Brachiopods

@article{openalexw2015813565,
    author = "Dubar, G.",
    title = "Brachiopodes liasiques de Catalogne et des régions voisines",
    year = "1931",
    journal = "Estudis Romànics (Institut d'Estudis Catalans)",
    openalex = "W2015813565"
}

@article{williams1951llandovery4,
    author = "Williams, A",
    title = "Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 107, p. 85-136",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Williams, A., 1951, Llandovery brachiopods from Wales with special reference to the Llandovery district: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 107, p. 85-136.}"
}

@misc{williams1953north5,
    author = "Williams, A",
    title = "North American and European stropheodontids - their morphology and systematics, 56 of Geological Society of America, Memoirs",
    year = "1953",
    howpublished = "p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Williams, A., 1953, North American and European stropheodontids - their morphology and systematics, 56 of Geological Society of America, Memoirs: p. 1-67.}"
}

@incollection{cooper1957brachiopods,
    author = "Cooper, G. A.",
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "1957",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Memoirs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/mem67v1-p1113",
    doi = "10.1130/mem67v1-p1113",
    pages = "1113-1116"
}

@techreport{greiner1957spirifer3,
    author = "Greiner, H",
    title = {Spirifer disjunctus"-its evolution and paleoecology in the Catskill Delta},
    year = "1957",
    howpublished = "Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin, v. 11, p. 1-75",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Greiner, H., 1957, "Spirifer disjunctus"-its evolution and paleoecology in the Catskill Delta: Yale University Peabody Museum of Natural History, Bulletin, v. 11, p. 1-75.}}
}

@book{boucot1963two2,
    author = "Boucot, A. J. and Ehlers, G. M",
    title = "Two new genera of stricklandid brachiopods",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "University of Michigan Museum Paleontological Contributions, v. 18, p. 47-66",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boucot, A. J., and Ehlers, G. M., 1963, Two new genera of stricklandid brachiopods: University of Michigan Museum Paleontological Contributions, v. 18, p. 47-66.}"
}

@article{doi1010160031018265900118,
    author = "Ager, D.V.",
    title = "The adaptation of mesozoic brachiopods to different environments",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(65)90011-8",
    doi = "10.1016/0031-0182(65)90011-8",
    openalex = "W2092612472",
    references = "doi101038132370a0, doi101086626262, doi101111j155856461965tb01697x, doi101130mem67v1, doi1023071441462, doi1023071483846, doi1023071786846, doi1023071794323, openalexw1230915236, openalexw599507180"
}

@misc{ziegler1966the6,
    author = "Ziegler, A. M",
    title = "The Silurian brachiopod Eocoelia hemisphaerica(J. de C. Sowerby) and related species",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 9, p. 523-543",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ziegler, A. M., 1966, The Silurian brachiopod Eocoelia hemisphaerica(J. de C. Sowerby) and related species: Palaeontology, v. 9, p. 523-543.}"
}

@book{openalexw1549886310,
    author = "Rudwick, Martin J. S.",
    title = "Living and fossil brachiopods",
    year = "1970",
    openalex = "W1549886310"
}

@misc{anderson1971discriminant1,
    author = "Anderson, E. J",
    title = "Discriminant function analysis of variation among populations of the brachiopod Gypidula coeymanensis",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 3, no. 1, p. 14-15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Anderson, E. J., 1971, Discriminant function analysis of variation among populations of the brachiopod Gypidula coeymanensis: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 3, no. 1, p. 14-15.}"
}

Brachiopods and coralline sponges are the dominant taxa of a series of parallel pantropical communities found in cryptic habitats of Recent coral reefs, where these organisms may cover almost the entire available surface area. It is suggested that the continued survival and success of these and other groups of considerable paleontological importance resulted from their occupation of cryptic reef habitats after competition with more rapidly growing hermatypic corals in the Middle Jurassic when scleractinian reefs first appeared.

@article{doi101126science1733997623,
    author = "Jackson, Jeremy B. C. and Goreau, Thomas F. and Hartman, Willard D.",
    title = "Recent Brachiopod-Coralline Sponge Communities and Their Paleoecological Significance",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Brachiopods and coralline sponges are the dominant taxa of a series of parallel pantropical communities found in cryptic habitats of Recent coral reefs, where these organisms may cover almost the entire available surface area. It is suggested that the continued survival and success of these and other groups of considerable paleontological importance resulted from their occupation of cryptic reef habitats after competition with more rapidly growing hermatypic corals in the Middle Jurassic when scleractinian reefs first appeared.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.173.3997.623",
    doi = "10.1126/science.173.3997.623",
    openalex = "W2076980488",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118"
}

@incollection{majewske1974brachiopods,
    author = "Majewske, Otto P.",
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "1974",
    booktitle = "Recognition of invertebrate fossil fragments in rocks and thin sections",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004627840\_008",
    doi = "10.1163/9789004627840\_008",
    pages = "26-31"
}

@article{openalexw2965432397,
    author = "Ft, Fuersich and Ft, Fuersich and Jm, Hurst",
    title = "ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS DETERMINING THE DISTRIBUTION OF BRACHIOPODS.",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    openalex = "W2965432397",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800061720, doi101098rstl18580034"
}

@article{openalexw2604767170,
    author = "Alexander, Richard R.",
    title = "Phenotypic lability of the brachiopod Rafinesquina alternata (Ordovician) and its correlation with the sedimentologic regime",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    openalex = "W2604767170"
}

The sixth and final part of a monograph of Permian strata and faunas of West Texas and adjacent parts of New Mexico, this volume consists primarily of faunal lists and a taxonomic index of the previous five parts. A list of brachiopods grouped according to R. E. King's localities and compiled from King's data by the authors is followed by the author's compilation of lists of brachiopods found at the localities designated by the United States Geological Survey, the American Museum of Natural History, Kansas University, and the National Museum of Natural History. The list pertaining to the last three groups of localities carries a code indicating the approximate number of specimens of each taxon in the museum collections. A list of the authors' collection of ammonites is included, followed by lists of their fusulinids; these are appended to this monograph on brachiopods because they have important implications for dating and correlation. Also included are Corrigenda (with reference to the previously published parts) and suggestions for future related research.

@article{doi105479si00810266321,
    author = "Cooper, G. Arthur and Grant, Richard E.",
    title = "Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, VI",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Smithsonian contributions to paleobiology",
    abstract = "The sixth and final part of a monograph of Permian strata and faunas of West Texas and adjacent parts of New Mexico, this volume consists primarily of faunal lists and a taxonomic index of the previous five parts. A list of brachiopods grouped according to R. E. King's localities and compiled from King's data by the authors is followed by the author's compilation of lists of brachiopods found at the localities designated by the United States Geological Survey, the American Museum of Natural History, Kansas University, and the National Museum of Natural History. The list pertaining to the last three groups of localities carries a code indicating the approximate number of specimens of each taxon in the museum collections. A list of the authors' collection of ammonites is included, followed by lists of their fusulinids; these are appended to this monograph on brachiopods because they have important implications for dating and correlation. Also included are Corrigenda (with reference to the previously published parts) and suggestions for future related research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.32.1",
    doi = "10.5479/si.00810266.32.1",
    openalex = "W2003558275"
}

@incollection{crossref1978brachiopods,
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "A Color Illustrated Guide to Carbonate Rock Constituents, Textures, Cements, and Porosities",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/m27394c9",
    doi = "10.1306/m27394c9",
    pages = "73-78"
}

The presumed geometry of clam and brachiopod clades (brachiopod declines matched closely by clam increases) has long served as primary data for the classic case of gradual replacement by competition in geological time. Agassiz invoked the geometric argument to assert the general superiority of clams, and it remains the standard textbook illustration today. Yet, like so many classic stories, it is not true. The supposed replacement of brachiopods by clams is not gradual and sequential. It is a product of one event: the Permian extinction (which affected brachiopods profoundly and clams relatively little). When Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic times are plotted separately, numbers of clam and brachiopod genera are positively correlated in each phase. Each group pursues its characteristic and different history in each phase—clams increasing, brachiopods holding their own. The Permian extinction simply reset the initial diversities. The two groups seem to track each other in each phase and a plot of brachiopod vs. clam residuals (each from their own within-phase regressions against time) yields significantly positive association. Some of this tracking may be an artifact of available rock volumes; we could, however, detect no effect of stage lengths. Passive extrapolation of microevolutionary theory into the vastness of geological time has often led paleontologists astray. Competitive interaction may rule in local populations, but differential response to mass extinctions (surely not a matter of conventional competition) may set the relative histories of large groups through geological time. Similarly, adaptive superiority in design cannot, in the usual sense of optimal engineering, have much to do with the macroevolutionary success of clams. The interesting question lies one step further back: what in the inherited Bauplan of a clam permits flexibility in design and why are other groups, however successful in their own domain, unable to alter their basic design.

@article{doi101017s0094837300003572,
    author = "Gould, Stephen Jay and Calloway, C. Bradford",
    title = "Clams and brachiopods—ships that pass in the night",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The presumed geometry of clam and brachiopod clades (brachiopod declines matched closely by clam increases) has long served as primary data for the classic case of gradual replacement by competition in geological time. Agassiz invoked the geometric argument to assert the general superiority of clams, and it remains the standard textbook illustration today. Yet, like so many classic stories, it is not true. The supposed replacement of brachiopods by clams is not gradual and sequential. It is a product of one event: the Permian extinction (which affected brachiopods profoundly and clams relatively little). When Paleozoic and post-Paleozoic times are plotted separately, numbers of clam and brachiopod genera are positively correlated in each phase. Each group pursues its characteristic and different history in each phase—clams increasing, brachiopods holding their own. The Permian extinction simply reset the initial diversities. The two groups seem to track each other in each phase and a plot of brachiopod vs. clam residuals (each from their own within-phase regressions against time) yields significantly positive association. Some of this tracking may be an artifact of available rock volumes; we could, however, detect no effect of stage lengths. Passive extrapolation of microevolutionary theory into the vastness of geological time has often led paleontologists astray. Competitive interaction may rule in local populations, but differential response to mass extinctions (surely not a matter of conventional competition) may set the relative histories of large groups through geological time. Similarly, adaptive superiority in design cannot, in the usual sense of optimal engineering, have much to do with the macroevolutionary success of clams. The interesting question lies one step further back: what in the inherited Bauplan of a clam permits flexibility in design and why are other groups, however successful in their own domain, unable to alter their basic design.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300003572",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300003572",
    openalex = "W2414049311",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300005224, doi101017s0094837300005972, doi101038095550b0, doi101086627905, doi101093aesa492190, doi101126science17740541065, doi1023071437764, doi1023072341482, doi1023072412953, doi105479si00810266321, openalexw1500291103, openalexw1549886310"
}

@article{doi1010160031018284901020,
    author = "Elmi, Serge and Alméras, Yves",
    title = "Physiography, palaeotectonics and palaeoenvironments as controls of changes in ammonite and brachiopod communities (an example from the early and middle jurassic of western Algeria)",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(84)90102-0",
    doi = "10.1016/0031-0182(84)90102-0",
    openalex = "W2047216005",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118, doi1010160031018270900714, doi101017s0094837300004954, doi101017s0094837300012471, doi101017s0094837300025549, doi102113gssgfbulls7xxiv561007, doi102113gssgfbulls7xxiv561025, doi102113gssgfbulls7xxiv56951, openalexw3193643728"
}

@article{doi1010160016703786901304,
    author = "Veizer, Ján and Fritz, P. and Jones, Brian",
    title = "Geochemistry of brachiopods: Oxygen and carbon isotopic records of Paleozoic oceans",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(86)90130-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-7037(86)90130-4",
    openalex = "W2058304931",
    references = "doi101029gm032p0595, openalexw1549886310, openalexw3101916604"
}

@article{doi101130001676061986971262baiooi20co2,
    author = "Popp, Brian N. and Anderson, Thomas F. and Sandberg, Philip A.",
    title = "Brachiopods as indicators of original isotopic compositions in some Paleozoic limestones",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1262:baiooi>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1262:baiooi>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2081243991",
    references = "doi1010160016703757900248, doi1010160016703764900225, doi101016001670377690051x, doi1010160016703784900899, doi101016s0070457108x70451, doi101130001676061953641315rcits20co2, doi101306212f6bc22b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi1013062f91892d16ce11d78645000102c1865d, doi10130674d714f62b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi102110scn83010000, openalexw1591787667"
}

@incollection{nield1987brachiopods,
    author = "NIELD, E.W.",
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Drawing \& Understanding Fossils",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-033940-5.50012-8",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-033940-5.50012-8",
    pages = "32-43"
}

@incollection{doi101016s0065288108600401,
    author = "James, Mark and Ansell, A. D. and Collins, Matthew J. and Curry, G. B. and Peck, Lloyd S. and Rhodes, Melissa C.",
    title = "Biology of Living Brachiopods",
    year = "1992",
    booktitle = "Advances in marine biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60040-1",
    doi = "10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60040-1",
    openalex = "W186685230",
    references = "atkins1956ciliary, chuang1956the, connell1961effects, doi1010029783527613984, doi101007bf00345739, doi101016b9780122825057x50015, doi101017s0025315400007803, doi101017s0025315400013485, doi101017s0025315400015630, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0094837300006825, doi101017s0094837300013634, doi101098rstl18580034, doi101111j109636421962tb01626x, doi101139f73072, doi101139z78290, doi1023071942626, doi105281zenodo15942062, doi105860choice300309, doi105962bhltitle56810, openalexw2764433274, openalexw2954279587, openalexw605514449"
}

@article{alméras1993palaeogeography,
    author = "Alméras, Yves and Elmi, Serge",
    title = "Palaeogeography, physiography, palaeoenvironments and brachiopod communities. Example of the Liassic brachiopods in the Western Tethys",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(93)90035-h",
    doi = "10.1016/0031-0182(93)90035-h",
    number = "1-2",
    openalex = "W2058359160",
    pages = "95-108",
    volume = "100",
    references = "doi101007bf01821208, doi1010160031018265900118, doi1010160031018284901020, doi1015159781400881376, doi105209revcopa1974v2635596, openalexw2015813565, openalexw2471636744, openalexw3193643728, openalexw3201693297"
}

@misc{crossref1993brachiopods,
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "1993",
    booktitle = "The Jurassic of the Circum-Pacific",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511529375.039",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511529375.039",
    pages = "598-609"
}

@article{doi1010160016703795002917,
    author = "Carpenter, Scott J. and Lohmann, Kyger C.",
    title = "δ18O and δ13C values of modern brachiopod shells",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00291-7",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-7037(95)00291-7",
    openalex = "W1981207728",
    references = "doi1010160016703753900519, doi1010160016703769901082, doi1010160016703781901885, doi1010160016703789902822, doi1010160016703789902834, doi1010160016703792901426, doi10102993pa03266, doi101029gm078, doi101130001676061953641315rcits20co2, doi1023071483846, doi1023072406301"
}

Summer and winter growth rates were assessed separately for a population of the Antarctic brachiopod Liothyrella uva between early January 1992 and December 1993. Annual shell growth rates (1.6–2.3 mm yr −1 for a 5 mm individual; 0.96–1.44 mm −1 for a 20 mm specimen) were two to six times slower than those reported for temperate species. Growth in specimens less than 20 mm in length was faster in 1992 than in 1993, although differences between years over the whole size range were not significant. Surprisingly, growth was much faster in winter periods than during the summers. A 5 mm long individual grew five times faster in winter than in summer, and for a 20 mm long specimen the difference was 13 times. This runs contrary to current ideas on the effects of seasonality on the biology of polar marine invertebrates, but may be an effect of maximizing the efficiency of resource utilization. Comparisons with previous work showed shell growth to be decoupled from periods of tissue mass increase, and also from the main period of phytoplankton productivity. Oxygen consumption of 75 of the specimens used in the growth study was measured to test the hypothesis that basal metabolic rates should be inversely correlated with growth rates. Unexpectedly, an analysis of residuals produced no significant relationship, positive or negative, between growth rate and basal metabolism (F = 1.37, p =0.25, n = 75).

@article{doi101098rstb19970065,
    author = "Peck, Lloyd S. and Brockington, Simon and Brey, Thomas",
    title = "Growth and metabolism in the Antarctic brachiopod Liothyrella uva",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Summer and winter growth rates were assessed separately for a population of the Antarctic brachiopod Liothyrella uva between early January 1992 and December 1993. Annual shell growth rates (1.6–2.3 mm yr −1 for a 5 mm individual; 0.96–1.44 mm −1 for a 20 mm specimen) were two to six times slower than those reported for temperate species. Growth in specimens less than 20 mm in length was faster in 1992 than in 1993, although differences between years over the whole size range were not significant. Surprisingly, growth was much faster in winter periods than during the summers. A 5 mm long individual grew five times faster in winter than in summer, and for a 20 mm long specimen the difference was 13 times. This runs contrary to current ideas on the effects of seasonality on the biology of polar marine invertebrates, but may be an effect of maximizing the efficiency of resource utilization. Comparisons with previous work showed shell growth to be decoupled from periods of tissue mass increase, and also from the main period of phytoplankton productivity. Oxygen consumption of 75 of the specimens used in the growth study was measured to test the hypothesis that basal metabolic rates should be inversely correlated with growth rates. Unexpectedly, an analysis of residuals produced no significant relationship, positive or negative, between growth rate and basal metabolism (F = 1.37, p =0.25, n = 75).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0065",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1997.0065",
    openalex = "W2168428105",
    references = "doi101016s0065288108600401"
}

Brachiopod and phoronid phylogeny is inferred from SSU rDNA sequences of 28 articulate and nine inarticulate brachiopods, three phoronids, two ectoprocts and various outgroups, using gene trees reconstructed by weighted parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods. Of these sequences, 33 from brachiopods, two from phoronids and one each from an ectoproct and a priapulan are newly determined. The brachiopod sequences belong to 31 different genera and thus survey about 10% of extant genus–level diversity. Sequences determined in different laboratories and those from closely related taxa agree well, but evidence is presented suggesting that one published phoronid sequence (GenBank accession UO12648) is a brachiopod–phoronid chimaera, and this sequence is excluded from the analyses. The chiton, Acanthopleura, is identified as the phenetically proximal outgroup; other selected outgroups were chosen to allow comparison with recent, non–molecular analyses of brachiopod phylogeny. The different outgroups and methods of phylogenetic reconstruction lead to similar results, with differences mainly in the resolution of weakly supported ancient and recent nodes, including the divergence of inarticulate brachiopod sub–phyla, the position of the rhynchonellids in relation to long– and short–looped articulate brachiopod clades and the relationships of some articulate brachiopod genera and species. Attention is drawn to the problem presented by nodes that are strongly supported by non–molecular evidence but receive only low bootstrap resampling support. Overall, the gene trees agree with morphology–based brachiopod taxonomy, but novel relationships are tentatively suggested for thecideidine and megathyrid brachiopods. Articulate brachiopods are found to be monophyletic in all reconstructions, but monophyly of inarticulate brachiopods and the possible inclusion of phoronids in the inarticulate brachiopod clade are less strongly established. Phoronids are clearly excluded from a sister–group relationship with articulate brachiopods, this proposed relationship being due to the rejected, chimaeric sequence (GenBank UO12648). Lineage relative rate tests show no heterogeneity of evolutionary rate among articulate brachiopod sequences, but indicate that inarticulate brachiopod plus phoronid sequences evolve somewhat more slowly. Both brachiopods and phoronids evolve slowly by comparison with other invertebrates. A number of palaeontologically dated times of earliest appearance are used to make upper and lower estimates of the global rate of brachiopod SSU rDNA evolution, and these estimates are used to infer the likely divergence times of other nodes in the gene tree. There is reasonable agreement between most inferred molecular and palaeontological ages. The estimated rates of SSU rDNA sequence evolution suggest that the last common ancestor of brachiopods, chitons and other protostome invertebrates (Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa) lived deep in Precambrian time. Results of this first DNA–based, taxonomically representative analysis of brachiopod phylogeny are in broad agreement with current morphology–based classification and systematics and are largely consistent with the hypothesis that brachiopod shell ontogeny and morphology are a good guide to phylogeny.

@article{doi101098rstb19980351,
    author = "Cohen, B. L. and Gawthrop, A. B. and Cavalier‐Smith, Thomas",
    title = "Molecular phylogeny of brachiopods and phoronids based on nuclear–encoded small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Brachiopod and phoronid phylogeny is inferred from SSU rDNA sequences of 28 articulate and nine inarticulate brachiopods, three phoronids, two ectoprocts and various outgroups, using gene trees reconstructed by weighted parsimony, distance and maximum likelihood methods. Of these sequences, 33 from brachiopods, two from phoronids and one each from an ectoproct and a priapulan are newly determined. The brachiopod sequences belong to 31 different genera and thus survey about 10\% of extant genus–level diversity. Sequences determined in different laboratories and those from closely related taxa agree well, but evidence is presented suggesting that one published phoronid sequence (GenBank accession UO12648) is a brachiopod–phoronid chimaera, and this sequence is excluded from the analyses. The chiton, Acanthopleura, is identified as the phenetically proximal outgroup; other selected outgroups were chosen to allow comparison with recent, non–molecular analyses of brachiopod phylogeny. The different outgroups and methods of phylogenetic reconstruction lead to similar results, with differences mainly in the resolution of weakly supported ancient and recent nodes, including the divergence of inarticulate brachiopod sub–phyla, the position of the rhynchonellids in relation to long– and short–looped articulate brachiopod clades and the relationships of some articulate brachiopod genera and species. Attention is drawn to the problem presented by nodes that are strongly supported by non–molecular evidence but receive only low bootstrap resampling support. Overall, the gene trees agree with morphology–based brachiopod taxonomy, but novel relationships are tentatively suggested for thecideidine and megathyrid brachiopods. Articulate brachiopods are found to be monophyletic in all reconstructions, but monophyly of inarticulate brachiopods and the possible inclusion of phoronids in the inarticulate brachiopod clade are less strongly established. Phoronids are clearly excluded from a sister–group relationship with articulate brachiopods, this proposed relationship being due to the rejected, chimaeric sequence (GenBank UO12648). Lineage relative rate tests show no heterogeneity of evolutionary rate among articulate brachiopod sequences, but indicate that inarticulate brachiopod plus phoronid sequences evolve somewhat more slowly. Both brachiopods and phoronids evolve slowly by comparison with other invertebrates. A number of palaeontologically dated times of earliest appearance are used to make upper and lower estimates of the global rate of brachiopod SSU rDNA evolution, and these estimates are used to infer the likely divergence times of other nodes in the gene tree. There is reasonable agreement between most inferred molecular and palaeontological ages. The estimated rates of SSU rDNA sequence evolution suggest that the last common ancestor of brachiopods, chitons and other protostome invertebrates (Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa) lived deep in Precambrian time. Results of this first DNA–based, taxonomically representative analysis of brachiopod phylogeny are in broad agreement with current morphology–based classification and systematics and are largely consistent with the hypothesis that brachiopod shell ontogeny and morphology are a good guide to phylogeny.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0351",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1998.0351",
    openalex = "W1974567523",
    references = "doi101016s0065288108600401, doi101111j146363951991tb00312x, doi101111j150239311993tb01502x"
}

@article{doi10103821631,
    author = "de Rosa, Renaud and Grenier, Jennifer K. and Andreeva, Tatiana and Cook, Charles E. and Adoutte, André and Akam, Michael and Carroll, Sean B. and Balavoine, Guillaume",
    title = "Hox genes in brachiopods and priapulids and protostome evolution",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/21631",
    doi = "10.1038/21631",
    openalex = "W1582956895",
    references = "doi101006dbio19960034, doi1010160092867489909094, doi10103831933, doi101038370563a0, doi101038376479a0, doi101038387489a0, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025664, doi101111j150239311983tb02002x, doi101126science28253962033, doi101126science7886451"
}

@misc{crossref2001brachiopods,
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "2001",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203210437",
    doi = "10.1201/9780203210437"
}

@article{doi1016690883135120010160095brftep20co2,
    author = "Rodland, David L. and Bottjer, David J.",
    title = "Biotic Recovery from the End-Permian Mass Extinction: Behavior of the Inarticulate Brachiopod Lingula as a Disaster Taxon",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Palaios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0095:brftep>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0095:brftep>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2178824542",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300002979, doi101017s0094837300011787, doi1023073515180, doi1023073515233"
}

Introduction. Apatite varieties in Recent and fossil linguloid brachiopod shells. Chemico-structural differentiation of the organocalcitic shells of rhynchonellate brachiopods. A TEM investigation of modulated microstructure in recent and fossil articulate brachiopod shells from New Zealand. The acrosome reaction of an Inarticulate Brachiopod Lingula Anatina spermatozoa. Brachiopod Larval Setae - a Key to the Phylum's Ancestral Life Cycle? Variation in the Loops of Two Recent Species of Liothyrella (Brachiopoda Terebratulida) from New Zealand and South Orkney Islands. Shell Morphology and Geographical Distribution of Neocrania (Brachiopoda, Recent) in the Eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Developmental and Settlement Characteristics of the Antarctic Brachiopod Liothyrella Uva (Broderip 1833). Embryonic Shells of Devonian Linguloid Brachiopods. Global Surface-Water Circulation and the Main Features of Brachiopod Biogeography. Fundamental Differences in External Spine Growth in Brachiopods. Advances in Molecular Studies. Brachiopod Molecular Phylogeny Advances. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution of Long-Hooped Brachiopod. Phylogenetic Relationships of Brachiopods within the Metazoa based on Mitochondrial Amino Acid Seuence Analyses. The Phylogenetic Position of Brachiopods Inferred from Mitochondrial Gene Orders. Genetic Differentiation of Terebratella Sanguinea in the New Zealand Fjords: a Dispersal Barrier in the Marine Environment? Phylogeny and Evolution. Functional Morphology of Articulatory Structures and Inplications for Patterns of Musculature in Cambrian Rhynchonelliform Brachiopods. Early Silurian Stricklandiid Brachiopod Evolution in Eastern North America. Post-Palaeozoic Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda): Classification and Evolutionary Background. Radiations and Extinctions of Atrypide Brachiopods: Ordovician-Devonian. Trends in Athyridide Diversity Dynamics. The Systematic Position of some Upper Permian Terebratulide Genera. Ancestry and Hecterochronic Origin of Brachiopods of the Superfamily Megathyridoidea (Order Terebratulida): A Case of Natural Selection for Equatorial Dwarfism. Thecideide Phylogeny, Heterochrony, and the Gradual Acquisition of Characters. Incorporating Startigraphic Data in the Phylogenetic Analysis of the Rhynchonelliformea. Ecology and Palaecology. Brachiopods of the Isca Submarine Cave: Observationsduring Ten Years. Brachiopod/Crinoid Associations in the Late Cenozoic of the Antillean Region. Pragian-Emsian Brachiopod Communities of the Faou Formation (Massif Armoricain, France). Palaeological Interpretation of the Brachiopod faunas of the Bardahessiagh Formation (Middle Caradoc), Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, N. Ireland. Biostratigraphy and Palaeobiogeography. Palaeolatitudinal Distribution Patterns of Hogher Rhynchonelliformean Brachiopods in the Early Ordovician. Distribution and Diversity of Ordovician Articulated Brachiopods in the East Baltic. The Orthide Platystrophia in the Ordovician and early Silurian of the East Baltic. Silurian-Devonian Biogeography. Extinction of some Lingulate Brachiopod Families: New Stratigraphical Data from the Silurian and Devonian of Central Bohemia. Lower and Middle Permian Brachiopods from Oman and Peri-Gondwanan Palaeogeographical Reconstructions. Permian Productida of Australasia: Palaeobiogeographical and Palaeoclimatical Implications. A Permian Boreal Brachiopod Fauna from Okutadami, Central Japan, and its Tectonic Implication. Brachiopod Biostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic in Bulgaria and Comparison with Elsewhere in Europe. Mesozoic Articulated Brachiopods from the Western Cordillera of North America: their significance for Palaeogeographic and Tectonic Reconstruction, Palaeobiogeography and Palaeocology. Diversification of Mediterranean Early Jurassic Brachiopods after the end Triassic Mass Extinction - New Results from Hungary. Stratigraphic Distribution of Brachiopods - A New Method of Storing and Querying Loosely-Structured Biodiversity Information.

@book{openalexw610257630,
    author = "Brunton, C. H. C. and Cocks, L. Robin M. and Long, Sarah L.",
    title = "Brachiopods past and present",
    year = "2001",
    abstract = "Introduction. Apatite varieties in Recent and fossil linguloid brachiopod shells. Chemico-structural differentiation of the organocalcitic shells of rhynchonellate brachiopods. A TEM investigation of modulated microstructure in recent and fossil articulate brachiopod shells from New Zealand. The acrosome reaction of an Inarticulate Brachiopod Lingula Anatina spermatozoa. Brachiopod Larval Setae - a Key to the Phylum's Ancestral Life Cycle? Variation in the Loops of Two Recent Species of Liothyrella (Brachiopoda Terebratulida) from New Zealand and South Orkney Islands. Shell Morphology and Geographical Distribution of Neocrania (Brachiopoda, Recent) in the Eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Developmental and Settlement Characteristics of the Antarctic Brachiopod Liothyrella Uva (Broderip 1833). Embryonic Shells of Devonian Linguloid Brachiopods. Global Surface-Water Circulation and the Main Features of Brachiopod Biogeography. Fundamental Differences in External Spine Growth in Brachiopods. Advances in Molecular Studies. Brachiopod Molecular Phylogeny Advances. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution of Long-Hooped Brachiopod. Phylogenetic Relationships of Brachiopods within the Metazoa based on Mitochondrial Amino Acid Seuence Analyses. The Phylogenetic Position of Brachiopods Inferred from Mitochondrial Gene Orders. Genetic Differentiation of Terebratella Sanguinea in the New Zealand Fjords: a Dispersal Barrier in the Marine Environment? Phylogeny and Evolution. Functional Morphology of Articulatory Structures and Inplications for Patterns of Musculature in Cambrian Rhynchonelliform Brachiopods. Early Silurian Stricklandiid Brachiopod Evolution in Eastern North America. Post-Palaeozoic Rhynchonellida (Brachiopoda): Classification and Evolutionary Background. Radiations and Extinctions of Atrypide Brachiopods: Ordovician-Devonian. Trends in Athyridide Diversity Dynamics. The Systematic Position of some Upper Permian Terebratulide Genera. Ancestry and Hecterochronic Origin of Brachiopods of the Superfamily Megathyridoidea (Order Terebratulida): A Case of Natural Selection for Equatorial Dwarfism. Thecideide Phylogeny, Heterochrony, and the Gradual Acquisition of Characters. Incorporating Startigraphic Data in the Phylogenetic Analysis of the Rhynchonelliformea. Ecology and Palaecology. Brachiopods of the Isca Submarine Cave: Observationsduring Ten Years. Brachiopod/Crinoid Associations in the Late Cenozoic of the Antillean Region. Pragian-Emsian Brachiopod Communities of the Faou Formation (Massif Armoricain, France). Palaeological Interpretation of the Brachiopod faunas of the Bardahessiagh Formation (Middle Caradoc), Pomeroy, Co. Tyrone, N. Ireland. Biostratigraphy and Palaeobiogeography. Palaeolatitudinal Distribution Patterns of Hogher Rhynchonelliformean Brachiopods in the Early Ordovician. Distribution and Diversity of Ordovician Articulated Brachiopods in the East Baltic. The Orthide Platystrophia in the Ordovician and early Silurian of the East Baltic. Silurian-Devonian Biogeography. Extinction of some Lingulate Brachiopod Families: New Stratigraphical Data from the Silurian and Devonian of Central Bohemia. Lower and Middle Permian Brachiopods from Oman and Peri-Gondwanan Palaeogeographical Reconstructions. Permian Productida of Australasia: Palaeobiogeographical and Palaeoclimatical Implications. A Permian Boreal Brachiopod Fauna from Okutadami, Central Japan, and its Tectonic Implication. Brachiopod Biostratigraphy of the Middle Triassic in Bulgaria and Comparison with Elsewhere in Europe. Mesozoic Articulated Brachiopods from the Western Cordillera of North America: their significance for Palaeogeographic and Tectonic Reconstruction, Palaeobiogeography and Palaeocology. Diversification of Mediterranean Early Jurassic Brachiopods after the end Triassic Mass Extinction - New Results from Hungary. Stratigraphic Distribution of Brachiopods - A New Method of Storing and Querying Loosely-Structured Biodiversity Information.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W610257630",
    openalex = "W610257630"
}

@article{doi101016s001669950200058x,
    author = "Manceñido, Miguel O.",
    title = "Paleobiogeography of Mesozoic brachiopod faunas from Andean–Patagonian areas in a global context",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00058-x",
    doi = "10.1016/s0016-6995(02)00058-x",
    openalex = "W2087047343",
    references = "openalexw2015813565, openalexw3193643728"
}

@article{doi101016s0009254103000329,
    author = "Brand, Uwe and Logan, Alan and Hiller, Norton and Richardson, Joyce R.",
    title = "Geochemistry of modern brachiopods: applications and implications for oceanography and paleoceanography",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Chemical Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(03)00032-9",
    doi = "10.1016/s0009-2541(03)00032-9",
    openalex = "W1981687253",
    references = "doi1010160016703757900248, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101016s0009254199000844, doi101130001676061953641315rcits20co2, doi101130001676061986971262baiooi20co2, doi101146annurevea17050189001041, doi101306212f7bb72b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi1023071483846, openalexw1549886310, openalexw1552913007"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200403009,
    author = "Shen, Shu‐zhong and Shi, G.R.",
    title = "Capitanian (Late Guadalupian, Permian) global brachiopod palaeobiogeography and latitudinal diversity pattern",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.03.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.03.009",
    openalex = "W2007558494",
    references = "doi105479si00810266321"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200503015,
    author = "Korte, Christoph and Jasper, Torsten and Kozur, Heinz W. and Veizer, Ján",
    title = "δ18O and δ13C of Permian brachiopods: A record of seawater evolution and continental glaciation",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.015",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.015",
    openalex = "W2026918283",
    references = "doi101016s0009254103000329"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200503037,
    author = "Chen, Zhong‐Qiang and Kaiho, Kunio and George, Annette D.",
    title = "Early Triassic recovery of the brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction: A global review",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.037",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.03.037",
    openalex = "W1968802326",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200504014,
    author = "Chen, Zhong‐Qiang and Kaiho, Kunio and George, Annette D.",
    title = "Survival strategies of brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.014",
    openalex = "W2077499472",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200505018,
    author = "Korte, Christoph and Kozur, Heinz W. and Veizer, Ján",
    title = "δ13C and δ18O values of Triassic brachiopods and carbonate rocks as proxies for coeval seawater and palaeotemperature",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.018",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.05.018",
    openalex = "W2069767281",
    references = "doi101016s0009254103000329, doi101016s0009254199000844, doi101016s0016703702010359, doi1011300016760619991110960cisona23co2"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200603045,
    author = "van Geldern, Robert and Joachimski, Michael M. and Day, Jed and Jansen, Ulrich and Álvarez, F. and Yolkin, E. A. and Ma, Xueping",
    title = "Carbon, oxygen and strontium isotope records of Devonian brachiopod shell calcite",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.045",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.03.045",
    openalex = "W2015486378",
    references = "doi101016s0009254103000329, doi101016s001282520000026x"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200606028,
    author = "Tomášových, Adam and Siblík, Miloš",
    title = "Evaluating compositional turnover of brachiopod communities during the end-Triassic mass extinction (Northern Calcareous Alps): Removal of dominant groups, recovery and community reassembly",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.028",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.028",
    openalex = "W1967086569",
    references = "doi102110palo2005p0553e"
}

Abstract Although onshore to offshore retreat of brachiopods, in terms of their community-level abundance, took place through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, this study shows that comparable trends also occurred repeatedly on a short time scale and mainly were driven by variations in sediment and nutrient supply. In the Kössen Formation (Upper Triassic), brachiopods retreated to offshore habitats during nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regimes and expand to onshore habitats during nutrient-poor, carbonate regimes. Epifaunal bivalves occupied onshore and offshore habitats during both siliciclastic and carbonate regimes. Infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves expanded to offshore habitats during nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regimes and retreated from offshore habitats during nutrient-poor, carbonate regimes. Thus, the onshore to offshore retreat of brachiopods and the offshore expansion of infaunal bivalves repeatedly coincided with the switch from a nutrient-poor, carbonate regime to a nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regime. Because brachiopods and epifaunal bivalves were abundant in micrite-rich, soft-bottom habitats, the replacements between infaunal and epifaunal communities cannot be explained by variations in substrate consistency alone. Differences in guild structure between siliciclastic and carbonate regimes and onshore to offshore replacements indicate that distribution of bivalves and brachiopods is related to their differential response to low nutrient supply, turbidity, and, possibly, oxygen levels. Based on actualistic evidence, brachiopods are able to thrive in nutrient-poor conditions due to low metabolic demands and are less tolerant of high-turbidity conditions than bivalves. Epifaunal bivalves that co-occur with brachiopods in nutrient-poor habitats may have been characterized by higher clearance rates in contrast to infaunal bivalves with similar metabolic requirements. Although higher biogenic sediment disturbance or other biotic interactions could play a significant role in the retreat of brachiopods to offshore habitats, this study highlights the importance of varying nutrient supply and turbidity in governing onshore to offshore replacements on short time scales.

@article{doi102110palo2005p0553e,
    author = "Tomášových, Adam",
    title = "BRACHIOPOD AND BIVALVE ECOLOGY IN THE LATE TRIASSIC (ALPS, AUSTRIA): ONSHORE-OFFSHORE REPLACEMENTS CAUSED BY VARIATIONS IN SEDIMENT AND NUTRIENT SUPPLY",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Abstract Although onshore to offshore retreat of brachiopods, in terms of their community-level abundance, took place through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, this study shows that comparable trends also occurred repeatedly on a short time scale and mainly were driven by variations in sediment and nutrient supply. In the Kössen Formation (Upper Triassic), brachiopods retreated to offshore habitats during nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regimes and expand to onshore habitats during nutrient-poor, carbonate regimes. Epifaunal bivalves occupied onshore and offshore habitats during both siliciclastic and carbonate regimes. Infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves expanded to offshore habitats during nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regimes and retreated from offshore habitats during nutrient-poor, carbonate regimes. Thus, the onshore to offshore retreat of brachiopods and the offshore expansion of infaunal bivalves repeatedly coincided with the switch from a nutrient-poor, carbonate regime to a nutrient-rich, siliciclastic regime. Because brachiopods and epifaunal bivalves were abundant in micrite-rich, soft-bottom habitats, the replacements between infaunal and epifaunal communities cannot be explained by variations in substrate consistency alone. Differences in guild structure between siliciclastic and carbonate regimes and onshore to offshore replacements indicate that distribution of bivalves and brachiopods is related to their differential response to low nutrient supply, turbidity, and, possibly, oxygen levels. Based on actualistic evidence, brachiopods are able to thrive in nutrient-poor conditions due to low metabolic demands and are less tolerant of high-turbidity conditions than bivalves. Epifaunal bivalves that co-occur with brachiopods in nutrient-poor habitats may have been characterized by higher clearance rates in contrast to infaunal bivalves with similar metabolic requirements. Although higher biogenic sediment disturbance or other biotic interactions could play a significant role in the retreat of brachiopods to offshore habitats, this study highlights the importance of varying nutrient supply and turbidity in governing onshore to offshore replacements on short time scales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2110/palo.2005.p05-53e",
    doi = "10.2110/palo.2005.p05-53e",
    openalex = "W2207989363",
    references = "alméras1993palaeogeography, doi10100797894009406119, doi101007bf02289565, doi101038141548c0, doi1023071483846, doi1023071942327, doi103354meps046213, openalexw12294379, openalexw2054580376, openalexw2912219260"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios200601003,
    author = "Alméras, Yves and Fauré, Philippe and Elmi, Serge and Énay, Raymond and Mangold, Charles",
    title = "Zonation des brachiopodes du Jurassique moyen sur la marge sud de la Téthys occidentale (Maroc, Algérie occidentale)",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2006.01.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2006.01.003",
    openalex = "W8606722"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200611040,
    author = "He, Weihong and Shi, G.R. and Feng, Qinglai and Campi, Monica and Gu, Songzhu and Jian-jun, BU and Peng, Yuanqiao and Meng, Youyan",
    title = "Brachiopod miniaturization and its possible causes during the Permian–Triassic crisis in deep water environments, South China",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.040",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.040",
    openalex = "W1995871933"
}

Alméras Yves, Elmi Serge, Fauré Philippe. Les brachiopodes liasiques d’Algérie occidentale. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, n°163, 2007. Les brachiopodes liasiques d’Algérie occidentale. pp. 3-241.

@article{openalexw3118872034,
    author = "Alméras, Yves and Elmi, Serge and Fauré, Philippe",
    title = "Les brachiopodes liasiques d’Algérie occidentale",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Persée (Ministère de lEnseignement supérieur et de la Recherche)",
    abstract = "Alméras Yves, Elmi Serge, Fauré Philippe. Les brachiopodes liasiques d’Algérie occidentale. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie, Lyon, n°163, 2007. Les brachiopodes liasiques d’Algérie occidentale. pp. 3-241.",
    openalex = "W3118872034"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios200810007,
    author = "Joral, Fernando García and Goy, António",
    title = "Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) brachiopods in Asturias (Northern Spain): Stratigraphic distribution, critical events and palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2008.10.007",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2008.10.007",
    openalex = "W2008922169",
    references = "openalexw2015813565"
}

The variation in time-averaging between different types of marine skeletal accumulations within a depositional system is not well understood. Here we provide quantitative data on the magnitude of time-averaging and the age structure of the sub-fossil record of two species with divergent physical and ecological characteristics, the brachiopod Bouchardia rosea and the bivalve Semele casali. Material was collected from two sites on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf off the coast of Brazil where both species are dominant components of the local fauna. Individual shells (n = 178) were dated using amino acid racemization (aspartic acid) calibrated with 24 AMS radiocarbon dates. Shell ages range from modern to 8118 years b.p. for brachiopods, and modern to 4437 years for bivalves. Significant differences in the shape and central tendency of age-frequency distributions are apparent between each sample. Such differences in time-averaging magnitude confirm the assumption that taphonomic processes are subject to stochastic variation at all spatial and temporal scales. Despite these differences, each sample is temporally incomplete at centennial resolution and three of the four samples have similar right-skewed age-frequency distributions. Simulations of temporal completeness indicate that samples of both species from the shallow site are consistent with a more strongly right-skewed and less-complete age-frequency distribution than those from the deep site. We conclude that intrinsic characteristics of each species exert less control on the time-averaging signature of these samples than do extrinsic factors such as variation in rates of sedimentation and taphonomic destruction. This suggests that brachiopod-dominated and bivalve-dominated shell accumulations may be more similar in temporal resolution than previously thought, and that the temporal resolution of multi-taxic shell accumulations may depend more on site-to-site differences than on the intrinsic properties of the constituent organisms.

@article{doi101666080721,
    author = "Krause, Richard A. and Barbour, Susan Leigh and Kowalewski, Michał and Kaufman, Darrell S. and Romanek, Christopher S. and Simões, Marcello Guimarães and Wehmiller, John F.",
    title = "Quantitative comparisons and models of time-averaging in bivalve and brachiopod shell accumulations",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The variation in time-averaging between different types of marine skeletal accumulations within a depositional system is not well understood. Here we provide quantitative data on the magnitude of time-averaging and the age structure of the sub-fossil record of two species with divergent physical and ecological characteristics, the brachiopod Bouchardia rosea and the bivalve Semele casali. Material was collected from two sites on a mixed carbonate-siliciclastic shelf off the coast of Brazil where both species are dominant components of the local fauna. Individual shells (n = 178) were dated using amino acid racemization (aspartic acid) calibrated with 24 AMS radiocarbon dates. Shell ages range from modern to 8118 years b.p. for brachiopods, and modern to 4437 years for bivalves. Significant differences in the shape and central tendency of age-frequency distributions are apparent between each sample. Such differences in time-averaging magnitude confirm the assumption that taphonomic processes are subject to stochastic variation at all spatial and temporal scales. Despite these differences, each sample is temporally incomplete at centennial resolution and three of the four samples have similar right-skewed age-frequency distributions. Simulations of temporal completeness indicate that samples of both species from the shallow site are consistent with a more strongly right-skewed and less-complete age-frequency distribution than those from the deep site. We conclude that intrinsic characteristics of each species exert less control on the time-averaging signature of these samples than do extrinsic factors such as variation in rates of sedimentation and taphonomic destruction. This suggests that brachiopod-dominated and bivalve-dominated shell accumulations may be more similar in temporal resolution than previously thought, and that the temporal resolution of multi-taxic shell accumulations may depend more on site-to-site differences than on the intrinsic properties of the constituent organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/08072.1",
    doi = "10.1666/08072.1",
    openalex = "W2073580940",
    references = "doi101086501220, doi1023072406301, doi1023073515233"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201101023,
    author = "Joral, Fernando García and Gómez, Juan José Morales and Goy, António",
    title = "Mass extinction and recovery of the Early Toarcian (Early Jurassic) brachiopods linked to climate change in Northern and Central Spain",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.023",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.01.023",
    openalex = "W2066987147",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118, doi101016jpalaeo200704014, openalexw2015813565, openalexw2269979841, openalexw3193643728"
}

The assemblages of Early Jurassic brachiopods (Pliensbachian - Toarcian) from Sierra Espuña (Murcia Province, SE Spain) are described. This is the only area in the Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera, corresponding to the margins of the Alborán Terrane, where Jurassic brachiopods are known to occur. In the tectonic Unit of Morrón de Totana (more southward located) assemblage MT1 of Late Pliensbachian age has been characterized. This assemblage has been subdivided into three successive sub-assemblages: MT1a (Algovianum Zone), MT1b (Emaciatum Zone, Solare Subzone) and MT1c (Emaciatum Zone, Elisa Subzone). Northward, in the Perona tectonic Unit two distinct assemblages, P1 (Latest Sinemurian - Early Pliensbachian) and P2 (Early Toarcian, Serpentinum Zone) have been recognized. Differences between the assemblages from the two tectonic units are evident after the paleobiogeographical analysis. In the Morrón de Totana Unit, taxa with Mediterranean affinities occur. MT1 assemblage is very similar to assemblages previously known in the Eastern Subbetic as well as in other areas of the Mediterranean Province. In the Perona Unit the Mediterranean affinity of the assemblages is not so evident. P1 Assemblage consists of widely distributed taxa, lacking in the most characteristic elements of the Mediterranean Province which, however, are present in neighbouring Betic areas. P2 Assemblage belongs to the Spanish Province that develops in Western Tethys after the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event. The occurrence in this assemblage of Prionorhynchia aff. msougari Rousselle, until now only found in North Africa, indicates a closer connection of the Perona Unit with the African paleomargin of the Tethys than with the South Iberian paleomargin. The paleobiogeographical data suggest a more southern and marginal (close to epicontinental areas) position of the Perona Unit than the Morrón de Totana Unit.

@article{doi105209revjige2011v37n23,
    author = "Carratalá, José Francisco Baeza and Joral, Fernando García and Tent-Manclús, José Enrique",
    title = "Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeographic affinities of the Jurassic brachiopod assemblages from Sierra Espuña (Maláguide Complex, Internal Betic Zones, Spain)",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Iberian Geology",
    abstract = "The assemblages of Early Jurassic brachiopods (Pliensbachian - Toarcian) from Sierra Espuña (Murcia Province, SE Spain) are described. This is the only area in the Internal Zones of the Betic Cordillera, corresponding to the margins of the Alborán Terrane, where Jurassic brachiopods are known to occur. In the tectonic Unit of Morrón de Totana (more southward located) assemblage MT1 of Late Pliensbachian age has been characterized. This assemblage has been subdivided into three successive sub-assemblages: MT1a (Algovianum Zone), MT1b (Emaciatum Zone, Solare Subzone) and MT1c (Emaciatum Zone, Elisa Subzone). Northward, in the Perona tectonic Unit two distinct assemblages, P1 (Latest Sinemurian - Early Pliensbachian) and P2 (Early Toarcian, Serpentinum Zone) have been recognized. Differences between the assemblages from the two tectonic units are evident after the paleobiogeographical analysis. In the Morrón de Totana Unit, taxa with Mediterranean affinities occur. MT1 assemblage is very similar to assemblages previously known in the Eastern Subbetic as well as in other areas of the Mediterranean Province. In the Perona Unit the Mediterranean affinity of the assemblages is not so evident. P1 Assemblage consists of widely distributed taxa, lacking in the most characteristic elements of the Mediterranean Province which, however, are present in neighbouring Betic areas. P2 Assemblage belongs to the Spanish Province that develops in Western Tethys after the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event. The occurrence in this assemblage of Prionorhynchia aff. msougari Rousselle, until now only found in North Africa, indicates a closer connection of the Perona Unit with the African paleomargin of the Tethys than with the South Iberian paleomargin. The paleobiogeographical data suggest a more southern and marginal (close to epicontinental areas) position of the Perona Unit than the Morrón de Totana Unit.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5209/rev\_jige.2011.v37.n2.3",
    doi = "10.5209/rev\_jige.2011.v37.n2.3",
    openalex = "W1502335830",
    references = "openalexw2015813565"
}

Brachiopod fossils from the sedimentary sequences of the Téremba Terrane (New Caledonia) provide a unique opportunity to study the environmental parameters of the Late Triassic. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, δ 13 C and δ 18 O values, and Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios were measured on brachiopods from Oretian to Otapirian (Norian to Rhaetian) fossil localities of the Baie de St.‐Vincent area. Post‐depositional impacts on the geochemical proxies were investigated by analysing calcite cements and partly recrystallized shell material. Diagenetic fluids carried strontium with a low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of c. 0.7065, and light δ 13 C values of c. −20‰, suggesting major contributions by oxidized organic matter. Diagenetic equilibrium was reached at δ 18 O values of c. −12‰, very low Sr/Ca ratios of < 0.05 mmol/mol and locally variable Mn/Ca ratios of up to 5.9 mmol/mol. Results from the best‐preserved samples suggest that calcification temperatures of Warepan and Otapirian brachiopods from New Caledonia were consistently ≥ 15 °C.

@article{doi101080002883062014958175,
    author = "Ullmann, Clemens V. and Campbell, HJ and Frei, Robert and Korte, Christoph",
    title = "Geochemical signatures in Late Triassic brachiopods from New Caledonia",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Brachiopod fossils from the sedimentary sequences of the Téremba Terrane (New Caledonia) provide a unique opportunity to study the environmental parameters of the Late Triassic. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios, δ 13 C and δ 18 O values, and Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios were measured on brachiopods from Oretian to Otapirian (Norian to Rhaetian) fossil localities of the Baie de St.‐Vincent area. Post‐depositional impacts on the geochemical proxies were investigated by analysing calcite cements and partly recrystallized shell material. Diagenetic fluids carried strontium with a low 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of c. 0.7065, and light δ 13 C values of c. −20‰, suggesting major contributions by oxidized organic matter. Diagenetic equilibrium was reached at δ 18 O values of c. −12‰, very low Sr/Ca ratios of < 0.05 mmol/mol and locally variable Mn/Ca ratios of up to 5.9 mmol/mol. Results from the best‐preserved samples suggest that calcification temperatures of Warepan and Otapirian brachiopods from New Caledonia were consistently ≥ 15 °C.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2014.958175",
    doi = "10.1080/00288306.2014.958175",
    openalex = "W2118013980",
    references = "doi1010160031018265900118, doi102110palo2005p0553e"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201510053,
    author = "Andrade, Benito and Duarte, Luís V. and Joral, Fernando García and Goy, António and Henriques, Maria Helena",
    title = "Palaeobiogeographic patterns of the brachiopod assemblages of the Iberian Subplate during the Late Toarcian–Early Aalenian (Jurassic)",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.10.053",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.10.053",
    openalex = "W2189710857",
    references = "openalexw2015813565, openalexw3193643728"
}

BACKGROUND: One of the first phyla to acquire biomineralized skeletal elements in the Cambrian, brachiopods represent a vital component in unraveling the early evolution and relationships of the Lophotrochozoa. Critical to improving our understanding of lophotrochozoans is the origin, evolution and function of unbiomineralized morphological features, in particular features such as chaetae that are shared between brachiopods and other lophotrochozoans but are poorly understood and rarely preserved. Micromitra burgessensis and Paterina zenobia from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale are among the most remarkable examples of fossilized chaetae-bearing brachiopods. The form, functional morphology, evolutionary and ecological significance of their chaetae are studied herein. RESULTS: Like in Recent forms, the moveable but semi-rigid chaetae fringe both the dorsal and ventral mantle margins, but in terms of length, the chaetae of Burgess Shale taxa can exceed twice the maximum length of the shell from which it projects. This is unique amongst Recent and fossil brachiopod taxa and given their size, prominence and energy investment to the organism certainly had an important functional significance. Micromitra burgessensis individuals are preserved on hard skeletal elements, including conspecific shells, Tubulella and frequently on the spicules of the sponge Pirania muricata, providing direct evidence of an ecological association between two species. Morphological analysis and comparisons with fossil and extant brachiopod chaetae point to a number of potential functions, including sensory, defence, feeding, defouling, mimicry and spatial competition. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that it is feasible to link chaetae length to the lack of suitable substrate in the Burgess Shale environment and the increased intraspecific competition associated with this. Our results however, also lend support to the elongated chaetae as an example of Batesian mimicry, of the unpalatable sponge Pirania muricata. We also cannot discount brachiopod chaetae acting as a sensory grille, extending the tactile sensitivity of the mantle into the environment, as an early warning system to approaching predators.

@article{doi101186s1286201503144,
    author = "Topper, Timothy P. and Strotz, Luke C. and Holmer, Lars E. and Zhang, Zhifei and Tait, Noel and Caron, Jean‐Bernard",
    title = "Competition and mimicry: the curious case of chaetae in brachiopods from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "BMC Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: One of the first phyla to acquire biomineralized skeletal elements in the Cambrian, brachiopods represent a vital component in unraveling the early evolution and relationships of the Lophotrochozoa. Critical to improving our understanding of lophotrochozoans is the origin, evolution and function of unbiomineralized morphological features, in particular features such as chaetae that are shared between brachiopods and other lophotrochozoans but are poorly understood and rarely preserved. Micromitra burgessensis and Paterina zenobia from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale are among the most remarkable examples of fossilized chaetae-bearing brachiopods. The form, functional morphology, evolutionary and ecological significance of their chaetae are studied herein. RESULTS: Like in Recent forms, the moveable but semi-rigid chaetae fringe both the dorsal and ventral mantle margins, but in terms of length, the chaetae of Burgess Shale taxa can exceed twice the maximum length of the shell from which it projects. This is unique amongst Recent and fossil brachiopod taxa and given their size, prominence and energy investment to the organism certainly had an important functional significance. Micromitra burgessensis individuals are preserved on hard skeletal elements, including conspecific shells, Tubulella and frequently on the spicules of the sponge Pirania muricata, providing direct evidence of an ecological association between two species. Morphological analysis and comparisons with fossil and extant brachiopod chaetae point to a number of potential functions, including sensory, defence, feeding, defouling, mimicry and spatial competition. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates that it is feasible to link chaetae length to the lack of suitable substrate in the Burgess Shale environment and the increased intraspecific competition associated with this. Our results however, also lend support to the elongated chaetae as an example of Batesian mimicry, of the unpalatable sponge Pirania muricata. We also cannot discount brachiopod chaetae acting as a sensory grille, extending the tactile sensitivity of the mantle into the environment, as an early warning system to approaching predators.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0314-4",
    doi = "10.1186/s12862-015-0314-4",
    openalex = "W1971247980",
    references = "doi101016s0065288108600401, doi101017s0094837300013634"
}

Dans l'Axe Nord-Sud tunisien, les coupes levées sur le Jebel Sidi Khalif (Khechem El Kelb) et le Châabet El Attaris ont fourni d'abondantes faunes de brachiopodes stratigraphiquement bien repérées dans le Toarcien inférieur-moyen (Jurassique inférieur) et le Jurassique moyen. Les espèces caractérisent, à la fois, les Marges sud et nord de la Téthys occidentale, mais aussi la Bioprovince nord-ouest européenne. Quelques formes d'affinités arabiques s'y ajoutent au Dogger. Ces brachiopodes (19 espèces appartenant à 15 genres) sont décrits et figurés pour la première fois, aucun témoin de ces faunes n’ayant été étudié à ce jour sur la Marge nord-africaine, à l'Est de l'Algérie occidentale. Au Toarcien, la Tunisie constitue un nouveau jalon du domaine biogéographique ouest-téthysien, entre Maroc et Algérie occidentale, d'une part, et la bioprovince arabique, d'autre part. Le Jurassique moyen correspond à une période de non différenciation des provinces fauniques et ce n'est qu'à partir du Callovien que les brachiopodes d'influence arabique ou arabo-malgache coloniseront les plates-formes ouest téthysiennes. Les résultats de cette publication concernent la biostratigraphie des brachiopodes de l'Axe Nord-Sud, les paléoenvironnements dans lesquels ils se sont développés, ainsi que d'intéressantes indications sur la paléogéographie de la Tunisie.

@article{doi105252g2015n1a2,
    author = "Fauré, Philippe and Alméras, Yves and Sekatni, Nejla and Arfaoui, Mohamed Sabri and Zargouni, Fouad",
    title = "Les Brachiopodes du Jurassique inférieur et moyen en Tunisie centrale (Axe Nord-Sud). Un nouveau témoin du Domaine paléobiogéographique ouest-téthysien",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Geodiversitas",
    abstract = "Dans l'Axe Nord-Sud tunisien, les coupes levées sur le Jebel Sidi Khalif (Khechem El Kelb) et le Châabet El Attaris ont fourni d'abondantes faunes de brachiopodes stratigraphiquement bien repérées dans le Toarcien inférieur-moyen (Jurassique inférieur) et le Jurassique moyen. Les espèces caractérisent, à la fois, les Marges sud et nord de la Téthys occidentale, mais aussi la Bioprovince nord-ouest européenne. Quelques formes d'affinités arabiques s'y ajoutent au Dogger. Ces brachiopodes (19 espèces appartenant à 15 genres) sont décrits et figurés pour la première fois, aucun témoin de ces faunes n’ayant été étudié à ce jour sur la Marge nord-africaine, à l'Est de l'Algérie occidentale. Au Toarcien, la Tunisie constitue un nouveau jalon du domaine biogéographique ouest-téthysien, entre Maroc et Algérie occidentale, d'une part, et la bioprovince arabique, d'autre part. Le Jurassique moyen correspond à une période de non différenciation des provinces fauniques et ce n'est qu'à partir du Callovien que les brachiopodes d'influence arabique ou arabo-malgache coloniseront les plates-formes ouest téthysiennes. Les résultats de cette publication concernent la biostratigraphie des brachiopodes de l'Axe Nord-Sud, les paléoenvironnements dans lesquels ils se sont développés, ainsi que d'intéressantes indications sur la paléogéographie de la Tunisie.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5252/g2015n1a2",
    doi = "10.5252/g2015n1a2",
    openalex = "W2028295761",
    references = "alméras1993palaeogeography, doi1010160031018265900118, doi101016jcrpv200803001, doi101016jgeobios200601003, doi101016jpalaeo201101023, doi102113gssgfbulls6i8701, doi102113gssgfbulls7xxiv561007, openalexw2606590577, openalexw3118872034, openalexw3159633862, openalexw3193643728, openalexw599507180"
}

@incollection{crossref2016brachiopods,
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "The Marine World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691232447-017",
    doi = "10.1515/9780691232447-017",
    pages = "256-257"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201606022,
    author = "Vörös, Attila and Kocsis, Ádám T. and Pálfy, József",
    title = "Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.06.022",
    openalex = "W2424813822",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201504004"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201711004,
    author = "Carratalá, José Francisco Baeza and Joral, Fernando García and Goy, António and Tent-Manclús, José Enrique",
    title = "Arab-Madagascan brachiopod dispersal along the North-Gondwana paleomargin towards the Western Tethys Ocean during the Early Toarcian (Jurassic)",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.11.004",
    openalex = "W2767235584",
    references = "doi105209revcopa1974v2635596"
}

The Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition was a period of changes in long-term environmental conditions leading up to the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE), which resulted in a noticeable extinction and turnover in the marine biota. The westernmost Tethyan basins, especially the peri-Iberian platforms, provide an exceptional brachiopod record to better understand the adaptive strategies and the severe ecological effects of these faunas within the marine ecosystems. This event marks a critical interval in the evolutionary history of the Phylum Brachiopoda as two orders, the Athyridida and Spiriferinida, became extinct. Evolutionary patterns displayed by several taxa from these groups and some rhynchonellids typifying deep-water habitats are analyzed across this biotic crisis spanning several Mediterranean and NW-European basins. New work performed in La Cerradura section, a deep pelagic trough from the South-Iberian palaeomargin, reveals two new taxa (Koninckodonta sumuntanensis and Atychorhynchia falsiorigo) herein described. This newly documented fauna supports pre-extinction dwarfing and resilience in deep refugia linked to the ETMEE, and an episode of speciation which is interpreted in terms of a pre-extinction radiation. In the ETMEE repopulation phase an opportunistic strategy occurs typified by Soaresirhynchia bouchardi, and a case of homoplasy involving post-extinction pioneers (Elvis taxon) is detected. Similar adaptive strategies occurred associated with other mass extinctions such as the Permian/Triassic and the Cretaceous/Paleocene events, supporting a possible standard pattern in the response of the brachiopod fauna to such biotic crises and shedding light on the ecological effects of the mass extinction events.

@article{doi103140bullgeosci1631,
    author = "Carratalá, José Francisco Baeza and Reolid, Matías and Joral, Fernando García",
    title = "New deep-water brachiopod resilient assemblage from the South-Iberian Palaeomargin (Western Tethys) and its significance for the brachiopod adaptive strategies around the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Bulletin of Geosciences",
    abstract = "The Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition was a period of changes in long-term environmental conditions leading up to the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE), which resulted in a noticeable extinction and turnover in the marine biota. The westernmost Tethyan basins, especially the peri-Iberian platforms, provide an exceptional brachiopod record to better understand the adaptive strategies and the severe ecological effects of these faunas within the marine ecosystems. This event marks a critical interval in the evolutionary history of the Phylum Brachiopoda as two orders, the Athyridida and Spiriferinida, became extinct. Evolutionary patterns displayed by several taxa from these groups and some rhynchonellids typifying deep-water habitats are analyzed across this biotic crisis spanning several Mediterranean and NW-European basins. New work performed in La Cerradura section, a deep pelagic trough from the South-Iberian palaeomargin, reveals two new taxa (Koninckodonta sumuntanensis and Atychorhynchia falsiorigo) herein described. This newly documented fauna supports pre-extinction dwarfing and resilience in deep refugia linked to the ETMEE, and an episode of speciation which is interpreted in terms of a pre-extinction radiation. In the ETMEE repopulation phase an opportunistic strategy occurs typified by Soaresirhynchia bouchardi, and a case of homoplasy involving post-extinction pioneers (Elvis taxon) is detected. Similar adaptive strategies occurred associated with other mass extinctions such as the Permian/Triassic and the Cretaceous/Paleocene events, supporting a possible standard pattern in the response of the brachiopod fauna to such biotic crises and shedding light on the ecological effects of the mass extinction events.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3140/bull.geosci.1631",
    doi = "10.3140/bull.geosci.1631",
    openalex = "W2734590221",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201504004"
}

@incollection{jain2017brachiopods,
    author = "Jain, Sreepat",
    title = "Brachiopods",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Springer Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0\_8",
    doi = "10.1007/978-81-322-3658-0\_8",
    pages = "229-277"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201806045,
    author = "Joral, Fernando García and Carratalá, José Francisco Baeza and Goy, António",
    title = "Changes in brachiopod body size prior to the Early Toarcian (Jurassic) Mass Extinction",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.045",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.06.045",
    openalex = "W2809994411",
    references = "alméras1993palaeogeography, doi101016jepsl200611009, doi101016jpalaeo200505019, doi101016jpalaeo200611038, doi101016jpalaeo200611040, doi101016jpalaeo201101023, doi101016jpalaeo201104018, doi101016jpalaeo201305010, doi101016jpalaeo201504004, doi1011300091761319950230495ejmeag23co2, doi1015159781400831920, openalexw2183707334"
}

@incollection{lescinsky2018early,
    author = "Lescinsky, Halard. L.",
    title = "Early Brachiopod Associates: Epibionts On Middle Ordovician Brachiopods",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Brachiopods",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315138602-30",
    doi = "10.1201/9781315138602-30",
    openalex = "W2908880984",
    pages = "169-173",
    references = "openalexw2604767170"
}

Many aspects of the supposed hyperthermal Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, Early Jurassic, c. 182 Ma) are well understood but a lack of robust palaeotemperature data severely limits reconstruction of the processes that drove the T-OAE and associated environmental and biotic changes. New oxygen isotope data from calcite shells of the benthic fauna suggest that bottom water temperatures in the western Tethys were elevated by c. 3.5 °C through the entire T-OAE. Modelling supports the idea that widespread marine anoxia was induced by a greenhouse-driven weathering pulse, and is compatible with the OAE duration being extended by limitation of the global silicate weathering flux. In the western Tethys Ocean, the later part of the T-OAE is characterized by abundant occurrences of the brachiopod Soaresirhynchia, which exhibits characteristics of slow-growing, deep sea brachiopods. The unlikely success of Soaresirhynchia in a hyperthermal event is attributed here to low metabolic rate, which put it at an advantage over other species from shallow epicontinental environments with higher metabolic demand.

@article{doi101038s41598020634876,
    author = "Ullmann, Clemens V. and Boyle, R. and Duarte, Luís V. and Hesselbo, Stephen P. and Kasemann, Simone A. and Klein, Tanja Yvonne and Lenton, Timothy M. and Piazza, Veronica and Aberhan, Martin",
    title = "Warm afterglow from the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event drives the success of deep-adapted brachiopods",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Many aspects of the supposed hyperthermal Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE, Early Jurassic, c. 182 Ma) are well understood but a lack of robust palaeotemperature data severely limits reconstruction of the processes that drove the T-OAE and associated environmental and biotic changes. New oxygen isotope data from calcite shells of the benthic fauna suggest that bottom water temperatures in the western Tethys were elevated by c. 3.5 °C through the entire T-OAE. Modelling supports the idea that widespread marine anoxia was induced by a greenhouse-driven weathering pulse, and is compatible with the OAE duration being extended by limitation of the global silicate weathering flux. In the western Tethys Ocean, the later part of the T-OAE is characterized by abundant occurrences of the brachiopod Soaresirhynchia, which exhibits characteristics of slow-growing, deep sea brachiopods. The unlikely success of Soaresirhynchia in a hyperthermal event is attributed here to low metabolic rate, which put it at an advantage over other species from shallow epicontinental environments with higher metabolic demand.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63487-6",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-63487-6",
    openalex = "W3017276564",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201806045, openalexw2269979841"
}

@incollection{crossref2021brachiopods,
    title = "BRACHIOPODS",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "The Marine World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1jk0jtt.19",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctv1jk0jtt.19",
    pages = "256-257"
}

Les niveaux du sommet du Toarcien inférieur et du Toarcien moyen de l’Unité centrale des Rides sud-rifaines (Maroc), en particulier dans les coupes d’El Heitouf et de Sned, sont riches en macrofaune benthique (gastéropodes, lamellibranches et brachiopodes). Neuf espèces de brachiopodes de l’ordre des Rhynchonellida appartenant à six genres ont été répertoriées. Il s’agit de: Gibbirhynchia reyi, Homoeorhynchia batalleri, Quadratirhynchia vasconcellosi, Pseudogibbirhynchia jurensis, Rhynchonelloidella marini, Soaresirhynchia babtisrensis, Soaresirhynchia bouchardi, Soaresirhynchia sp. et Soaresirhynchia tamazirta. H. batalleri, largement dominante, est représentée par cinq groupes d’individus, qui se distinguent par le nombre de côtes (deux à six) sur le pli médian dorsal. Chaque groupe est représenté par des spécimens juvéniles à adultes, représentant des stades successifs de l’évolution ontogénique. Les espèces répertoriées, décrites et illustrées, complètent les données antérieures sur ce groupe fossile dans le domaine paléogéographique des Rides sud-rifaines. La plupart des espèces répertoriées sont communes aux bassins péritéthysiens des marges nord et sud de la Téthys occidentale, en particulier l’Afrique du Nord et l’Europe du Sud-Ouest.

@article{doi101051bsgf2021032,
    author = "Benzaggagh, Mohamed",
    title = "Brachiopodes (Rhynchonellida) du sommet du Toarcien inférieur et du Toarcien moyen de l’Unité centrale des Rides sud-rifaines (nord Maroc)",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France",
    abstract = "Les niveaux du sommet du Toarcien inférieur et du Toarcien moyen de l’Unité centrale des Rides sud-rifaines (Maroc), en particulier dans les coupes d’El Heitouf et de Sned, sont riches en macrofaune benthique (gastéropodes, lamellibranches et brachiopodes). Neuf espèces de brachiopodes de l’ordre des Rhynchonellida appartenant à six genres ont été répertoriées. Il s’agit de: Gibbirhynchia reyi, Homoeorhynchia batalleri, Quadratirhynchia vasconcellosi, Pseudogibbirhynchia jurensis, Rhynchonelloidella marini, Soaresirhynchia babtisrensis, Soaresirhynchia bouchardi, Soaresirhynchia sp. et Soaresirhynchia tamazirta. H. batalleri, largement dominante, est représentée par cinq groupes d’individus, qui se distinguent par le nombre de côtes (deux à six) sur le pli médian dorsal. Chaque groupe est représenté par des spécimens juvéniles à adultes, représentant des stades successifs de l’évolution ontogénique. Les espèces répertoriées, décrites et illustrées, complètent les données antérieures sur ce groupe fossile dans le domaine paléogéographique des Rides sud-rifaines. La plupart des espèces répertoriées sont communes aux bassins péritéthysiens des marges nord et sud de la Téthys occidentale, en particulier l’Afrique du Nord et l’Europe du Sud-Ouest.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2021032",
    doi = "10.1051/bsgf/2021032",
    openalex = "W3209061307",
    references = "doi105252g2015n1a2, openalexw2015813565"
}

Abstract The record of brachiopods in the Lower Toarcian of the Balearic Islands is described after a reassessment of previous works and new samplings in the Tramuntana Range of Mallorca. The recognized species have been assimilated to the assemblages described in the Iberian Range in the Tenuicostatum and Serpentinum biozones. Moreover, a detailed comparison with other Western Tethys basins and the study of the dispersion of the brachiopod faunas in relation with the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, allow to refine the paleobiogeographic relationship of the Balearic brachiopods. They belong to the Euro-Boreal Province of brachiopods in the Tenuicostatum Biochron and correspond to the”Spanish Fauna” that emerged after the deep paleobiogeographic disruption that took place at the base of Serpentinum Biochron. The occurrence of Prionorhynchia msougari Rousselle in the Serpentinum Zone of Mallorca indicates that, within this last assemblage, there would be a closer connection between the Balearic region and the southern margin of the Tethys (Betic and North African basins) than with the northern margin (Eastern Iberian Platform System and Eastern Pyrenees). This paleobiogeographic conclusion is consistent with the supposed position of the Balearic area in the Early Toarcian, on the southeastern margin of Iberia and near the Alboran and Kabylian margins.

@article{doi101007s41513022001970,
    author = "Joral, Fernando García and Goy, António and Rosales, Idoia and Barnolas, Antonio and Sevillano, Ana and García, José María López",
    title = "Early Toarcian (Jurassic) brachiopods from the Balearic Islands (Spain) and their paleobiogeographic context",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Iberian Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract The record of brachiopods in the Lower Toarcian of the Balearic Islands is described after a reassessment of previous works and new samplings in the Tramuntana Range of Mallorca. The recognized species have been assimilated to the assemblages described in the Iberian Range in the Tenuicostatum and Serpentinum biozones. Moreover, a detailed comparison with other Western Tethys basins and the study of the dispersion of the brachiopod faunas in relation with the Early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event, allow to refine the paleobiogeographic relationship of the Balearic brachiopods. They belong to the Euro-Boreal Province of brachiopods in the Tenuicostatum Biochron and correspond to the”Spanish Fauna” that emerged after the deep paleobiogeographic disruption that took place at the base of Serpentinum Biochron. The occurrence of Prionorhynchia msougari Rousselle in the Serpentinum Zone of Mallorca indicates that, within this last assemblage, there would be a closer connection between the Balearic region and the southern margin of the Tethys (Betic and North African basins) than with the northern margin (Eastern Iberian Platform System and Eastern Pyrenees). This paleobiogeographic conclusion is consistent with the supposed position of the Balearic area in the Early Toarcian, on the southeastern margin of Iberia and near the Alboran and Kabylian margins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-022-00197-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s41513-022-00197-0",
    openalex = "W4294591467",
    references = "doi105252g2015n1a2, openalexw2015813565"
}

@article{doi101016jannpal2022102572,
    author = "Benzaggagh, Mohamed and Salamon, Mariusz A. and Khaffou, Hanane and Hssaïda, Touria and Ouali, Mohamed El and Essafraoui, Badre",
    title = "Brachiopodes toarciens de la coupe d’Aït Athmane, Haut Atlas centro-oriental (Maroc)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Annales de Paléontologie",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2022.102572",
    doi = "10.1016/j.annpal.2022.102572",
    openalex = "W4312462627",
    references = "doi105252g2015n1a2"
}

@article{doi101016jjafrearsci2022104625,
    author = "Benzaggagh, Mohamed",
    title = "Toarcian terebratulides (brachiopods) and ammonites from the Central Unit of the South Riffian Ridges, northwestern Morocco",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of African Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104625",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2022.104625",
    openalex = "W4283459004",
    references = "doi105252g2015n1a2, openalexw3193643728"
}

The Pliensbachian succession of the Central Unit of the South Riffian Ridges domain consists of four formations. The second one, the Jebela Formation, is rich in brachiopods especially at Jbel Dhar N'Sour Anticline. Twenty-three species belonging to three orders (Spiriferida, Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida), and eight genera have been identified in addition of seven species of bivalves. Most of the studied brachiopod taxa are described and illustrated for the first time from the Pliensbachian succession of the South Riffian Ridges domain and Morocco in general. Several of these taxa have wide geographic distributions in the Peritethyan basins of the northern and the southern margins of the western Tethys and the Subboreal Domain of NW Europe. La succession du Pliensbachien de l’Unité centrale des Rides sud-rifaines est constituée de quatre formations. La deuxième, Formation de Jebela, est riche en brachiopodes, en particulier au niveau du dôme anticlinal du Jbel Dhar N'Sour. Vingt-trois espèces appartenant à trois ordres (Spiriferida, Rhynchonellida et Terebratulida) età huit genres ont été identifiées, en plus de sept espèces de bivalves. La plupart des taxons de brachiopodes étudiés sont décrits et illustrés pour la première fois pour le Pliensbachien du domaine des Rides sud-rifaines et du Maroc en général. Plusieurs de ces taxons ont de larges extensions géographiques dans les bassins péritéthysiens des marges sud et nord de la Téthys occidentale et le domaine subboréal du NW de l’Europe.

@article{doi101016jannpal2023102614,
    author = "Benzaggagh, Mohamed",
    title = "Pliensbachian succession and brachiopod fauna from the Central Unit of the South Riffian Ridges (northwestern Morocco)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Annales de Paléontologie",
    abstract = "The Pliensbachian succession of the Central Unit of the South Riffian Ridges domain consists of four formations. The second one, the Jebela Formation, is rich in brachiopods especially at Jbel Dhar N'Sour Anticline. Twenty-three species belonging to three orders (Spiriferida, Rhynchonellida and Terebratulida), and eight genera have been identified in addition of seven species of bivalves. Most of the studied brachiopod taxa are described and illustrated for the first time from the Pliensbachian succession of the South Riffian Ridges domain and Morocco in general. Several of these taxa have wide geographic distributions in the Peritethyan basins of the northern and the southern margins of the western Tethys and the Subboreal Domain of NW Europe. La succession du Pliensbachien de l’Unité centrale des Rides sud-rifaines est constituée de quatre formations. La deuxième, Formation de Jebela, est riche en brachiopodes, en particulier au niveau du dôme anticlinal du Jbel Dhar N'Sour. Vingt-trois espèces appartenant à trois ordres (Spiriferida, Rhynchonellida et Terebratulida) età huit genres ont été identifiées, en plus de sept espèces de bivalves. La plupart des taxons de brachiopodes étudiés sont décrits et illustrés pour la première fois pour le Pliensbachien du domaine des Rides sud-rifaines et du Maroc en général. Plusieurs de ces taxons ont de larges extensions géographiques dans les bassins péritéthysiens des marges sud et nord de la Téthys occidentale et le domaine subboréal du NW de l’Europe.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102614",
    doi = "10.1016/j.annpal.2023.102614",
    openalex = "W4385631316",
    references = "openalexw3193643728"
}

Certain times of major biotic replacement have often been interpreted as broadly competitive, mediated by innovation in the succeeding clades. A classic example was the switch from brachiopods to bivalves as major seabed organisms following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME), ~252 million years ago. This was attributed to competitive exclusion of brachiopods by the better adapted bivalves or simply to the fact that brachiopods had been hit especially hard by the PTME. The brachiopod-bivalve switch is emblematic of the global turnover of marine faunas from Palaeozoic-type to Modern-type triggered by the PTME. Here, using Bayesian analyses, we find that unexpectedly the two clades displayed similar large-scale trends of diversification before the Jurassic. Insight from a multivariate birth-death model shows that the extinction of major brachiopod clades during the PTME set the stage for the brachiopod-bivalve switch, with differential responses to high ocean temperatures post-extinction further facilitating their displacement by bivalves. Our study strengthens evidence that brachiopods and bivalves were not competitors over macroevolutionary time scales, with extinction events and environmental stresses shaping their divergent fates.

@article{doi101038s41467023413588,
    author = "Guo, Zhen and Flannery‐Sutherland, Joseph T. and Benton, Michael J. and Chen, Zhong‐Qiang",
    title = "Bayesian analyses indicate bivalves did not drive the downfall of brachiopods following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Certain times of major biotic replacement have often been interpreted as broadly competitive, mediated by innovation in the succeeding clades. A classic example was the switch from brachiopods to bivalves as major seabed organisms following the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME), \textasciitilde 252 million years ago. This was attributed to competitive exclusion of brachiopods by the better adapted bivalves or simply to the fact that brachiopods had been hit especially hard by the PTME. The brachiopod-bivalve switch is emblematic of the global turnover of marine faunas from Palaeozoic-type to Modern-type triggered by the PTME. Here, using Bayesian analyses, we find that unexpectedly the two clades displayed similar large-scale trends of diversification before the Jurassic. Insight from a multivariate birth-death model shows that the extinction of major brachiopod clades during the PTME set the stage for the brachiopod-bivalve switch, with differential responses to high ocean temperatures post-extinction further facilitating their displacement by bivalves. Our study strengthens evidence that brachiopods and bivalves were not competitors over macroevolutionary time scales, with extinction events and environmental stresses shaping their divergent fates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41358-8",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-023-41358-8",
    openalex = "W4386579482",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201806045, doi1011112041210x13966, doi103389feart2022899541"
}

@article{doi101038s41559024024919,
    author = "Guo, Zhen and Benton, Michael J. and Stubbs, Thomas L. and Chen, Zhong‐Qiang",
    title = "Morphological innovation did not drive diversification in Mesozoic–Cenozoic brachiopods",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Nature Ecology \& Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-024-02491-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41559-024-02491-9",
    openalex = "W4400985517",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201504004, doi1011112041210x13966"
}

Sclerobionts are organisms that encrust onto or bore into a hard substrate. They are valuable sources of palaeoecological data as they often preserve the skeletonized portion of in situ communities from which evidence of host-sclerobiont or sclerobiont-sclerobiont interactions can be extracted. Sclerobiont data also provide useful information related to the life habits of their hosts. Although much work has been done on sclerobionts, those from the Ordovician are understudied. The sclerobiont communities on three brachiopod host species from the Ordovician Fairview Formation (Eastern United States), Rafinesquina alternata, Vinlandostrophia sp., and Hebertella occidentalis, were tested for differences in community structure and distribution using scores derived from Polar Ordination. The sclerobiont communities on R. alternata and Vinlandostrophia sp. show significant differences, and diversity indices show that Vinlandostrophia sp. hosted a less speciose and less diverse assemblage of sclerobionts. Bookstein shape coordinate location data show sclerobionts clustering near the hinge line of H. occidentalis, suggesting that encrustation occurred after the host’s death. Sclerobionts on Vinlandostrophia sp. clustered on the sides and avoided the central fold/sulcus, potentially because they were utilizing the lateral inhalant current produced by a living Vinlandostrophia’s lophophore. The sclerobionts on R. alternata showed no clustering patterns, but the sclerobiont communities are different between the dorsal and ventral valves of this host. These results demonstrate the importance of host identity and morphology to the structure of sclerobiont communities. Some sclerobiont taxa may have preferred a living host at the time of settlement.

@article{doi1018261let5712,
    author = "Peters, Galadriel T. Freeman and Schneider, Chris L. and Leighton, Lindsey R.",
    title = "Comparison of sclerobiont communities between three brachiopod host species from the Upper Ordovician Fairview Formation, Eastern USA",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Sclerobionts are organisms that encrust onto or bore into a hard substrate. They are valuable sources of palaeoecological data as they often preserve the skeletonized portion of in situ communities from which evidence of host-sclerobiont or sclerobiont-sclerobiont interactions can be extracted. Sclerobiont data also provide useful information related to the life habits of their hosts. Although much work has been done on sclerobionts, those from the Ordovician are understudied. The sclerobiont communities on three brachiopod host species from the Ordovician Fairview Formation (Eastern United States), Rafinesquina alternata, Vinlandostrophia sp., and Hebertella occidentalis, were tested for differences in community structure and distribution using scores derived from Polar Ordination. The sclerobiont communities on R. alternata and Vinlandostrophia sp. show significant differences, and diversity indices show that Vinlandostrophia sp. hosted a less speciose and less diverse assemblage of sclerobionts. Bookstein shape coordinate location data show sclerobionts clustering near the hinge line of H. occidentalis, suggesting that encrustation occurred after the host’s death. Sclerobionts on Vinlandostrophia sp. clustered on the sides and avoided the central fold/sulcus, potentially because they were utilizing the lateral inhalant current produced by a living Vinlandostrophia’s lophophore. The sclerobionts on R. alternata showed no clustering patterns, but the sclerobiont communities are different between the dorsal and ventral valves of this host. These results demonstrate the importance of host identity and morphology to the structure of sclerobiont communities. Some sclerobiont taxa may have preferred a living host at the time of settlement.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18261/let.57.1.2",
    doi = "10.18261/let.57.1.2",
    openalex = "W4392354386",
    references = "lescinsky2018early"
}