@techreport{aronson1967instrumental1,
    author = "Aronson, L. R. and Kaplan, H. and Aronson, F. R. and Clark, E",
    title = "Instrumental conditioning and light-dark discrimination in young nurse sharks",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, v. 17, p. 249-256",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Aronson, L. R., Kaplan, H., Aronson, F. R., and Clark, E., 1967, Instrumental conditioning and light-dark discrimination in young nurse sharks: Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean, v. 17, p. 249-256.}"
}

@book{gilbert1967sharks6,
    author = "Gilbert, P. W. and Mathewson, R. F. and Rall, D. P",
    title = "Sharks, Skates and Rays",
    year = "1967",
    publisher = "Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilbert, P. W., Mathewson, R. F., and Rall, D. P., 1967, Sharks, Skates and Rays: Baltimore, Md., The Johns Hopkins Press.}"
}

@misc{eccles1970responses5,
    author = "Eccles, J. C. and Tborkov, H. and Tsukahara, N",
    title = "Responses of the Purkyn cells of a selachian cerebellum ( Mustellus canis)",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Brain Research, v. 17, p. 57-86",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eccles, J. C., Tborkov, H., and Tsukahara, N., 1970, Responses of the Purkyn cells of a selachian cerebellum ( Mustellus canis): Brain Research, v. 17, p. 57-86.}"
}

@misc{ebbesson1972new4,
    author = "Ebbesson, S. O. E",
    title = "New insights into the organization of the shark brain",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 42, p. 121-129",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ebbesson, S. O. E., 1972, New insights into the organization of the shark brain: Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, v. 42, p. 121-129.}"
}

@misc{boord1977structural2,
    author = "Boord, R. L. and Campbell, C. B. G",
    title = "Structural and functional organization of the lateral line system of sharks",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 431-441",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boord, R. L., and Campbell, C. B. G., 1977, Structural and functional organization of the lateral line system of sharks: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 431-441.}"
}

@misc{compagno1977phyletic3,
    author = "Compagno, L. J. V",
    title = "Phyletic relationships of living sharks and rays",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 303-322",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Compagno, L. J. V., 1977, Phyletic relationships of living sharks and rays: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 303-322.}"
}

@misc{gruber1977approaches8,
    author = "Gruber, S. H. and Myrberg, A. A. J",
    title = "Approaches to the study of the behavior of sharks",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 471-486",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gruber, S. H., and Myrberg, A. A. J., 1977, Approaches to the study of the behavior of sharks: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 471-486.}"
}

@misc{gruber1977the7,
    author = "Gruber, S. H",
    title = "The visual system of sharks, adaptations and capability",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 453-469",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gruber, S. H., 1977, The visual system of sharks, adaptations and capability: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 453-469.}"
}

@misc{maisey1980an9,
    author = "Maisey, J. G",
    title = "An Evaluation of Jaw Suspension in Sharks",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "American Museum of Natural History Novitates, v. 2706, p. 15-17",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Maisey, J. G., 1980, An Evaluation of Jaw Suspension in Sharks: American Museum of Natural History Novitates, v. 2706, p. 15-17.}"
}

@article{doi101016jmarpolbul2024117350,
    author = "Pasalari, Marzieh and Esmaeili, Hamid Reza and Keshavarzi, Behnam and Busquets, Rosa and Abbasi, Sajjad and Momeni, Mohammad",
    title = "Microplastic footprints in sharks and rays: First assessment of microplastic pollution in two cartilaginous fishes, hardnose shark and whitespotted whipray.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Marine pollution bulletin",
    abstract = "Microplastic (MP) pollution is an emerging environmental problem worldwide and has caused widespread concern both in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems due to their potential impacts on the human health, and health of aquatic organisms and the environment. Little is known about the exposure of top marine predators to MP contamination (debris 0.1μm - <5mm, also called MPs). For the first time, MPs have been characterized in carnivore demersal elasmobranch specimens of hardnose shark Carcharhinus macloti, and the whitespotted whipray Maculabatis gerrardi. The specimens were from the Persian Gulf and Sea of Oman, and MPs were extracted from their intestines, gills, and skin. MPs were found in every sampled tissue examined: this is higher pollution than previously reported for elasmobranch. The total MPs for these organs were 12.6 MPs/g body mass of sharks, and 17.8 MPs/g in the whiprays on average. The most common MPs found were fibres (59\%), and filaments (35\%); pointing towards fishing gears and limited wastewater treatment. Fragments, films, and foams were <2.1 \%; a less abundant problem. The most abundant MPs sampled were ∼0.5 mm ≤ L< 1 mm (when the limit of detection was 0.1 mm), and blue was the most common MP color hinting intake due to visual confusion. Polycarbonate and nylon were the most abundant polymers in the MPs recovered. The overall findings show that C. macloti and M. gerrardi are vulnerable to plastic and it reflects the critical state of their habitat.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39731785/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.117350",
    pmid = "39731785"
}

@article{doi101016jmarpolbul2025117543,
    author = "Pasalari, Marzieh and Esmaeili, Hamid Reza and Keshavarzi, Behnam and Busquets, Rosa and Abbasi, Sajjad and Momeni, Mohammad",
    title = {Corrigendum to "Microplastic footprints in sharks and rays: First assessment of microplastic pollution in two cartilaginous fishes, hardnose shark and whitespotted whipray" [Mar. Pollut. Bull. 212 (2025) 117350].},
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Marine pollution bulletin",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39799074/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117543",
    pmid = "39799074"
}

@article{doi101016jscitotenv2025180577,
    author = "Giovos, Ioannis and Ciprian, Martina and Copat, Chiara and Felici, Alberto and Katselis, George and Kazlari, Zoi and Loukovitis, Dimitrios and Mazzoldi, Carlotta and Spyridopoulou, Roxani Naasan Aga and Sánchez-Rea, Angie and Tiralongo, Francesco and Moutopoulos, Dimitrios K",
    title = "Trace element levels in the sharks and rays of Amvrakikos Wetlands National Park, Greece.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "The Science of the total environment",
    abstract = "Amvrakikos Wetlands National Park is a semi-enclosed embayment in northwest Greece and the last known megafauna hotspot in the country, hosting populations of 10 shark and ray species. The area is highly eutrophic, with pollution being the main threat to the marine environment. In this work, we estimated the levels of cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) in the flesh of six shark and ray species caught in Amvrakikos Gulf to investigate their levels and understand the potential health risks associated to their consumption. In total, 61 samples were collected and analysed. Significantly higher concentrations were detected on average for Cu. Embryos were found to accumulate higher levels of copper, suggesting maternal offloading. The relatively high levels of Cu are related to agriculture and sewage treatments and are by the findings of other studies in the Amvrakikos Gulf.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41027352/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180577",
    pmid = "41027352"
}

@article{doi101111cobi70059,
    author = "Leurs, Guido and Jabado, Rima W and Camará, Assana and Dos Santos, Lilísio and Nonque, Diosnes Manuel and Zuidewind, Thije J and Barry, Iça and Campredon, Pierre and Blaschke, Benja and de Boer, Karin and Hijner, Nadia and Olff, Han and Pontes, Samuel Ledo and Regalla, Aissa and Walsh, Matthew Bjerregaard and Govers, Laura L",
    title = "Reconstructing historical catch trends of threatened sharks and rays based on fisher ecological knowledge.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Conservation biology: the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology",
    abstract = "Small-scale fisheries often lack historical shark and ray catch information, hampering their management. We reconstructed historical catch trends and current fishing pressure by combining local ecological knowledge, satellite-based vessel counts, and a short-term landing-site survey. To test the effectiveness of this method, we focused on the Bijagós Archipelago (Guinea-Bissau, West Africa), where historical fisheries data are lacking. Benthic rays (stingrays [Dasyatidae] and butterfly rays [Gymnura spp.]), benthopelagic rays (duckbill eagle rays [Aetomylaeus bovinus] and cownose rays [Rhinoptera marginata]), guitarfish (Glaucostegus and Rhinobatos spp.), requiem sharks (Carcharhinidae), and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp.) declined in abundance by 81.5-96.7\% (species dependent) from 1960 to 2020. Fishing effort increased annually: fishing trip duration by 42.0\% (SE 3.4), numbers of fishing vessels at sea as perceived by fishers by 36.3\% (1.0) (1960-2020), and number of vessels by 12.0\% (1.1) (2007-2022). We estimated that in 2020, fishing vessels collectively captured 61-264 sharks and 522-2194 rays per day in the archipelago, depending on the proportion of the fishing fleet that was active (i.e., low fleet activity of 18\% and high fleet activity of 80\%). We advocate for reducing shark and ray catches by regulating fleet size, reinforcing boundaries of protected areas, and collecting fisher-dependent information on shark and ray landings to safeguard these vulnerable species and coastal livelihoods. We demonstrated the effectiveness of using this 3-pronged approach to provide baseline data on shark fisheries, a common challenge in areas with small-scale fisheries and limited research capacity.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12451511/",
    doi = "10.1111/cobi.70059",
    pmcid = "PMC12451511",
    pmid = "40450545"
}

@article{doi101186s40851026002649,
    author = "Yoshioka, Yuumi and Shinkai, Aoi and Mizutani, Masaki and Yu, Reiko and Kawanishi, Toru and Kawaguchi, Akane and Kuraku, Shigehiro and Tanaka, Mikiko",
    title = "Hoxa9 compensates for the absence of Hoxc9 in suppressing limb-type motor neurons in sharks.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Zoological letters",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The transition from fins to limbs in vertebrates required a novel organization of spinal motor neurons to coordinate limb muscle activation. In amniotes, Hoxc9 represses lateral motor column (LMC) identity at thoracic levels, restricting limb-innervating Foxp1+ motor neurons to brachial and lumbar levels. In elasmobranchs, however, the genomic organization of HoxC genes has undergone extensive modifications, and Foxp1+ LMC-like neurons have been identified at paired-fin levels in some elasmobranch species lacking Hoxc9. These observations suggest that alternative mechanisms regulate motor neuron fate in chondrichthyans, particularly in sharks, although the responsible factors remain unclear. RESULTS: To identify the mechanism underlying this suppression, we examined Foxp1 and Hox gene expression in chicken and cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame) embryos. In chickens, Foxp1+ LMC neurons initially appeared at all rostrocaudal levels but became restricted to paired-limb levels through Hoxc9-mediated repression. In contrast, in cloudy catsharks, which lack Hoxc9, Foxp1 was downregulated at inter-fin levels where Hoxa9 is expressed. Sequence analysis revealed that the Foxp1 modulatory domain (MD), associated with LMC repression, is highly conserved in Hoxa9 across all examined chondrichthyan species. Hoxc9 genes are absent in most sharks but retained in rays and holocephalans, and these retained copies preserved the Foxp1 MD. Functional analysis in chicken embryos demonstrated that cloudy catshark Hoxa9 represses LMC identity and promotes preganglionic column (PGC) fate, similar to Hoxc9 in amniotes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that conserved Hox9-dependent mechanisms restrict Foxp1+ motor neurons at thoracic levels in sharks. In the absence of Hoxc9, cloudy catshark Hoxa9 retains the ability to repress Foxp1 and promote PGC fate, thereby contributing to the organization of motor innervation at paired-fin levels. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40851-026-00264-9.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13097845/",
    doi = "10.1186/s40851-026-00264-9",
    pmcid = "PMC13097845",
    pmid = "41699760"
}

@misc{yoshioka2026hoxa9,
    author = "Yoshioka, Yuumi and Shinkai, Aoi and Mizutani, Masaki and Yu, Reiko and Kawanishi, Toru and Kawaguchi, Akane and Kuraku, Shigehiro and Tanaka, Mikiko",
    title = "Hoxa9 compensates for the absence of Hoxc9 in suppressing limb-type motor neurons in sharks",
    year = "2026",
    publisher = "figshare",
    abstract = "Abstract Background The transition from fins to limbs in vertebrates required a novel organization of spinal motor neurons to coordinate limb muscle activation. In amniotes, Hoxc9 represses lateral motor column (LMC) identity at thoracic levels, restricting limb-innervating Foxp1+ motor neurons to brachial and lumbar levels. In elasmobranchs, however, the genomic organization of HoxC genes has undergone extensive modifications, and Foxp1+ LMC-like neurons have been identified at paired-fin levels in some elasmobranch species lacking Hoxc9. These observations suggest that alternative mechanisms regulate motor neuron fate in chondrichthyans, particularly in sharks, although the responsible factors remain unclear. Results To identify the mechanism underlying this suppression, we examined Foxp1 and Hox gene expression in chicken and cloudy catshark (Scyliorhinus torazame) embryos. In chickens, Foxp1+ LMC neurons initially appeared at all rostrocaudal levels but became restricted to paired-limb levels through Hoxc9-mediated repression. In contrast, in cloudy catsharks, which lack Hoxc9, Foxp1 was downregulated at inter-fin levels where Hoxa9 is expressed. Sequence analysis revealed that the Foxp1 modulatory domain (MD), associated with LMC repression, is highly conserved in Hoxa9 across all examined chondrichthyan species. Hoxc9 genes are absent in most sharks but retained in rays and holocephalans, and these retained copies preserved the Foxp1 MD. Functional analysis in chicken embryos demonstrated that cloudy catshark Hoxa9 represses LMC identity and promotes preganglionic column (PGC) fate, similar to Hoxc9 in amniotes. Conclusions These findings suggest that conserved Hox9-dependent mechanisms restrict Foxp1+ motor neurons at thoracic levels in sharks. In the absence of Hoxc9, cloudy catshark Hoxa9 retains the ability to repress Foxp1 and promote PGC fate, thereby contributing to the organization of motor innervation at paired-fin levels.",
    url = "https://springernature.figshare.com/collections/Hoxa9\_compensates\_for\_the\_absence\_of\_Hoxc9\_in\_suppressing\_limb-type\_motor\_neurons\_in\_sharks/8431988/1",
    doi = "10.6084/m9.figshare.c.8431988.v1"
}