@article{huxley1927on4,
    author = "Huxley, J",
    title = "On the relation between egg-weight and body-weight in birds",
    year = "1927",
    journal = "Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, v. 36, p. 457-466",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, J., 1927, On the relation between egg-weight and body-weight in birds: Journal of the Linnaean Society of London, v. 36, p. 457-466.}"
}

@misc{franz1932vivaparus2,
    author = "Franz, V",
    title = "Vivaparus; Morphometrie, Phylogenie und Geographie der europischen, fossilen und rezenten Paludinen",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "Med.-Naturw. Ges. Jena, Denkschr., v. 18",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Franz, V., 1932, Vivaparus; Morphometrie, Phylogenie und Geographie der europischen, fossilen und rezenten Paludinen: Med.-Naturw. Ges. Jena, Denkschr., v. 18.}"
}

@misc{huxley1932problems5,
    author = "Huxley, J",
    title = "Problems of Relative Growth",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "New York, Lincoln McVeagh",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, J., 1932, Problems of Relative Growth: New York, Lincoln McVeagh.}"
}

@book{bonner1965size1,
    author = "Bonner, J. T",
    title = "Size and Cycle",
    year = "1965",
    publisher = "an Essay on the Structure of Biology: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 219 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonner, J. T., 1965, Size and Cycle: an Essay on the Structure of Biology: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 219 p.}"
}

@misc{pilbeam1974size7,
    author = "Pilbeam, D. and Gould, S. J",
    title = "Size and scaling in human evolution",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 186, p. 892-901",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Pilbeam, D., and Gould, S. J., 1974, Size and scaling in human evolution: Science, v. 186, p. 892-901.}"
}

@book{oxnard1975uniqueness6,
    author = "Oxnard, C. E",
    title = "Uniqueness and Diversity in Human Evolution",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "Morphometric Studies of Australopithecines: Chicago, Ill., University of Chicago Press, 133 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oxnard, C. E., 1975, Uniqueness and Diversity in Human Evolution: Morphometric Studies of Australopithecines: Chicago, Ill., University of Chicago Press, 133 p.}"
}

@misc{gould1982exaptation3,
    author = "Gould, S. J. and Vrba, E. S",
    title = "Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 8, p. 4-15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S., 1982, Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form: Paleobiology, v. 8, p. 4-15.}"
}

@article{immler2007the,
    author = "IMMLER, S. and SAINT‐JALME, M. and LESOBRE, L. and SORCI, G. and ROMAN, Y. and BIRKHEAD, T. R.",
    title = "The evolution of sperm morphometry in pheasants",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "Post‐copulatory sexual selection is thought to be a potent evolutionary force driving the diversification of sperm shape and function across species. In birds, insemination and fertilization are separated in time and sperm storage increases the duration of sperm–female interaction and hence the opportunity for sperm competition and cryptic female choice. We performed a comparative study of 24 pheasant species (Phasianidae, Galliformes) to establish the relative importance of sperm competition and the duration of sperm storage for the evolution of sperm morphometry (i.e. size of different sperm traits). We found that sperm size traits were negatively associated with the duration of sperm storage but were independent of the risk of sperm competition estimated from relative testis mass. Our study emphasizes the importance of female reproductive biology for the evolution of sperm morphometry particularly in sperm‐storing taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01302.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1420-9101.2007.01302.x",
    number = "3",
    pages = "1008-1014",
    volume = "20"
}

@misc{khang2015monogenean,
    author = "Khang, Tsung Fei and Soo, Oi Yoon Michelle and Tan, Wooi Boon and Lim, Lee Hong Susan",
    title = "Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution",
    year = "2015",
    abstract = "Anchors are important attachment appendages that prevent the physical dislodging of a monogenean parasite from fish host gills. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. We used a geometric morphometric approach to explore anchor shape variation in 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea:Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts (Moolgarda buchanani and Liza subviridis) in the waters off West Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular sequence data from three nuclear markers: 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA and ITS1, were used to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny to enable visualization of shape evolution in phylomorphospace. For inferring patterns of size evolution in the phylogeny, we used a size measure based on the first principal component of all pairwise Euclidean distances between landmarks. Cluster heat map and principal component analysis showed that anchor shape variation had sufficient systematic information for delimiting 12 of the 13 species. Adams' multivariate K test indicated significant correlation between anchor shape and phylogeny (p-value = 0.0001). We also discovered that characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between inner and outer root tips and the length between inner root tip and the dent point were more phylogenetically informative than inner and outer lengths, as indicated by a maximum parsimony tree that was better resolved and had major clades congruent with those of the molecular phylogenetic tree. Continuous character mapping of size onto the inferred molecular phylogeny and Rayleigh’s test for departure from directional uniformity in each species’s landmark relative to the ancestor indicated that species infecting M. buchanani generally evolved larger and more robust anchors, while those infecting L. subviridis generally evolved smaller and more delicate anchors. Nevertheless, phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size showed significant correlation (p-value = 0.02) between anchor shape and size, suggesting morphometric constraints in anchor evolution. Finally, morphological integration analysis revealed tight integration between the root and point compartments within anchors, confirming that the anchor functions as a single, fully integrated module. The present work is supported by the development of integrative analytical tools in the form of a new R package – monogeneaGM. By lowering barriers to data integration and analysis, we aim to encourage the scientific community to collect and contribute morphometric and genetic data from other Ligophorus species, which are essential for developing Ligophorus as a model system for understanding association between patterns of anchor shape size evolution and biodiversity in the Monogenea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1283v1",
    doi = "10.7287/peerj.preprints.1283v1"
}

@article{khang2016monogenean,
    author = "Khang, Tsung Fei and Soo, Oi Yoon Michelle and Tan, Wooi Boon and Lim, Lee Hong Susan",
    title = "Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Background. Anchors are one of the important attachment appendages for monogenean parasites. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. When combined with morphological and molecular data, analysis of anchor morphometry can potentially answer a wide range of biological questions. Materials and Methods. We used data from anchor morphometry, body size and morphology of 13 Ligophorus (Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts: Moolgarda buchanani (Bleeker) and Liza subviridis (Valenciennes) from Malaysia. Anchor shape and size data (n = 530) were generated using methods of geometric morphometrics. We used 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS1 sequence data to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny. We discriminated species using principal component and cluster analysis of shape data. Adams’s K mult was used to detect phylogenetic signal in anchor shape. Phylogeny-correlated size and shape changes were investigated using continuous character mapping and directional statistics, respectively. We assessed morphological constraints in anchor morphometry using phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size. Anchor morphological integration was studied using partial least squares method. The association between copulatory organ morphology and anchor shape and size in phylomorphospace was used to test the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. We created monogeneaGM, a new R package that integrates analyses of monogenean anchor geometric morphometric data with morphological and phylogenetic data. Results. We discriminated 12 of the 13 Ligophorus species using anchor shape data. Significant phylogenetic signal was detected in anchor shape. Thus, we discovered new morphological characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between the inner root point and the outer root point, and the length between the inner root point and the dent point. The species on M. buchanani evolved larger, more robust anchors; those on L. subviridis evolved smaller, more delicate anchors. Anchor shape and size were significantly correlated, suggesting constraints in anchor evolution. Tight integration between the root and the point compartments within anchors confirms the anchor as a single, fully integrated module. The correlation between male copulatory organ morphology and size with anchor shape was consistent with predictions from the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. Conclusions. Monogenean anchors are tightly integrated structures, and their shape variation correlates strongly with phylogeny, thus underscoring their value for systematic and evolutionary biology studies. Our MonogeneaGM R package provides tools for researchers to mine biological insights from geometric morphometric data of speciose monogenean genera.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1668",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.1668",
    pages = "e1668",
    volume = "4"
}

@article{doi101093jmicrodfaf046,
    author = "Nakanishi-Kimura, Atsuko and Watanabe, Haruhisa and Hoshi-Numahata, Marie and Goseki-Sone, Masae and Iimura, Tadahiro",
    title = "Establishment of artificial intelligence-driven fluorescence morphometry reveals involvement of osteocyte perilacunar remodeling specifically in mandibular bone of ovariectomized rats.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Microscopy (Oxford, England)",
    abstract = "Bone dynamically changes its shape and structure in response to extra-tissue environments, so that bone morphometry has been a substantial method to evaluate pathophysiology of bone. Osteocytes embedded in mineralized bone matrix play key roles in systemic bone metabolism and characterize distinct bone sites. The jawbone has been described as a unique bone in the context of vertebrate evolution and function. Bone loss in the mandibular bone is less obvious in osteoporotic conditions than in other bones, such as vertebral and limb long bones, both in animal models and in clinical studies. Since osteocyte lacunae are complex and small (-10µm in length) in shape and size, respectively, comprehensive and unbiased morphometrical analysis of changes in the size of osteocyte lacunae was still an obstacle. This study established an artificial intelligence-driven morphometry with wide-field microscopy-based imaging of osteocyte lacunae. Successive comparative analyses demonstrated active perilacunar bone remodeling in the mandibular bone than in the parietal bone. This approach enabled us to statistically compare morphometric parameters in a more comprehensive and unbiased manner. We further discuss the possible unique contribution of the mandibular bone to the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. This study established an artificial intelligence-driven morphometry with wide-field microscopy-based imaging of osteocyte lacunae. Successive comparative analyses demonstrated active perilacunar bone remodeling in the mandibular bone than in the parietal bone. This approach enabled us to statistically compare morphometric parameters in a more comprehensive and unbiased manner.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41104634/",
    doi = "10.1093/jmicro/dfaf046",
    pmid = "41104634"
}