@article{doi101111j155856461985tb00390x,
    author = "Kingsolver, Joel G and Koehl, M A R",
    title = "AERODYNAMICS, THERMOREGULATION, AND THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT WINGS: DIFFERENTIAL SCALING AND EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE.",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Evolution; international journal of organic evolution",
    abstract = "We examine several aerodynamic and thermoregulatory hypotheses about possible adaptive factors in the evolution of wings from small winglets in insects. Using physical models of Paleozoic insects in a wind tunnel, we explore the potential effects of wings for increasing gliding distance, increasing dispersal distance during parachuting, improving attitude control or stability, and elevating body temperatures during thermoregulation. The effects of body size and shape, wing length, number, and venation, and meteorological conditions are considered. Hypotheses consistent with both fixed and moveable wing articulations are examined. Short wings have no significant effects on any of the aerodynamic characteristics, relative to wingless models, while large wings do have significant effects. In contrast, short wings have large thermoregulatory effects relative to wingless models, but further increases in wing length do not significantly affect thermoregulatory performance. At any body size, there is a wing length below which there are significant thermoregulatory effects of increasing wing length, and above which there are significant aerodynamic effects of increasing wing length. The relative wing length at which this transition occurs decreases with increasing body size. These results suggest that there could be no effective selection for increasing wing length in wingless or short-winged insects in relation to increased aerodynamic capacity. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that insect wings initially served a thermoregulatory function and were used for aerodynamic functions only at larger wing lengths and/or body sizes. Thus, we propose that thermoregulation was the primary adaptive factor in the early evolution of wings that preadapted them for the subsequent evolution of flight. Our results illustrate an evolutionary mechanism in which a purely isometric change in body size may produce a qualitative change in the function of a given structure. We propose a hypothesis in which the transition from thermoregulatory to aerodynamic function for wings involved only isometric changes in body size and argue that changes in body form were not a prerequisite for this major evolutionary change in function.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28561970/",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00390.x",
    pmid = "28561970"
}

@article{doi101126science2304724428,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "On the Origin of Insect Wings: Experimental data on thermoregulation and aerodynamics give the first quantitative test of a popular hypothesis for the evolution of flight in insects.",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Science (New York, N.Y.)",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17816070/",
    doi = "10.1126/science.230.4724.428",
    pmid = "17816070"
}

@article{kingslover1985aerodynamics,
    author = "Kingslover, Joel G. and Koehl, M. A. R.",
    title = "Aerodynamics, Thermoregulation, and the Evolution of Insect Wings: Differential Scaling and Evolutionary Change",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2408648",
    doi = "10.2307/2408648",
    number = "3",
    pages = "488",
    volume = "39"
}

@article{kingsolver1985aerodynamics,
    author = "Kingsolver, Joel G. and Koehl, M. A. R.",
    title = "AERODYNAMICS, THERMOREGULATION, AND THE EVOLUTION OF INSECT WINGS: DIFFERENTIAL SCALING AND EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00390.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb00390.x",
    number = "3",
    pages = "488-504",
    volume = "39"
}

@misc{kingsolver1985aerodynamics1,
    author = "Kingsolver, J. G. and Koehl, M. A. R",
    title = "Aerodynamics, thermoregulation and the evolution of insect wings",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Differential scaling and evolutionary changes: Evolution, v. 39, p. 488-504",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kingsolver, J. G., and Koehl, M. A. R., 1985, Aerodynamics, thermoregulation and the evolution of insect wings: Differential scaling and evolutionary changes: Evolution, v. 39, p. 488-504.}"
}

@article{jockusch1997insect,
    author = "Jockusch, Elizabeth L. and Nagy, Lisa M.",
    title = "Insect evolution: How did insect wings originate?",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00174-6",
    doi = "10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00174-6",
    number = "6",
    pages = "R358-R361",
    volume = "7"
}

@article{wang2008insect,
    author = "Wang, J.",
    title = "Insect flight: Aerodynamics, energetics, and evolution",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular \& Integrative Physiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.074",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.074",
    number = "3",
    pages = "S65",
    volume = "150"
}

@article{ross2017insect,
    author = "Ross, Andrew",
    title = "Insect Evolution: The Origin of Wings",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.014",
    number = "3",
    pages = "R113-R115",
    volume = "27"
}

@article{lim2019new,
    author = "Lim, Alane",
    title = "New mechanism reveals the aerodynamics of flapping insect wings",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scilight",
    abstract = "A tornado-like force that keeps flying insects afloat may be partially stabilized by a torque arising from velocity gradients.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5100741",
    doi = "10.1063/1.5100741",
    number = "17",
    volume = "2019"
}

@article{bhat2022effect,
    author = "Bhat, Shantanu S. and Thompson, Mark C.",
    title = "Effect of leading-edge curvature on the aerodynamics of insect wings",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2021.108898",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2021.108898",
    pages = "108898",
    volume = "93"
}

@article{li2022wing,
    author = "Li, Hao and Nabawy, Mostafa",
    title = "Wing Planform Effect on the Aerodynamics of Insect Wings",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Insects",
    abstract = "This study investigates the effect of wing planform shape on the aerodynamic performance of insect wings by numerically solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. We define the wing planforms using a beta-function distribution and employ kinematics representative of normal hovering flight. In particular, we use three primary parameters to describe the planform geometry: aspect ratio, radial centroid location, and wing root offset. The force coefficients, flow structures, and aerodynamic efficiency for different wing planforms at a Reynolds number of 100 are evaluated. It is found that the wing with the lowest aspect ratio of 1.5 results in the highest peaks of lift and drag coefficients during stroke reversals, whereas the higher aspect ratio wings produce higher lift and drag coefficients during mid half-stroke translation. For the wings considered, the leading-edge vortex detachment is found to be approximately at a location that is 3.5–5 mean chord lengths from the wing center of rotation for all aspect ratios and root offsets investigated. Consequently, the detachment area increases with the increase of aspect ratio and root offset, resulting in reduced aerodynamic coefficients. The radial centroid location is found to influence the local flow evolution time, and this results in earlier formation/detachment of the leading-edge vortex for wings with a smaller radial centroid location. Overall, the best performance, when considering both average lift coefficient and efficiency, is found at the intermediate aspect ratios of 4.5–6; increasing the centroid location mainly increases efficiency; and increasing the root offset leads to a decreased average lift coefficient whilst leading to relatively small variations in aerodynamic efficiency for most aspect ratios.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects13050459",
    doi = "10.3390/insects13050459",
    number = "5",
    pages = "459",
    volume = "13"
}