Cephalopods

@article{b1889united,
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@article{crossref1899united,
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@article{wright1949the8,
    author = "Wright, C. W. and Wright, E. V",
    title = "The Cretaceous ammonite genera Discohoplites and Hyphoplites Spath",
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@misc{teilharddechardin1950sur6,
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@misc{cobban1951scaphitid1,
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@article{doi103133pp355,
    author = "Reeside, John B. and Cobban, W. A.",
    title = "Studies of the Mowry shale (Cretaceous) and contemporary formations in the United States and Canada",
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@misc{cobban1964the2,
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@misc{teichert1964actinoceratoidea4,
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@misc{teichert1964nautiloideadiscosorida5,
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@misc{crossref1978the,
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@incollection{arnold1984cephalopods,
    author = "ARNOLD, JOHN M.",
    title = "Cephalopods",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Reproduction",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-092659-9.50013-2",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-08-092659-9.50013-2",
    pages = "419-454"
}

Pseudoceratitic ammonites of the family Engonoceratidae are locally common in the Mowry Shale in the central and northern parts of the Western Interior of the United States.Most occurrences are of crushed, specifically indeterminate specimens, but occasional collections from concretions have wellpreserved, uncrushed material.Metengonoceras aspenanum (Reesi':le and Weymouth) is revised on the basis of uncrushed speci;.1ensfrom a concretion in the Neogastroplites americanus zone in the Colorado Shale of Wheatland County, Montana.Metengonoceras teigenense, n. sp., is described from abundant material from a concretion in the Neogastroplites muelleri zone!n the Mowry Member of the Colorado Shale of Petroleum County, Montana.Metengonoceras aspenanum seems to be older than M. teigenense, n. sp., and both species are believed to be of early Cenomanian age.

@misc{doi103133b1787l,
    author = "Cobban, W. A. and Kennedy, W. J.",
    title = "The ammonite Metengonoceras Hyatt, 1903, from the Mowry Shale (Cretaceous) of Montana and Wyoming",
    year = "1989",
    abstract = "Pseudoceratitic ammonites of the family Engonoceratidae are locally common in the Mowry Shale in the central and northern parts of the Western Interior of the United States.Most occurrences are of crushed, specifically indeterminate specimens, but occasional collections from concretions have wellpreserved, uncrushed material.Metengonoceras aspenanum (Reesi':le and Weymouth) is revised on the basis of uncrushed speci;.1ensfrom a concretion in the Neogastroplites americanus zone in the Colorado Shale of Wheatland County, Montana.Metengonoceras teigenense, n. sp., is described from abundant material from a concretion in the Neogastroplites muelleri zone!n the Mowry Member of the Colorado Shale of Petroleum County, Montana.Metengonoceras aspenanum seems to be older than M. teigenense, n. sp., and both species are believed to be of early Cenomanian age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/b1787l",
    doi = "10.3133/b1787l",
    openalex = "W1565225215",
    references = "doi1026153tsw5050, doi103133m44, doi103133pp355, doi103133pp645, doi104095101339, doi104095106639, doi105281zenodo15987611, doi105479si009638017828601, openalexw2581543316"
}

@incollection{boyle2001cephalopods,
    author = "Boyle, P.",
    title = "Cephalopods",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1006/rwos.2001.0195",
    doi = "10.1006/rwos.2001.0195",
    pages = "436-442"
}

@misc{barczak2012cephalopods,
    author = "Barczak, Eleanor",
    title = "Cephalopods",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "They Eat That?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9798216025481-0022",
    doi = "10.5040/9798216025481-0022",
    pages = "44-47"
}

@incollection{crossref2020united,
    title = "United States Geological Survey",
    year = "2020",
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@incollection{crossref2024united,
    title = "United States Geological Survey",
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This work describes a laboratory activity designed to illustrate the phenomenon of bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS), a communication mechanism in bacterial communities. The activity focuses on the bioluminescence production regulated by QS of bacteria that live in symbiosis with cephalopods. This activity targets undergraduate students in biology, biochemistry, or other sciences and aims to promote their interest in microbiology and to help students to understand the role and mechanism of QS in microorganisms by means of a visual example of symbiotic interactions between bacteria and animals. At the same time, students are expected to develop lab skills in bacterial isolation, pure culture obtention and interpretation of microbiological results. The work also provides references and resources to help students understand the subject and teachers assess student learning.

@article{doi101093femslefnag050,
    author = "Perez-Etayo, Lara and Salvador-Bescós, Miriam and Aragón-Aranda, Beatriz and Alonso-Urmeneta, Begoña and Moriyón, Ignacio and Conde-Álvarez, Raquel",
    title = "Isolation of luminescent symbiont bacteria from marine cephalopods: a practical activity for the study of bacterial quorum sensing.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "FEMS microbiology letters",
    abstract = "This work describes a laboratory activity designed to illustrate the phenomenon of bacterial Quorum Sensing (QS), a communication mechanism in bacterial communities. The activity focuses on the bioluminescence production regulated by QS of bacteria that live in symbiosis with cephalopods. This activity targets undergraduate students in biology, biochemistry, or other sciences and aims to promote their interest in microbiology and to help students to understand the role and mechanism of QS in microorganisms by means of a visual example of symbiotic interactions between bacteria and animals. At the same time, students are expected to develop lab skills in bacterial isolation, pure culture obtention and interpretation of microbiological results. The work also provides references and resources to help students understand the subject and teachers assess student learning.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42033317/",
    doi = "10.1093/femsle/fnag050",
    pmid = "42033317"
}

Animal venoms represent a major source of chemical novelty, yet how venom compounds originate, diversify, and are maintained across deep evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood. This gap is especially pronounced in cephalopods, which evolved venom systems used in predation, defense, and sexual competition, but whose venom genetic architectures, secretory cell types, and venom-producing glands remain largely unexplored. To date, only a single cephalopod venom compound with confirmed paralytic activity and a known primary sequence, SE-CTX from the golden cuttlefish Acanthosepion esculentum, has been described. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history, molecular diversity, and glandular localization of SE-CTX-like proteins using a multimodal approach. We identify 29 homologs across 20 squid and cuttlefish species and define a previously unrecognized venom gene family, which we name deca-ctx, specific to decapodiform cephalopods (squids and cuttlefish). Phylogenetic analyses reveal a single origin of deca-ctx followed by gene duplication and lineage-specific diversification, indicating long-term retention of this venom gene. Predicted DECA-CTX protein structures were separated into two clusters and 20 singletons highlighting potentially extensive structural diversity within a single cephalopod venom gene family. Proteomic analysis confirms expression of five DECA-CTX proteins across three species. Our imaging and histological analyses localize deca-ctx expression to specialized secretory cells within squid and cuttlefish venom glands. Together, these findings reposition SE-CTX as part of an evolutionarily and chemically diverse venom system, rather than an isolated venom protein, and establish cephalopods as a key lineage for investigating how new venom genes arise, diversify, and are integrated into functional venom arsenals.

@article{doi106489820260409716377,
    author = "Naidu, Praveena and Pardos-Blas, José Ramón and Attarde, Saurabh and Achimba, Favour and Hempel, Benjamin-Florian and Clotea, Ioana and Stambouli, Belkes and Kirchhoff, Kim N and Williams, Melvin and McCarthy-Taylor, Jennifer and Gelashvili, Mariam and Sharer, David and Ali, Afeeda and Ueberheide, Beatrix and Albertin, Caroline B and Holford, Mandë",
    title = "Lineage-Specific Venom Gene Expression Shapes Chemical Diversity in Cephalopods.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "bioRxiv: the preprint server for biology",
    abstract = "Animal venoms represent a major source of chemical novelty, yet how venom compounds originate, diversify, and are maintained across deep evolutionary timescales remains poorly understood. This gap is especially pronounced in cephalopods, which evolved venom systems used in predation, defense, and sexual competition, but whose venom genetic architectures, secretory cell types, and venom-producing glands remain largely unexplored. To date, only a single cephalopod venom compound with confirmed paralytic activity and a known primary sequence, SE-CTX from the golden cuttlefish Acanthosepion esculentum, has been described. Here, we reconstruct the evolutionary history, molecular diversity, and glandular localization of SE-CTX-like proteins using a multimodal approach. We identify 29 homologs across 20 squid and cuttlefish species and define a previously unrecognized venom gene family, which we name deca-ctx, specific to decapodiform cephalopods (squids and cuttlefish). Phylogenetic analyses reveal a single origin of deca-ctx followed by gene duplication and lineage-specific diversification, indicating long-term retention of this venom gene. Predicted DECA-CTX protein structures were separated into two clusters and 20 singletons highlighting potentially extensive structural diversity within a single cephalopod venom gene family. Proteomic analysis confirms expression of five DECA-CTX proteins across three species. Our imaging and histological analyses localize deca-ctx expression to specialized secretory cells within squid and cuttlefish venom glands. Together, these findings reposition SE-CTX as part of an evolutionarily and chemically diverse venom system, rather than an isolated venom protein, and establish cephalopods as a key lineage for investigating how new venom genes arise, diversify, and are integrated into functional venom arsenals.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13082056/",
    doi = "10.64898/2026.04.09.716377",
    pmcid = "PMC13082056",
    pmid = "41993419"
}