@article{watson1954a,
    author = "Watson, David Meredith Seares",
    title = "A Consideration of Ostracoderms",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "A survey of the great mass of papers which have appeared since 1920 dealing with the ostracoderms shows that many matters of structure and interpretation are still in doubt, despite the existence of many exquisitely preserved fossils of members of the group, and detailed descriptions of them. Critical consideration of published accounts and of new materials show: That Stensiö’s account of the structure of the head skeleton of Cephalaspis is correct. That the gills of Cephalaspis were more probably pouches of adult cyclostome pattern than of the type suggested by Stensiö. That the series of gill pouches includes two (one innervated by the profundus and one by the trigeminus) anterior to the hyoidean or spiracular gill cleft. The heterostracan Anglaspis appears to have had gill pouches, and shows nasal openings lying on the roof of the mouth cavity. The joint naso-hypophysial opening of cyclostomes on the top of the head is formed, as Goodrich showed, by the development of an upper lip as part of a larval feeding mechanism, so that cephalaspids, anaspids, lampreys and hagfishes are brigaded together with the probability that in their ancestry there were animals with an ammocoete larva. The cephalaspis pectoral fins are shown to be neomorphs, not homologous with those of craniates. The so-called ‘electric fields’ of Cephalaspis are newly interpreted as special sense organs allowing pressure waves incident on the head to be conveyed along liquid-filled canals to the ear. The character of the body cavity of Cephalaspis is such that it is probable that its heart already showed a characteristic cyclostome asymmetry.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1954.0004",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1954.0004",
    number = "652",
    pages = "1-25",
    volume = "238"
}

@article{watson1954a2,
    author = "Watson, D. M. S",
    title = "A consideration of ostracoderms",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 238, p. 1-25",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watson, D. M. S., 1954, A consideration of ostracoderms: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 238, p. 1-25.}"
}

@misc{stensi1958les1,
    author = "Stensi, E",
    title = "Les cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes, in Grasse, P. P., ed., Trait de Zoologie, 1st facs",
    year = "1958",
    howpublished = "Paris, Masson et Cie, v. 13",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stensi, E., 1958, Les cyclostomes fossiles ou Ostracodermes, in Grasse, P. P., ed., Trait de Zoologie, 1st facs: Paris, Masson et Cie, v. 13.}"
}

@inproceedings{whiting1977cranial3,
    author = "Whiting, H. P",
    title = "Cranial Anatomy of the Ostracoderms in Relation to the Organisation of Larval Lampreys, in Andrews, S. M., Miles, R. S., and Walker, A. D., eds., Problems in Vertebrate Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    booktitle = "Essays Presented to Professor T.S. Westoll, F.R.S., F.L.S, 4 of Linnean Society Symposium Series: London, Academic Press, p. 1-23",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whiting, H. P., 1977, Cranial Anatomy of the Ostracoderms in Relation to the Organisation of Larval Lampreys, in Andrews, S. M., Miles, R. S., and Walker, A. D., eds., Problems in Vertebrate Evolution: Essays Presented to Professor T.S. Westoll, F.R.S., F.L.S, 4 of Linnean Society Symposium Series: London, Academic Press, p. 1-23.}"
}

@incollection{gehin2007cranial,
    author = "GEHIN, A",
    title = "Cranial anatomy",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Cranial Osteopathic Biomechanics, Pathomechanics \& Diagnostics for Practitioners",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-045114-5.50006-8",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-045114-5.50006-8",
    pages = "5-5"
}

@incollection{byrne2012cranial,
    author = "Byrne, James Vincent",
    title = "Cranial Arterial Anatomy",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Tutorials in Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19154-1\_2",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-642-19154-1\_2",
    pages = "23-51"
}

@incollection{crossref2015fossil,
    title = "Fossil hagfishes, fossil cyclostomes, and the lost world of “ostracoderms”",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Hagfish Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/b18935-7",
    doi = "10.1201/b18935-7",
    pages = "90-111"
}

@incollection{janvier2015fossil,
    author = "Janvier, Philippe and Sansom, Robert",
    title = "Fossil hagfishes, fossil cyclostomes, and the lost world of “ostracoderms”",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Marine Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/b18935-4",
    doi = "10.1201/b18935-4",
    pages = "73-94"
}

@article{gabbott2016pigmented,
    author = "Gabbott, Sarah E. and Donoghue, Philip C. J. and Sansom, Robert S. and Vinther, Jakob and Dolocan, Andrei and Purnell, Mark A.",
    title = "Pigmented anatomy in Carboniferous cyclostomes and the evolution of the vertebrate eye",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The success of vertebrates is linked to the evolution of a camera-style eye and sophisticated visual system. In the absence of useful data from fossils, scenarios for evolutionary assembly of the vertebrate eye have been based necessarily on evidence from development, molecular genetics and comparative anatomy in living vertebrates. Unfortunately, steps in the transition from a light-sensitive ‘eye spot’ in invertebrate chordates to an image-forming camera-style eye in jawed vertebrates are constrained only by hagfish and lampreys (cyclostomes), which are interpreted to reflect either an intermediate or degenerate condition. Here, we report—based on evidence of size, shape, preservation mode and localized occurrence—the presence of melanosomes (pigment-bearing organelles) in fossil cyclostome eyes. Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses reveal secondary ions with a relative intensity characteristic of melanin as revealed through principal components analyses. Our data support the hypotheses that extant hagfish eyes are degenerate, not rudimentary, that cyclostomes are monophyletic, and that the ancestral vertebrate had a functional visual system. We also demonstrate integument pigmentation in fossil lampreys, opening up the exciting possibility of investigating colour patterning in Palaeozoic vertebrates. The examples we report add to the record of melanosome preservation in Carboniferous fossils and attest to surprising durability of melanosomes and biomolecular melanin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.1151",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2016.1151",
    number = "1836",
    pages = "20161151",
    volume = "283"
}

@incollection{byrne2017cranial,
    author = "Byrne, James Vincent",
    title = "Cranial Arterial Anatomy",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Tutorials in Endovascular Neurosurgery and Interventional Neuroradiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54835-7\_2",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-54835-7\_2",
    pages = "27-55"
}

@incollection{nadgir2017cranial,
    author = "Nadgir, Rohini and Yousem, David M.",
    title = "Cranial Anatomy",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Neuroradiology Imaging",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-7568-2.00001-8",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-1-4557-7568-2.00001-8",
    pages = "1-39"
}