other rock or of basalt under cooler or drier conditions, the increase in weathering due to increasing area of basalt in the Maritime Continent may have drawn down enough CO 2 from the atmosphere to affect global temperatures. Simple calculations suggest that increased weathering of basalt might have lowered global temperatures by 0.25°C, possibly important for the overall cooling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014pa002752",
    doi = "10.1002/2014pa002752",
    openalex = "W2141194643",
    references = "doi101002qj49710644905, doi101016s0009254199000315, doi101016s1367912001000694, doi1010292004pa001071, doi101029jc086ic10p09776, doi10103823231, doi101126science1059412, doi1011751520047719960770437tnyrp20co2, doi1011751520049319811090813psapaw20co2, doi101175jcli39901"
}

@article{doi105194cp1316952017,
    author = "Ganopolski, Andrey and Brovkin, Victor",
    title = "Simulation of climate, ice sheets and CO 2 evolution during the last four glacial cycles with an Earth system model of intermediate complexity",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. In spite of significant progress in paleoclimate reconstructions and modelling of different aspects of the past glacial cycles, the mechanisms which transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into long-term and global-scale glacial–interglacial cycles are still not fully understood – in particular, in relation to CO2 variability. Here using the Earth system model of intermediate complexity CLIMBER-2 we performed simulations of the co-evolution of climate, ice sheets, and carbon cycle over the last 400 000 years using the orbital forcing as the only external forcing. The model simulates temporal dynamics of CO2, global ice volume, and other climate system characteristics in good agreement with paleoclimate reconstructions. These results provide strong support for the idea that long and strongly asymmetric glacial cycles of the late Quaternary represent a direct but strongly nonlinear response of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to orbital forcing. This response is strongly amplified and globalised by the carbon cycle feedbacks. Using simulations performed with the model in different configurations, we also analyse the role of individual processes and sensitivity to the choice of model parameters. While many features of simulated glacial cycles are rather robust, some details of CO2 evolution, especially during glacial terminations, are sensitive to the choice of model parameters. Specifically, we found two major regimes of CO2 changes during terminations: in the first one, when the recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) occurs only at the end of the termination, a pronounced overshoot in CO2 concentration occurs at the beginning of the interglacial and CO2 remains almost constant during the interglacial or even declines towards the end, resembling Eemian CO2 dynamics. However, if the recovery of the AMOC occurs in the middle of the glacial termination, CO2 concentration continues to rise during the interglacial, similar to the Holocene. We also discuss the potential contribution of the brine rejection mechanism for the CO2 and carbon isotopes in the atmosphere and the ocean during the past glacial termination.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1695-2017",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-13-1695-2017",
    openalex = "W2606309398",
    references = "doi105194cp1210792016"
}

@article{carlotto2025yugas,
    author = "Carlotto, Mark",
    title = "Yugas, Climate Cycles, and World Ages",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Scientific Exploration",
    abstract = "Are the myths and legends of ancient cultures connected with human prehistory? Is there some underlying cycle, cosmic or other, behind the mythical ages of humanity? Motivated by correlations between sea-level rise at the end of the last ice age, flood myths, and other cataclysms, an analysis of global data sets reveals the presence of cycles roughly 6,000, 11,000 to 13,000, and 22,000 to 25,000 years in incident solar radiation (insolation) and global sea levels from the Middle to Late Pleistocene, and a 26,000-year periodicity in the timing of geomagnetic excursions over the past 100,000 years. 12,000-year cycles are the period of an ancient Vedic measure of time known as a mahayuga. It is shown that yuga cycles may be correlated with the timing of five hypothesized Earth crustal displacements over the last 130,000 years, and even longer periods of time defined in Vedic texts known as manvantara overlap human evolutionary timelines over the past 6-7 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31275/20253495",
    doi = "10.31275/20253495",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W4411807439",
    pages = "189-202",
    volume = "39",
    references = "doi101002jqs1112, doi101007bf00348437, doi101016s027737910100035x, doi10105100046361201116836, doi101163156852858x00075, doi103127520201617, doi103127520201619, doi103127520221621, openalexw1556887060, openalexw3195491543"
}

@misc{andbouchetNonecoherent,
    author = "Bouchet, Marie",
    title = "Coherent dating of deep polar ice cores and implications for understanding climate mechanisms",
    year = "None",
    abstract = {Datation fédérative des forages polaires profonds et implications sur la compréhension des mécanismes climatiques Les données paléoclimatiques fournissent des estimations empiriques des changements climatiques pré-anthropiques à des échelles de temps variées. Elles ont documenté des réchauffements globaux de la Terre (+5 à 10°C) se déroulant sur des milliers d'années tous les \textasciitilde 100 000 ans au cours du dernier million d'années, les déglaciations. Ces transitions sont particulièrement intéressantes pour les projections climatiques, car elles permettent d'estimer le taux de fonte des calottes glaciaires. Les données paléoclimatiques témoignent aussi d'événements plus rapides (quelques décennies), les "points de bascule", qui indiquent que le système climatique peut être déstabilisé significativement.Les forages polaires sont uniques car ils fournissent une mesure directe de la composition atmosphérique passée et permettent la reconstruction du climat local. Mon doctorat s'est concentré sur le forage EPICA Dome C (EDC) en Antarctique de l'Est, qui fournit le plus long enregistrement continu à ce jour. Il documente les changements climatiques qui se sont produits à l'échelle de quelques décennies à plusieurs milliers d'années au cours des derniers 800 000 ans. Alors que les isotopes de l'eau mesurés dans les archives glaciaires sont classiquement utilisés pour déduire les variations passées de la température et de précipitation locales, nous montrons que le δ¹⁵N de N2 mesuré dans les bulles d'air piégées dans la glace peut être utilisé de façon complémentaire. En effet, le δ¹⁵N de N2 reflète la profondeur de piégeage des bulles dans la glace, elle-même déterminée par la température et le taux d'accumulation de neige à la surface. Un nouvel enregistrement de δ¹⁵N de N2 est présenté. Il permet d'identifier précisément le phasage entre le CO₂ atmosphérique et le climat de l'Antarctique au cours des huit dernières déglaciations. Deuxièmement, j'ai développé une chronologie cohérente pour quatre forages situés en Antarctique et un forage au Groënland, couvrant les 800 000 dernières années. Cette chronologie a été construite à l'aide du modèle probabiliste Paleochrono-1.1 et est contrainte par de nouvelles mesures faites sur le forage EDC et par des données issues de modélisation glaciologique. L'incertitude de l'échelle d'âge d'EDC est réduite de 1700 à 900 ans en moyenne. La chronologie révisée est en meilleur accord avec des chronologies absolues obtenues de manière indépendante pour d'autres paléo-archives.Enfin, une méthodologie est proposée pour construire des chronologies cohérentes, relatives et absolues pour les archives marines et glaciaires au cours des sept dernières déglaciations. Elle permet d'identifier de manière plus précise l'ordre dans lequel se produisent les changements relatifs de l'insolation, de concentration atmosphérique en gaz à effet de serre, du niveau de la mer et des températures régionales lors des déglaciations. Dans une étude préliminaire, nous avons identifié une avance de quelques milliers d'années du CO2 sur le niveau marin lors des déglaciations. Des perspectives de recherche sont proposées pour atteindre une meilleure compréhension des relations de cause à effet entre le forçage externe et la réponse interne du climat.Mon travail de thèse a combiné la modélisation glaciologique et statistique, l'analyse expérimentale de l'air piégé dans la carotte de glace EDC ainsi que l'analyse de données paléoclimatiques issues d'archives polaires, de carottes sédimentaires marines et de spéléothèmes. Mes recherches contribuent à l'amélioration (i) des reconstructions climatiques à partir des forages polaires et (ii) des chronologies des forages polaires et marins. Ces avancées sont essentielles pour mieux comprendre la réponse du climat à un forçage externe lors des changements climatiques de grande amplitude, ce qui est essentiel pour prévoir les changements climatiques à venir.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.70675/0ea23effzdbc9z4f25z8f98z758aa1f1eac5",
    doi = "10.70675/0ea23effzdbc9z4f25z8f98z758aa1f1eac5",
    openalex = "W7151799470"
}