@article{currie1980a,
    author = "Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "A new younginid (Reptilia: Eosuchia) from the Upper Permian of Madagascar",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Acerosodontosaurus piveteaui, a new genus and species of primitive diapsid reptile of the Family Younginidae, is based upon a partial skull and partial skeleton from Upper Permian strata of the République Démocratique de Madagascar. Morphologically, Acerosodontosaurus is closer to Youngina than any other known early diapsid. It can be distinguished from Youngina by a higher maxillary tooth count, a broader skull in the antorbital region, a broader puboischiatic plate, and a longer iliac blade. The type specimen is more mature than known specimens of Youngina, and furnishes anatomical information not reported in other younginid specimens.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e80-046",
    doi = "10.1139/e80-046",
    number = "4",
    pages = "500-511",
    volume = "17"
}

@article{carroll1981plesiosaur,
    author = "Carroll, R. L.",
    title = "Plesiosaur ancestors from the upper permian of Madagascar",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Numerus well preserved fossils from the Upper Permian of Madagascar are structurally intermediate between primitive diapsid reptiles and nothosaurs and plesiosaurs. Claudiosaurus germaini (gen.nov., sp.nov.) is similar in its basic anatomy to eosuchian reptiles such as Thadeosaurus colcanapi (gen.nov., sp.nov.), but the absence of a lower temporal bar and the closure of the palate are characteristics of sauropterygian reptiles. Claudiosaurus shows the initiation of aquatic adaptations in the proportions and reduced ossification of the carpus and manus. A third pair of sacral ribs is partially incorporated. The small size of the skull, the nature of the palate and marginal dentition and the long neck are suggestive of aquatic feeding habits. Claudiosaurus does not, however, show the specific adaptations for aquatic locomotion seen in either nothosaurs or plesiosaurs. Even the most primitive known species of nothosaurs and plesiosaurs are too specialized in the postcranial skeleton for direct comparison with Claudiosaurs, although the similarities to the skull roof of primitive nothosaurs are very close. The configuration of the cheek in nothosaurs almost certainly resulted from the loss of the lower temporal bar from a pattern like that of Youngina, rather than from the ventral emargination of the cheek. The nature of the Upper Permian sediments in Madagascar and the tectonic environment of their deposition indicate accumulation in deep rift valleys, some parts of which were open to the sea. The presence of oolites replaced with collophane suggests a rich phosphate source such as deep marine upwellings. Similar upwellings of phosphate have also been associated with the evolution of the marine iguanas on the Pacific coast of South America. The concept of the derivation of nothosaurs from protorosaurs or araeosceloids may be traced to misunderstandings of the nature of the cheek in both Nothosaurus and Protorosaurus. Araeoscelis, despite the possession of a solid cheek, is closely related to Petrolacosaurus, an ancestral diapsid.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1981.0079",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1981.0079",
    number = "1066",
    pages = "315-383",
    volume = "293"
}

@article{carroll1981plesiosaur1,
    author = "Carroll, R. C",
    title = "Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 293, p. 315- 383",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carroll, R. C., 1981, Plesiosaur ancestors from the Upper Permian of Madagascar: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 293, p. 315- 383.}"
}

@article{brown1987madagascar,
    author = "Brown, Mervyn",
    title = "Madagascar: Island of the Ancestors",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Anthropology Today",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3033267",
    doi = "10.2307/3033267",
    number = "1",
    pages = "14",
    volume = "3"
}

@article{davison1987madagascar,
    author = "Davison, Patricia and Mack, J.",
    title = "Madagascar: Island of the Ancestors",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "The South African Archaeological Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3888753",
    doi = "10.2307/3888753",
    number = "146",
    pages = "180",
    volume = "42"
}

@article{berg1989madagascar,
    author = "Berg, Gerald M. and Mack, John",
    title = "Madagascar: Island of the Ancestors.",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Man",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2803330",
    doi = "10.2307/2803330",
    number = "2",
    pages = "361",
    volume = "24"
}

@article{middleton1990madagascar,
    author = "Middleton, Karen and Mack, John",
    title = "Madagascar, Island of the Ancestors",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of Religion in Africa",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1580898",
    doi = "10.2307/1580898",
    number = "3",
    pages = "295",
    volume = "20"
}

@misc{bloch1999ancestors,
    author = "Bloch, Maurice and Cole, Jennifer and Evers, Sandra and Graeber, David and Lambek, Michael and Larson, Pier and Raison-Jourde, Françoise and Hestad Skeie, Karina and Sharp, Lesley and Walsh, Andrew",
    title = "Ancestors, Power and History in Madagascar",
    year = "1999",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004664692",
    doi = "10.1163/9789004664692"
}

@article{campbell2002ancestors,
    author = "Campbell, Gwyn and Middleton, Karen",
    title = "Ancestors, Power and History in Madagascar",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "African Studies Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1515018",
    doi = "10.2307/1515018",
    number = "1",
    pages = "169",
    volume = "45"
}

@article{shcherbakov2013permian,
    author = "Shcherbakov, Dmitry",
    title = "Permian ancestors of Hymenoptera and Raphidioptera",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "ZooKeys",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.358.6289",
    doi = "10.3897/zookeys.358.6289",
    pages = "45-67",
    volume = "358"
}

@article{buffa2025the,
    author = "Buffa, Valentin and Jalil, Nour‐Eddine and Falconnet, Jocelyn and Vincent, Peggy",
    title = "The neodiapsid Thadeosaurus colcanapi from the upper Permian of Madagascar",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Papers in Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The enigmatic neodiapsid Thadeosaurus colcanapi (Lower Sakamena Formation, southwestern Madagascar), sole species of the genus Thadeosaurus, is revised here. The attribution of 12 of the 21 referred specimens is confirmed, spanning all ontogenetic stages, and the anatomy of Thadeosaurus is redescribed in detail with comments on ontogenetical differences. This new anatomical information is included in an expanded phylogenetical dataset tailored to examine the relationships of Permo‐Triassic diapsids. A stem‐saurian neodiapsid position is confirmed here for all ‘younginiforms’, which are here recovered paraphyletic, with Youngina representing an earlier‐diverging taxon. However, this topology is extremely labile, and the monophyly or paraphyly of ‘younginiforms’ could not be unequivocally supported. In contrast, our analyses provide good support for a monophyletic Tangasauridae including all other ‘younginiforms’. Thadeosaurus is here recovered as a member of the Tangasauridae and as the sister‐group to the putative semi‐aquatic Tangasaurinae with a moderate degree of support, despite the large amounts of missing data in lesser‐known tangasaurids partially obscuring our understanding of tangasaurid interrelationships. Last, Thadeosaurus is considered to have inhabited a nearshore, probably riparian, environment, although it remains unclear whether it was semi‐aquatic or fully terrestrial. Further examinations of lesser‐known tangasaurids, as well as a novel morphotype identified here in the Lower Sakamena Formation of Madagascar, could provide new evidence to deepen our understanding of the evolution and palaeoecology of the Tangasauridae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.70008",
    doi = "10.1002/spp2.70008",
    number = "2",
    volume = "11"
}