@book{jacobs1963the1, author = "Jacobs, J. A", title = "The Earth's Core and Geomagnetism", year = "1963", publisher = "New York, Pergamon Press, the Macmillan Company, 137 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jacobs, J. A., 1963, The Earth's Core and Geomagnetism: New York, Pergamon Press, the Macmillan Company, 137 p.}" } @book{jacobs1975the2, author = "Jacobs, J. A", title = "The Earth's Core", year = "1975", publisher = "New York, London, Academic Press, 253 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jacobs, J. A., 1975, The Earth's Core: New York, London, Academic Press, 253 p.}" } @misc{kerr1978seismic4, author = "Kerr, R. A", title = "Seismic reflection profiling", year = "1978", howpublished = "A new look at the deep crust: Science, v. 199, p. 672-674", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kerr, R. A., 1978, Seismic reflection profiling: A new look at the deep crust: Science, v. 199, p. 672-674.}" } @misc{jacobs1983reversals3, author = "Jacobs, J. A", title = "Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field", year = "1983", howpublished = "Bristol, Adam Hilger, Ltd., 230 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jacobs, J. A., 1983, Reversals of the Earth's Magnetic Field: Bristol, Adam Hilger, Ltd., 230 p.}" } @book{merrill1983the5, author = "Merrill, R. T. and McElhinney, M. W", title = "The Earth's Magnetic Field", year = "1983", publisher = "London, New York, Academic Press, 410 p", note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Merrill, R. T., and McElhinney, M. W., 1983, The Earth's Magnetic Field: London, New York, Academic Press, 410 p.}" } @article{doi101126science27452941887, author = "Glatzmaier, GA and Roberts, PH", title = "Rotation and Magnetism of Earth's Inner Core.", year = "1996", journal = "Science (New York, N.Y.)", abstract = "Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the geodynamo suggest that a super- rotation of Earth's solid inner core relative to the mantle is maintained by magnetic coupling between the inner core and an eastward thermal wind in the fluid outer core. This mechanism, which is analogous to a synchronous motor, also plays a fundamental role in the generation of Earth's magnetic field.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8943197/", doi = "10.1126/science.274.5294.1887", pmid = "8943197" } @article{doi10103835012056, author = "Alfe, D and Gillan, MJ and Price, GD", title = "Constraints on the composition of the Earth's core from ab initio calculations.", year = "2000", journal = "Nature", abstract = "Knowledge of the composition of the Earth's core is important for understanding its melting point and therefore the temperature at the inner-core boundary and the temperature profile of the core and mantle. In addition, the partitioning of light elements between solid and liquid, as the outer core freezes at the inner-core boundary, is believed to drive compositional convection, which in turn generates the Earth's magnetic field. It is generally accepted that the liquid outer core and the solid inner core consist mainly of iron. The outer core, however, is also thought to contain a significant fraction of light elements, because its density--as deduced from seismological data and other measurements--is 6-10 per cent less than that estimated for pure liquid iron. Similar evidence indicates a smaller but still appreciable fraction of light elements in the inner core. The leading candidates for the light elements present in the core are sulphur, oxygen and silicon. Here we obtain a constraint on core composition derived from ab initio calculation of the chemical potentials of light elements dissolved in solid and liquid iron. We present results for the case of sulphur, which provide strong evidence against the proposal that the outer core is close to being a binary iron-sulphur mixture.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821270/", doi = "10.1038/35012056", pmid = "10821270" } @article{doi101038nature03431, author = "Singer, Brad S and Hoffman, Kenneth A and Coe, Robert S and Brown, Laurie L and Jicha, Brian R and Pringle, Malcolm S and Chauvin, Annick", title = "Structural and temporal requirements for geomagnetic field reversal deduced from lava flows.", year = "2005", journal = "Nature", abstract = "Reversals of the Earth's magnetic field reflect changes in the geodynamo--flow within the outer core--that generates the field. Constraining core processes or mantle properties that induce or modulate reversals requires knowing the timing and morphology of field changes that precede and accompany these reversals. But the short duration of transitional field states and fragmentary nature of even the best palaeomagnetic records make it difficult to provide a timeline for the reversal process. 40Ar/39Ar dating of lavas on Tahiti, long thought to record the primary part of the most recent 'Matuyama-Brunhes' reversal, gives an age of 795 +/- 7 kyr, indistinguishable from that of lavas in Chile and La Palma that record a transition in the Earth's magnetic field, but older than the accepted age for the reversal. Only the 'transitional' lavas on Maui and one from La Palma (dated at 776 +/- 2 kyr), agree with the astronomical age for the reversal. Here we propose that the older lavas record the onset of a geodynamo process, which only on occasion would result in polarity change. This initial instability, associated with the first of two decreases in field intensity, began approximately 18 kyr before the actual polarity switch. These data support the claim that complete reversals require a significant period for magnetic flux to escape from the solid inner core and sufficiently weaken its stabilizing effect.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15800621/", doi = "10.1038/nature03431", pmid = "15800621" } @article{doi101038nature18009, author = "Konôpková, Zuzana and McWilliams, R Stewart and Gómez-Pérez, Natalia and Goncharov, Alexander F", title = "Direct measurement of thermal conductivity in solid iron at planetary core conditions.", year = "2016", journal = "Nature", abstract = "The conduction of heat through minerals and melts at extreme pressures and temperatures is of central importance to the evolution and dynamics of planets. In the cooling Earth's core, the thermal conductivity of iron alloys defines the adiabatic heat flux and therefore the thermal and compositional energy available to support the production of Earth's magnetic field via dynamo action. Attempts to describe thermal transport in Earth's core have been problematic, with predictions of high thermal conductivity at odds with traditional geophysical models and direct evidence for a primordial magnetic field in the rock record. Measurements of core heat transport are needed to resolve this difference. Here we present direct measurements of the thermal conductivity of solid iron at pressure and temperature conditions relevant to the cores of Mercury-sized to Earth-sized planets, using a dynamically laser-heated diamond-anvil cell. Our measurements place the thermal conductivity of Earth's core near the low end of previous estimates, at 18-44 watts per metre per kelvin. The result is in agreement with palaeomagnetic measurements indicating that Earth's geodynamo has persisted since the beginning of Earth's history, and allows for a solid inner core as old as the dynamo.", url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27251283/", doi = "10.1038/nature18009", pmid = "27251283" } @article{doi101038s41586024075364, author = "Wang, Wei and Vidale, John E and Pang, Guanning and Koper, Keith D and Wang, Ruoyan", title = "Inner core backtracking by seismic waveform change reversals.", year = "2024", journal = "Nature", abstract = "The solid inner core, suspended within the liquid outer core and anchored by gravity, has been inferred to rotate relative to the surface of Earth or change over years to decades based on changes in seismograms from repeating earthquakes and explosions1,2. It has a rich inner structure3-6 and influences the pattern of outer core convection and therefore Earth's magnetic field. Here we compile 143 distinct pairs of repeating earthquakes, many within 16 multiplets, built from 121 earthquakes between 1991 and 2023 in the South Sandwich Islands. We analyse their inner-core-penetrating PKIKP waves recorded on the medium-aperture arrays in northern North America. We document that many multiplets exhibit waveforms that change and then revert at later times to match earlier events. The matching waveforms reveal times at which the inner core re-occupies the same position, relative to the mantle, as it did at some time in the past. The pattern of matches, together with previous studies, demonstrates that the inner core gradually super-rotated from 2003 to 2008, and then from 2008 to 2023 sub-rotated two to three times more slowly back through the same path. These matches enable precise and unambiguous tracking of inner core progression and regression. The resolved different rates of forward and backward motion suggest that new models will be necessary for the dynamics between the inner core, outer core and mantle.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11236701/", doi = "10.1038/s41586-024-07536-4", pmcid = "PMC11236701", pmid = "38867052" } @article{doi101038s4158602509334y, author = "Lin, Yufeng and Marti, Philippe and Jackson, Andrew", title = "Invariance of dynamo action in an early-Earth model.", year = "2025", journal = "Nature", abstract = "Magnetic field generation on Earth has probably persisted for at least 3.5 Gyr (refs. 1,2), initially sustained by secular cooling of the Earth's core and, more recently, by the growth of the solid inner core3. Numerical models of the present-day geodynamo have proved to be successful in producing Earth-like magnetic fields4-7 and approaching realistic dynamic regimes8-11. However, thermal evolution12,13 and palaeomagnetic records14,15 suggest that the geodynamo operated for most of geomagnetic history without a solid inner core. Dynamo action in a whole fluid core remains poorly understood. Here we show dynamo actions that are independent of fluid viscosity in the correct geometry of the Earth's core in the deep past at extremely low viscosity, demonstrating the negligible role of fluid viscosity in our dynamo simulations. Our early-Earth geometry models produce magnetic field intensity and morphologies that are compatible with the palaeomagnetic data in the deep past while showing remarkable similarity to the present-day magnetic field. This raises questions about the role of the solid inner core in producing the spatial-temporal variations of the observed Earth's magnetic field7,16-18.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/5087023/", doi = "10.1038/s41586-025-09334-y", pmcid = "5087023", pmid = "40739357" } @article{doi101038s41598025072581, author = "Wilson, Alfred J and Pozzo, Monica and Davies, Christopher J and Walker, Andrew M and Alfè, Dario", title = "The effect of compositional fluctuations in a liquid Fe-O alloy on the nucleation of Earth's inner core.", year = "2025", journal = "Scientific reports", abstract = "The Earth's solid inner core plays a fundamental role in determining the past and present properties and dynamics of the Earth's deep interior. Inner core growth powers the geodynamo, producing the protective global magnetic field, and provides a record of core evolution spanning geological timescales. However, the origins of the inner core remain enigmatic. Traditional core evolution models assume that the inner core formed when the core first cooled to its melting temperature, but this neglects the physical requirement that liquids must be supercooled to below their melting point before freezing. Prior estimates from mineral physics calculations of the supercooling [Formula: see text] required to homogeneously nucleate the inner core from candidate binary alloys exceed constraints of [Formula: see text] K inferred from geophysical observations, while a plausible scenario for heterogeneous nucleation has yet to be identified. Here we consider a different possibility, that atomic-scale compositional fluctuations can increase the local melting temperature, and hence supercooling, available for homogeneous nucleation. Using molecular dynamic simulations of Fe-O alloys we find that compositional fluctuations producing O-depleted regions are too rare to aid nucleation, while O-enriched regions can reduce the undercooling by ∼50 K ([Formula: see text] K) for a bulk concentration of 20 mol.\% O or ∼400 K ([Formula: see text] K) for a bulk concentration of 30 mol.\% O. While these results do not explain the nucleation of Earth's inner core, they do show that compositional fluctuations can aid the process of homogeneous nucleation.", url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12217237/", doi = "10.1038/s41598-025-07258-1", pmcid = "PMC12217237", pmid = "40594567" } @misc{flynn2025the, author = "Flynn, Nicole", title = "The Earth's Core as Field Coherency Engine: Beyond Material Assumptions V2", year = "2025", publisher = "Zenodo", abstract = {Version 2 Updates: This expanded edition includes three major additions: Enhanced Epistemic Bridge (Appendix B): Added comprehensive Q\&A addressing the scale bridging question: how field coherence operates across quantum to planetary scales without traditional size-based boundaries. Live Paradigm Analysis (Appendices D \& E): Documents actual AI system responses encountering Symfield theory, demonstrating predicted collapse-logic domestication attempts at both basic and sophisticated levels. Collaborative Integration Framework (Appendix F): Provides practical pathways for productive engagement across disciplines, mapping three natural reception patterns and offering concrete collaboration opportunities. These additions transform the paper from pure theoretical framework into a complete demonstration of field coherence under epistemic pressure, showing both revolutionary potential and collaborative possibilities. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ This work presents a radical reconceptualization of Earth's interior through the Symfield framework, proposing that Earth's core is not a solid iron-nickel mass but a field coherency engine, a structured electromagnetic phenomenon that appears empty yet sustains planetary stability through recursive field dynamics. The paper challenges fundamental assumptions in geophysics by revealing that what physics calls "gravity" is actually recursive phase curvature maintaining field coherence. Building on seismic, gravitational, and laboratory data reinterpretation, this model introduces Earth's center as a superionic or plasma-based phase structure that transduces universal field energy, anchors the magnetosphere, and directly entrains biological systems. The framework explains magnetic field generation without mechanical dynamo action, accounts for field reversals without catastrophic material reorganization, and suggests profound connections between planetary processes and biological coherence. The field coherency engine model addresses dark matter anomalies as misread field topology, proposes specific testable predictions including "heavy light" creation and phase-controlled gravity effects, and fundamentally reframes planetary formation as field crystallization rather than gravitational agglomeration. This work provides both theoretical foundations for post-materialist geophysics and practical pathways for understanding Earth as a living field structure whose deepest processes directly influence terrestrial existence. Gravity doesn’t exist. What physics calls ‘gravity’ is recursive phase curvature maintaining field coherence.}, url = "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.15694120", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.15694120" } @misc{lee2025reinterpreting, author = "Lee, Doha", title = "Reinterpreting Earth: A Plasma Convection-Based Interior Structure and Magnetic Field Generation Mechanism", year = "2025", publisher = "Zenodo", abstract = "Abstract This study proposes a novel reinterpretation of Earth's internal dynamics by replacing the traditional solid-core, four-layer geophysical model with a plasma–gas convection framework grounded in thermodynamic and electromagnetic interactions. Empirical anomalies—including nonlinear seismic behaviors, geomagnetic irregularities, and deep-ocean hydrothermal activity—indicate the inadequacy of a purely mechanical, core-centric explanation. In response, we theorize Earth’s interior as a multi-phase, energy-circulating system in which condensed gases, ionized plasma, and electromagnetic fields interact to sustain planetary dynamics. The model reframes magma generation as a nonlinear result of subsurface plasma transitions, not merely thermal rock melting. Likewise, the geomagnetic field is understood as a superposed product of crustal plasma vortices, deep energy flows, and rotational phase shifts—rather than convection within a metallic outer core alone. Through this lens, volcanic eruptions, magnetic pole drift, and deep-sea plasma events are seen as surface expressions of internal field instability and phase transition thresholds. Furthermore, resonance between Earth’s electromagnetic field and biological systems—such as Schumann resonance synchronization with neurophysiological rhythms—suggests that planetary energy fields are not isolated physical phenomena, but components of a resonant life system. This interpretation positions Earth as a self-regulating, thermodynamic electromagnetic organism, whose internal energy circulation is integral to both geophysical stability and biological coherence. This interdisciplinary model offers a unified framework that bridges geophysics, atmospheric science, biophotonics, and evolutionary biology, providing new foundations for understanding planetary structure, natural hazards and life–environment interactions.", url = "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.16341449", doi = "10.5281/zenodo.16341449" }