Brazil

@article{crossref1947brazil,
    title = "BRAZIL",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Journal of the American Medical Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1947.62880080011019b",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.1947.62880080011019b",
    number = "8",
    pages = "567",
    volume = "133"
}

@article{crossref1957brazil,
    title = "BRAZIL",
    year = "1957",
    journal = "Journal of the American Medical Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1957.72980220012021",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.1957.72980220012021",
    number = "4",
    pages = "386",
    volume = "165"
}

@article{crossref1960brazil,
    title = "BRAZIL",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Journal of the American Medical Association",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1960.73020230043019",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.1960.73020230043019",
    number = "5",
    pages = "564",
    volume = "173"
}

@misc{colbert1970a1,
    author = "Colbert, E. H",
    title = "A saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "American Museum of Natural History Novitates, v. 2405, p. 1-39",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Colbert, E. H., 1970, A saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil: American Museum of Natural History Novitates, v. 2405, p. 1-39.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf02986571,
    author = "Galton, P.",
    title = "OnStaurikosaums pricei, an early saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil, with notes on the Herrerasauridae and Poposauridae",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/21a8e0671c0bca7e5df7139d6eb0bad69cdfc4c2",
    doi = "10.1007/BF02986571",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3-4",
    pages = "234-245",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "49",
    semanticscholar_id = "21a8e0671c0bca7e5df7139d6eb0bad69cdfc4c2",
    volume = "51"
}

@misc{galton1977on2,
    author = "Galton, P. M",
    title = "On Staurikosaurus pricei, an early saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil, with notes on the Herrerasauridae and Poposauridae",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 51, p. 234-245",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1977, On Staurikosaurus pricei, an early saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil, with notes on the Herrerasauridae and Poposauridae: Palontologische Zeitschrift, v. 51, p. 234-245.}"
}

@article{galton1977onstaurikosaums,
    author = "Galton, Peter M.",
    title = "OnStaurikosaums pricei, an early saurischian dinosaur from the Triassic of Brazil, with notes on the Herrerasauridae and Poposauridae",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02986571",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02986571",
    number = "3-4",
    openalex = "W2005488772",
    pages = "234-245",
    volume = "51",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101038248168a0, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105962bhlpart22965, doi105962bhltitle54054, openalexw1574544995, openalexw3208547338"
}

40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of sanidine from a bentonite interbedded in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a plateau age of 227.8 ± 0.3 million years ago. This middle Carnian age is a direct calibration of the Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage, which includes some of the best known early dinosaurs. This age shifts last appearances of Ischigualasto taxa back into the middle Carnian, diminishing the magnitude of the proposed late Carnian tetrapod extinction event. By 228 million years ago, the major dinosaurian lineages were established, and theropods were already important constituents of the carnivorous tetrapod guild in the Ischigualasto—Villa Unión Basin. Dinosaurs as a whole remained minor components of tetrapod faunas for at least another 10 million years.

@article{doi101126science2605109794,
    author = "Rogers, Raymond R. and Swisher, Carl C. and Sereno, Paul C. and Monetta, Alfredo M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Martínez, Ricardo N.",
    title = "The Ischigualasto Tetrapod Assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar Dating of Dinosaur Origins",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of sanidine from a bentonite interbedded in the Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina yielded a plateau age of 227.8 ± 0.3 million years ago. This middle Carnian age is a direct calibration of the Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage, which includes some of the best known early dinosaurs. This age shifts last appearances of Ischigualasto taxa back into the middle Carnian, diminishing the magnitude of the proposed late Carnian tetrapod extinction event. By 228 million years ago, the major dinosaurian lineages were established, and theropods were already important constituents of the carnivorous tetrapod guild in the Ischigualasto—Villa Unión Basin. Dinosaurs as a whole remained minor components of tetrapod faunas for at least another 10 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5109.794",
    doi = "10.1126/science.260.5109.794",
    openalex = "W2017250743",
    references = "doi101007bf01134434, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi1023073514444, doi1023073514695, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1574544995"
}

ABSTRACT Herrerasauridae from the Ischigualasto Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina) included Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963, Ischisaurus cattoi Reig, 1963, and Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis Novas, 1986. Review of type and referred specimens of those taxa suggests that Ischisaurus and Frenguellisaurus are junior synonyms of Herrerasaurus. At present, Herrerasaurus is the only Herrerasauridae documented in the Ischigualasto Formation, and the record of a cf. Staurikosaurus in those beds is here dismissed. Cladistic analysis counters previous hypotheses supporting the outgroup position of Herrerasauridae with respect to the remaining dinosaurs. Instead, new evidence supports this group as saurischian dinosaurs: the posterior process of the jugal is forked, a hyposphene-hypantrum articulation is present in dorsal vertebrae, the distal shaft of the ischium is rod-like, and six other saurischian synapomorphies are present. Moreover, herrerasaurids share with other theropods 11 synapomorphies including prong-shaped epipophyses on the cervical vertebrae, elongate prezygapophyses in distal caudals, humerus nearly 50% of femoral length, strongly reduced metacarpals IV and V, and distally enlarged pubis. In the context of the hypothesis accepted here, the presence of two sacral vertebrae and absence of a brevis fossa on the ilium in the Herrerasauridae are interpreted as apomorphic reversals within Dinosauria.

@article{doi10108002724634199410011523,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Upper Triassic) of Argentina",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Herrerasauridae from the Ischigualasto Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina) included Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963, Ischisaurus cattoi Reig, 1963, and Frenguellisaurus ischigualastensis Novas, 1986. Review of type and referred specimens of those taxa suggests that Ischisaurus and Frenguellisaurus are junior synonyms of Herrerasaurus. At present, Herrerasaurus is the only Herrerasauridae documented in the Ischigualasto Formation, and the record of a cf. Staurikosaurus in those beds is here dismissed. Cladistic analysis counters previous hypotheses supporting the outgroup position of Herrerasauridae with respect to the remaining dinosaurs. Instead, new evidence supports this group as saurischian dinosaurs: the posterior process of the jugal is forked, a hyposphene-hypantrum articulation is present in dorsal vertebrae, the distal shaft of the ischium is rod-like, and six other saurischian synapomorphies are present. Moreover, herrerasaurids share with other theropods 11 synapomorphies including prong-shaped epipophyses on the cervical vertebrae, elongate prezygapophyses in distal caudals, humerus nearly 50\% of femoral length, strongly reduced metacarpals IV and V, and distally enlarged pubis. In the context of the hypothesis accepted here, the presence of two sacral vertebrae and absence of a brevis fossa on the ilium in the Herrerasauridae are interpreted as apomorphic reversals within Dinosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1994.10011523",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1994.10011523",
    openalex = "W2050709074",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101126science10246376, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105962p226819, doi105962p234849, doi105962p313819, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw1594077233, openalexw3140893762, openalexw53287739"
}

ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.

@article{doi10108002724634199810011115,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    openalex = "W1981694118",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073514816, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2472827083, openalexw616953834, openalexw653009579"
}

Restudy of the unique diapsid reptile Mesosuchus browni Watson, from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (late Early Triassic to early Middle Triassic) of the Burgersdorp Formation (Tarkastad Subgroup; Beaufort Group) of South Africa, confirms that it is the most plesiomorphic known member of the Rhynchosauria. A new phylogenetic analysis of basal taxa of Archosauromorpha indicates that Choristodera falls outside of the Sauria, Prolacertiformes is a paraphyletic taxon with Prolacerta sharing a more recent common ancestor with Archosauriformes than with any other clade, Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus are sister taxa in the clade Drepanosauridae within Archosauromorpha, and are the sister group to the clade Tanystropheidae composed of Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and Langobardisaurus. Combination of the phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs and their known stratigraphic ranges reveals significant gaps in the fossil records of Late Permian and Triassic diapsids. Extensions of the temporal ranges of several lineages of diapsids into the Late Permian suggests that more groups of terrestrial reptiles survived the end-Permian mass extinction than thought previously.

@article{doi101098rstb19980225,
    author = "Dilkes, David W.",
    title = "The early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "Restudy of the unique diapsid reptile Mesosuchus browni Watson, from the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (late Early Triassic to early Middle Triassic) of the Burgersdorp Formation (Tarkastad Subgroup; Beaufort Group) of South Africa, confirms that it is the most plesiomorphic known member of the Rhynchosauria. A new phylogenetic analysis of basal taxa of Archosauromorpha indicates that Choristodera falls outside of the Sauria, Prolacertiformes is a paraphyletic taxon with Prolacerta sharing a more recent common ancestor with Archosauriformes than with any other clade, Megalancosaurus and Drepanosaurus are sister taxa in the clade Drepanosauridae within Archosauromorpha, and are the sister group to the clade Tanystropheidae composed of Tanystropheus, Macrocnemus, and Langobardisaurus. Combination of the phylogenetic relationships of basal archosauromorphs and their known stratigraphic ranges reveals significant gaps in the fossil records of Late Permian and Triassic diapsids. Extensions of the temporal ranges of several lineages of diapsids into the Late Permian suggests that more groups of terrestrial reptiles survived the end-Permian mass extinction than thought previously.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0225",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1998.0225",
    openalex = "W2133909495",
    references = "doi101098rstb19570003, doi101098rstb19740001, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101111j146979981913tb06148x, doi105962bhltitle8440, openalexw2261909166, openalexw2390705542, openalexw3208547338"
}

Jeffrey A. Wilson, Paul C. Sereno, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs, Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), Vol. 5, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs (Jun. 15, 1998), pp. 1-68

@article{doi1023073889325,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Memoir Society of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Jeffrey A. Wilson, Paul C. Sereno, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs, Memoir (Society of Vertebrate Paleontology), Vol. 5, Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs (Jun. 15, 1998), pp. 1-68",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3889325",
    doi = "10.2307/3889325",
    openalex = "W4231375646"
}

Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropods are characterized by numerous bony struts that connect the costovertebral and intervertebral articulations, centrum, and neural spine of the presacral, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae. A nomenclature for sauropod vertebral laminae is proposed that: 1) utilizes the morphological landmarks connected by the laminae (rather than their spatial orientation); and 2) provides the same name for serial homologues. This landmark-based nomenclature for vertebral laminae, which establishes the first criterion of homology (similarity), is the first step towards interpreting their phylogenetic significance. Nineteen different neural arch laminae are identified in sauropods, although all are never present in a single vertebra. Vertebral laminae can be divided into four regional categories, with each distinct lamina abbreviated with a simple four-letter acronym: diapophyseal laminae; parapophyseal laminae; zygapophyseal laminae; and spinal laminae. The distribution of neural arch laminae in presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae is evaluated to assess homology in sauropods and other saurischians. Five diapophyseal laminae and six zygapophyseal laminae characterize saurischian dinosaurs. Parapophyseal laminae and spinodiapophyseal laminae are unique to a subgroup of sauropods that includes Barapasaurus, Omeisaurus, and Neosauropoda. The presence of diapophyseal laminae in caudal vertebrae characterizes diplodocids. Vertebral laminae probably partitioned pneumatic diverticuli on the neural arch and provided structural support for the axial column. Their basic architecture evolved in saurischians prior to the Late Triassic (Carnian), 25 million years before the first known sauropod.

@article{doi10108002724634199910011178,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The vertebrae of sauropods are characterized by numerous bony struts that connect the costovertebral and intervertebral articulations, centrum, and neural spine of the presacral, sacral, and anterior caudal vertebrae. A nomenclature for sauropod vertebral laminae is proposed that: 1) utilizes the morphological landmarks connected by the laminae (rather than their spatial orientation); and 2) provides the same name for serial homologues. This landmark-based nomenclature for vertebral laminae, which establishes the first criterion of homology (similarity), is the first step towards interpreting their phylogenetic significance. Nineteen different neural arch laminae are identified in sauropods, although all are never present in a single vertebra. Vertebral laminae can be divided into four regional categories, with each distinct lamina abbreviated with a simple four-letter acronym: diapophyseal laminae; parapophyseal laminae; zygapophyseal laminae; and spinal laminae. The distribution of neural arch laminae in presacral, sacral, and caudal vertebrae is evaluated to assess homology in sauropods and other saurischians. Five diapophyseal laminae and six zygapophyseal laminae characterize saurischian dinosaurs. Parapophyseal laminae and spinodiapophyseal laminae are unique to a subgroup of sauropods that includes Barapasaurus, Omeisaurus, and Neosauropoda. The presence of diapophyseal laminae in caudal vertebrae characterizes diplodocids. Vertebral laminae probably partitioned pneumatic diverticuli on the neural arch and provided structural support for the axial column. Their basic architecture evolved in saurischians prior to the Late Triassic (Carnian), 25 million years before the first known sauropod.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1999.10011178",
    openalex = "W2059909554",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101038063003a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101126science11282807, doi1023072413454, doi1023073514751, doi1023073889325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice353642, doi105962p226819, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3184837389"
}

@article{s23341018726e75c05286b9cd0e8e77d426603236d,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. and Ferigolo, Jorge and Ribeiro, A. M.",
    title = "A NEW EARLY LATE TRIASSIC SAURISCHIAN DINOSAUR FROM RIO GRANDE DO SUL STATE, BRAZIL",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "National Science Museum monographs",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3341018726e75c05286b9cd0e8e77d426603236d",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W575905935",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "111",
    semanticscholar_id = "3341018726e75c05286b9cd0e8e77d426603236d"
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Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.

@article{doi101126science1065522,
    author = "Olsen, Paul E. and Kent, Dennis V. and Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Koeberl, Christian and Huber, Heinz and Montanari, Alessandro and Rainforth, Emma C. and Fowell, Sarah J. and Szajna, Michael J. and Hartline, B. W.",
    title = "Ascent of Dinosaurs Linked to an Iridium Anomaly at the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Analysis of tetrapod footprints and skeletal material from more than 70 localities in eastern North America shows that large theropod dinosaurs appeared less than 10,000 years after the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and less than 30,000 years after the last Triassic taxa, synchronous with a terrestrial mass extinction. This extraordinary turnover is associated with an iridium anomaly (up to 285 parts per trillion, with an average maximum of 141 parts per trillion) and a fern spore spike, suggesting that a bolide impact was the cause. Eastern North American dinosaurian diversity reached a stable maximum less than 100,000 years after the boundary, marking the establishment of dinosaur-dominated communities that prevailed for the next 135 million years.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065522",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1065522",
    openalex = "W2107051375",
    references = "doi1010160031018295001719, doi101126science22546661030, doi101126science3616622, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice332752, doi107312lock90868"
}

Synopsis Juvenile sauropodomorph specimens from a Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissure fill in Pant‐y‐ffynnon Quarry, South Wales are redescribed and named as a new species, Thecodontosaurus caducus. T. caducus can be diagnosed by the presence of pleurocoel‐like pits on the neurocentral sutures of the sixth, seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae. It is further distinguished from the type species of the genus, T. antiquus, by the primitive shape of its proximal humerus and ilium. Data from this specimen are incorporated into a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships. It is found that Thecodontosaurus is basal to all other sauropodomorphs, with the exception of Saturnalia from the late Carnian of Brazil. As such Thecodontosaurus is a key taxon, with a novel combination of characters that has important implications for early dinosaur phylogenetics. Thecodontosaurus provides evidence that ‘prosauropods’ are paraphyletic with respect to Sauropoda and that Herrera‐sauridae lies outside the clade containing Sauropodomorpha + Theropoda.

@article{doi101017s1477201903001007,
    author = "Yates, Adam M.",
    title = "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Juvenile sauropodomorph specimens from a Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissure fill in Pant‐y‐ffynnon Quarry, South Wales are redescribed and named as a new species, Thecodontosaurus caducus. T. caducus can be diagnosed by the presence of pleurocoel‐like pits on the neurocentral sutures of the sixth, seventh and eighth cervical vertebrae. It is further distinguished from the type species of the genus, T. antiquus, by the primitive shape of its proximal humerus and ilium. Data from this specimen are incorporated into a cladistic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships. It is found that Thecodontosaurus is basal to all other sauropodomorphs, with the exception of Saturnalia from the late Carnian of Brazil. As such Thecodontosaurus is a key taxon, with a novel combination of characters that has important implications for early dinosaur phylogenetics. Thecodontosaurus provides evidence that ‘prosauropods’ are paraphyletic with respect to Sauropoda and that Herrera‐sauridae lies outside the clade containing Sauropodomorpha + Theropoda.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001007",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001007",
    openalex = "W2118203199",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105962bhlpart22965, openalexw1585246501"
}

Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.

@article{doi101671a1097,
    author = "Dzik, Jerzy",
    title = "A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early Late Triassic of Poland",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract An accumulation of skeletons of the pre-dinosaur Silesaurus opolensis, gen. et sp. nov. is described from the Keuper (Late Triassic) claystone of Krasiejów in southern Poland. The strata are correlated with the late Carnian Lehrberg Beds and contain a diverse assemblage of tetrapods, including the phytosaur Paleorhinus, which in other regions of the world co-occurs with the oldest dinosaurs. A narrow pelvis with long pubes and the extensive development of laminae in the cervical vertebrae place S. opolensis close to the origin of the clade Dinosauria above Pseudolagosuchus, which agrees with its geological age. Among the advanced characters is the beak on the dentaries, and the relatively low tooth count. The teeth have low crowns and wear facets, which are suggestive of herbivory. The elongate, but weak, front limbs are probably a derived feature.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/a1097",
    doi = "10.1671/a1097",
    openalex = "W2101751293",
    references = "doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rstb19990489, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2788234611, openalexw606525048, openalexw616953834, sereno1997the"
}

A new early dinosaur, Unaysaurus tolentinoi gen. et sp. nov., from the continental Late Triassic red beds of the Caturrita Formation (Carnian-Norian, c. 225 million years old) of southern Brazil is described. U. tolentinoi is represented by a semi-articulated skeleton comprising an almost complete skull, lower jaw and postcranial elements. It differs from all other dinosaurs by several cranial (e.g. developed laterodorsally oriented process formed by frontal and parietal; deep ventral depression on the basisphenoid) and postcranial (presence of a conspicuous blunt ridge running on the lateral surface of the deltopectoral crest of humerus) characters. Unaysaurus represents the first prosauropod grade dinosaur from Brazil and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicates it to be closely related to the European Plateosaurus (Plateosauridae). The relationships of the Prosauropoda, however, are still controversial and more comprehensive studies are needed before a clear picture of the evolution and paleobiogeographic distributions of these dinosaurs can be presented.

@article{leal2004a,
    author = "LEAL, LUCIANO A. and AZEVEDO, SERGIO A.K. and KELLNER, ALEXANDER W.A. and DA ROSA, ÁTILA A.S.",
    title = "A new early dinosaur (Sauropodomorpha) from the Caturrita Formation (Late Triassic), Paran Basin, Brazil",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Zootaxa",
    abstract = "A new early dinosaur, Unaysaurus tolentinoi gen. et sp. nov., from the continental Late Triassic red beds of the Caturrita Formation (Carnian-Norian, c. 225 million years old) of southern Brazil is described. U. tolentinoi is represented by a semi-articulated skeleton comprising an almost complete skull, lower jaw and postcranial elements. It differs from all other dinosaurs by several cranial (e.g. developed laterodorsally oriented process formed by frontal and parietal; deep ventral depression on the basisphenoid) and postcranial (presence of a conspicuous blunt ridge running on the lateral surface of the deltopectoral crest of humerus) characters. Unaysaurus represents the first prosauropod grade dinosaur from Brazil and a preliminary phylogenetic analysis indicates it to be closely related to the European Plateosaurus (Plateosauridae). The relationships of the Prosauropoda, however, are still controversial and more comprehensive studies are needed before a clear picture of the evolution and paleobiogeographic distributions of these dinosaurs can be presented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1",
    doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.690.1.1",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2291364674",
    volume = "690"
}

Synopsis Early dinosaur evolution has been the subject of several phylogenetic studies and the position of certain basal forms is currently debated. This is the case for the oldest known members of the group, excavated from the Late Triassic Ischigualastian beds of South America, such as Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor, Pisanosaurus, Saturnalia and Staurikosaurus. A new cladistic analysis of the early dinosaur radiation was performed to assess the relationships among the three major clades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda) and to define the phylogenetic position of the basal members of the group. The most parsimonious hypothesis has Silesaurus opolensis as the sister taxon to a dichotomy including monophyletic Saurischia and Ornithischia. The latter includes Pisanosaurus mertii, and the former all other well‐known Triassic dinosaurs. Saurischia is composed of two major monophyletic groups: Herrerasauridae (including Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei) and Eusaurischia (including the theropod and sauropodomorph lineages), while Eoraptor lunensis appears to represent the sister taxon to Eusaurischia. Saturnalia tupiniquim is a stem‐taxon to Sauropodomorpha and Guaibasaurus candelariensis might belong to the theropod branch. Some of these hypotheses are, however, not strongly supported. Especially uncertain are the affinities of Silesaurus and Guaibasaurus. The latter can only be safely regarded as a saurischian, while the former might belong to the ornithischian lineage. The dinosaurian affinities of Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are strongly supported. Yet, the possibility that they (especially Eoraptor) represent basal theropods, rather than basal saurischians, cannot be dismissed. In fact, basal saurischian evolution is still too poorly understood for a definitive hypothesis of relationships to be presented.

@article{doi101017s1477201906001970,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Early dinosaurs: A phylogenetic study",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Early dinosaur evolution has been the subject of several phylogenetic studies and the position of certain basal forms is currently debated. This is the case for the oldest known members of the group, excavated from the Late Triassic Ischigualastian beds of South America, such as Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor, Pisanosaurus, Saturnalia and Staurikosaurus. A new cladistic analysis of the early dinosaur radiation was performed to assess the relationships among the three major clades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda) and to define the phylogenetic position of the basal members of the group. The most parsimonious hypothesis has Silesaurus opolensis as the sister taxon to a dichotomy including monophyletic Saurischia and Ornithischia. The latter includes Pisanosaurus mertii, and the former all other well‐known Triassic dinosaurs. Saurischia is composed of two major monophyletic groups: Herrerasauridae (including Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei) and Eusaurischia (including the theropod and sauropodomorph lineages), while Eoraptor lunensis appears to represent the sister taxon to Eusaurischia. Saturnalia tupiniquim is a stem‐taxon to Sauropodomorpha and Guaibasaurus candelariensis might belong to the theropod branch. Some of these hypotheses are, however, not strongly supported. Especially uncertain are the affinities of Silesaurus and Guaibasaurus. The latter can only be safely regarded as a saurischian, while the former might belong to the ornithischian lineage. The dinosaurian affinities of Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are strongly supported. Yet, the possibility that they (especially Eoraptor) represent basal theropods, rather than basal saurischians, cannot be dismissed. In fact, basal saurischian evolution is still too poorly understood for a definitive hypothesis of relationships to be presented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201906001970",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201906001970",
    openalex = "W2106077668",
    references = "cuny1993revision, doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101007bf02988144, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101126science2562999, doi101671a1097, doi1023072408678, doi1023073889334, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16651680, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice392183, doi105962bhlpart22965, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw2261909166, openalexw2560671010, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3190253505, openalexw606525048, openalexw638862129, smith1990osteology"
}

Synopsis The North American Triassic dinosaur record has been repeatedly cited as one of the most complete early dinosaur assemblages. The discovery of Silesaurus from Poland and the recognition that Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor may not be theropods have forced a re‐evaluation of saurischian and theropod synapomorphies. Here, we re‐evaluate each purported Triassic dinosaur from North America on a specimen by specimen basis using an apomorphy‐based approach. We attempt to assign specimens to the most exclusive taxon possible. Our revision of purported Late Triassic dinosaur material from North America indicates that dinosaurs were rarer and less diverse in these strata than previously thought. This analysis concludes that non‐dinosaurian dinosauriforms were present in North America in the Late Triassic. Most of the proposed theropod specimens are fragmentary and/or indistinguishable from corresponding elements in the only well‐known Triassic theropod of North America, Coelophysis bauri. No Triassic material from North America can be assigned to Sauropodomorpha, because none of the purported ‘prosauropod’ material is diagnostic. Recent discovery of the skull and skeleton of Revueltosaurus callenderi from Arizona shows that it is a pseudosuchian archosaur, not an ornithischian dinosaur. As a result, other purported North American ornithischian teeth cannot be assigned to the Ornithischia and therefore, there are no confirmed North American Triassic ornithischians. Non‐tetanuran theropods and possible basal saurischians are the only identifiable dinosaurs recognised in North America until the beginning of the Jurassic Period.

@article{doi101017s1477201907002040,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Irmis, Randall B. and Parker, William G.",
    title = "A critical re‐evaluation of the Late Triassic dinosaur taxa of North America",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis The North American Triassic dinosaur record has been repeatedly cited as one of the most complete early dinosaur assemblages. The discovery of Silesaurus from Poland and the recognition that Herrerasaurus and Eoraptor may not be theropods have forced a re‐evaluation of saurischian and theropod synapomorphies. Here, we re‐evaluate each purported Triassic dinosaur from North America on a specimen by specimen basis using an apomorphy‐based approach. We attempt to assign specimens to the most exclusive taxon possible. Our revision of purported Late Triassic dinosaur material from North America indicates that dinosaurs were rarer and less diverse in these strata than previously thought. This analysis concludes that non‐dinosaurian dinosauriforms were present in North America in the Late Triassic. Most of the proposed theropod specimens are fragmentary and/or indistinguishable from corresponding elements in the only well‐known Triassic theropod of North America, Coelophysis bauri. No Triassic material from North America can be assigned to Sauropodomorpha, because none of the purported ‘prosauropod’ material is diagnostic. Recent discovery of the skull and skeleton of Revueltosaurus callenderi from Arizona shows that it is a pseudosuchian archosaur, not an ornithischian dinosaur. As a result, other purported North American ornithischian teeth cannot be assigned to the Ornithischia and therefore, there are no confirmed North American Triassic ornithischians. Non‐tetanuran theropods and possible basal saurischians are the only identifiable dinosaurs recognised in North America until the beginning of the Jurassic Period.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002040",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002040",
    openalex = "W2002503490",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1976allosaurus, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf00377897, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101093auk12041206, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science28454232137, doi1023071441916, doi1034191b109, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi10718895fylantbak30806570, lucas2001theropod, openalexw2912219260, openalexw3210282143"
}

It has generally been thought that the first dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the more archaic faunas suddenly became extinct. Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition was gradual. Some dinosaur relatives preserved in this Chinle assemblage belong to groups previously known only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America. Thus, the transition may have extended for 15 to 20 million years and was probably diachronous at different paleolatitudes.

@article{doi101126science1143325,
    author = "Irmis, Randall B. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Padian, Kevin and Smith, Nathan D. and Turner, Alan H. and Woody, Daniel and Downs, Alex",
    title = "A Late Triassic Dinosauromorph Assemblage from New Mexico and the Rise of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "It has generally been thought that the first dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the more archaic faunas suddenly became extinct. Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition was gradual. Some dinosaur relatives preserved in this Chinle assemblage belong to groups previously known only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America. Thus, the transition may have extended for 15 to 20 million years and was probably diachronous at different paleolatitudes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143325",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1143325",
    openalex = "W2056991518",
    references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi1010160034666791900282, doi1010160169534789901626, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199610011361, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086413056, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science2605109794, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101671a1097, sereno1997the"
}

Abstract—The Rosário do Sul Group is one of the better-known tetrapod-bearing continental deposits of Triassic age. It crops out in central Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil, and has yielded a fauna of more than 40 valid species, including temnospondyl, procolophonoideans, dicynodonts, cynodonts, sphenodontian, rhynchosaurs, and archosaurs. Its fossil record is herein briefly assessed, along with the stratigraphy of its bearing sequences. This includes the Early (perhaps earliest) Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation, which correlates to the Lystrosaurus/ “Impoverished ” zones of the Karoo Basin, and a second major stratigraphic sequence of Mid-Late Triassic age that broadly corresponds to the Santa Maria and Caturrita formations. The lower, cynodont-dicynodont dominated fauna of that sequence is partially Chañarian (Ladinian) in age, and encompasses the Dinodontosaurus Assem-blage-Zone. The Late Triassic fauna includes the Hyperodapedon and Ictidosaur assemblage-zones. The former, dominated by rhynchosaurs, includes some of the oldest known dinosaurs, and can be given an Ischigualastian (Carnian) age. The younger fauna contains advanced cynodonts and procolophonids, as well sphenodontians, most probably corresponding to the latest Triassic.

@article{openalexw2113837685,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ribeiro, Ana María and Schultz, César Leandro and Ferigolo, Jorge",
    title = "THE CONTINENTAL TETRAPOD-BEARING TRIASSIC OF SOUTH BRAZIL",
    year = "2007",
    abstract = "Abstract—The Rosário do Sul Group is one of the better-known tetrapod-bearing continental deposits of Triassic age. It crops out in central Rio Grande do Sul, south Brazil, and has yielded a fauna of more than 40 valid species, including temnospondyl, procolophonoideans, dicynodonts, cynodonts, sphenodontian, rhynchosaurs, and archosaurs. Its fossil record is herein briefly assessed, along with the stratigraphy of its bearing sequences. This includes the Early (perhaps earliest) Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation, which correlates to the Lystrosaurus/ “Impoverished ” zones of the Karoo Basin, and a second major stratigraphic sequence of Mid-Late Triassic age that broadly corresponds to the Santa Maria and Caturrita formations. The lower, cynodont-dicynodont dominated fauna of that sequence is partially Chañarian (Ladinian) in age, and encompasses the Dinodontosaurus Assem-blage-Zone. The Late Triassic fauna includes the Hyperodapedon and Ictidosaur assemblage-zones. The former, dominated by rhynchosaurs, includes some of the oldest known dinosaurs, and can be given an Ischigualastian (Carnian) age. The younger fauna contains advanced cynodonts and procolophonids, as well sphenodontians, most probably corresponding to the latest Triassic.",
    openalex = "W2113837685",
    references = "doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016s0753396900800026, doi101111j00310239200300301x, leal2004a"
}

Ornithischia is a morphologically and taxonomically diverse clade of dinosaurs that originated during the Late Triassic and were the dominant large-bodied herbivores in many Cretaceous ecosystems. The early evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs is poorly understood, as a result in part of a paucity of fossil specimens, particularly during the Triassic. The most complete Triassic ornithischian dinosaur yet discovered is Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic: Norian-Rhaetian) of Free State, South Africa, represented by a partial skull and relatively complete postcranial skeleton. Here, the anatomy of Eocursor is described in detail for the first time, and detailed comparisons are provided to other basal ornithischian taxa. Eocursor is a small-bodied taxon (approximately 1 m in length) that possesses a plesiomorphic dentition consisting of unworn leaf-shaped crowns, a proportionally large manus with similarities to heterodontosaurids, a pelvis that contains an intriguing mix of plesiomorphic and derived character states, and elongate distal hindlimbs suggesting well-developed cursorial ability. The ontogenetic status of the holotype material is uncertain. Eocursor may represent the sister taxon to Genasauria, the clade that includes most of ornithischian diversity, although this phylogenetic position is partially dependent upon the uncertain phylogenetic position of the enigmatic and controversial clade Heterodontosauridae.

@article{doi101111j10963642200900631x,
    author = "Butler, Richard J.",
    title = "The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Ornithischia is a morphologically and taxonomically diverse clade of dinosaurs that originated during the Late Triassic and were the dominant large-bodied herbivores in many Cretaceous ecosystems. The early evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs is poorly understood, as a result in part of a paucity of fossil specimens, particularly during the Triassic. The most complete Triassic ornithischian dinosaur yet discovered is Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic: Norian-Rhaetian) of Free State, South Africa, represented by a partial skull and relatively complete postcranial skeleton. Here, the anatomy of Eocursor is described in detail for the first time, and detailed comparisons are provided to other basal ornithischian taxa. Eocursor is a small-bodied taxon (approximately 1 m in length) that possesses a plesiomorphic dentition consisting of unworn leaf-shaped crowns, a proportionally large manus with similarities to heterodontosaurids, a pelvis that contains an intriguing mix of plesiomorphic and derived character states, and elongate distal hindlimbs suggesting well-developed cursorial ability. The ontogenetic status of the holotype material is uncertain. Eocursor may represent the sister taxon to Genasauria, the clade that includes most of ornithischian diversity, although this phylogenetic position is partially dependent upon the uncertain phylogenetic position of the enigmatic and controversial clade Heterodontosauridae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00631.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00631.x",
    openalex = "W1944447591",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi101007bf00377897, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1023073514751, doi105860choice353642, godefroit2003late, openalexw3215057009, padian1990the"
}

The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

BACKGROUND: The earliest dinosaurs are from the early Late Triassic (Carnian) of South America. By the Carnian the main clades Saurischia and Ornithischia were already established, and the presence of the most primitive known sauropodomorph Saturnalia suggests also that Saurischia had already diverged into Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha. Knowledge of Carnian sauropodomorphs has been restricted to this single species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We describe a new small sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Ischigualsto Formation (Carnian) in northwest Argentina, Panphagia protos gen. et sp. nov., on the basis of a partial skeleton. The genus and species are characterized by an anteroposteriorly elongated fossa on the base of the anteroventral process of the nasal; wide lateral flange on the quadrate with a large foramen; deep groove on the lateral surface of the lower jaw surrounded by prominent dorsal and ventral ridges; bifurcated posteroventral process of the dentary; long retroarticular process transversally wider than the articular area for the quadrate; oval scars on the lateral surface of the posterior border of the centra of cervical vertebrae; distinct prominences on the neural arc of the anterior cervical vertebra; distal end of the scapular blade nearly three times wider than the neck; scapular blade with an expanded posterodistal corner; and medial lamina of brevis fossa twice as wide as the iliac spine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We regard Panphagia as the most basal sauropodomorph, which shares the following apomorphies with Saturnalia and more derived sauropodomorphs: basally constricted crowns; lanceolate crowns; teeth of the anterior quarter of the dentary higher than the others; and short posterolateral flange of distal tibia. The presence of Panphagia at the base of the early Carnian Ischigualasto Formation suggests an earlier origin of Sauropodomorpha during the Middle Triassic.

@article{doi101371journalpone0004397,
    author = "Martínez, Ricardo N. and Alcober, Oscar A.",
    title = "A Basal Sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the Early Evolution of Sauropodomorpha",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The earliest dinosaurs are from the early Late Triassic (Carnian) of South America. By the Carnian the main clades Saurischia and Ornithischia were already established, and the presence of the most primitive known sauropodomorph Saturnalia suggests also that Saurischia had already diverged into Theropoda and Sauropodomorpha. Knowledge of Carnian sauropodomorphs has been restricted to this single species. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We describe a new small sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Ischigualsto Formation (Carnian) in northwest Argentina, Panphagia protos gen. et sp. nov., on the basis of a partial skeleton. The genus and species are characterized by an anteroposteriorly elongated fossa on the base of the anteroventral process of the nasal; wide lateral flange on the quadrate with a large foramen; deep groove on the lateral surface of the lower jaw surrounded by prominent dorsal and ventral ridges; bifurcated posteroventral process of the dentary; long retroarticular process transversally wider than the articular area for the quadrate; oval scars on the lateral surface of the posterior border of the centra of cervical vertebrae; distinct prominences on the neural arc of the anterior cervical vertebra; distal end of the scapular blade nearly three times wider than the neck; scapular blade with an expanded posterodistal corner; and medial lamina of brevis fossa twice as wide as the iliac spine. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We regard Panphagia as the most basal sauropodomorph, which shares the following apomorphies with Saturnalia and more derived sauropodomorphs: basally constricted crowns; lanceolate crowns; teeth of the anterior quarter of the dentary higher than the others; and short posterolateral flange of distal tibia. The presence of Panphagia at the base of the early Carnian Ischigualasto Formation suggests an earlier origin of Sauropodomorpha during the Middle Triassic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004397",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0004397",
    openalex = "W2022904359",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi1015259780520941434"
}

Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.

@article{nesbitt2009a,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Smith, Nathan D. and Irmis, Randall B. and Turner, Alan H. and Downs, Alex and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180350",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1180350",
    number = "5959",
    openalex = "W2075629590",
    pages = "1530-1533",
    volume = "326",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi105281zenodo16120887"
}

It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.

@article{doi101080147720192010484650,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.",
    title = "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    openalex = "W2035329065",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi101002ara10097, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science28454232137, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, leal2004a, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2560671010, openalexw3215057009, openalexw617951419"
}

Disarticulated bones of several individuals recovered from the Late Triassic fluvial and lacustrine deposits at Krasiejów, Poland, are here described, allowing the restoration of the skull structure of a new aetosaurian archosaur: Stagonolepis olenkae sp. nov. The Krasiejów deposits probably correspond in age to the Lehrberg Beds (late Carnian) of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The stratigraphical position of the new taxon combined with other available evidence is used to propose a model of aetosaurian evolution. The proposed phylogenetic position of Aetosaurus ferratus (Norian, Germany) as the basal aetosaurid is refuted and this species is instead proposed to be the most derived member of the Stagonolepis–Aetosaurus evolutionary lineage. Gradual change in several morphological characters can be observed from Stagonolepis robertsoni, through the new species from Krasiejów, to the stratigraphically youngest Aetosaurus ferratus. These changes include a decrease in the number of teeth and a decrease in the convexity of the ventral profile of the maxilla. The anterior elongation of the maxilla is associated with the expansion of the anterior tip of the maxilla towards the naris. In S. robertsoni and S. olenkae, the maxilla extends to middle of the naris, whereas in Aetosaurus, it reaches the anterior half of the naris.

@article{doi101111j10963642200900566x,
    author = "Sulej, Tomasz",
    title = "The skull of an early Late Triassic aetosaur and the evolution of the stagonolepidid archosaurian reptiles",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Disarticulated bones of several individuals recovered from the Late Triassic fluvial and lacustrine deposits at Krasiejów, Poland, are here described, allowing the restoration of the skull structure of a new aetosaurian archosaur: Stagonolepis olenkae sp. nov. The Krasiejów deposits probably correspond in age to the Lehrberg Beds (late Carnian) of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The stratigraphical position of the new taxon combined with other available evidence is used to propose a model of aetosaurian evolution. The proposed phylogenetic position of Aetosaurus ferratus (Norian, Germany) as the basal aetosaurid is refuted and this species is instead proposed to be the most derived member of the Stagonolepis–Aetosaurus evolutionary lineage. Gradual change in several morphological characters can be observed from Stagonolepis robertsoni, through the new species from Krasiejów, to the stratigraphically youngest Aetosaurus ferratus. These changes include a decrease in the number of teeth and a decrease in the convexity of the ventral profile of the maxilla. The anterior elongation of the maxilla is associated with the expansion of the anterior tip of the maxilla towards the naris. In S. robertsoni and S. olenkae, the maxilla extends to middle of the naris, whereas in Aetosaurus, it reaches the anterior half of the naris.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00566.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00566.x",
    openalex = "W2057672638",
    references = "doi105962bhltitle54054, doi105962bhltitle5752"
}

The Triassic successions of the Colorado Plateau preserve an important record of vertebrate evolution and climate change, but correlations to a global Triassic framework are hampered by a lack of geochronological control. Tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones were collected from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, within a refined stratigraphic context of 31 detailed measured sections. U-Pb analyses by the isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) method constrain maximum depositional ages for nine tuffaceous beds and provide new insights into the depositional history of the Chinle fluvial system. The base of the Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation is placed at ca. 225 Ma, and the top of the Petrified Forest Member is placed at 208 Ma or younger, bracketing an ̃280-m-thick section that spans nearly the entire Norian Stage of the Late Triassic. Estimated sediment accumulation rates throughout the section reflect extensive hiatuses and/ or sediment removal by channel erosion. The new geochronology for the Chinle Formation underscores the potential pitfalls of correlation of fluvial units based solely on lithostratigraphic criteria. A mid-Norian age (ca. 219-213 Ma) for the distinctive Sonsela conglomeratic sandstone bed constrains the Adamanian-Revueltian land vertebrate faunachron boundary. Our new data permit a significant time overlap between the lower Chinle sequence and the dinosauromorphrich Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Near-contemporaneity of the trans-American deposits and their faunal similarities imply that early dinosaur evolution occurred rapidly across the Americas. © 2011 Geological Society of America.

@article{doi101130b304331,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Hoke, Gregory D. and Fastovsky, David E. and Bowring, Samuel A. and Therrien, François and Dworkin, S. I. and Atchley, Stacy C. and Nordt, Lee C.",
    title = "High-precision U-Pb zircon geochronology of the Late Triassic Chinle Formation, Petrified Forest National Park (Arizona, USA): Temporal constraints on the early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "The Triassic successions of the Colorado Plateau preserve an important record of vertebrate evolution and climate change, but correlations to a global Triassic framework are hampered by a lack of geochronological control. Tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones were collected from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation exposed in the Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, within a refined stratigraphic context of 31 detailed measured sections. U-Pb analyses by the isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS) method constrain maximum depositional ages for nine tuffaceous beds and provide new insights into the depositional history of the Chinle fluvial system. The base of the Blue Mesa Member of the Chinle Formation is placed at ca. 225 Ma, and the top of the Petrified Forest Member is placed at 208 Ma or younger, bracketing an ̃280-m-thick section that spans nearly the entire Norian Stage of the Late Triassic. Estimated sediment accumulation rates throughout the section reflect extensive hiatuses and/ or sediment removal by channel erosion. The new geochronology for the Chinle Formation underscores the potential pitfalls of correlation of fluvial units based solely on lithostratigraphic criteria. A mid-Norian age (ca. 219-213 Ma) for the distinctive Sonsela conglomeratic sandstone bed constrains the Adamanian-Revueltian land vertebrate faunachron boundary. Our new data permit a significant time overlap between the lower Chinle sequence and the dinosauromorphrich Ischigualasto Formation of northwestern Argentina. Near-contemporaneity of the trans-American deposits and their faunal similarities imply that early dinosaur evolution occurred rapidly across the Americas. © 2011 Geological Society of America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b30433.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b30433.1",
    openalex = "W2057937776",
    references = "doi1010160034666791900282, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jepsl200909013, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi10102991jb00336, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1101012, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1198467, doi10113000917613198614567ltpots20co2, doi101130g306831, doi101144sp33415, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr2008088, doi1023073514678, doi103133pp521b, doi103133pp644e, doi103133pp690, nesbitt2009a, openalexw1504637003, riggs2003isotopic, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul and Cretaceous of various parts of the country. This includes 21 named species, two of which were regarded as nomina dubia, and 19 consensually assigned to Dinosauria. Additional eight supraspecific taxa have been identified based on fragmentary specimens and numerous dinosaur footprints known in Brazil. In fact, most Brazilian specimens related to dinosaurs are composed of isolated teeth and vertebrae. Despite the increase of fieldwork during the last decade, there are still no dinosaur body-fossils of Jurassic age and the evidence of ornithischians in Brazil is very limited. Dinosaur faunas from this country are generally correlated with those from other parts of Gondwana throughout the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, there is a close correspondence to Argentina and other south-Pangaea areas. Mid-Cretaceous faunas of northeastern Brazil resemble those of coeval deposits of North Africa and Argentina. Southern hemisphere spinosaurids are restricted to Africa and Brazil, whereas abelisaurids are still unknown in the Early Cretaceous of the latter. Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages of south-central Brazil are endemic only to genus or, more conspicuously, to species level, sharing closely related taxa with Argentina, Madagascar, Indo-Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, continental Africa.

@article{doi101590s000137652011000100003,
    author = "Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "Mesozoic dinosaurs from Brazil and their biogeographic implications",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências",
    abstract = "The record of dinosaur body-fossils in the Brazilian Mesozoic is restricted to the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul and Cretaceous of various parts of the country. This includes 21 named species, two of which were regarded as nomina dubia, and 19 consensually assigned to Dinosauria. Additional eight supraspecific taxa have been identified based on fragmentary specimens and numerous dinosaur footprints known in Brazil. In fact, most Brazilian specimens related to dinosaurs are composed of isolated teeth and vertebrae. Despite the increase of fieldwork during the last decade, there are still no dinosaur body-fossils of Jurassic age and the evidence of ornithischians in Brazil is very limited. Dinosaur faunas from this country are generally correlated with those from other parts of Gondwana throughout the Mesozoic. During the Late Triassic, there is a close correspondence to Argentina and other south-Pangaea areas. Mid-Cretaceous faunas of northeastern Brazil resemble those of coeval deposits of North Africa and Argentina. Southern hemisphere spinosaurids are restricted to Africa and Brazil, whereas abelisaurids are still unknown in the Early Cretaceous of the latter. Late Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages of south-central Brazil are endemic only to genus or, more conspicuously, to species level, sharing closely related taxa with Argentina, Madagascar, Indo-Pakistan and, to a lesser degree, continental Africa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000100003",
    doi = "10.1590/s0001-37652011000100003",
    openalex = "W2029868796",
    references = "doi101038nature01420, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101126science13334591105, doi101126science28454232137, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, doi105860choice353642, openalexw1599677799"
}

The tritheledontid Riograndia guaibensis was the first cynodont described for the "Caturrita Formation" fauna from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil (Santa Maria 2 Sequence). The type materials did not preserve anatomical information regarding braincase, occiput, basicranium, zygomatic arch, postdentary bones and craniomandibular joint. Here new materials are described and supply the missing information. Riograndia shows a suite of important anatomical features quite derived among the non-mammaliaform eucynodonts, such as the partial closure of the medial orbital wall and braincase, extensive secondary osseous palate, wide primary palate, basicranium with jugular foramen separated from the periphery of fenestra rotunda, narrow zygomatic arch and much reduced postdentary bones. Many of these features constitute synapomorphies shared only with the other members of mammaliamorpha. Thus, the almost complete cranial, mandibular and dental information from the new fossils of Riograndia can bring a significant improve in the understanding of the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the tritheledontids and help to elucidate the transformational steps involved in the cynodont-mammal transition. Additionally, Riograndia is a key taxon in refining the "Caturrita Formation" biostratigraphy, enabling the connection of several fossiliferous outcrops that have a rich tetrapod fauna that can be correlated with other Triassic faunas from Gondwana and Laurasia.

@article{doi101590s000137652011000100021,
    author = "Soares, Marina Bento and Schultz, César Leandro and Horn, Bruno Ludovico Dihl",
    title = "New information on Riograndia guaibensis Bonaparte, Ferigolo \& Ribeiro, 2001 (Eucynodontia, Tritheledontidae) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil: anatomical and biostratigraphic implications",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências",
    abstract = {The tritheledontid Riograndia guaibensis was the first cynodont described for the "Caturrita Formation" fauna from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil (Santa Maria 2 Sequence). The type materials did not preserve anatomical information regarding braincase, occiput, basicranium, zygomatic arch, postdentary bones and craniomandibular joint. Here new materials are described and supply the missing information. Riograndia shows a suite of important anatomical features quite derived among the non-mammaliaform eucynodonts, such as the partial closure of the medial orbital wall and braincase, extensive secondary osseous palate, wide primary palate, basicranium with jugular foramen separated from the periphery of fenestra rotunda, narrow zygomatic arch and much reduced postdentary bones. Many of these features constitute synapomorphies shared only with the other members of mammaliamorpha. Thus, the almost complete cranial, mandibular and dental information from the new fossils of Riograndia can bring a significant improve in the understanding of the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the tritheledontids and help to elucidate the transformational steps involved in the cynodont-mammal transition. Additionally, Riograndia is a key taxon in refining the "Caturrita Formation" biostratigraphy, enabling the connection of several fossiliferous outcrops that have a rich tetrapod fauna that can be correlated with other Triassic faunas from Gondwana and Laurasia.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652011000100021",
    doi = "10.1590/s0001-37652011000100021",
    openalex = "W2091729403",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201001011, doi101111j109636421985tb01500x, leal2004a"
}

D, Michael D., Emic (2012): The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624-671, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x

@article{doi101111j10963642201200853x,
    author = "D’Emic, Michael D.",
    title = "The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "D, Michael D., Emic (2012): The early evolution of titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 166 (3): 624-671, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00853.x",
    openalex = "W1746891551",
    references = "doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101139e93176, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn688, doi105860choice435907, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137"
}

Global warming is widely regarded to have played a contributing role in numerous past biotic crises. Here, we show that the end-Permian mass extinction coincided with a rapid temperature rise to exceptionally high values in the Early Triassic that were inimical to life in equatorial latitudes and suppressed ecosystem recovery. This was manifested in the loss of calcareous algae, the near-absence of fish in equatorial Tethys, and the dominance of small taxa of invertebrates during the thermal maxima. High temperatures drove most Early Triassic plants and animals out of equatorial terrestrial ecosystems and probably were a major cause of the end-Smithian crisis.

@article{doi101126science1224126,
    author = "Sun, Yadong and Joachimski, Michael M. and Wignall, Paul B. and Yan, Chunbo and Chen, Yanlong and Jiang, Haishui and Wang, Lina and Lai, Xulong",
    title = "Lethally Hot Temperatures During the Early Triassic Greenhouse",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Global warming is widely regarded to have played a contributing role in numerous past biotic crises. Here, we show that the end-Permian mass extinction coincided with a rapid temperature rise to exceptionally high values in the Early Triassic that were inimical to life in equatorial latitudes and suppressed ecosystem recovery. This was manifested in the loss of calcareous algae, the near-absence of fish in equatorial Tethys, and the dominance of small taxa of invertebrates during the thermal maxima. High temperatures drove most Early Triassic plants and animals out of equatorial terrestrial ecosystems and probably were a major cause of the end-Smithian crisis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224126",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1224126",
    openalex = "W2078542443",
    references = "doi101016jepsl200905028, doi101016jpalaeo200611038, doi101016s0012821x03004527, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038nclimate1259, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101126science1097023, doi101126science1101012, doi10113000167606198798475lpgeig20co2, doi101130g327071, doi102113geoarabia140217, doi1023073515466, doi105962bhltitle159141"
}

The ontogeny of early-diverging dinosauromorphs is poorly understood because few ontogenetic series from the same species-level taxon are known and what is available has not been extensively documented. The large numbers of skeletal elements of the silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe recently recovered from Tanzania provide an opportunity to examine the ontogenetic trajectory of the earliest known member of Ornithodira and one of the closest relatives to Dinosauria. We examined the ontogeny of the femur and the histology of a series of long bone elements. We observed bone scar variation in a series of femora (n = 27) of different lengths (73.8–177.2 mm). We hypothesize that most femora follow a similar developmental trajectory; however, we observed sequence polymorphism in the order of appearance and shape of bone scars, and we quantified this polymorphism using ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA). Additionally, five femora, three tibiae, a fibula, and a humerus were thin-sectioned to examine osteological tissues. No lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in any specimen, and there is little histological information about the ontogenetic stage of femora, although none have slowed or ceased growth. The woven-fibered bone present in the cortex of elements sectioned is similar to that of the earliest dinosaurs. This sequence polymorphism provides an alternate hypothesis for the robust/gracile dichotomy found in early dinosaurs often interpreted as sexual dimorphism. The shared femoral features found in Asilisaurus and early dinosaurs suggest that this ontogenetic pattern is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria, and that size is a poor predictor of maturity in early dinosauriforms.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVPCitation for this article: Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224.

@article{doi1010800272463420161111224,
    author = "Griffin, Christopher T. and Nesbitt, Sterling J.",
    title = "The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "The ontogeny of early-diverging dinosauromorphs is poorly understood because few ontogenetic series from the same species-level taxon are known and what is available has not been extensively documented. The large numbers of skeletal elements of the silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe recently recovered from Tanzania provide an opportunity to examine the ontogenetic trajectory of the earliest known member of Ornithodira and one of the closest relatives to Dinosauria. We examined the ontogeny of the femur and the histology of a series of long bone elements. We observed bone scar variation in a series of femora (n = 27) of different lengths (73.8–177.2 mm). We hypothesize that most femora follow a similar developmental trajectory; however, we observed sequence polymorphism in the order of appearance and shape of bone scars, and we quantified this polymorphism using ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA). Additionally, five femora, three tibiae, a fibula, and a humerus were thin-sectioned to examine osteological tissues. No lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in any specimen, and there is little histological information about the ontogenetic stage of femora, although none have slowed or ceased growth. The woven-fibered bone present in the cortex of elements sectioned is similar to that of the earliest dinosaurs. This sequence polymorphism provides an alternate hypothesis for the robust/gracile dichotomy found in early dinosaurs often interpreted as sexual dimorphism. The shared femoral features found in Asilisaurus and early dinosaurs suggest that this ontogenetic pattern is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria, and that size is a poor predictor of maturity in early dinosauriforms.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVPCitation for this article: Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224",
    openalex = "W2291492864",
    references = "doi101002sici109746871996082292121aidjmor130co24, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi10560219780801881206, openalexw1565584485"
}

@article{kollschretzenmayr2016visiting,
    author = "Koll-Schretzenmayr, Martina",
    title = "Visiting Brazil – Brazil revisited",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "disP - The Planning Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2016.1195567",
    doi = "10.1080/02513625.2016.1195567",
    number = "2",
    pages = "2-3",
    volume = "52"
}

@incollection{mariano2016brazil,
    author = "Mariano, Sandra R. H. and e Silva, Fabiane Costa and Moraes, Joysi",
    title = "Brazil: Leadership in Brazil",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "A Decade of Research on School Principals",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23027-6\_21",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-23027-6\_21",
    pages = "445-469"
}

The relationship between dinosaurs and other reptiles is well established, but the sequence of acquisition of dinosaurian features has been obscured by the scarcity of fossils with transitional morphologies. The closest extinct relatives of dinosaurs either have highly derived morphologies or are known from poorly preserved or incomplete material. Here we describe one of the stratigraphically lowest and phylogenetically earliest members of the avian stem lineage (Avemetatarsalia), Teleocrater rhadinus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch. The anatomy of T. rhadinus provides key information that unites several enigmatic taxa from across Pangaea into a previously unrecognized clade, Aphanosauria. This clade is the sister taxon of Ornithodira (pterosaurs and birds) and shortens the ghost lineage inferred at the base of Avemetatarsalia. We demonstrate that several anatomical features long thought to characterize Dinosauria and dinosauriforms evolved much earlier, soon after the bird-crocodylian split, and that the earliest avemetatarsalians retained the crocodylian-like ankle morphology and hindlimb proportions of stem archosaurs and early pseudosuchians. Early avemetatarsalians were substantially more species-rich, widely geographically distributed and morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Moreover, several early dinosauromorphs that were previously used as models to understand dinosaur origins may represent specialized forms rather than the ancestral avemetatarsalian morphology.

@article{doi101038nature22037,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Butler, Richard J. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Barrett, Paul M. and Stocker, Michelle R. and Angielczyk, Kenneth D. and Smith, Roger M. H. and Sidor, Christian A. and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Сенников, А. Г. and Charig, Alan J.",
    title = "The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "The relationship between dinosaurs and other reptiles is well established, but the sequence of acquisition of dinosaurian features has been obscured by the scarcity of fossils with transitional morphologies. The closest extinct relatives of dinosaurs either have highly derived morphologies or are known from poorly preserved or incomplete material. Here we describe one of the stratigraphically lowest and phylogenetically earliest members of the avian stem lineage (Avemetatarsalia), Teleocrater rhadinus gen. et sp. nov., from the Middle Triassic epoch. The anatomy of T. rhadinus provides key information that unites several enigmatic taxa from across Pangaea into a previously unrecognized clade, Aphanosauria. This clade is the sister taxon of Ornithodira (pterosaurs and birds) and shortens the ghost lineage inferred at the base of Avemetatarsalia. We demonstrate that several anatomical features long thought to characterize Dinosauria and dinosauriforms evolved much earlier, soon after the bird-crocodylian split, and that the earliest avemetatarsalians retained the crocodylian-like ankle morphology and hindlimb proportions of stem archosaurs and early pseudosuchians. Early avemetatarsalians were substantially more species-rich, widely geographically distributed and morphologically diverse than previously recognized. Moreover, several early dinosauromorphs that were previously used as models to understand dinosaur origins may represent specialized forms rather than the ancestral avemetatarsalian morphology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037",
    doi = "10.1038/nature22037",
    openalex = "W2606337068",
    references = "doi1010160169534789901626, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101111bij12746, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j136530911989tb00817x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1012063521, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023071005355, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1778, nesbitt2013the"
}

The non-avian dinosaurs died out at the end of the Cretaceous, ~66 million years ago, after an asteroid impact. The prevailing hypothesis is that the effects of the impact suddenly killed the dinosaurs, but the poor fossil record of latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) dinosaurs from outside Laurasia (and even more particularly, North America) makes it difficult to test specific extinction scenarios. Over the past few decades, a wealth of new discoveries from the Bauru Group of Brazil has revealed a unique window into the evolution of terminal Cretaceous dinosaurs from the southern continents. We review this record and demonstrate that there was a diversity of dinosaurs, of varying body sizes, diets, and ecological roles, that survived to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 72-66 million years ago) in Brazil, including a core fauna of titanosaurian sauropods and abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, along with a variety of small-to-mid-sized theropods. We argue that this pattern best fits the hypothesis that southern dinosaurs, like their northern counterparts, were still diversifying and occupying prominent roles in their ecosystems before the asteroid suddenly caused their extinction. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested with more refined paleontological and geochronological data, and we give suggestions for future work.

@article{doi10159000013765201720160918,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and dos Anjos Candeiro, Carlos Roberto and Simbras, Felipe Medeiros",
    title = "The last dinosaurs of Brazil: The Bauru Group and its implications for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências",
    abstract = "The non-avian dinosaurs died out at the end of the Cretaceous, \textasciitilde 66 million years ago, after an asteroid impact. The prevailing hypothesis is that the effects of the impact suddenly killed the dinosaurs, but the poor fossil record of latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) dinosaurs from outside Laurasia (and even more particularly, North America) makes it difficult to test specific extinction scenarios. Over the past few decades, a wealth of new discoveries from the Bauru Group of Brazil has revealed a unique window into the evolution of terminal Cretaceous dinosaurs from the southern continents. We review this record and demonstrate that there was a diversity of dinosaurs, of varying body sizes, diets, and ecological roles, that survived to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 72-66 million years ago) in Brazil, including a core fauna of titanosaurian sauropods and abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, along with a variety of small-to-mid-sized theropods. We argue that this pattern best fits the hypothesis that southern dinosaurs, like their northern counterparts, were still diversifying and occupying prominent roles in their ecosystems before the asteroid suddenly caused their extinction. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested with more refined paleontological and geochronological data, and we give suggestions for future work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160918",
    doi = "10.1590/0001-3765201720160918",
    openalex = "W2755022597",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201509003, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0163373"
}

TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields.

@article{doi1010800272463420181531878,
    author = "Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Butler, Richard J. and da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock and Sayão, Juliana Manso and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "A new dinosaur with theropod affinities from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation, south Brazil",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "TEST 02 - Elsevier's Scopus, the largest abstract and citation database of peer-reviewed literature. Search and access research from the science, technology, medicine, social sciences and arts and humanities fields.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2018.1531878",
    openalex = "W2911000763",
    references = "doi101080031155182015994114, doi101371journalpone0145713"
}

Abstract An exceptional new specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0035) of Buriolestes schultzi was discovered during recent fieldwork at the type locality of the taxon, which is Carnian in age (Late Triassic). This early sauropodomorph is peculiar owing to its faunivorous feeding habits, unusual amongst the members of this large omnivorous/herbivorous clade. The specimen incorporates new data on skeletal portions that have so far been unknown for B. schultzi, particularly regarding the skull and axial skeleton. As such, B. schultzi is now as complete as the best-known early dinosaurs, such as Eoraptor lunensis and Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. A phylogenetic investigation fully supports B. schultzi as a sauropodomorph, corroborating the previous assignation. Despite the presence of traits found in Theropoda, distinct skeletal portions of B. schultzi do not share its morphospace in a morphological disparity analysis. We also propose an alternative evolutionary scenario for the first members of Sauropodomorpha: some Carnian taxa from South America form a monophyletic group instead of a series of low-diversity lineages paraphyletic with respect to Plateosauria.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzly009,
    author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Bronzati, Mario and Pacheco, Cristián and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "Early evolution of sauropodomorphs: anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of a remarkably well-preserved dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract An exceptional new specimen (CAPPA/UFSM 0035) of Buriolestes schultzi was discovered during recent fieldwork at the type locality of the taxon, which is Carnian in age (Late Triassic). This early sauropodomorph is peculiar owing to its faunivorous feeding habits, unusual amongst the members of this large omnivorous/herbivorous clade. The specimen incorporates new data on skeletal portions that have so far been unknown for B. schultzi, particularly regarding the skull and axial skeleton. As such, B. schultzi is now as complete as the best-known early dinosaurs, such as Eoraptor lunensis and Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. A phylogenetic investigation fully supports B. schultzi as a sauropodomorph, corroborating the previous assignation. Despite the presence of traits found in Theropoda, distinct skeletal portions of B. schultzi do not share its morphospace in a morphological disparity analysis. We also propose an alternative evolutionary scenario for the first members of Sauropodomorpha: some Carnian taxa from South America form a monophyletic group instead of a series of low-diversity lineages paraphyletic with respect to Plateosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly009",
    openalex = "W2803291137",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi101080027246342013820113, doi1010800272463420161111224, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111pala12236, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101590s000137652011000100005, doi105860choice353642, openalexw2183707334, openalexw3215057009"
}

Abstract A new sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Formation), south Brazil, Bagualosaurus agudoensis gen. et sp. nov., helps to fill a morphological gap between the previously known Carnian members of the group and younger sauropodomorphs. In some aspects, the skull, lower jaw, and dental anatomy of the new taxon approaches that seen in Norian forms like Pantydraco caducus, Efraasia minor, and Plateosaurus engelhardti. On the contrary, the post-cranial skeleton is broadly reminiscent of coeval, early dinosaurs. Although not reaching the size of most Norian and younger sauropodomorphs, B. agudoensis is significantly larger than coeval forms. The new data thus suggest that modifications in skull anatomy, possibly related to more efficient herbivorous habits, appeared early in sauropodomorph evolution, along with a moderate increase in size, followed in post-Carnian times by further increase in size, accompanied by more radical changes in post-cranial anatomy.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzly028,
    author = "Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Langer, Max C. and Schultz, César Leandro",
    title = "A new dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Brazil provides insights on the evolution of sauropodomorph body plan",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract A new sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Formation), south Brazil, Bagualosaurus agudoensis gen. et sp. nov., helps to fill a morphological gap between the previously known Carnian members of the group and younger sauropodomorphs. In some aspects, the skull, lower jaw, and dental anatomy of the new taxon approaches that seen in Norian forms like Pantydraco caducus, Efraasia minor, and Plateosaurus engelhardti. On the contrary, the post-cranial skeleton is broadly reminiscent of coeval, early dinosaurs. Although not reaching the size of most Norian and younger sauropodomorphs, B. agudoensis is significantly larger than coeval forms. The new data thus suggest that modifications in skull anatomy, possibly related to more efficient herbivorous habits, appeared early in sauropodomorph evolution, along with a moderate increase in size, followed in post-Carnian times by further increase in size, accompanied by more radical changes in post-cranial anatomy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly028",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly028",
    openalex = "W2804989805",
    references = "doi101007bf02985709, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101080031155182015994114"
}

The rise of sauropodomorphs is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils in early Norian rocks. Here, we present an association of complete and exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur skeletons that helps fill that gap. They represent a new species, which is recovered as a member of a clade solely composed of Gondwanan Triassic taxa. The new species allows the definition of a set of anatomical changes that shaped sauropodomorph evolution along a period from 233 to 225 Ma, as recorded in the well dated Late Triassic beds of Brazil. In that time span, apart from achieving a more herbivorous diet, sauropodomorph dinosaurs increased their size in a ratio of 230% and their typical long neck was also established, becoming proportionally twice longer than those of basal taxa. Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian. Finally, the clustered preservation mode of the skeletons represents the oldest evidence of gregarious behaviour among sauropodomorphs.

@article{doi101098rsbl20180633,
    author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "An exceptionally preserved association of complete dinosaur skeletons reveals the oldest long-necked sauropodomorphs",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "The rise of sauropodomorphs is still poorly understood due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils in early Norian rocks. Here, we present an association of complete and exceptionally well-preserved dinosaur skeletons that helps fill that gap. They represent a new species, which is recovered as a member of a clade solely composed of Gondwanan Triassic taxa. The new species allows the definition of a set of anatomical changes that shaped sauropodomorph evolution along a period from 233 to 225 Ma, as recorded in the well dated Late Triassic beds of Brazil. In that time span, apart from achieving a more herbivorous diet, sauropodomorph dinosaurs increased their size in a ratio of 230\% and their typical long neck was also established, becoming proportionally twice longer than those of basal taxa. Indeed, the new dinosaur is the oldest-known sauropodomorph with such an elongated neck, suggesting that the ability to feed on high vegetation was a key trait achieved along the early Norian. Finally, the clustered preservation mode of the skeletons represents the oldest evidence of gregarious behaviour among sauropodomorphs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2018.0633",
    openalex = "W2901369787",
    references = "doi101093zoolinneanzly009"
}

The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon—a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the “traditional” group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time. This result suggests a greater body-size range for herrerasaurs than previously thought and provides further evidence for their presence in Europe during the Late Triassic. If this hypothesis is correct then this clade of herrerasaurs also represents the first clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs known to contain large-bodied carnivorous species. The results of our analyses also highlight the distinction between the clades Herrerasauridae and Herrerasauria, as they are currently defined, and necessitate a provisional revival of the latter until future works can better resolve the relationships among these important early taxa.

@article{doi104202app003722017,
    author = "Baron, M. and Williams, M.",
    title = "A re-evaluation of the enigmatic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis from the Late Triassic of Texas, USA and its implications for early dinosaur evolution",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "The holotype specimen of the Late Triassic dinosauriform Caseosaurus crosbyensis is redescribed and evaluated phylogenetically for the first time, providing new anatomical information and data on the earliest dinosaurs and their evolution within the dinosauromorph lineage. Historically, Caseosaurus crosbyensis has been considered to represent an early saurischian dinosaur, and often a herrerasaur. More recent work on Triassic dinosaurs has cast doubt over its supposed dinosaurian affinities and uncertainty about particular features in the holotype and only known specimen has led to the species being regarded as a dinosauriform of indeterminate position. Here, we present a new diagnosis for Caseosaurus crosbyensis and refer additional material to the taxon—a partial right ilium from Snyder Quarry. Our comparisons and phylogenetic analyses suggest that Caseosaurus crosbyensis belongs in a clade with herrerasaurs and that this clade is the sister taxon of Dinosauria, rather than positioned within it. This result, along with other recent analyses of early dinosaurs, pulls apart what remains of the “traditional” group of dinosaurs collectively termed saurischians into a polyphyletic assemblage and implies that Dinosauria should be regarded as composed exclusively of Ornithoscelida (Ornithischia + Theropoda) and Sauropodomorpha. In addition, our analysis recovers the enigmatic European taxon Saltopus elginensis among herrerasaurs for the first time. This result suggests a greater body-size range for herrerasaurs than previously thought and provides further evidence for their presence in Europe during the Late Triassic. If this hypothesis is correct then this clade of herrerasaurs also represents the first clade of non-dinosaurian dinosauromorphs known to contain large-bodied carnivorous species. The results of our analyses also highlight the distinction between the clades Herrerasauridae and Herrerasauria, as they are currently defined, and necessitate a provisional revival of the latter until future works can better resolve the relationships among these important early taxa.",
    url = "http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/article/item/app003722017.html?pdf=39",
    doi = "10.4202/APP.00372.2017",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "28",
    semanticscholar_id = "9bc5e028da11859b6f959ace0a712100161b507c",
    volume = "63"
}

@incollection{guardiolarivera2018let,
    author = "Guardiola-Rivera, Oscar",
    title = "Let Brazil be Brazil again.",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Comments on a notorious verdict",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvn96gjp.4",
    doi = "10.2307/j.ctvn96gjp.4",
    pages = "9-16"
}

Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.

@article{doi101038s41598019453069,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and de Oliveira Martins, Neurides and Manzig, Paulo César and Ferreira, Gabriel S. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and Fortes, Edison and Lima, Rosana N. and Sant’ana, Lucas Cesar Frediani and Vidal, Luciano and da Silva Lorençato, Rosangela Honório and Ezcurra, Martín D.",
    title = "A new desert-dwelling dinosaur (Theropoda, Noasaurinae) from the Cretaceous of south Brazil",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Noasaurines form an enigmatic group of small-bodied predatory theropod dinosaurs known from the Late Cretaceous of Gondwana. They are relatively rare, with notable records in Argentina and Madagascar, and possible remains reported for Brazil, India, and continental Africa. In south-central Brazil, the deposits of the Bauru Basin have yielded a rich tetrapod fauna, which is concentrated in the Bauru Group. The mainly aeolian deposits of the Caiuá Group, on the contrary, bear a scarce fossil record composed only of lizards, turtles, and pterosaurs. Here, we describe the first dinosaur of the Caiuá Group, which also represents the best-preserved theropod of the entire Bauru Basin known to date. The recovered skeletal parts (vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and scarce cranial elements) show that the new taxon was just over 1 m long, with a unique anatomy among theropods. The shafts of its metatarsals II and IV are very lateromedially compressed, as are the blade-like ungual phalanges of the respective digits. This implies that the new taxon could have been functionally monodactyl, with a main central weight-bearing digit, flanked by neighbouring elements positioned very close to digit III or even held free of the ground. Such anatomical adaptation is formerly unrecorded among archosaurs, but has been previously inferred from footprints of the same stratigraphic unit that yielded the new dinosaur. A phylogenetic analysis nests the new taxon within the Noasaurinae clade, which is unresolved because of the multiple alternative positions that Noasaurus leali can acquire in the optimal trees. The exclusion of the latter form results in positioning the new dinosaur as the sister-taxon of the Argentinean Velocisaurus unicus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-45306-9",
    openalex = "W2953934698",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jmarpetgeo201602027, doi101038261129a0, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086273307, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111joa12719, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101590s000137652011000100003, doi103998mpub9690664, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2894525608"
}

Sauropodomorphs are the most abundant and diverse clade of Triassic dinosaurs, but the taxonomy of their earliest (Carnian) representatives is still poorly understood. One such taxon is Pampadromaeus barberenai, represented by a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton recovered from the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Here, the osteology of Pam. barberenai is fully described for the first time. Detailed comparisons with other Carnian sauropodomorphs reveal a unique anatomy, corroborating its status as a valid species. Potential autapomorphies of Pam. barberenai can be seen in the articulation of the sacral zygapophyses, the length of the pectoral epipodium, the shape of the distal articulation of the femur and the proximal articulation of metatarsal 1. A novel phylogenetic study shows that relationships among the Carnian sauropodomorphs are poorly constrained, possibly because they belong to a "zone of variability", where homoplasy abounds. Yet, there is some evidence that Pam. barberenai may nest within Saturnaliidae, along with Saturnalia tupiniquim and Chromogisaurus novasi, which represents the sister group to the larger sauropodomorphs, i.e. Bagualosauria.

@article{doi101371journalpone0212543,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and McPhee, Blair W. and Marsola, Júlio C. A. and da Silva, Lúcio Roberto and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado",
    title = "Anatomy of the dinosaur Pampadromaeus barberenai (Saurischia—Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of southern Brazil",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {Sauropodomorphs are the most abundant and diverse clade of Triassic dinosaurs, but the taxonomy of their earliest (Carnian) representatives is still poorly understood. One such taxon is Pampadromaeus barberenai, represented by a nearly complete disarticulated skeleton recovered from the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Here, the osteology of Pam. barberenai is fully described for the first time. Detailed comparisons with other Carnian sauropodomorphs reveal a unique anatomy, corroborating its status as a valid species. Potential autapomorphies of Pam. barberenai can be seen in the articulation of the sacral zygapophyses, the length of the pectoral epipodium, the shape of the distal articulation of the femur and the proximal articulation of metatarsal 1. A novel phylogenetic study shows that relationships among the Carnian sauropodomorphs are poorly constrained, possibly because they belong to a "zone of variability", where homoplasy abounds. Yet, there is some evidence that Pam. barberenai may nest within Saturnaliidae, along with Saturnalia tupiniquim and Chromogisaurus novasi, which represents the sister group to the larger sauropodomorphs, i.e. Bagualosauria.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212543",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0212543",
    openalex = "W2916241651",
    references = "doi101093zoolinneanzly009"
}

The non-dinosaurian dinosauriform silesaurids are the closest relatives of crown-group dinosaurs and are thus, important for understanding the origins of that group. Here, we describe the limb bone histology of the Late Triassic silesaurid Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The sampled bones comprise eight femora and one fibula from different individuals. The microscopic analysis of all elements reveals uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone tissue indicating rapid growth. A transition to slower growing peripheral parallel-fibered bone tissue in some individuals indicates a decrease in growth rate, suggesting ontogenetic variation within the sample. The osteohistology of Sacisaurus agudoensis is similar to that of other silesaurids and supports previous hypotheses that rapid growth was attained early in the dinosauromorph lineage. However, silesaurids lack the complex vascular arrangements seen in saurischian dinosaurs. Instead, they exhibit predominantly longitudinally-oriented primary osteons with few or no anastomoses, similar to those of some small early ornithischian dinosaurs. This simpler vascular pattern is common to all silesaurids studied to date and indicates relatively slower growth rates compared to most Dinosauria.

@article{doi10159000013765201920180643,
    author = "Veiga, Fábio H and Botha-Brink, J. and Ribeiro, A. M. and Ferigolo, Jorge and Soares, M.",
    title = "Osteohistology of the silesaurid Sacisaurus agudoensis from southern Brazil (Late Triassic) and implications for growth in early dinosaurs.",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias",
    abstract = "The non-dinosaurian dinosauriform silesaurids are the closest relatives of crown-group dinosaurs and are thus, important for understanding the origins of that group. Here, we describe the limb bone histology of the Late Triassic silesaurid Sacisaurus agudoensis from the Candelária Sequence of the Santa Maria Supersequence, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The sampled bones comprise eight femora and one fibula from different individuals. The microscopic analysis of all elements reveals uninterrupted fibrolamellar bone tissue indicating rapid growth. A transition to slower growing peripheral parallel-fibered bone tissue in some individuals indicates a decrease in growth rate, suggesting ontogenetic variation within the sample. The osteohistology of Sacisaurus agudoensis is similar to that of other silesaurids and supports previous hypotheses that rapid growth was attained early in the dinosauromorph lineage. However, silesaurids lack the complex vascular arrangements seen in saurischian dinosaurs. Instead, they exhibit predominantly longitudinally-oriented primary osteons with few or no anastomoses, similar to those of some small early ornithischian dinosaurs. This simpler vascular pattern is common to all silesaurids studied to date and indicates relatively slower growth rates compared to most Dinosauria.",
    url = "http://www.scielo.br/pdf/aabc/v91s2/0001-3765-aabc-91-s2-e20180643.pdf",
    doi = "10.1590/0001-3765201920180643",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "suppl 2",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "10",
    semanticscholar_id = "5c42f22b52cfef1f758f7c7bae31c84c06411215",
    volume = "91"
}

Predatory dinosaurs were an important ecological component of terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems. Though theropod dinosaurs carried this role during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (and probably the post-Carnian portion of the Triassic), it is difficult to depict the Carnian scenario, due to the scarcity of fossils. Until now, knowledge on the earliest predatory dinosaurs mostly relies on herrerasaurids recorded in Carnian strata of South America. Phylogenetic investigations recovered the clade in different positions within Dinosauria, whereas fewer studies challenged its monophyly. Although herrerasaurid fossils are much better recorded in present-day Argentina than in Brazil, Argentinean strata so far yielded no fairly complete skeleton representing a single individual. Here, we describe Gnathovorax cabreirai, a new herrerasaurid based on an exquisite specimen found as part of a multitaxic association form southern Brazil. The type specimen comprises a complete and well-preserved articulated skeleton, preserved in close association (side by side) with rhynchosaur and cynodont remains. Given its superb state of preservation and completeness, the new specimen sheds light into poorly understood aspects of the herrerasaurid anatomy, including endocranial soft tissues. The specimen also reinforces the monophyletic status of the group, and provides clues on the ecomorphology of the early carnivorous dinosaurs. Indeed, an ecomorphological analysis employing dental traits indicates that herrerasaurids occupy a particular area in the morphospace of faunivorous dinosaurs, which partially overlaps the area occupied by post-Carnian theropods. This indicates that herrerasaurid dinosaurs preceded the ecological role that later would be occupied by large to medium-sized theropods.

@article{doi107717peerj7963,
    author = "Pacheco, Cristián and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Langer, Max C. and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Kerber, Leonardo and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "Gnathovorax cabreirai: a new early dinosaur and the origin and initial radiation of predatory dinosaurs",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Predatory dinosaurs were an important ecological component of terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems. Though theropod dinosaurs carried this role during the Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods (and probably the post-Carnian portion of the Triassic), it is difficult to depict the Carnian scenario, due to the scarcity of fossils. Until now, knowledge on the earliest predatory dinosaurs mostly relies on herrerasaurids recorded in Carnian strata of South America. Phylogenetic investigations recovered the clade in different positions within Dinosauria, whereas fewer studies challenged its monophyly. Although herrerasaurid fossils are much better recorded in present-day Argentina than in Brazil, Argentinean strata so far yielded no fairly complete skeleton representing a single individual. Here, we describe Gnathovorax cabreirai, a new herrerasaurid based on an exquisite specimen found as part of a multitaxic association form southern Brazil. The type specimen comprises a complete and well-preserved articulated skeleton, preserved in close association (side by side) with rhynchosaur and cynodont remains. Given its superb state of preservation and completeness, the new specimen sheds light into poorly understood aspects of the herrerasaurid anatomy, including endocranial soft tissues. The specimen also reinforces the monophyletic status of the group, and provides clues on the ecomorphology of the early carnivorous dinosaurs. Indeed, an ecomorphological analysis employing dental traits indicates that herrerasaurids occupy a particular area in the morphospace of faunivorous dinosaurs, which partially overlaps the area occupied by post-Carnian theropods. This indicates that herrerasaurid dinosaurs preceded the ecological role that later would be occupied by large to medium-sized theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7963",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7963",
    openalex = "W2989522329",
    references = "doi101016jcub201608040, doi101016jcub201609040, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101093zoolinneanzly009, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw2138825607"
}

Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U-Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/- 0.15-226.85 + 1.45/- 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.

@article{doi101038s41598020678541,
    author = "Desojo, Julia B. and Fiorelli, Lucas E. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Martinelli, Agustín G. and Ramezani, Jahandar and da Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock and von Baczko, M. Belén and Trotteyn, M. Jimena and Montefeltro, Felipe C. and Ezpeleta, Miguel and Langer, Max C.",
    title = "The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U-Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/- 0.15-226.85 + 1.45/- 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1",
    openalex = "W3045879460",
    references = "doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jquascirev200807009, doi101016s0753396900800026, doi101017cbo9780511612381, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038nature22037, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101080027246342013818546, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101080031155182015994114, doi101098rstb19740001, doi101111j109600311988tb00514x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j14679876200800623x, doi101126science1198467, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1023071005355, doi1023072413376, doi107717peerj1778"
}

Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (~85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    openalex = "W3124534006",
    references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845"
}

@incollection{brown2021brazil,
    author = "Brown, Adam",
    title = "BRAzil, braZIL?",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Activities and Exercises for Teaching English Pronunciation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003092247-21",
    doi = "10.4324/9781003092247-21",
    pages = "93-96"
}

Significance Sharply contrasting climate zonations under high atmospheric p CO 2 conditions can exert significant obstacles to the dispersal of land vertebrates across a supercontinent. This is argued to be the case in the Triassic for herbivorous sauropodomorph dinosaurs, which were confined to their initial venue in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of Pangea for about their first 15 million years. Sauropodomorphs only appear in the fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt about 214 million years ago based on a composite magnetostratigraphy of the Fleming Fjord Group in East Greenland. The coincidence in timing within a major dip in atmospheric p CO 2 from published paleosol records suggests the dispersal was related to a concomitant attenuation of climate barriers in a greenhouse world.

@article{doi101073pnas2020778118,
    author = "Kent, Dennis V. and Clemmensen, Lars B.",
    title = "Northward dispersal of dinosaurs from Gondwana to Greenland at the mid-Norian (215–212 Ma, Late Triassic) dip in atmospheric p CO 2",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Significance Sharply contrasting climate zonations under high atmospheric p CO 2 conditions can exert significant obstacles to the dispersal of land vertebrates across a supercontinent. This is argued to be the case in the Triassic for herbivorous sauropodomorph dinosaurs, which were confined to their initial venue in the Southern Hemisphere temperate belt of Pangea for about their first 15 million years. Sauropodomorphs only appear in the fossil record of the Northern Hemisphere temperate belt about 214 million years ago based on a composite magnetostratigraphy of the Fleming Fjord Group in East Greenland. The coincidence in timing within a major dip in atmospheric p CO 2 from published paleosol records suggests the dispersal was related to a concomitant attenuation of climate barriers in a greenhouse world.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020778118",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.2020778118",
    openalex = "W3130717741",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jearscirev2020103120, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi1010292009jb007205, doi101038361064a0, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2605109794, doi101126science28554321386, doi105194sd24152018, nesbitt2009a, parker2010the"
}

Upper Triassic (Carnian) strata from the Candelária Sequence of southern Brazil bear the oldest records of dinosaurs worldwide. In consequence, investigation of the specimens yielded by these fossiliferous units is crucial for a more comprehensive knowledge regarding the origin, early diversification and radiation of dinosaurs. Herein we reassess a dinosaur specimen from Brazil, informally known as the ‘Big Saturnalia’, a supposed large-sized sauropodomorph unearthed at the ‘Cerro da Alemoa’ locality in Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State. However, our phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of the known elements of this specimen resulted in herrerasaurid affinities instead. In fact, it is the largest specimen so far of a herrerasaurid from the Candelária Sequence. It preserves cranial and postcranial elements, with the former being unprecedented for dinosaurs from the Alemoa local fauna. The morphology of the specimen allows new insights into the anatomy, evolution and distribution of some character states among Herrerasauridae, including but not limited to the typical craniocaudally short caudal dorsal vertebrae. Moreover, the specimen adds to the dinosauromorph diversity in the Carnian units of southern Brazil and its large size provides further support for herrerasaurids as top-tier predators during the dawn of dinosaurs in south-western Pangaea.

@article{doi1010801477201920211873433,
    author = "Garcia, Maurício Silva and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Da‐Rosa, Átila Augusto Stock and Dias‐da‐Silva, Sérgio",
    title = "Taxonomic and phylogenetic reassessment of a large-bodied dinosaur from the earliest dinosaur-bearing beds (Carnian, Upper Triassic) from southern Brazil",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Upper Triassic (Carnian) strata from the Candelária Sequence of southern Brazil bear the oldest records of dinosaurs worldwide. In consequence, investigation of the specimens yielded by these fossiliferous units is crucial for a more comprehensive knowledge regarding the origin, early diversification and radiation of dinosaurs. Herein we reassess a dinosaur specimen from Brazil, informally known as the ‘Big Saturnalia’, a supposed large-sized sauropodomorph unearthed at the ‘Cerro da Alemoa’ locality in Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul State. However, our phylogenetic analyses and comparisons of the known elements of this specimen resulted in herrerasaurid affinities instead. In fact, it is the largest specimen so far of a herrerasaurid from the Candelária Sequence. It preserves cranial and postcranial elements, with the former being unprecedented for dinosaurs from the Alemoa local fauna. The morphology of the specimen allows new insights into the anatomy, evolution and distribution of some character states among Herrerasauridae, including but not limited to the typical craniocaudally short caudal dorsal vertebrae. Moreover, the specimen adds to the dinosauromorph diversity in the Carnian units of southern Brazil and its large size provides further support for herrerasaurids as top-tier predators during the dawn of dinosaurs in south-western Pangaea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1873433",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2021.1873433",
    openalex = "W3133677974",
    references = "doi101002ar24130, doi101016jjsames2020102846, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080"
}

@article{müller2021astragalar,
    author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp",
    title = "Astragalar anatomy of an early dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1814276",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2020.1814276",
    number = "10",
    openalex = "W3082203901",
    pages = "2534-2541",
    volume = "33",
    references = "doi101016s0037073802003974, doi101038361064a0, doi101038nature08718, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521, doi101671a1097, doi107717peerj1778"
}

Intraspecific variation in growth trajectories provides a fundamental source of variation upon which natural selection acts. Recent work hints that early dinosaurs possessed elevated levels of such variation compared to other archosaurs, but comprehensive data uniting body size, bone histology, and morphological variation from a stratigraphically constrained early dinosaur population are needed to test this hypothesis. The Triassic theropod Coelophysis bauri, known from a bonebed preserving a single population of coeval individuals, provides an exceptional system to assess whether highly variable growth patterns were present near the origin of Dinosauria. Twenty-four histologically sampled individuals were less than a year to at least four years old and confirm the right-skewed age distribution of the Coelophysis assemblage. Poor correlations among size, age, and morphological maturity strongly support the presence of unique, highly variable growth trajectories in early dinosaurs relative to coeval archosaurs and their living kin.

@article{barta2022osteohistology,
    author = "Barta, Daniel E. and Griffin, Christopher T. and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "Osteohistology of a Triassic dinosaur population reveals highly variable growth trajectories typified early dinosaur ontogeny",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Intraspecific variation in growth trajectories provides a fundamental source of variation upon which natural selection acts. Recent work hints that early dinosaurs possessed elevated levels of such variation compared to other archosaurs, but comprehensive data uniting body size, bone histology, and morphological variation from a stratigraphically constrained early dinosaur population are needed to test this hypothesis. The Triassic theropod Coelophysis bauri, known from a bonebed preserving a single population of coeval individuals, provides an exceptional system to assess whether highly variable growth patterns were present near the origin of Dinosauria. Twenty-four histologically sampled individuals were less than a year to at least four years old and confirm the right-skewed age distribution of the Coelophysis assemblage. Poor correlations among size, age, and morphological maturity strongly support the presence of unique, highly variable growth trajectories in early dinosaurs relative to coeval archosaurs and their living kin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22216-x",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-22216-x",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4306291770",
    volume = "12",
    references = "doi1010079783319242774, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi10103835086558, doi101038nmeth2019, doi101038nmeth2089, doi1010719781486300679, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101093oso97801985774160010001, doi101201b21296"
}

The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.

@article{doi101016jearscirev2022104196,
    author = "Reolid, Matías and Ruebsam, Wolfgang and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    openalex = "W4297473149",
    references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103389feart2022899541, doi107717peerj5976"
}

The origin of the air sac system present in birds has been an enigma for decades. Skeletal pneumaticity related to an air sac system is present in both derived non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. But the question remained open whether this was a shared trait present in the common avemetatarsalian ancestor. We analyzed three taxa from the Late Triassic of South Brazil, which are some of the oldest representatives of this clade (233.23 ± 0.73 Ma), including two sauropodomorphs and one herrerasaurid. All three taxa present shallow lateral fossae in the centra of their presacral vertebrae. Foramina are present in many of the fossae but at diminutive sizes consistent with neurovascular rather than pneumatic origin. Micro-tomography reveals a chaotic architecture of dense apneumatic bone tissue in all three taxa. The early sauropodomorphs showed more complex vascularity, which possibly served as the framework for the future camerate and camellate pneumatic structures of more derived saurischians. Finally, the evidence of the absence of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in the oldest dinosaurs contradicts the homology hypothesis for an invasive diverticula system and suggests that this trait evolved independently at least 3 times in pterosaurs, theropods, and sauropodomorphs.

@article{doi101038s41598022250678,
    author = "Aureliano, Tito and Ghilardi, Aline M. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Kerber, Leonardo and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Fernandes, Marcelo Adorna and Ricardi-Branco, Frésia and Wedel, Mathew J.",
    title = "The absence of an invasive air sac system in the earliest dinosaurs suggests multiple origins of vertebral pneumaticity",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "The origin of the air sac system present in birds has been an enigma for decades. Skeletal pneumaticity related to an air sac system is present in both derived non-avian dinosaurs and pterosaurs. But the question remained open whether this was a shared trait present in the common avemetatarsalian ancestor. We analyzed three taxa from the Late Triassic of South Brazil, which are some of the oldest representatives of this clade (233.23 ± 0.73 Ma), including two sauropodomorphs and one herrerasaurid. All three taxa present shallow lateral fossae in the centra of their presacral vertebrae. Foramina are present in many of the fossae but at diminutive sizes consistent with neurovascular rather than pneumatic origin. Micro-tomography reveals a chaotic architecture of dense apneumatic bone tissue in all three taxa. The early sauropodomorphs showed more complex vascularity, which possibly served as the framework for the future camerate and camellate pneumatic structures of more derived saurischians. Finally, the evidence of the absence of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in the oldest dinosaurs contradicts the homology hypothesis for an invasive diverticula system and suggests that this trait evolved independently at least 3 times in pterosaurs, theropods, and sauropodomorphs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25067-8",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-25067-8",
    openalex = "W4311672788",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101038s4158602205133x"
}

The Carnian (Upper Triassic) rocks of the Candelária Sequence present a rich record of dinosaurs, including some of the oldest known dinosaurs worldwide. In this contribution we describe the first unequivocal dinosaur from the Pivetta site, located in the Restinga Sêca municipality, Southern Brazil. The specimen CAPPA/UFSM 0373 is an isolated but well-preserved left ilium. A thorough examination of the specimen's anatomy and a phylogenetic analysis provides evidence that CAPPA/UFSM 0373 belongs to the Herrerasauria. We were able to identify several similarities with potential non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurians (e.g., Tawa hallae, "Caseosaurus crosbyensis"), which were previously only known from North American deposits. In contrast, herrerasaurids (e.g., Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis) are almost exclusively known from South America. Our results support the nesting of CAPPA/UFSM 0373 as an early-diverging herrerasaurian. Furthermore, this is potentially the first record of a non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurian in unambiguous Carnian beds, suggesting a hidden diversity of dinosaurs in the Carnian rocks of the Candelária Sequence, which can be revealed even by fragmentary specimens.

@article{doi101002ar25342,
    author = "Garcia, Maurício Silva and Cabreira, Sérgio Furtado and da Silva, Lúcio Roberto and Pretto, Flávio Augusto and Müller, Rodrigo Temp",
    title = "A saurischian (Archosauria, Dinosauria) ilium from the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil and the rise of Herrerasauria",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = {The Carnian (Upper Triassic) rocks of the Candelária Sequence present a rich record of dinosaurs, including some of the oldest known dinosaurs worldwide. In this contribution we describe the first unequivocal dinosaur from the Pivetta site, located in the Restinga Sêca municipality, Southern Brazil. The specimen CAPPA/UFSM 0373 is an isolated but well-preserved left ilium. A thorough examination of the specimen's anatomy and a phylogenetic analysis provides evidence that CAPPA/UFSM 0373 belongs to the Herrerasauria. We were able to identify several similarities with potential non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurians (e.g., Tawa hallae, "Caseosaurus crosbyensis"), which were previously only known from North American deposits. In contrast, herrerasaurids (e.g., Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis) are almost exclusively known from South America. Our results support the nesting of CAPPA/UFSM 0373 as an early-diverging herrerasaurian. Furthermore, this is potentially the first record of a non-herrerasaurid herrerasaurian in unambiguous Carnian beds, suggesting a hidden diversity of dinosaurs in the Carnian rocks of the Candelária Sequence, which can be revealed even by fragmentary specimens.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25342",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25342",
    openalex = "W4388735493",
    references = "doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, müller2021astragalar"
}

ABSTRACTDinosaur fossils are commonly found in Brazilian Mesozoic strata, with teeth being frequently found in Cretaceous outcrops. Many studies have been made with the aim of reviewing the known diversity of Brazilian dinosaurs, mostly focusing solely on their palaeobiogeography. However, few tried to typify these body fossils in order to see which kinds were most prevalent in the fossil record. This study aims to count and identify all occurrences of non-avian dinosaur teeth (isolated or in situ) unearthed from Brazilian Cretaceous strata in order to objectively measure their representativity in the national fossil record. Our literature search showed that almost half of the dinosaur fossil record from the Cretaceous of Brazil is composed by teeth, those being particularly abundant in the Alcântara, Adamantina and Marília formations. Theropod teeth are more abundant in comparison to sauropod teeth, with spinosaurids, deinonychosaurs, and abelisaurids being amply found. Despite representing a large share of the Brazilian fossil record, dinosaur teeth have only recently been studied in depth, with many specimens being reassessed through the current identification methods. Other aspects besides primary taxonomic identification can also be further explored using the latest technologies on dinosaur teeth, allowing a deeper understanding of the palaeobiology of these reptiles.KEYWORDS: TeethBrazilCretaceousDinosauriareview AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank all researchers and students who collaborated in obtaining the articles and abstracts used for this study. We would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers, Prof. Carlos Roberto dos Anjos Candeiro and Prof. Maria Alice dos Santos Alves for all the comments suggested for the improvement of this manuscript. This work was supported by the [Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro] under Grants [E 04 E-26/204.053/2022 to TBR; PDR10 E-26/201.995/2020 to PVLGCP. PMB was partially supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [#305118/2021-8] and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [#E-26/201.172/2022].Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplemental dataSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2238965.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [#E-26/201.172/2022 and #PDR10 E-26/201.995/2020]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [#305118/2021-8].

@article{doi1010800891296320232238965,
    author = "Ribeiro, Theo Baptista and Brito, Paulo M. and da Costa Pereira, Paulo Victor Luiz Gomes",
    title = "The predominance of teeth in the non-avian dinosaur record from Cretaceous Brazil: a review",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACTDinosaur fossils are commonly found in Brazilian Mesozoic strata, with teeth being frequently found in Cretaceous outcrops. Many studies have been made with the aim of reviewing the known diversity of Brazilian dinosaurs, mostly focusing solely on their palaeobiogeography. However, few tried to typify these body fossils in order to see which kinds were most prevalent in the fossil record. This study aims to count and identify all occurrences of non-avian dinosaur teeth (isolated or in situ) unearthed from Brazilian Cretaceous strata in order to objectively measure their representativity in the national fossil record. Our literature search showed that almost half of the dinosaur fossil record from the Cretaceous of Brazil is composed by teeth, those being particularly abundant in the Alcântara, Adamantina and Marília formations. Theropod teeth are more abundant in comparison to sauropod teeth, with spinosaurids, deinonychosaurs, and abelisaurids being amply found. Despite representing a large share of the Brazilian fossil record, dinosaur teeth have only recently been studied in depth, with many specimens being reassessed through the current identification methods. Other aspects besides primary taxonomic identification can also be further explored using the latest technologies on dinosaur teeth, allowing a deeper understanding of the palaeobiology of these reptiles.KEYWORDS: TeethBrazilCretaceousDinosauriareview AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank all researchers and students who collaborated in obtaining the articles and abstracts used for this study. We would also like to thank the two anonymous reviewers, Prof. Carlos Roberto dos Anjos Candeiro and Prof. Maria Alice dos Santos Alves for all the comments suggested for the improvement of this manuscript. This work was supported by the [Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro] under Grants [E 04 E-26/204.053/2022 to TBR; PDR10 E-26/201.995/2020 to PVLGCP. PMB was partially supported by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [\#305118/2021-8] and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [\#E-26/201.172/2022].Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Supplemental dataSupplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2238965.Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [\#E-26/201.172/2022 and \#PDR10 E-26/201.995/2020]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico [\#305118/2021-8].",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2023.2238965",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2023.2238965",
    openalex = "W4385666611",
    references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi10268791041, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6"
}

Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were diverse and abundant throughout the Cretaceous, with a global distribution. However, few titanosaurian taxa are represented by multiple skeletons, let alone skulls. Diamantinasaurus matildae, from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, was heretofore represented by three specimens, including one that preserves a braincase and several other cranial elements. Herein, we describe a fourth specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae that preserves a more complete skull-including numerous cranial elements not previously known for this taxon-as well as a partial postcranial skeleton. The skull of Diamantinasaurus matildae shows many similarities to that of the coeval Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from Argentina (e.g. quadratojugal with posterior tongue-like process; braincase with more than one ossified exit for cranial nerve V; compressed-cone-chisel-like teeth), providing further support for the inclusion of both taxa within the clade Diamantinasauria. The replacement teeth within the premaxilla of the new specimen are morphologically congruent with teeth previously attributed to Diamantinasaurus matildae, and Diamantinasauria more broadly, corroborating those referrals. Plesiomorphic characters of the new specimen include a sacrum comprising five vertebrae (also newly demonstrated in the holotype of Diamantinasaurus matildae), rather than the six or more that typify other titanosaurs. However, we demonstrate that there have been a number of independent acquisitions of a six-vertebrae sacrum among Somphospondyli and/or that there have been numerous reversals to a five-vertebrae sacrum, suggesting that sacral count is relatively plastic. Other newly identified plesiomorphic features include: the overall skull shape, which is more similar to brachiosaurids than 'derived' titanosaurs; anterior caudal centra that are amphicoelous, rather than procoelous; and a pedal phalangeal formula estimated as 2-2-3-2-0. These features are consistent with either an early-branching position within Titanosauria, or a position just outside the titanosaurian radiation, for Diamantinasauria, as indicated by alternative character weighting approaches applied in our phylogenetic analyses, and help to shed light on the early assembly of titanosaurian anatomy that has until now been obscured by a poor fossil record.

@article{doi101098rsos221618,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Rigby, Samantha L. and Duncan, Ruairidh J. and Pentland, Adele H. and Bevitt, Joseph J. and Sloan, Trish and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "A nearly complete skull of the sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae from the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Australia and implications for the early evolution of titanosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Titanosaurian sauropod dinosaurs were diverse and abundant throughout the Cretaceous, with a global distribution. However, few titanosaurian taxa are represented by multiple skeletons, let alone skulls. Diamantinasaurus matildae, from the lower Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, was heretofore represented by three specimens, including one that preserves a braincase and several other cranial elements. Herein, we describe a fourth specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae that preserves a more complete skull-including numerous cranial elements not previously known for this taxon-as well as a partial postcranial skeleton. The skull of Diamantinasaurus matildae shows many similarities to that of the coeval Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from Argentina (e.g. quadratojugal with posterior tongue-like process; braincase with more than one ossified exit for cranial nerve V; compressed-cone-chisel-like teeth), providing further support for the inclusion of both taxa within the clade Diamantinasauria. The replacement teeth within the premaxilla of the new specimen are morphologically congruent with teeth previously attributed to Diamantinasaurus matildae, and Diamantinasauria more broadly, corroborating those referrals. Plesiomorphic characters of the new specimen include a sacrum comprising five vertebrae (also newly demonstrated in the holotype of Diamantinasaurus matildae), rather than the six or more that typify other titanosaurs. However, we demonstrate that there have been a number of independent acquisitions of a six-vertebrae sacrum among Somphospondyli and/or that there have been numerous reversals to a five-vertebrae sacrum, suggesting that sacral count is relatively plastic. Other newly identified plesiomorphic features include: the overall skull shape, which is more similar to brachiosaurids than 'derived' titanosaurs; anterior caudal centra that are amphicoelous, rather than procoelous; and a pedal phalangeal formula estimated as 2-2-3-2-0. These features are consistent with either an early-branching position within Titanosauria, or a position just outside the titanosaurian radiation, for Diamantinasauria, as indicated by alternative character weighting approaches applied in our phylogenetic analyses, and help to shed light on the early assembly of titanosaurian anatomy that has until now been obscured by a poor fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.221618",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.221618",
    openalex = "W4365147243",
    references = "doi101038srep19165, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101111cla12524, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0151661"
}

The Faixa Nova-Cerrito I site, in the municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, displays rock layers from the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone (AZ), Carnian age of 233.23 ± 0.73 Ma (based on data collected in the nearby and correlated 'Alemoa' area), Santa Maria Supersequence, Upper Triassic, Paraná Basin. The new postcranial remains studied are referred to as Dinosauriformes indet., Silesauridae indet., Gnathovorax cabreirai (Herrerasauridae), and a Chiniquodontidae cynodont, all collected between 1996 and 2002, during the Pro-Guaíba project. The identification of specific groups like silesaurids, herrerasaurids and chiniquodontids for the first time in this outcrop adds valuable nuances to the biostratigraphical framework of the Brazilian Upper Triassic record. These findings straighten the correlation of the basal layers of Faixa Nova-Cerrito I Site with other Hyperodapedon Acme Subzone outcrops and provide some insights on the diversity of the upper Teyumbaita-layers. Our result in part corroborates the current hypothesis for the subdivision of the Hyperodapedon AZ, but the probable silesaur occurrence within the Teyumbaita-layers does not yet indicate that those levels are equivalent to those from the Exaeretodon Subzone. Our results highlight the importance of even fragmentary specimens in biostratigraphy and diversity estimations.

@article{doi1010800891296320242344791,
    author = "Campo, Matteus Lirio and da Silva, Fernanda Oliveira and Neto, Voltaire Dutra Paes and Ferigolo, Jorge and Ribeiro, Ana María",
    title = "Overview on the tetrapods from Faixa Nova-Cerrito I site (Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone), Upper Triassic of southernmost Brazil",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "The Faixa Nova-Cerrito I site, in the municipality of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, displays rock layers from the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone (AZ), Carnian age of 233.23 ± 0.73 Ma (based on data collected in the nearby and correlated 'Alemoa' area), Santa Maria Supersequence, Upper Triassic, Paraná Basin. The new postcranial remains studied are referred to as Dinosauriformes indet., Silesauridae indet., Gnathovorax cabreirai (Herrerasauridae), and a Chiniquodontidae cynodont, all collected between 1996 and 2002, during the Pro-Guaíba project. The identification of specific groups like silesaurids, herrerasaurids and chiniquodontids for the first time in this outcrop adds valuable nuances to the biostratigraphical framework of the Brazilian Upper Triassic record. These findings straighten the correlation of the basal layers of Faixa Nova-Cerrito I Site with other Hyperodapedon Acme Subzone outcrops and provide some insights on the diversity of the upper Teyumbaita-layers. Our result in part corroborates the current hypothesis for the subdivision of the Hyperodapedon AZ, but the probable silesaur occurrence within the Teyumbaita-layers does not yet indicate that those levels are equivalent to those from the Exaeretodon Subzone. Our results highlight the importance of even fragmentary specimens in biostratigraphy and diversity estimations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2024.2344791",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2024.2344791",
    openalex = "W4398161799",
    references = "müller2021astragalar"
}

Dinosauria debuted on Earth's stage in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction Event, and survived two other Triassic extinction intervals to eventually dominate terrestrial ecosystems. More than 231 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of west-central Argentina, dinosaurs were just getting warmed up. At this time, dinosaurs represented a minor fraction of ecosystem diversity. Members of other tetrapod clades, including synapsids and pseudosuchians, shared convergently evolved features related to locomotion, feeding, respiration, and metabolism and could have risen to later dominance. However, it was Dinosauria that radiated in the later Mesozoic most significantly in terms of body size, diversity, and global distribution. Elevated growth rates are one of the adaptations that set later Mesozoic dinosaurs apart, particularly from their contemporary crocodilian and mammalian compatriots. When did the elevated growth rates of dinosaurs first evolve? How did the growth strategies of the earliest known dinosaurs compare with those of other tetrapods in their ecosystems? We studied femoral bone histology of an array of early dinosaurs alongside that of non-dinosaurian contemporaries from the Ischigualasto Formation in order to test whether the oldest known dinosaurs exhibited novel growth strategies. Our results indicate that the Ischigualasto vertebrate fauna collectively exhibits relatively high growth rates. Dinosaurs are among the fastest growing taxa in the sample, but they occupied this niche alongside crocodylomorphs, archosauriformes, and large-bodied pseudosuchians. Interestingly, these dinosaurs grew at least as quickly, but more continuously than sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic. These data suggest that, while elevated growth rates were ancestral for Dinosauria and likely played a significant role in dinosaurs' ascent within Mesozoic ecosystems, they did not set them apart from their contemporaries.

@article{doi101371journalpone0298242,
    author = "Rogers, Kristina Curry and Martínez, Ricardo N. and Colombi, Carina E. and Rogers, Raymond R. and Alcober, Oscar A.",
    title = "Osteohistological insight into the growth dynamics of early dinosaurs and their contemporaries",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Dinosauria debuted on Earth's stage in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic Mass Extinction Event, and survived two other Triassic extinction intervals to eventually dominate terrestrial ecosystems. More than 231 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of west-central Argentina, dinosaurs were just getting warmed up. At this time, dinosaurs represented a minor fraction of ecosystem diversity. Members of other tetrapod clades, including synapsids and pseudosuchians, shared convergently evolved features related to locomotion, feeding, respiration, and metabolism and could have risen to later dominance. However, it was Dinosauria that radiated in the later Mesozoic most significantly in terms of body size, diversity, and global distribution. Elevated growth rates are one of the adaptations that set later Mesozoic dinosaurs apart, particularly from their contemporary crocodilian and mammalian compatriots. When did the elevated growth rates of dinosaurs first evolve? How did the growth strategies of the earliest known dinosaurs compare with those of other tetrapods in their ecosystems? We studied femoral bone histology of an array of early dinosaurs alongside that of non-dinosaurian contemporaries from the Ischigualasto Formation in order to test whether the oldest known dinosaurs exhibited novel growth strategies. Our results indicate that the Ischigualasto vertebrate fauna collectively exhibits relatively high growth rates. Dinosaurs are among the fastest growing taxa in the sample, but they occupied this niche alongside crocodylomorphs, archosauriformes, and large-bodied pseudosuchians. Interestingly, these dinosaurs grew at least as quickly, but more continuously than sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs of the later Mesozoic. These data suggest that, while elevated growth rates were ancestral for Dinosauria and likely played a significant role in dinosaurs' ascent within Mesozoic ecosystems, they did not set them apart from their contemporaries.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298242",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0298242",
    openalex = "W4393900212",
    references = "barta2022osteohistology, doi1010079781489953919, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038361064a0, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111joa13937, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science1198467, doi101126scienceadc8714, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2"
}

The phylogenetic affinities of early dinosaurs are a controversial topic. There are disputing scenarios aiming to explain the evolutionary tree of these reptiles. A number of factors play a role on this issue. High levels of intraspecific variation experienced by the earliest forms are pointed by distinct authors as one of the main sources of phylogenetic biases. In the present study, we performed experimental analyses incorporating skeletally immature individuals as distinct operational taxonomic units in order to investigate the effect of ontogeny on the phylogeny and morphospace of early Late Triassic sauropodomorphs. The results support an “artificial” grouping of skeletally immature individuals of early dinosaurs in the phylogenetic trees, which is controlled by ontogenetic development. Such results are interpreted as the effect of ontogenetic control on the states of certain morphological characters, producing false synapomorphies. In addition, the morphological disparity analysis indicated a significant difference between the skeletally immature and mature individuals, corroborating previous assumptions. At this point, we suggest caution during the scoring process of early dinosaurs. Some approaches that avoid ontogenetically sensitive characters revealed a putative solution. Nevertheless, additional specimens and alternative tools are mandatory in order to properly deal with this issue.

@article{doi10159000013765202420231248,
    author = "Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Damke, Lísie Vitória Soares and Terras, Rafael",
    title = "Skeletally immature individuals nest together in the phylogenetic tree of early dinosaurs",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências",
    abstract = "The phylogenetic affinities of early dinosaurs are a controversial topic. There are disputing scenarios aiming to explain the evolutionary tree of these reptiles. A number of factors play a role on this issue. High levels of intraspecific variation experienced by the earliest forms are pointed by distinct authors as one of the main sources of phylogenetic biases. In the present study, we performed experimental analyses incorporating skeletally immature individuals as distinct operational taxonomic units in order to investigate the effect of ontogeny on the phylogeny and morphospace of early Late Triassic sauropodomorphs. The results support an “artificial” grouping of skeletally immature individuals of early dinosaurs in the phylogenetic trees, which is controlled by ontogenetic development. Such results are interpreted as the effect of ontogenetic control on the states of certain morphological characters, producing false synapomorphies. In addition, the morphological disparity analysis indicated a significant difference between the skeletally immature and mature individuals, corroborating previous assumptions. At this point, we suggest caution during the scoring process of early dinosaurs. Some approaches that avoid ontogenetically sensitive characters revealed a putative solution. Nevertheless, additional specimens and alternative tools are mandatory in order to properly deal with this issue.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420231248",
    doi = "10.1590/0001-3765202420231248",
    openalex = "W4400888092",
    references = "barta2022osteohistology, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016s0037073802003974, doi101038nature21700, doi10108010635150290102339, doi10108010635150590906037, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi1012063521"
}

@proceedings{crossref20252025,
    title = "2025 IEEE ESW Brazil – Electrical Safety Workshop Brazil (ESW Brazil)",
    year = "2025",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/eswbrazil64921.2025",
    doi = "10.1109/eswbrazil64921.2025"
}

The dawn of dinosaurs is marked by the appearance of the saurischian lineages in the Late Triassic fossil record, around 230 million years ago. This early burst of diversification of the group is majoritarily represented by sauropodomorphs and herrerasaurids in late Carnian to early Norian of Brazil, Argentina, India, and Zimbabwe. However, “silesaurids”, an older and enigmatic group of quadrupedal dinosauromorphs, were recently found, in some works, as stem ornithischians. In this scenario, dinosaurs would have originated far earlier than the end of the Ladinian, a time in which “silesaurids” are already spread through Gondwana. Despite being also recorded in more recent dinosaur-bearing beds in Brazil, “silesaurids” are absent in strata from the early Carnian, an important time frame for dinosaur evolution. Here we present a new “silesaurid”, Itaguyra occulta gen. et sp. nov., that fills up the remaining gap of occurrence of these dinosauromorphs and provides new clues to the success of these putative early ornithischians.

@article{doi101038s41598025993625,
    author = "Neto, Voltaire D. Paes and Pretto, F. and Martinelli, A. and Battista, Francesco and Garcia, M. and Müller, R. and Schmitt, M. R. and Melo, T. P. and Francischini, H. and Schultz, C. and Pinheiro, F. and Soares, M. and Kellner, Alexander W. A.",
    title = "Continuous presence of dinosauromorphs in South America throughout the Middle to the Late Triassic",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "The dawn of dinosaurs is marked by the appearance of the saurischian lineages in the Late Triassic fossil record, around 230 million years ago. This early burst of diversification of the group is majoritarily represented by sauropodomorphs and herrerasaurids in late Carnian to early Norian of Brazil, Argentina, India, and Zimbabwe. However, “silesaurids”, an older and enigmatic group of quadrupedal dinosauromorphs, were recently found, in some works, as stem ornithischians. In this scenario, dinosaurs would have originated far earlier than the end of the Ladinian, a time in which “silesaurids” are already spread through Gondwana. Despite being also recorded in more recent dinosaur-bearing beds in Brazil, “silesaurids” are absent in strata from the early Carnian, an important time frame for dinosaur evolution. Here we present a new “silesaurid”, Itaguyra occulta gen. et sp. nov., that fills up the remaining gap of occurrence of these dinosauromorphs and provides new clues to the success of these putative early ornithischians.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a9445d8c0f851f11ccdd5596293def42ecccfbc9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-025-99362-5",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "a9445d8c0f851f11ccdd5596293def42ecccfbc9",
    volume = "15",
    references = "doi1010801477201920242346577"
}

Some of the oldest known dinosaurs and the first faunas numerically dominated by them are documented in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic-aged Gondwana formations exposed in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of south-central and east-central India. The Upper Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin preserves an early-middle Norian dinosaur assemblage numerically dominated by sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including at least two nominal species. However, the preliminary report of a herrerasaurian dinosaur specimen indicates that this assemblage of south-central Gondwana was more taxonomically diverse. Here, we describe and compare in detail the anatomy and assess the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Maleri herrerasaurian specimen. A unique combination of character states present in this specimen allows the erection of the new genus and species Maleriraptor kuttyi. Updated quantitative phylogenetic analyses focused on early dinosauriforms recovered Maleriraptor kuttyi as a member of Herrerasauria outside of the South American clade Herrerasauridae. Maleriraptor kuttyi fills a temporal gap between the Carnian South American herrerasaurids and the younger middle Norian-Rhaetian herrerasaurs of North America. Maleriraptor kuttyi shows the first evidence that herrerasaurs survived also in Gondwana the early Norian tetrapod turnover that resulted in the global extinction of the rhynchosaurs.

@article{doi101098rsos250081,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D. and Garcia, Maurício Silva and Novas, Fernando E. and Müller, Rodrigo Temp and Agnolín, Federico L. and Chatterjee, Sankar",
    title = "A new herrerasaurian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri Formation of south-central India",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Some of the oldest known dinosaurs and the first faunas numerically dominated by them are documented in the Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic-aged Gondwana formations exposed in the Pranhita-Godavari Valley of south-central and east-central India. The Upper Maleri Formation of the Pranhita-Godavari Basin preserves an early-middle Norian dinosaur assemblage numerically dominated by sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including at least two nominal species. However, the preliminary report of a herrerasaurian dinosaur specimen indicates that this assemblage of south-central Gondwana was more taxonomically diverse. Here, we describe and compare in detail the anatomy and assess the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the Upper Maleri herrerasaurian specimen. A unique combination of character states present in this specimen allows the erection of the new genus and species Maleriraptor kuttyi. Updated quantitative phylogenetic analyses focused on early dinosauriforms recovered Maleriraptor kuttyi as a member of Herrerasauria outside of the South American clade Herrerasauridae. Maleriraptor kuttyi fills a temporal gap between the Carnian South American herrerasaurids and the younger middle Norian-Rhaetian herrerasaurs of North America. Maleriraptor kuttyi shows the first evidence that herrerasaurs survived also in Gondwana the early Norian tetrapod turnover that resulted in the global extinction of the rhynchosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.250081",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.250081",
    openalex = "W4410176241",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020678541, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi101093zoolinneanzlaa080, doi101098rsos210915, doi101111cla12581, doi101111pala12514, doi104202app001432014, doi105710amgh040820173100"
}

The most complete record of the earliest dinosaur lineages is from the Carnian from the higher latitudes of Pangea (e.g. present‐day Brazil, Argentina), but dinosaurian assemblages from the upper stages of the Upper Triassic are better known from the low latitudes of Pangea (present day southwestern USA). How early carnivorous dinosaurian diversity matches or mismatches at various latitudes remains to be documented because of uncertainty around the spatio‐temporal ranges and phylogenetic relationships of early dinosaur lineages. We examine low‐latitude diversity patterns through the lens of the saurischian dinosaur Tawa hallae and close relatives, including a new species, Ptychotherates bucculentus gen. et sp. nov. The new taxon is known from an incomplete but well‐preserved skull (CM 31368) from the uppermost Triassic Coelophysis Quarry in northern New Mexico. The new taxon clearly shares synapomorphies with Tawa hallae, such as distinctive fossae on the quadrate and otoccipital and a dorsoventrally tall and laterally flat jugal. However, the new taxon is distinguishable from all other coeval ornithodirans by a combination of many character states, including the proportionally dorsoventrally deepest jugal known for any Triassic‐aged dinosaur. Higher‐palaeolatitude ecosystems across Pangea show a complete turnover of carnivorous dinosaurs by neotheropods in the Norian and Rhaetian, but the ‘Chindesaurus–Tawa’ clade (Morphoraptora clade nov.) coexisted with neotheropods possibly until the End‐Triassic Extinction Event. This suggests a low‐latitude ‘museum’ where early‐diverging lineages survived much longer than at higher latitudes, and that the End‐Triassic Extinction Event affected dinosaur diversity more than previously hypothesized.

@article{doi101002spp270069,
    author = "Srivastava, Simba and Nesbitt, S.",
    title = "A new taxon of saurischian dinosaur from the Coelophysis Quarry of New Mexico, USA (Triassic: latest Norian or Rhaetian) highlights herrerasaurian diversity in the latest Triassic",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Papers in Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The most complete record of the earliest dinosaur lineages is from the Carnian from the higher latitudes of Pangea (e.g. present‐day Brazil, Argentina), but dinosaurian assemblages from the upper stages of the Upper Triassic are better known from the low latitudes of Pangea (present day southwestern USA). How early carnivorous dinosaurian diversity matches or mismatches at various latitudes remains to be documented because of uncertainty around the spatio‐temporal ranges and phylogenetic relationships of early dinosaur lineages. We examine low‐latitude diversity patterns through the lens of the saurischian dinosaur Tawa hallae and close relatives, including a new species, Ptychotherates bucculentus gen. et sp. nov. The new taxon is known from an incomplete but well‐preserved skull (CM 31368) from the uppermost Triassic Coelophysis Quarry in northern New Mexico. The new taxon clearly shares synapomorphies with Tawa hallae, such as distinctive fossae on the quadrate and otoccipital and a dorsoventrally tall and laterally flat jugal. However, the new taxon is distinguishable from all other coeval ornithodirans by a combination of many character states, including the proportionally dorsoventrally deepest jugal known for any Triassic‐aged dinosaur. Higher‐palaeolatitude ecosystems across Pangea show a complete turnover of carnivorous dinosaurs by neotheropods in the Norian and Rhaetian, but the ‘Chindesaurus–Tawa’ clade (Morphoraptora clade nov.) coexisted with neotheropods possibly until the End‐Triassic Extinction Event. This suggests a low‐latitude ‘museum’ where early‐diverging lineages survived much longer than at higher latitudes, and that the End‐Triassic Extinction Event affected dinosaur diversity more than previously hypothesized.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d8e716e99662d73e4b70e2ca1cdc77c0e253a704",
    doi = "10.1002/spp2.70069",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W7154513393",
    semanticscholar_id = "d8e716e99662d73e4b70e2ca1cdc77c0e253a704",
    volume = "12",
    references = "doi101016jcub202412053, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jearscirev2025105085, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101038nature21700, doi101111cla12524, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science1198467, doi101671a1097, doi104159harvard9780674864856, sereno1997the"
}

This study evaluated wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for monitoring dengue virus (DENGV) and chikungunya virus (CKV) during Brazil's most severe arbovirus epidemic, focusing on the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. From March 2022 to August 2024, 24-hour composite raw sewage samples were collected weekly from two major wastewater treatment plants, encompassing over 80% of the city's population. Viral RNA was quantified via RT-qPCR and positive samples underwent genome sequencing for genotype characterization. DENGV and CKV RNA were detected in over 90% of samples across both wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), demonstrating sustained and widespread viral circulation throughout epidemic and inter-epidemic periods. Although CHIKV concentrations varied significantly across years, DENGV concentrations remained statistically stable, and no significant correlations were observed between wastewater viral loads and reported clinical cases. A considerable proportion of samples presented concentrations below the limit of quantification, indicating that while WBE is highly sensitive for qualitative detection of arboviruses, quantitative interpretation remains methodologically constrained. Sequencing confirmed the presence of DENGV-1 sorotype I and CKV genotype V, clustering with contemporaneous Brazilian strains and reflecting regional transmission dynamics. Wastewater-based modelling further suggested that reported clinical cases may substantially underestimate true infection burden, although quantitative estimates were highly sensitive to assumptions regarding viral shedding variability. These findings demonstrate that WBE provides a sensitive, non- invasive, population level approach for tracking arboviral circulation and viral diversity during large-scale outbreaks and could complement public health surveillance frameworks, especially in regions with limited diagnostic capacity or high levels of underreporting, to enhance epidemic response and control strategies.

@article{doi101016jwatres2026125962,
    author = "Lopes, Bruna Coelho and Dutra, João Victor Rodrigues and Moreira, Filipe Romero Rebello and Chen, William and Bibby, Kyle and Faria, Nuno and de Aguiar, Renato Santana and Mota Filho, Cesar Rossas",
    title = "Wastewater surveillance of dengue and chikungunya during the worst arbovirus epidemic in Brazil.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Water research",
    abstract = "This study evaluated wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for monitoring dengue virus (DENGV) and chikungunya virus (CKV) during Brazil's most severe arbovirus epidemic, focusing on the city of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. From March 2022 to August 2024, 24-hour composite raw sewage samples were collected weekly from two major wastewater treatment plants, encompassing over 80\% of the city's population. Viral RNA was quantified via RT-qPCR and positive samples underwent genome sequencing for genotype characterization. DENGV and CKV RNA were detected in over 90\% of samples across both wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), demonstrating sustained and widespread viral circulation throughout epidemic and inter-epidemic periods. Although CHIKV concentrations varied significantly across years, DENGV concentrations remained statistically stable, and no significant correlations were observed between wastewater viral loads and reported clinical cases. A considerable proportion of samples presented concentrations below the limit of quantification, indicating that while WBE is highly sensitive for qualitative detection of arboviruses, quantitative interpretation remains methodologically constrained. Sequencing confirmed the presence of DENGV-1 sorotype I and CKV genotype V, clustering with contemporaneous Brazilian strains and reflecting regional transmission dynamics. Wastewater-based modelling further suggested that reported clinical cases may substantially underestimate true infection burden, although quantitative estimates were highly sensitive to assumptions regarding viral shedding variability. These findings demonstrate that WBE provides a sensitive, non- invasive, population level approach for tracking arboviral circulation and viral diversity during large-scale outbreaks and could complement public health surveillance frameworks, especially in regions with limited diagnostic capacity or high levels of underreporting, to enhance epidemic response and control strategies.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42044571/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2026.125962",
    pmid = "42044571"
}