@article{dressler1968pollination,
    author = "Dressler, Robert L.",
    title = "POLLINATION BY EUGLOSSINE BEES",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03463.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1968.tb03463.x",
    number = "1",
    pages = "202-210",
    volume = "22"
}

@misc{dressler1968pollination1,
    author = "Dressler, R. L",
    title = "Pollination by euglossine bees",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 22, p. 202- 210",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dressler, R. L., 1968, Pollination by euglossine bees: Evolution, v. 22, p. 202- 210.}"
}

@article{kroodsma1975flight,
    author = "Kroodsma, Donald E.",
    title = "Flight Distances of Male Euglossine Bees in Orchid Pollination",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Biotropica",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2989803",
    doi = "10.2307/2989803",
    number = "1",
    pages = "71",
    volume = "7"
}

@article{armbruster1979pollination,
    author = "Armbruster, W. Scott and Webster, Grady L.",
    title = "Pollination of Two Species of Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) in Mexico by Euglossine Bees",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Biotropica",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2387919",
    doi = "10.2307/2387919",
    number = "4",
    pages = "278",
    volume = "11"
}

@article{armbruster1989pollination,
    author = "Armbruster, W. S. and Keller, S. and Matsuki, M. and Clausen, T. P.",
    title = "POLLINATION OF DALECHAMPIA MAGNOLIIFOLIA (EUPHORBIACEAE) BY MALE EUGLOSSINE BEES",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "American Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "Flowers of Dalechampia magnoliifolia in eastern Peru were pollinated primarily by male Eulaema meriana and E. cingulata, which collected fragrance from the secretory gland borne in the staminate cymule. The fragrance contains carvone oxide, benzyl acetate, limonene, α ‐pinene, myrcine, β ‐pinene/camphene, and carvone. Trigona cf. pallens was the most abundant visitor, but was primarily a pollen thief. The rate of contact with the stigmas by Trigona, and hence the bee's efficacy as a pollinator, was highly variable and was determined by variation in the separation of anthers and stigmas. Dalechampia magnoliifolia co‐occurred with a congeneric species, D. cissifolia, but did not share pollinators with it.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15109.x",
    doi = "10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb15109.x",
    number = "9",
    pages = "1279-1285",
    volume = "76"
}

@article{armbruster1992pollination,
    author = "Armbruster, W. Scott and Herzig, Ann L. and Clausen, Thomas P.",
    title = "POLLINATION OF TWO SYMPATRIC SPECIES OF DALECHAMPIA (EUPHORBIACEAE) IN SURINAME BY MALE EUGLOSSINE BEES",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "American Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "Dalechampia brownsbergensis and D. fragrans co‐occur in Suriname, and both are pollinated by fragrance‐collecting male euglossine bees. Dalechampia brownsbergensis appears to bloom year‐round and is pollinated by relatively few species of bees, including Euglossa tridentata and E. gaianii. In contrast, D. fragrans appears to bloom from late October through early December and is visited and pollinated by at least 13 species of euglossines. Field observations of pollination indicated that the two species did not share pollinators. However, when the flowers of D. fragrans were “transplanted” into a population of D. brownsbergensis, the main pollinator of D. brownsbergensis also visited the flowers of D. fragrans. The pollinators of D. fragrans, however, did not visit the flowers of D. brownsbergensis. Partial sharing of pollinators may have only a small negative impact on the two sympatric plant species at this site because they flower simultaneously only part of the year, and they are often spatially separated from one another.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13747.x",
    doi = "10.1002/j.1537-2197.1992.tb13747.x",
    number = "12",
    pages = "1374-1381",
    volume = "79"
}

@article{doi101111plb13523,
    author = "Pansarin, E R",
    title = "Non-species-specific pollen transfer and double-reward production in euglossine-pollinated Vanilla.",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)",
    abstract = "Commonly attributed to orchids, the pollen movement in Vanilla has been associated with food deception and specific plant-pollinator relationships. This study investigated the role of flower rewards and pollinator specificity in the pollen transfer of a widely distributed member to the euglossinophilous Vanilla clade, V. pompona Schiede using data collected from Brazilian populations. These included investigations on morphology, light microscopy and histochemistry, and analysis of flowers scent using GC-MS. The pollinators and the mechanisms of pollination were recorded through focal observations. The yellow flowers of V. pompona are fragrant and offer nectar as reward. The major volatile compound of the V. pompona scent, carvone oxide, shows convergent evolution in Eulaema-pollinated Angiosperms. The pollination system of V. pompona is not species-specific, but its flowers are strongly adapted to pollination by large Eulaema males. Pollination mechanism is based in a combination of perfume collection and nectar seeking. The dogma of a species-specific pollination system based on food deception in Vanilla has been broken with the increase in studies on this Pantropical orchid genus. Here, least three bee species and dual reward-offering are involved in pollen transfer in V. pompona. Visitation frequency of bees collecting perfumes, used in courtship by male euglossines, is higher than in searching for food, as short-lived young euglossine males seem to be more interested in sex than food. A pollination system based on offering both nectar and perfumes as resources is described for the first time in orchids.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37014624/",
    doi = "10.1111/plb.13523",
    pmid = "37014624"
}

@article{doi101093evolutqpad194,
    author = "Liu, Jasen W and Milet-Pinheiro, Paulo and Gerlach, Günter and Ayasse, Manfred and Nunes, Carlos Eduardo Pereira and Alves-Dos-Santos, Isabel and Ramírez, Santiago R",
    title = "Macroevolution of floral scent chemistry across radiations of male euglossine bee-pollinated plantsMacroevolución de olores florales a través de radiaciones de plantas polinizadas por abejas euglosinas machosMacroevolução dos voláteis florais em radiações de plantas polinizadas por machos de abelhas Euglossini.",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Evolution; international journal of organic evolution",
    abstract = {Floral volatiles play key roles as signaling agents that mediate interactions between plants and animals. Despite their importance, few studies have investigated broad patterns of volatile variation across groups of plants that share pollinators, particularly in a phylogenetic context. The "perfume flowers," Neotropical plant species exhibiting exclusive pollination by male euglossine bees in search of chemical rewards, present an intriguing system to investigate these patterns due to the unique function of their chemical phenotypes as both signaling agents and rewards. We leverage recently developed phylogenies and knowledge of biosynthesis, along with decades of chemical ecology research, to characterize axes of variation in the chemistry of perfume flowers, as well as understand their evolution at finer taxonomic scales. We detect pervasive chemical convergence, with many species across families exhibiting similar volatile phenotypes. Scent profiles of most species are dominated by compounds of either the phenylpropanoid or terpenoid biosynthesis pathways, while terpenoid compounds drive more subtle axes of variation. We find recapitulation of these patterns within two independent radiations of perfume flower orchids, in which we further detect evidence for the rapid evolution of divergent floral chemistries, consistent with the putative importance of scent in the process of adaptation and speciation.},
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37897499/",
    doi = "10.1093/evolut/qpad194",
    pmid = "37897499"
}

@article{doi101093g3journaljkae211,
    author = "Guizar Amador, Maria Fernanda and Darragh, Kathy and Liu, Jasen W and Dean, Cheryl and Bogarín, Diego and Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A and Serracín, Zuleika and Pupulin, Franco and Ramírez, Santiago R",
    title = "The Gongora gibba genome assembly provides new insights into the evolution of floral scent in male euglossine bee-pollinated orchids.",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "G3 (Bethesda, Md.)",
    abstract = "Orchidaceae is one of the most prominent flowering plant families, with many species exhibiting highly specialized reproductive and ecological adaptations. An estimated 10\% of orchid species in the American tropics are pollinated by scent-collecting male euglossine bees; however, to date, there are no published genomes of species within this pollination syndrome. In this study, we present the first draft genome of an epiphytic orchid from the genus Gongora, a representative of the male euglossine bee-pollinated subtribe Stanhopeinae. The 1.83-Gb de novo genome with a scaffold N50 of 1.7 Mb was assembled using short- and long-read sequencing and chromosome capture (Hi-C) information. Over 17,000 genes were annotated, and 82.95\% of the genome was identified as repetitive content. Furthermore, we identified and manually annotated 26 terpene synthase genes linked to floral scent biosynthesis and performed a phylogenetic analysis with other published orchid terpene synthase genes. The Gongora gibba genome assembly will serve as the foundation for future research to understand the genetic basis of floral scent biosynthesis and diversification in orchids.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11540329/",
    doi = "10.1093/g3journal/jkae211",
    pmcid = "PMC11540329",
    pmid = "39231006"
}

@article{doi101111plb70031,
    author = "Dias, V F and Albuquerque-Lima, S and Navarro, D M A F and Milet-Pinheiro, P and Machado, I C",
    title = "Nectar or perfume as reward? Investigating the pollination and chemical ecology of the bromeliad Cryptanthus bahianus.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)",
    abstract = "Perfume flowers provide chemicals as a resource for specialized pollinators, that is, male euglossine bees. This system has been recorded in at least 15 families of Neotropical Angiosperms, including species of the bromeliad genus Cryptanthus. Here, we investigated the pollination and chemical ecology of Cryptanthus bahianus, a potential perfume flower species with an unknown pollination mechanism, emphasizing the possible role of floral signals in pollinator attraction. In a population of C. bahianus situated in NE Brazil, we described the anthesis, determined the breeding system, measured the volume and concentration of nectar, and characterized the main floral cues, such as morphology, colour, and floral scents. Additionally, we investigated the interactions between flowers and their visitors. C. bahianus is an andromonoecious species with diurnal anthesis, beginning at 05:00 h, when nectar is already available. Its white tubular flowers secrete 9 ± 2.8 μL of nectar, with a mean concentration of 18.7\% ± 6.96\%. The major compounds in the floral scent were benzyl alcohol, (Z)- and (E)-3-methyl-4-decenoic acid, which together accounted for 95.49\% of the total bouquet. Floral visitors included male and female euglossine bees, seeking only nectar. C. bahianus offers nectar and, eventually, pollen as floral rewards, contrary to expectations related to the pattern found in three other species of this genus, which have perfume flowers. Chemical analyses of the floral scent of C. bahianus did not reveal the presence of copalol, a semivolatile diterpene produced by flowers of C. burle-maxii and sought by its male euglossine pollinators. The fact that C. bahianus occupies a basal position in the Cryptanthus phylogeny suggests that nectar is a plesiomorphic trait in the genus and that perfume flowers might have evolved from nectar flowers.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40342190/",
    doi = "10.1111/plb.70031",
    pmid = "40342190"
}