China

@article{doi101111j175567241949mp2914001x,
    author = "Yin, T. H.",
    title = "Tentative Classification and Correlation of Silurian Rocks of South China *",
    year = "1949",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Geological Society of China",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1949.mp291-4001.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1755-6724.1949.mp291-4001.x",
    openalex = "W1933087100",
    references = "doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x"
}

@article{openalexw2370622237,
    author = "Liu, Yang",
    title = "NEW DEVONIAN AGNATHANS OF YUNNAN",
    year = "1965",
    openalex = "W2370622237"
}

@article{doi101038282831a0,
    author = "Halstead, L. B. and Liu, Yunquan and Pan, Kehou",
    title = "Agnathans from the Devonian of China",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/282831a0",
    doi = "10.1038/282831a0",
    openalex = "W2123972792",
    references = "doi1010160031018274900194, doi101038282833a0, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi1011770971102319750109, doi1023072407204"
}

@article{halstead1979agnathans,
    author = "Halstead, L. B. and Liu, Y.-H. and P'an, K.",
    title = "Agnathans from the Devonian of China",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/282831a0",
    doi = "10.1038/282831a0",
    number = "5741",
    openalex = "W2123972792",
    pages = "831-833",
    volume = "282",
    references = "doi1010160031018274900194, doi101038282833a0, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi1011770971102319750109, doi1023072407204"
}

@misc{halstead1979agnathans1,
    author = "Halstead, L. B. and Liu, Y.-H. and P'an, K",
    title = "Agnathans from the Devonian of China",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 282, p. 831-833",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Halstead, L. B., Liu, Y.-H., and P'an, K., 1979, Agnathans from the Devonian of China: Nature, v. 282, p. 831-833.}"
}

Abstract Plant fossils, including Drepanophycus schopji sp. nov. Mildenhall, cf. Haplostigma irregulare (Schwarz) Seward, an indeterminate lycopodiaceous axis resembling Protolepidodendron, and psilophytalean sterns, are described from Milan Rock, Mt Hartkopf, at the head of the Land Glacier, Ruppert Coast, Marie Byrd Land. The plant fossils were discovered in dark carbonaceous slaty argillite erratics littering a granitic glacial pavement, with striations indicating provenance from nearby sub‐ice outcrops to the southeast. Metasedimentary rocks of similar lithofacies containing carbonised plant remains, conformably underlie the previously undated andesitic metavolcanic sequence of the Ruppert Coast in nearby nunataks. The plant fossils are of late Middle or early Late Devonian age and are the first macrofossils found in Marie Byrd Land. Floral affinities of Haplostigma are with the Upper Bokkeveld and Witteberg Beds of South Africa, the Taylor Group of the Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica and the Baldwin Formation of the Parry Group of the New England geosyncline in Eastern Australia. Drepanophycus is found outside Gondwana (e.g. in North America) and is associated with Haplostigma in the Cape floras of South Africa.

@article{doi10108003036758198010415333,
    author = "Grindley, G. W. and Mildenhall, D. C. and Schopf, James M.",
    title = "A mid‐late devonian flora from the Ruppert Coast, Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand",
    abstract = "Abstract Plant fossils, including Drepanophycus schopji sp. nov. Mildenhall, cf. Haplostigma irregulare (Schwarz) Seward, an indeterminate lycopodiaceous axis resembling Protolepidodendron, and psilophytalean sterns, are described from Milan Rock, Mt Hartkopf, at the head of the Land Glacier, Ruppert Coast, Marie Byrd Land. The plant fossils were discovered in dark carbonaceous slaty argillite erratics littering a granitic glacial pavement, with striations indicating provenance from nearby sub‐ice outcrops to the southeast. Metasedimentary rocks of similar lithofacies containing carbonised plant remains, conformably underlie the previously undated andesitic metavolcanic sequence of the Ruppert Coast in nearby nunataks. The plant fossils are of late Middle or early Late Devonian age and are the first macrofossils found in Marie Byrd Land. Floral affinities of Haplostigma are with the Upper Bokkeveld and Witteberg Beds of South Africa, the Taylor Group of the Beacon Supergroup of East Antarctica and the Baldwin Formation of the Parry Group of the New England geosyncline in Eastern Australia. Drepanophycus is found outside Gondwana (e.g. in North America) and is associated with Haplostigma in the Cape floras of South Africa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03036758.1980.10415333",
    doi = "10.1080/03036758.1980.10415333",
    openalex = "W2069575329"
}

Summary The Devonian System of China occurs in the Tianshan–Hingan* Geosyncline of North China, the Yangtze Paraplatform of South China and in the geosynclinal areas of West China. Devonian formations are entirely absent from the Sino-Korean Paraplatform and the Tarim Platform, but along the border of the Tarim Basin and the slopes of Qilianshan (Chilienshan) are continental sequences rich in vertebrate and plant fossils. On the basis of differences in biostratigraphic characteristics the Devonian is divisible into 8 regions: 1. Junggar–Hingan (Dzungar–Khingan), 2. South Tianshan (South Tienshan), 3. Qilianshan (Chilienshan), 4. Longmenshan (Lungmenshan), 5. South China, 6. South-eastern China, 7. West Sichuan–North Xizang (West Szechuan-North Tibet), 8. Himalaya–West Yunnan. Using both lithology and fossil content, five principal facies (types) may be further differentiated: 1. Hingan type (eugeosynclinal facies), 2. Baoxin type (miogeosynclinal facies), 3. Xiangzhou type (platform near-shore facies), 4. Nandan type (platformal off-shore facies), 5. Cuifengshan (Chuifeng shan) type (continental facies). The Devonian of South China occurs in various facies, but has a well-defined principal stratotype. It has been divided by Chinese geologists into eight stages, two in the Upper Devonian, two in the Middle Devonian and four in the Lower Devonian. The Devonian sequences of the geosynclinal regions of West China are characterized by facies which contain graptolites and tentaculites, and have largely been affected by regional metamorphism. The Devonian biota of the Junggar–Hingan Region is essentially an endemic one, but it is associated with a few European and North American elements. Marine pyroclastics are the principal rocks. General stratigraphical columns of those regions are given with a correlation with other parts of China. The continental Devonian of China is unique especially in the light of its vertebrate content. Red sandstones are widespread in the Lower Devonian, and intercalated with argillaceous limestone and mudstone. This sequence is rich in endemic East Asiatic faunal elements including agnatha (Galeaspida, Polybranchiaspida), Antiarchi, etc. Middle and Upper Devonian lithostratigraphic units consist principally of light coloured quartzose sandstone formations in Southeastern China, with some red beds in South and North China, while their fauna and flora are cosmopolitan in character. Their exact geological ages vary, however, as clearly shown in the South China region, especially towards the top of the Upper Devonian (with Asterolepis) and in the early Middle Devonian (with Bothriolepis).

@article{doi101017s0016756800034348,
    author = "Shih-Pu, Yang and Kiang, P'an and Hung-Fei, Hou",
    title = "The Devonian System in China",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Summary The Devonian System of China occurs in the Tianshan–Hingan* Geosyncline of North China, the Yangtze Paraplatform of South China and in the geosynclinal areas of West China. Devonian formations are entirely absent from the Sino-Korean Paraplatform and the Tarim Platform, but along the border of the Tarim Basin and the slopes of Qilianshan (Chilienshan) are continental sequences rich in vertebrate and plant fossils. On the basis of differences in biostratigraphic characteristics the Devonian is divisible into 8 regions: 1. Junggar–Hingan (Dzungar–Khingan), 2. South Tianshan (South Tienshan), 3. Qilianshan (Chilienshan), 4. Longmenshan (Lungmenshan), 5. South China, 6. South-eastern China, 7. West Sichuan–North Xizang (West Szechuan-North Tibet), 8. Himalaya–West Yunnan. Using both lithology and fossil content, five principal facies (types) may be further differentiated: 1. Hingan type (eugeosynclinal facies), 2. Baoxin type (miogeosynclinal facies), 3. Xiangzhou type (platform near-shore facies), 4. Nandan type (platformal off-shore facies), 5. Cuifengshan (Chuifeng shan) type (continental facies). The Devonian of South China occurs in various facies, but has a well-defined principal stratotype. It has been divided by Chinese geologists into eight stages, two in the Upper Devonian, two in the Middle Devonian and four in the Lower Devonian. The Devonian sequences of the geosynclinal regions of West China are characterized by facies which contain graptolites and tentaculites, and have largely been affected by regional metamorphism. The Devonian biota of the Junggar–Hingan Region is essentially an endemic one, but it is associated with a few European and North American elements. Marine pyroclastics are the principal rocks. General stratigraphical columns of those regions are given with a correlation with other parts of China. The continental Devonian of China is unique especially in the light of its vertebrate content. Red sandstones are widespread in the Lower Devonian, and intercalated with argillaceous limestone and mudstone. This sequence is rich in endemic East Asiatic faunal elements including agnatha (Galeaspida, Polybranchiaspida), Antiarchi, etc. Middle and Upper Devonian lithostratigraphic units consist principally of light coloured quartzose sandstone formations in Southeastern China, with some red beds in South and North China, while their fauna and flora are cosmopolitan in character. Their exact geological ages vary, however, as clearly shown in the South China region, especially towards the top of the Upper Devonian (with Asterolepis) and in the early Middle Devonian (with Bothriolepis).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800034348",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800034348",
    openalex = "W2143089842"
}

Five faunal provinces based on vertebrates are proposed for Early Devonian time, as follows: a cephalaspid province (Euramerica), an amphiaspid province (Siberia), a tannuaspid province (Tuva); a galeaspid-yunnanolepid province (South China), and a wuttagoonaspid-phyllolepid province (East Gondwana). It is suggested that certain major groups of early vertebrates differentiated in isolation on these continental areas as freshwater environments were invaded, and the interrelationships of some agnathans and placoderms endemic to these areas are analyzed using the cladistic vicariance biogeographic method of Platnick & Nelson (1978). Two possible episodes of biotic dispersal are identified; between Laurentia and Baltica at the end of the Silurian, and between Gondwana and Euramerica during the Late Devonian. Amongst placoderm fishes a Gondwana origin is suggested for Phyllolepis, antiarchs indicate affinity between Gondwana and South China, and euarthrodires may have evolved in Euramerica. Phylogenetic analysis of other test groups is required to resolve conflicting evidence of area interconnections provided by agnathans and placoderms, and to establish the existence of general patterns in the Devonian distribution of endemic vertebrate taxa.

@article{doi10108003115518108567003,
    author = "Young, Gavin C.",
    title = "Biogeography of Devonian vertebrates",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Five faunal provinces based on vertebrates are proposed for Early Devonian time, as follows: a cephalaspid province (Euramerica), an amphiaspid province (Siberia), a tannuaspid province (Tuva); a galeaspid-yunnanolepid province (South China), and a wuttagoonaspid-phyllolepid province (East Gondwana). It is suggested that certain major groups of early vertebrates differentiated in isolation on these continental areas as freshwater environments were invaded, and the interrelationships of some agnathans and placoderms endemic to these areas are analyzed using the cladistic vicariance biogeographic method of Platnick \& Nelson (1978). Two possible episodes of biotic dispersal are identified; between Laurentia and Baltica at the end of the Silurian, and between Gondwana and Euramerica during the Late Devonian. Amongst placoderm fishes a Gondwana origin is suggested for Phyllolepis, antiarchs indicate affinity between Gondwana and South China, and euarthrodires may have evolved in Euramerica. Phylogenetic analysis of other test groups is required to resolve conflicting evidence of area interconnections provided by agnathans and placoderms, and to establish the existence of general patterns in the Devonian distribution of endemic vertebrate taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518108567003",
    doi = "10.1080/03115518108567003",
    openalex = "W1973722281",
    references = "doi101038211676a0, doi101038270304a0, doi101038282831a0, doi101093sysbio232265, doi101111j155856461973tb00719x, doi101146annureven10010165000525, doi1023072412139, doi1023072412140, doi1023072412808, doi1023072412970, halstead1979agnathans, openalexw586013635"
}

@article{openalexw2287317903,
    author = "Chang, MM and Yu, Xb.",
    title = "Structure and phylogenetic significance of Diabolichthys speratus gen. et sp. nov., a new dipnoan-like form from the Lower Devonian of eastern Yunnan, China",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales.",
    openalex = "W2287317903"
}

A review of the vertebrates within the Silurian and Devonian of China suggests a more detailed picture of palaeobiogeographical distribution than previously possible. Although the localities are commonly in rocks of continental aspect, marine formations also are present nearby. Of over 60 agnathan and fish genera known, only 5 placoderms (Givetian-Famennian) are cosmopolitan. Endemic patterns of distribution within China relate to the well-known tectonic (basinal or platformal) regions. Silurian vertebrates occur in southern, eastern and western parts of the country and are familiar from horizons as low as Llandovery. Devonian vertebrates include a wide range of endemic forms, which provide evidence of more than six distinct biostratigraphic assemblages in South China and five biogeographical realms.

@article{doi101098rspb19880062,
    author = "Jiang, Pan and Dineley, D. L.",
    title = "A review of early (Silurian and Devonian) vertebrate biogeography and biostratigraphy of China",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences",
    abstract = "A review of the vertebrates within the Silurian and Devonian of China suggests a more detailed picture of palaeobiogeographical distribution than previously possible. Although the localities are commonly in rocks of continental aspect, marine formations also are present nearby. Of over 60 agnathan and fish genera known, only 5 placoderms (Givetian-Famennian) are cosmopolitan. Endemic patterns of distribution within China relate to the well-known tectonic (basinal or platformal) regions. Silurian vertebrates occur in southern, eastern and western parts of the country and are familiar from horizons as low as Llandovery. Devonian vertebrates include a wide range of endemic forms, which provide evidence of more than six distinct biostratigraphic assemblages in South China and five biogeographical realms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1988.0062",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.1988.0062",
    openalex = "W2073552548",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800034348, doi10108002724634198410012014, doi10108003115518108567003, doi101127njgpa1641982364, doi101127nos31974243, doi10113000167606198596567defie20co2, doi101144gsjgs12960557, openalexw2287317903, openalexw2292464395, openalexw2370622237"
}

@book{openalexw1535778627,
    author = "中華人民共和国国家統計局",
    title = "China statistical yearbook",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1535778627",
    openalex = "W1535778627"
}

Abstract Early Devonian vertebrate faunal provinces are clearly defined for four regions: Euramerica, Siberia, China, and East Gondwana. The presence of osteostracans in southwest Siberia (Tuva, Minusa Basins) suggests either proximity of the Siberian block to Euramerica, or palaeogeographic separation of the Tuva region. The Knoydart fauna of Nova Scotia demonstrates that the Avalon Terrane was connected to Euramerica by Gedinnian time. Widespread antarctilamnid sharks in Gondwana suggest a distinctive Gondwana vertebrate fauna, isolated by marine barriers from Euramerica in the Early - Middle Devonian. Late Devonian patterns indicate faunal communication between Gondwana and Euramerica by Frasnian time, and between China and East Gondwana in the late Famennian. The Late Devonian base maps require anomalously wide latitudinal distributions for some taxa. Displacement of Turkey along the northern margin of Gondwana provides an intermediate occurrence of phyllolepid placoderms between disjunct distributions in Euramerica and East Gondwana, but the fossil data do not necessarily corroborate geological evidence for displacement. Biogeographic data generally must be interpreted in the context of palaeogeographic hypotheses, and lack of integration with geological and geophysical data sets has been a major problem. Hierarchical analysis using cladistic techniques has the potential for integrating biological, geological, and geophysical data, as illustrated in a cladistic analysis of the Williams and Hatcher model of Appalachian terranes. As an adjunct to map representation, an area cladogram enables a historical sequence of palaeogeographic events to be represented on a single diagram, together with crucial supporting evidence; it presents an analysis rather than synthesis of empirical data, and the hypothesis is more exposed to falsification.

@article{doi101144gslmem19900120123,
    author = "Young, Gavin C.",
    title = "Devonian vertebrate distribution patterns and cladistic analysis of palaegeographic hypotheses",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Geological Society London Memoirs",
    abstract = "Abstract Early Devonian vertebrate faunal provinces are clearly defined for four regions: Euramerica, Siberia, China, and East Gondwana. The presence of osteostracans in southwest Siberia (Tuva, Minusa Basins) suggests either proximity of the Siberian block to Euramerica, or palaeogeographic separation of the Tuva region. The Knoydart fauna of Nova Scotia demonstrates that the Avalon Terrane was connected to Euramerica by Gedinnian time. Widespread antarctilamnid sharks in Gondwana suggest a distinctive Gondwana vertebrate fauna, isolated by marine barriers from Euramerica in the Early - Middle Devonian. Late Devonian patterns indicate faunal communication between Gondwana and Euramerica by Frasnian time, and between China and East Gondwana in the late Famennian. The Late Devonian base maps require anomalously wide latitudinal distributions for some taxa. Displacement of Turkey along the northern margin of Gondwana provides an intermediate occurrence of phyllolepid placoderms between disjunct distributions in Euramerica and East Gondwana, but the fossil data do not necessarily corroborate geological evidence for displacement. Biogeographic data generally must be interpreted in the context of palaeogeographic hypotheses, and lack of integration with geological and geophysical data sets has been a major problem. Hierarchical analysis using cladistic techniques has the potential for integrating biological, geological, and geophysical data, as illustrated in a cladistic analysis of the Williams and Hatcher model of Appalachian terranes. As an adjunct to map representation, an area cladogram enables a historical sequence of palaeogeographic events to be represented on a single diagram, together with crucial supporting evidence; it presents an analysis rather than synthesis of empirical data, and the hypothesis is more exposed to falsification.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1990.012.01.23",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.mem.1990.012.01.23",
    openalex = "W2162167257",
    references = "doi101016s0016699588800664, doi101051jphystap019000090017001, doi10108003115518108567003, doi10108011035898309454564, doi101098rspb19880062, doi101130mem158p33, doi101144gsjgs13940465, doi1023072412728, doi1023072413039, doi1023072413454, doi1023073514548, openalexw319663532"
}

Recent collections of Zosterophyllum australianum have been made from the Xujiachong Formation which outcrops near Xujiachong village in the Qujing district of Yunnan province. The unit is a non-marine facies of the type section of the Lower Devonian of China. Sediments containing the fossil material are probably Siegenian-Emsian in age. Details of the morphology of fertile spike of Z. australianum are recorded. The spikes bear short-stalked, rather large, transversely elliptical sporangia, each with a wide, thickened, distal border. Sporangia are borne close together in a dextrorse helix, and usually in four or five longitudinal rows. Morphological variation of in-situ spores is also described. Comparison of the new specimens with others of reported Z. australianum has led to some nomenclatural changes.

@article{doi101111j109583391992tb00265x,
    author = "Hao, Shougang",
    title = "Some observations on Zosterophyllum australianum Lang \& Cookson from the Lower Devonian of Yunnan, China",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Recent collections of Zosterophyllum australianum have been made from the Xujiachong Formation which outcrops near Xujiachong village in the Qujing district of Yunnan province. The unit is a non-marine facies of the type section of the Lower Devonian of China. Sediments containing the fossil material are probably Siegenian-Emsian in age. Details of the morphology of fertile spike of Z. australianum are recorded. The spikes bear short-stalked, rather large, transversely elliptical sporangia, each with a wide, thickened, distal border. Sporangia are borne close together in a dextrorse helix, and usually in four or five longitudinal rows. Morphological variation of in-situ spores is also described. Comparison of the new specimens with others of reported Z. australianum has led to some nomenclatural changes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00265.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1095-8339.1992.tb00265.x",
    openalex = "W2113193889"
}

Volume: 44

@article{doi103853j0067197544199238,
    author = "Ritchie, Alex and Shitao, W. and Young, Gavin C. and Guorui, Z.",
    title = "The Sinolepidae, a family of antiarchs (placoderm fishes) from the Devonian of South China and eastern Australia",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Records of the Australian Museum",
    abstract = "Volume: 44",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.44.1992.38",
    doi = "10.3853/j.0067-1975.44.1992.38",
    openalex = "W2168798834"
}

Passive continental margins are geometrically irregular as a consequence of either triple‐junction evolution or the development of transfer zones in detachment fault systems, whereas active continental margins are smoothly arc‐shaped due to subduction of plates on the Earth's spherical surface. We propose that this basic difference in boundary geometry has played an important role in the latest Paleozoic‐early Mesozoic collision of North and South China. In particular, we suggest that prior to collision, the active southern margin of the North China Block (NCB) was contiguous across the Qilian Shan, Qinling, Dabie Shan, Shandong peninsula of east central China to the Imjingang area of central Korea. The passive northern margin of the South China Block (SCB), in contrast, had a more irregular shape, such that its northeastern segment in northern Jiangsu and eastern Anhui provinces of China extended some 500 km farther north than its western counterparts in northern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, and northern Hubei provinces. Collision of the NCB and the SCB began by indentation of the northeastern SCB into the eastern NCB in the late Early Permian and lasted until the Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic. The indentation produced the left‐slip Tan‐Lu fault in northeastern China and the right‐slip Honam shear zone in southeastern Korea and caused the northward displacement of the Shandong and the Imjingang metamorphic belts. This model predicts that collision along the Dabie and Qinling metamorphic belt occurred significantly later than along the Shandong belt, which is consistent with radiometric and depositional constraints on the time of collision. The proposed model accounts for the abrupt termination of the Tan‐Lu fault at its south end and the drastic decrease in slip along the Tan‐Lu fault north of the Shandong metamorphic belt. The model also predicts the distribution and ages of metamorphism along the suture and the observed local but intense Triassic deformation (=Indosinian orogeny) in northeastern China and northern Korea, which was previously an enigmatic feature in this region.

@article{doi10102993tc00313,
    author = "Yin, An and Nie, Shangyou",
    title = "An indentation model for the North and South China collision and the development of the Tan‐Lu and Honam Fault Systems, eastern Asia",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Passive continental margins are geometrically irregular as a consequence of either triple‐junction evolution or the development of transfer zones in detachment fault systems, whereas active continental margins are smoothly arc‐shaped due to subduction of plates on the Earth's spherical surface. We propose that this basic difference in boundary geometry has played an important role in the latest Paleozoic‐early Mesozoic collision of North and South China. In particular, we suggest that prior to collision, the active southern margin of the North China Block (NCB) was contiguous across the Qilian Shan, Qinling, Dabie Shan, Shandong peninsula of east central China to the Imjingang area of central Korea. The passive northern margin of the South China Block (SCB), in contrast, had a more irregular shape, such that its northeastern segment in northern Jiangsu and eastern Anhui provinces of China extended some 500 km farther north than its western counterparts in northern Sichuan, southern Shaanxi, and northern Hubei provinces. Collision of the NCB and the SCB began by indentation of the northeastern SCB into the eastern NCB in the late Early Permian and lasted until the Late Triassic‐Early Jurassic. The indentation produced the left‐slip Tan‐Lu fault in northeastern China and the right‐slip Honam shear zone in southeastern Korea and caused the northward displacement of the Shandong and the Imjingang metamorphic belts. This model predicts that collision along the Dabie and Qinling metamorphic belt occurred significantly later than along the Shandong belt, which is consistent with radiometric and depositional constraints on the time of collision. The proposed model accounts for the abrupt termination of the Tan‐Lu fault at its south end and the drastic decrease in slip along the Tan‐Lu fault north of the Shandong metamorphic belt. The model also predicts the distribution and ages of metamorphism along the suture and the observed local but intense Triassic deformation (=Indosinian orogeny) in northeastern China and northern Korea, which was previously an enigmatic feature in this region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/93tc00313",
    doi = "10.1029/93tc00313",
    openalex = "W2127755626",
    references = "doi10113000167606197586273hmffdi20co2, doi10113000167606198495295aootpt20co2, openalexw2025327988"
}

@article{doi101007bf02932414,
    author = "Hao, Shougang and Gensel, Patricia G.",
    title = "Some new plant finds from the Posongchong Formation of Yunnan, and consideration of a phytogeographic similarity between South China and Australia during the Early Devonian",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science in China Series D Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02932414",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02932414",
    openalex = "W2072417832"
}

The Devonian Period was characterized by major changes in both the terrestrial biosphere, e.g. the evolution of trees and seed plants and the appearance of multi–storied forests, and in the marine biosphere, e.g. an extended biotic crisis that decimated tropical marine benthos, especially the stromatoporoid–tabulate coral reef community. Teleconnections between these terrestrial and marine events are poorly understood, but a key may lie in the role of soils as a geochemical interface between the lithosphere and atmosphere/hydrosphere, and the role of land plants in mediating weathering processes at this interface. The effectiveness of terrestrial floras in weathering was significantly enhanced as a consequence of increases in the size and geographic extent of vascular land plants during the Devonian. In this regard, the most important palaeobotanical innovations were (1) arborescence (tree stature), which increased maximum depths of root penetration and rhizoturbation, and (2) the seed habit, which freed land plants from reproductive dependence on moist lowland habitats and allowed colonization of drier upland and primary successional areas. These developments resulted in a transient intensification of pedogenesis (soil formation) and to large increases in the thickness and areal extent of soils. Enhanced chemical weathering may have led to increased riverine nutrient fluxes that promoted development of eutrophic conditions in epicontinental seaways, resulting in algal blooms, widespread bottomwater anoxia, and high sedimentary organic carbon fluxes. Long–term effects included drawdown of atmospheric pCO 2 and global cooling, leading to a brief Late Devonian glaciation, which set the stage for icehouse conditions during the Permo–Carboniferous. This model provides a framework for understanding links between early land plant evolution and coeval marine anoxic and biotic events, but further testing of Devonian terrestrial–marine teleconnections is needed.

@article{doi101098rstb19980195,
    author = "Algeo, Thomas J. and Scheckler, Stephen E.",
    title = "Terrestrial-marine teleconnections in the Devonian: links between the evolution of land plants, weathering processes, and marine anoxic events",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The Devonian Period was characterized by major changes in both the terrestrial biosphere, e.g. the evolution of trees and seed plants and the appearance of multi–storied forests, and in the marine biosphere, e.g. an extended biotic crisis that decimated tropical marine benthos, especially the stromatoporoid–tabulate coral reef community. Teleconnections between these terrestrial and marine events are poorly understood, but a key may lie in the role of soils as a geochemical interface between the lithosphere and atmosphere/hydrosphere, and the role of land plants in mediating weathering processes at this interface. The effectiveness of terrestrial floras in weathering was significantly enhanced as a consequence of increases in the size and geographic extent of vascular land plants during the Devonian. In this regard, the most important palaeobotanical innovations were (1) arborescence (tree stature), which increased maximum depths of root penetration and rhizoturbation, and (2) the seed habit, which freed land plants from reproductive dependence on moist lowland habitats and allowed colonization of drier upland and primary successional areas. These developments resulted in a transient intensification of pedogenesis (soil formation) and to large increases in the thickness and areal extent of soils. Enhanced chemical weathering may have led to increased riverine nutrient fluxes that promoted development of eutrophic conditions in epicontinental seaways, resulting in algal blooms, widespread bottomwater anoxia, and high sedimentary organic carbon fluxes. Long–term effects included drawdown of atmospheric pCO 2 and global cooling, leading to a brief Late Devonian glaciation, which set the stage for icehouse conditions during the Permo–Carboniferous. This model provides a framework for understanding links between early land plant evolution and coeval marine anoxic and biotic events, but further testing of Devonian terrestrial–marine teleconnections is needed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0195",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1998.0195",
    openalex = "W2019839279",
    references = "doi1010029780470698716, doi101007978364270831215, doi101007978364270831222, doi101007bf00926826, doi1010160016703783901515, doi1010160031018284900415, doi101038368619a0, doi10108011035898209455245, doi101086629850, doi101111j136530911993tb01761x, doi101126science21545391498, doi10113000167606198596567defie20co2, doi101130001676061986971262baiooi20co2, doi1015159780691220239, doi1023073243920, doi102475ajs294156, openalexw2989049194"
}

A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.

@article{doi101126science1087139,
    author = "Guan, Yi and Zheng, Bingxue and He, Yuxian and Liu, X. L. and Zhuang, Zhen and Cheung, Y. M. and Luo, Shangshang and Li, Philip H. and Zhang, Ling and Guan, Yuntao and Butt, K. M. and Wong, K L and Chan, KH and Lim, W. and Shortridge, K. F. and Yuen, Kwok‐Yung and Peiris, Malik and Poon, Leo L. M.",
    title = "Isolation and Characterization of Viruses Related to the SARS Coronavirus from Animals in Southern China",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "A novel coronavirus (SCoV) is the etiological agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). SCoV-like viruses were isolated from Himalayan palm civets found in a live-animal market in Guangdong, China. Evidence of virus infection was also detected in other animals (including a raccoon dog, Nyctereutes procyonoides) and in humans working at the same market. All the animal isolates retain a 29-nucleotide sequence that is not found in most human isolates. The detection of SCoV-like viruses in small, live wild mammals in a retail market indicates a route of interspecies transmission, although the natural reservoir is not known.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1087139",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1087139",
    openalex = "W2134061616",
    references = "doi101093bioinformatics17121244"
}

Well established distribution patterns for Late Silurian-Early Devonian vertebrates indicate two basic provinces for the Gondwana supercontinent - an East Gondwana Province (Australia - W. Antarctica) with an Early-Middle Devonian endemic Wuttagoonaspis-Pituriaspis fauna, and a West Gondwana Province (broadly equivalent to the Malvinokaffric Province for marine invertebrates), with diverse Siluro-Devonian chondrichthyan-acanthodian assemblages. The northern Gondwana margin remains poorly known, but shows affinity to East Gondwana during the Emsian. The northern blocks of Laurentia and Baltica had a completely different cephalaspid/heterostracan fauna, whilst Asian terranes (Tarim, South and North China, Indochina) shared a distinctive and highly endemic galeaspid-yunnanolepid assemblage. Significant changes in pattern during the Middle-Late Devonian are assumed to reflect major rearrangements of global geography. Range enlargement from Asia-East Gondwana into Euramerica of bothriolepid antiarchs in the late Givetian may involve dispersal along new shallow marine shelf environments established with the Taghanic onlap. A second range enlargement of the East Gondwana wuttagoonaspid-phyllolepid placoderm lineage indicates continental connection to Euramerica via West Gondwana during the Late Devonian, at about the time of Condroz event regressions. Pre-Famennian phyllolepids across the northern Gondwana margin, and their complete absence from Asia, are two predictions of this model; phyllolepids have been found in the Givetian-Frasnian of Turkey and Venezuela, but remain unknown in Asia. In Euramerica they replace the adaptively similar psammosteid agnathans, which become extinct at the end of the Frasnian. A latest Devonian connection between East Gondwana and previously isolated Asian terranes is suggested by the appearance of sinolepid antiarchs (an endemic Chinese group) in uppermost Devonian strata in the Lachlan Fold Belt of eastern Australia. Recent models of Devonian palaeogeographic change based on palaeomagnetic data involve a counter-clockwise rotation of the Gondwana supercontinent. Close connections between East Gondwana and Asian terranes, and between West Gondwana and Laurentia, have been proposed for the Early Devonian, followed by a widening ocean separating Gondwana from Euramerica in the Late Devonian. This model is inconsistent with well-documented distribution patterns for Middle Palaeozoic vertebrates, and other fossil groups.

@article{openalexw2208603329,
    author = "Young, Gavin C.",
    title = "North Gondwana mid-Palaeozoic connections with Euramerica and Asia: Devonian vertebrate evidence",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "ANU Open Research (Australian National University)",
    abstract = "Well established distribution patterns for Late Silurian-Early Devonian vertebrates indicate two basic provinces for the Gondwana supercontinent - an East Gondwana Province (Australia - W. Antarctica) with an Early-Middle Devonian endemic Wuttagoonaspis-Pituriaspis fauna, and a West Gondwana Province (broadly equivalent to the Malvinokaffric Province for marine invertebrates), with diverse Siluro-Devonian chondrichthyan-acanthodian assemblages. The northern Gondwana margin remains poorly known, but shows affinity to East Gondwana during the Emsian. The northern blocks of Laurentia and Baltica had a completely different cephalaspid/heterostracan fauna, whilst Asian terranes (Tarim, South and North China, Indochina) shared a distinctive and highly endemic galeaspid-yunnanolepid assemblage. Significant changes in pattern during the Middle-Late Devonian are assumed to reflect major rearrangements of global geography. Range enlargement from Asia-East Gondwana into Euramerica of bothriolepid antiarchs in the late Givetian may involve dispersal along new shallow marine shelf environments established with the Taghanic onlap. A second range enlargement of the East Gondwana wuttagoonaspid-phyllolepid placoderm lineage indicates continental connection to Euramerica via West Gondwana during the Late Devonian, at about the time of Condroz event regressions. Pre-Famennian phyllolepids across the northern Gondwana margin, and their complete absence from Asia, are two predictions of this model; phyllolepids have been found in the Givetian-Frasnian of Turkey and Venezuela, but remain unknown in Asia. In Euramerica they replace the adaptively similar psammosteid agnathans, which become extinct at the end of the Frasnian. A latest Devonian connection between East Gondwana and previously isolated Asian terranes is suggested by the appearance of sinolepid antiarchs (an endemic Chinese group) in uppermost Devonian strata in the Lachlan Fold Belt of eastern Australia. Recent models of Devonian palaeogeographic change based on palaeomagnetic data involve a counter-clockwise rotation of the Gondwana supercontinent. Close connections between East Gondwana and Asian terranes, and between West Gondwana and Laurentia, have been proposed for the Early Devonian, followed by a widening ocean separating Gondwana from Euramerica in the Late Devonian. This model is inconsistent with well-documented distribution patterns for Middle Palaeozoic vertebrates, and other fossil groups.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2208603329",
    openalex = "W2208603329"
}

@article{doi101002gj1072,
    author = "Wen‐Jin, Zhao and Min, Zhu",
    title = "Diversification and faunal shift of Siluro‐Devonian vertebrates of China",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Geological Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1072",
    doi = "10.1002/gj.1072",
    openalex = "W2076702882",
    references = "doi101016s0012825299000550, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101017s0094837300003778, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101126science17740541065, doi105860choice353849, doi105860choice39sup0266, openalexw2764433274, openalexw2989049194, openalexw45809738"
}

We propose a flat-slab subduction model for Mesozoic South China based on both new sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon data and a synthesis of existing structural, geochronological, and sedimentary facies results. This model not only explains the development of a broad (~1300-km-wide) intracontinental orogen that migrated from the coastal region into the continental interior between ca. 250 Ma and 190 Ma, but can also account for the puzzling chain of events that followed: the formation of a shallow-marine basin in the wake of the migrating foreland fold-and-thrust belt, and the development of one of the world’s largest Basin and Range– style magmatic provinces after the orogeny. The South China record may serve as an example of the multiple effects of fl at-slab subduction, including migrating orogenesis and foreland fl exure, synoro genic sagging behind the active orogen, postdelamination lithospheric rebound, and the development of a Basin and Range–style broad magmatic province.

@article{doi101130g23193a1,
    author = "Li, Zheng‐Xiang and Li, Xian‐Hua",
    title = "Formation of the 1300-km-wide intracontinental orogen and postorogenic magmatic province in Mesozoic South China: A flat-slab subduction model",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "We propose a flat-slab subduction model for Mesozoic South China based on both new sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U-Pb zircon data and a synthesis of existing structural, geochronological, and sedimentary facies results. This model not only explains the development of a broad (\textasciitilde 1300-km-wide) intracontinental orogen that migrated from the coastal region into the continental interior between ca. 250 Ma and 190 Ma, but can also account for the puzzling chain of events that followed: the formation of a shallow-marine basin in the wake of the migrating foreland fold-and-thrust belt, and the development of one of the world’s largest Basin and Range– style magmatic provinces after the orogeny. The South China record may serve as an example of the multiple effects of fl at-slab subduction, including migrating orogenesis and foreland fl exure, synoro genic sagging behind the active orogen, postdelamination lithospheric rebound, and the development of a Basin and Range–style broad magmatic province.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g23193a.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g23193a.1",
    openalex = "W2003954276",
    references = "doi1010160016703793904512, doi101038270403a0"
}

There were three events of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China from 2003 to 2004. Starting from 2002, we are also aware of the increasing alert of an avian flu pandemic. Epidemics of SARS and avian flu have posed huge threats to social stability, economic prosperity and human health in this country. What we have experienced during SARS outbreaks has great implications for the protection of people against a resurgence of SARS and potential attacks of high-pathogenic avian flu viruses. To that end, China has been preparing to contain future pandemics by applying lessons learnt from SARS.

@article{doi101111j14401843200801255x,
    author = "Zhong, Nanshan and Zeng, Guangqiao",
    title = "Pandemic planning in China: Applying lessons from severe acute respiratory syndrome",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Respirology",
    abstract = "There were three events of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China from 2003 to 2004. Starting from 2002, we are also aware of the increasing alert of an avian flu pandemic. Epidemics of SARS and avian flu have posed huge threats to social stability, economic prosperity and human health in this country. What we have experienced during SARS outbreaks has great implications for the protection of people against a resurgence of SARS and potential attacks of high-pathogenic avian flu viruses. To that end, China has been preparing to contain future pandemics by applying lessons learnt from SARS.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01255.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01255.x",
    openalex = "W2051710784"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor200911007,
    author = "Zhao, Wenjin and Zhu, Min",
    title = "Siluro-Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography of China",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.007",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2009.11.007",
    openalex = "W2052445947",
    references = "doi101002gj1072, doi1010160743954796000244, doi101017s0263593300002595, doi10103817594, doi101038282831a0, doi10103835065078, doi101038nature00871, doi101038nature04563, doi101038nature07855, doi10108003115518108567003, doi101098rspb19880062, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi1016710272463420050250478r20co2, doi105860choice320949, halstead1979agnathans, openalexw2208603329, openalexw2387946806, openalexw3199833873, openalexw598239287"
}

Klug, C., Kroger, B., Kiessling, W., Mullins, G.L., Servais, T., Frýda, J., Korn, D. & Turner, S. 2009: The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x Traditional analyses of Early Phanerozoic marine diversity at the genus level show an explosive radiation of marine life until the Late Ordovician, followed by a phase of erratic decline continuing until the end of the Palaeozoic, whereas a more recent analysis extends the duration of this early radiation into the Devonian. This catch-all approach hides an evolutionary and ecological key event long after the Ordovician radiation: the rapid occupation of the free water column by animals during the Devonian. Here, we explore the timing of the occupation of the water column in the Palaeozoic and test the hypothesis that ecological escalation led to fundamental evolutionary changes in the mid-Palaeozoic marine water column. According to our analyses, demersal and nektonic modes of life were probably initially driven by competition in the diversity-saturated benthic habitats together with the availability of abundant planktonic food. Escalatory feedback then promoted the rapid rise of nekton in the Devonian as suggested by the sequence and tempo of water-column occupation. □Devonian, diversity, ecology, food webs, nekton, plankton, radiation.

@article{doi101111j15023931200900206x,
    author = "Klug, Christian and Kröger, Björn and Kiessling, Wolfgang and Mullins, Gary L. and Servais, Thomas and Frýda, Jiří and Korn, Dieter and Turner, Susan",
    title = "The Devonian nekton revolution",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Klug, C., Kroger, B., Kiessling, W., Mullins, G.L., Servais, T., Frýda, J., Korn, D. \& Turner, S. 2009: The Devonian nekton revolution. Lethaia, 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x Traditional analyses of Early Phanerozoic marine diversity at the genus level show an explosive radiation of marine life until the Late Ordovician, followed by a phase of erratic decline continuing until the end of the Palaeozoic, whereas a more recent analysis extends the duration of this early radiation into the Devonian. This catch-all approach hides an evolutionary and ecological key event long after the Ordovician radiation: the rapid occupation of the free water column by animals during the Devonian. Here, we explore the timing of the occupation of the water column in the Palaeozoic and test the hypothesis that ecological escalation led to fundamental evolutionary changes in the mid-Palaeozoic marine water column. According to our analyses, demersal and nektonic modes of life were probably initially driven by competition in the diversity-saturated benthic habitats together with the availability of abundant planktonic food. Escalatory feedback then promoted the rapid rise of nekton in the Devonian as suggested by the sequence and tempo of water-column occupation. □Devonian, diversity, ecology, food webs, nekton, plankton, radiation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00206.x",
    openalex = "W2168459490",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300012793, doi101111j15023931200800115x, doi101146annurevecolsys311293"
}

A new galeaspid agnathan,Diploholcaspis daleensis gen.et sp.nov.,was collected from the middle part of the Dayaoshan Group of Dale,Xiangzhou County,Guangxi,China.The Dayaoshan Group is more than one thousand meters in thickness,but yields rare fossils.It is unconformable with pre-Devonian deposits whose age is likely to be the Cambrian(Bai et al.,1982). Based on the depositional sequence and the age of the overlying strata,the Dayaoshan Group was referred to the Lochkovian(Early Devonian) in age(Bai et al.,1982;Hou and Wang,1988).Diploholcaspis daleensis represents the first finding of early vertebrates in the Dayaoshan Group,and provides new data for the regional stratigraphic correlation of Guangxi. Subclass Galeaspida Tarlo,1967 Order and Family Incertae sedis Genus Diploholcaspis gen.nov. Etymology Diplo(Gr),dual;holc(Gr),groove;aspis(Gr),a shield. Type species Diploholcaspis daleensis sp.nov. Diagnosis Large-sized Galeaspida.Head-shield trapezoid in shape,broader than long; large median dorsal opening transversally oval-shaped and subterminal;orbital opening laterally situated;sensory canal system poorly developed with only one pair of lateral transverse canals, which extend posterolaterally from the middle part of head-shield to the posterolateral margin of head-shield;ornament with large rounded tubercles,on which secondary fine tubercles are present. Remarks The new form resembles the Hanyangaspidae with respect to the trapezoid head-shield,the shape of subterminal median dorsal opening and the ornamentation.Considering the laterally-set orbital openings,the new form is more suggestive of Hanyangaspis of the Hanyangaspidae.However,they differ in the unique sensory canal system of the new form.Regarding the shape of median dorsal opening and the position of orbital openings,the new form also resembles Cyclodiscaspis of the Polybranchiaspididae.They differ in the general shape of head-shield,and the sensory canal system.Based on these differences,a new genus Diploholcaspis is erected.However,its phylogenetic position among the Galeaspida could not be resolved due to few available data. Diploholcaspis daleensis sp.nov. (Figs.1-2) Etymology After the fossil site(Dale) in Xiangzhou County,Guangxi. Holotype IVPP V 13763 a,b,the internal and external moulds of an incomplete headshield. Horizon and locality Dayaoshan Group,Lochkovian,Early Devonian;Dale,Xiangzhou County,Guangxi,China. Diagnosis As for the genus(the only species).

@article{openalexw2387946806,
    author = "Wang, Jun",
    title = "A NEW GALEASPID AGNATHAN FROM LOWER DEVONIAN OF GUANGXI,CHINA",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Gujizhui dongwu xuebao",
    abstract = "A new galeaspid agnathan,Diploholcaspis daleensis gen.et sp.nov.,was collected from the middle part of the Dayaoshan Group of Dale,Xiangzhou County,Guangxi,China.The Dayaoshan Group is more than one thousand meters in thickness,but yields rare fossils.It is unconformable with pre-Devonian deposits whose age is likely to be the Cambrian(Bai et al.,1982). Based on the depositional sequence and the age of the overlying strata,the Dayaoshan Group was referred to the Lochkovian(Early Devonian) in age(Bai et al.,1982;Hou and Wang,1988).Diploholcaspis daleensis represents the first finding of early vertebrates in the Dayaoshan Group,and provides new data for the regional stratigraphic correlation of Guangxi. Subclass Galeaspida Tarlo,1967 Order and Family Incertae sedis Genus Diploholcaspis gen.nov. Etymology Diplo(Gr),dual;holc(Gr),groove;aspis(Gr),a shield. Type species Diploholcaspis daleensis sp.nov. Diagnosis Large-sized Galeaspida.Head-shield trapezoid in shape,broader than long; large median dorsal opening transversally oval-shaped and subterminal;orbital opening laterally situated;sensory canal system poorly developed with only one pair of lateral transverse canals, which extend posterolaterally from the middle part of head-shield to the posterolateral margin of head-shield;ornament with large rounded tubercles,on which secondary fine tubercles are present. Remarks The new form resembles the Hanyangaspidae with respect to the trapezoid head-shield,the shape of subterminal median dorsal opening and the ornamentation.Considering the laterally-set orbital openings,the new form is more suggestive of Hanyangaspis of the Hanyangaspidae.However,they differ in the unique sensory canal system of the new form.Regarding the shape of median dorsal opening and the position of orbital openings,the new form also resembles Cyclodiscaspis of the Polybranchiaspididae.They differ in the general shape of head-shield,and the sensory canal system.Based on these differences,a new genus Diploholcaspis is erected.However,its phylogenetic position among the Galeaspida could not be resolved due to few available data. Diploholcaspis daleensis sp.nov. (Figs.1-2) Etymology After the fossil site(Dale) in Xiangzhou County,Guangxi. Holotype IVPP V 13763 a,b,the internal and external moulds of an incomplete headshield. Horizon and locality Dayaoshan Group,Lochkovian,Early Devonian;Dale,Xiangzhou County,Guangxi,China. Diagnosis As for the genus(the only species).",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2387946806",
    openalex = "W2387946806"
}

The Devonian marks a critical stage in the early evolution of vertebrates: It opens with an unprecedented diversity of fishes and closes with the earliest evidence of limbed tetrapods. However, the latter part of the Devonian has also been characterized as a period of global biotic crisis marked by two large extinction pulses: a “Big Five” mass extinction event at the Frasnian-Famennian stage boundary (374 Ma) and the less well-documented Hangenberg event some 15 million years later at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary (359 Ma). Here, we report the results of a wide-ranging analysis of the impact of these events on early vertebrate evolution, which was obtained from a database of vertebrate occurrences sampling over 1,250 taxa from 66 localities spanning Givetian to Serpukhovian stages (391 to 318 Ma). We show that major vertebrate clades suffered acute and systematic effects centered on the Hangenberg extinction involving long-term losses of over 50% of diversity and the restructuring of vertebrate ecosystems worldwide. Marine and nonmarine faunas were equally affected, precluding the existence of environmental refugia. The subsequent recovery of previously diverse groups (including placoderms, sarcopterygian fish, and acanthodians) was minimal. Tetrapods, actinopterygians, and chondrichthyans, all scarce within the Devonian, undergo large diversification events in the aftermath of the extinction, dominating all subsequent faunas. The Hangenberg event represents a previously unrecognized bottleneck in the evolutionary history of vertebrates as a whole and a historical contingency that shaped the roots of modern biodiversity.

@article{doi101073pnas0914000107,
    author = "Sallan, Lauren and Coates, Michael I.",
    title = "End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "The Devonian marks a critical stage in the early evolution of vertebrates: It opens with an unprecedented diversity of fishes and closes with the earliest evidence of limbed tetrapods. However, the latter part of the Devonian has also been characterized as a period of global biotic crisis marked by two large extinction pulses: a “Big Five” mass extinction event at the Frasnian-Famennian stage boundary (374 Ma) and the less well-documented Hangenberg event some 15 million years later at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary (359 Ma). Here, we report the results of a wide-ranging analysis of the impact of these events on early vertebrate evolution, which was obtained from a database of vertebrate occurrences sampling over 1,250 taxa from 66 localities spanning Givetian to Serpukhovian stages (391 to 318 Ma). We show that major vertebrate clades suffered acute and systematic effects centered on the Hangenberg extinction involving long-term losses of over 50\% of diversity and the restructuring of vertebrate ecosystems worldwide. Marine and nonmarine faunas were equally affected, precluding the existence of environmental refugia. The subsequent recovery of previously diverse groups (including placoderms, sarcopterygian fish, and acanthodians) was minimal. Tetrapods, actinopterygians, and chondrichthyans, all scarce within the Devonian, undergo large diversification events in the aftermath of the extinction, dominating all subsequent faunas. The Hangenberg event represents a previously unrecognized bottleneck in the evolutionary history of vertebrates as a whole and a historical contingency that shaped the roots of modern biodiversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0914000107",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0914000107",
    openalex = "W2053959738",
    references = "doi101002gj1072, doi101038347066a0, doi101098rspb20071370, doi105860choice320949"
}

Placoderms, the most diverse group of Devonian fishes, were globally distributed in all habitable freshwater and marine environments, like teleost fishes in the modern fauna. Their known evolutionary history (Early Silurian–Late Devonian) spanned at least 70 million years. Known diversity (335 genera) will increase when diverse assemblages from new areas are described. Placoderms first occur in the Early Silurian of China, but their diversity remained low until their main evolutionary radiation in the Early Devonian, after which they became the dominant vertebrates of Devonian seas. Most current placoderm data are derived from the second half of the group's evolutionary history, and recent claims that they form a paraphyletic group are based on highly derived Late Devonian forms; 16 shared derived characters are proposed here to support placoderm monophyly. Interrelationships of seven placoderm orders are unresolved because Silurian forms from China are still poorly known. The relationship of placoderms to the two major extant groups of jawed fishes—osteichthyans (bony fishes) and chondrichthyans (cartilaginous sharks, rays, and chimaeras)—remains uncertain, but the detailed preservation of placoderm internal braincase structures provides insights into the ancestral gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) condition. Placoderms provide the most complex morphological and biogeographic data set for the Middle Paleozoic; marked discrepancies in stratigraphic occurrence between different continental regions indicate strongly endemic faunas that were probably constrained by marine barriers until changes in paleogeography permitted range enlargement into new areas. Placoderm distributions in time and space indicate major faunal interchange between Gondwana and Laurussia near the Frasnian-Famennian boundary; closure of the Devonian equatorial ocean is a possible explanation.

@article{doi101146annurevearth040809152507,
    author = "Young, Gavin C.",
    title = "Placoderms (Armored Fish): Dominant Vertebrates of the Devonian Period",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Placoderms, the most diverse group of Devonian fishes, were globally distributed in all habitable freshwater and marine environments, like teleost fishes in the modern fauna. Their known evolutionary history (Early Silurian–Late Devonian) spanned at least 70 million years. Known diversity (335 genera) will increase when diverse assemblages from new areas are described. Placoderms first occur in the Early Silurian of China, but their diversity remained low until their main evolutionary radiation in the Early Devonian, after which they became the dominant vertebrates of Devonian seas. Most current placoderm data are derived from the second half of the group's evolutionary history, and recent claims that they form a paraphyletic group are based on highly derived Late Devonian forms; 16 shared derived characters are proposed here to support placoderm monophyly. Interrelationships of seven placoderm orders are unresolved because Silurian forms from China are still poorly known. The relationship of placoderms to the two major extant groups of jawed fishes—osteichthyans (bony fishes) and chondrichthyans (cartilaginous sharks, rays, and chimaeras)—remains uncertain, but the detailed preservation of placoderm internal braincase structures provides insights into the ancestral gnathostome (jawed vertebrate) condition. Placoderms provide the most complex morphological and biogeographic data set for the Middle Paleozoic; marked discrepancies in stratigraphic occurrence between different continental regions indicate strongly endemic faunas that were probably constrained by marine barriers until changes in paleogeography permitted range enlargement into new areas. Placoderm distributions in time and space indicate major faunal interchange between Gondwana and Laurussia near the Frasnian-Famennian boundary; closure of the Devonian equatorial ocean is a possible explanation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152507",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152507",
    openalex = "W2169739871",
    references = "doi101002gj1072, doi101098rsbl20070545, doi101111j109636421986tb00876x, doi105962bhltitle5752"
}

Abstract: Carbon isotope (δ 13 C org) analyses of non‐marine clastic rocks and neritic carbonates and black shales spanning the Silurian/Devonian transition are compared from two richly fossiliferous sequences in Qujing of East Yunnan and Zoige of Sichuan, South China. The two sections, Xishancun and Putonggou sections in South China, reveal positive δ 13 C org shifts happening in the Upper Pridoli and Lower Devonian and reaching peak values as heavy as –25.2%‰ (Xishancun) and –19.9%‰ (Putonggou) in the lowermost Lochkovian following the first occurrence of the thelodont Parathelodus and the conodont Icriodus woschmidti woschmidti (only in Putonggou Section and together with Protathyris‐Lanceomyonia brachiopod fauna). These results replicate a globally known positive shift in δ 13 C org from the uppermost Silurian to the lowermost Devonian. The δ 13 C org variations across the Silurian/Devonian Boundary (SDB) at the two sections in South China exhibit a shift in carbon isotopic composition similar to the detailed SDB curves from the borehole Klonk‐1 drilled at top of the Klonk Global Standard Stratotype‐Section and Point (GSSP) in the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. In addition, four microvertebrate assemblages, including the Liaojiaoshan, Xishancun, Yanglugou and Xiaputonggou assemblages, are recognized from the Silurian/Devonian transition exposed in the Xishancun and Putonggou sections, respectively. The results from both carbon isotope stratigraphy and microvertebrate assemblage sequences suggest that the SDB in South China is located at the base of the Xishancun Formation (between sample QX‐20 and sample QX‐21) in the Xishancun Section and the lower part of the Xiaputonggou Formation (between sample ZP‐09 and sample ZP‐10) in the Putonggou Section. The isotopic trend for organic carbon together with the changes of microvertebrate remains across the SDB can offer an approach to a potential correlation of the SDB from different sedimentary facies, which help to correlate the marine with non‐marine deposits.

@article{doi101111j17556724201100403x,
    author = "Zhao, Wenjin and Wang, Nian-Zhong and Zhu, Min and MANN, Ulrich and Herten, Ulrich and Lücke, Andreas",
    title = "Geochemical Stratigraphy and Microvertebrate Assemblage Sequences across the Silurian/Devonian Transition in South China",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    abstract = "Abstract: Carbon isotope (δ 13 C org) analyses of non‐marine clastic rocks and neritic carbonates and black shales spanning the Silurian/Devonian transition are compared from two richly fossiliferous sequences in Qujing of East Yunnan and Zoige of Sichuan, South China. The two sections, Xishancun and Putonggou sections in South China, reveal positive δ 13 C org shifts happening in the Upper Pridoli and Lower Devonian and reaching peak values as heavy as –25.2\%‰ (Xishancun) and –19.9\%‰ (Putonggou) in the lowermost Lochkovian following the first occurrence of the thelodont Parathelodus and the conodont Icriodus woschmidti woschmidti (only in Putonggou Section and together with Protathyris‐Lanceomyonia brachiopod fauna). These results replicate a globally known positive shift in δ 13 C org from the uppermost Silurian to the lowermost Devonian. The δ 13 C org variations across the Silurian/Devonian Boundary (SDB) at the two sections in South China exhibit a shift in carbon isotopic composition similar to the detailed SDB curves from the borehole Klonk‐1 drilled at top of the Klonk Global Standard Stratotype‐Section and Point (GSSP) in the Prague Basin, Czech Republic. In addition, four microvertebrate assemblages, including the Liaojiaoshan, Xishancun, Yanglugou and Xiaputonggou assemblages, are recognized from the Silurian/Devonian transition exposed in the Xishancun and Putonggou sections, respectively. The results from both carbon isotope stratigraphy and microvertebrate assemblage sequences suggest that the SDB in South China is located at the base of the Xishancun Formation (between sample QX‐20 and sample QX‐21) in the Xishancun Section and the lower part of the Xiaputonggou Formation (between sample ZP‐09 and sample ZP‐10) in the Putonggou Section. The isotopic trend for organic carbon together with the changes of microvertebrate remains across the SDB can offer an approach to a potential correlation of the SDB from different sedimentary facies, which help to correlate the marine with non‐marine deposits.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00403.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1755-6724.2011.00403.x",
    openalex = "W2069421294",
    references = "doi101002gj1072"
}

@article{doi101007s1143001243765,
    author = "Jiayu, Rong and Wang, Yi and Zhang, Xiaole",
    title = "Tracking shallow marine red beds through geological time as exemplified by the lower Telychian (Silurian) in the Upper Yangtze Region, South China",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-012-4376-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-012-4376-5",
    openalex = "W2263543752"
}

From the formation of Rodinia at the end of the Mesoproterozoic to the commencement of Pangea breakup at the end of the Paleozoic, the South China craton fi rst formed and then occupied a position adjacent to Western Australia and northern India. Early Neoproterozoic suprasubduction zone magmatic arc-backarc assemblages in the craton range in age from ca. 1000 Ma to 820 Ma and display a sequential northwest decrease in age. These relations suggest formation and closure of arc systems through southeast-directed subduction, resulting in progressive northwestward accretion onto the periphery of an already assembled Rodinia. Siliciclastic units within an early Paleozoic succession that transgresses across the craton were derived from the southeast and include detritus from beyond the current limits of the craton. Detrital zircon age spectra require an East Gondwana source and are very similar to the Tethyan Himalaya and younger Paleozoic successions from Western Australia, suggesting derivation from a common source and by inference accumulation in linked basins along the northern margin of Gondwana, a situation that continued until rifting and breakup of the craton in the late Paleozoic.

@article{doi101130g343951,
    author = "Cawood, Peter A. and Wang, Yuejun and Xu, Yajun and Zhao, Guochun",
    title = "Locating South China in Rodinia and Gondwana: A fragment of greater India lithosphere?",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "From the formation of Rodinia at the end of the Mesoproterozoic to the commencement of Pangea breakup at the end of the Paleozoic, the South China craton fi rst formed and then occupied a position adjacent to Western Australia and northern India. Early Neoproterozoic suprasubduction zone magmatic arc-backarc assemblages in the craton range in age from ca. 1000 Ma to 820 Ma and display a sequential northwest decrease in age. These relations suggest formation and closure of arc systems through southeast-directed subduction, resulting in progressive northwestward accretion onto the periphery of an already assembled Rodinia. Siliciclastic units within an early Paleozoic succession that transgresses across the craton were derived from the southeast and include detritus from beyond the current limits of the craton. Detrital zircon age spectra require an East Gondwana source and are very similar to the Tethyan Himalaya and younger Paleozoic successions from Western Australia, suggesting derivation from a common source and by inference accumulation in linked basins along the northern margin of Gondwana, a situation that continued until rifting and breakup of the craton in the late Paleozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g34395.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g34395.1",
    openalex = "W2157202268",
    references = "doi101016jgr201202019, doi101016s1342937x05708832, doi101144gslmem19900120114"
}

—A new genus and species of selenosteid arthrodire is described from the Late Devonian of Morocco. Driscollaspis pankowskiorum, gen. nov. sp. nov., is defined as a selenosteid with a shallow preorbital plate embayment of the central plate, a paranuchal plate embayment of the central plate as a deep embayment determined by the lateral and posterior lobe, a central plate expanded at the contact with the pineal plate as transverse anterior border, and a suborbital plate overlapping the postorbital plate. The dermal ornamentation is tubercular, forming patches of reticular ridges clustered around sensory-line canal junctions in plate centers. The sensory-line canals are distinctly raised just above the level of the dermal ornamentation, a unique character not previously recognized in any arthrodire but seen in some ptyctodontids. A new phylogenetic hypothesis supports the monophyly of the Selenosteidae within which this new taxon is resolved, but emphasizes also unresolved relationships among aspinothoracid arthrodires. The paleogeographic distribution of the Frasnian vertebrates from Morocco and especially the seleonsteids on the western margin of Gondwana and Laurussia are discussed, and the indication for a contact of both continents during the late Frasnian is emphasized.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D0287127-C713-4BB1-9A27-242679041C22SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP

@article{doi101080027246342014908896,
    author = "Rücklin, Martin and Long, John A. and Trinajstic, Kate",
    title = "A new selenosteid arthrodire (‘Placodermi’) from the Late Devonian of Morocco",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "—A new genus and species of selenosteid arthrodire is described from the Late Devonian of Morocco. Driscollaspis pankowskiorum, gen. nov. sp. nov., is defined as a selenosteid with a shallow preorbital plate embayment of the central plate, a paranuchal plate embayment of the central plate as a deep embayment determined by the lateral and posterior lobe, a central plate expanded at the contact with the pineal plate as transverse anterior border, and a suborbital plate overlapping the postorbital plate. The dermal ornamentation is tubercular, forming patches of reticular ridges clustered around sensory-line canal junctions in plate centers. The sensory-line canals are distinctly raised just above the level of the dermal ornamentation, a unique character not previously recognized in any arthrodire but seen in some ptyctodontids. A new phylogenetic hypothesis supports the monophyly of the Selenosteidae within which this new taxon is resolved, but emphasizes also unresolved relationships among aspinothoracid arthrodires. The paleogeographic distribution of the Frasnian vertebrates from Morocco and especially the seleonsteids on the western margin of Gondwana and Laurussia are discussed, and the indication for a contact of both continents during the late Frasnian is emphasized.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D0287127-C713-4BB1-9A27-242679041C22SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2014.908896",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2014.908896",
    openalex = "W2138176184",
    references = "openalexw2208603329"
}

With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2% per year; P =.1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2% per year; P <.05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4% per year; P <.05) and females (-1.1% per year; P <.05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.

@article{doi103322caac21338,
    author = "Chen, Wanqing and Zheng, Rongshou and Baade, Peter D. and Zhang, Siwei and Zeng, Hongmei and Bray, Freddie and Jemal, Ahmedin and Yu, Xue Qin and He, Jie",
    title = "Cancer statistics in China, 2015",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians",
    abstract = "With increasing incidence and mortality, cancer is the leading cause of death in China and is a major public health problem. Because of China's massive population (1.37 billion), previous national incidence and mortality estimates have been limited to small samples of the population using data from the 1990s or based on a specific year. With high-quality data from an additional number of population-based registries now available through the National Central Cancer Registry of China, the authors analyzed data from 72 local, population-based cancer registries (2009-2011), representing 6.5\% of the population, to estimate the number of new cases and cancer deaths for 2015. Data from 22 registries were used for trend analyses (2000-2011). The results indicated that an estimated 4292,000 new cancer cases and 2814,000 cancer deaths would occur in China in 2015, with lung cancer being the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer death. Stomach, esophageal, and liver cancers were also commonly diagnosed and were identified as leading causes of cancer death. Residents of rural areas had significantly higher age-standardized (Segi population) incidence and mortality rates for all cancers combined than urban residents (213.6 per 100,000 vs 191.5 per 100,000 for incidence; 149.0 per 100,000 vs 109.5 per 100,000 for mortality, respectively). For all cancers combined, the incidence rates were stable during 2000 through 2011 for males (+0.2\% per year; P =.1), whereas they increased significantly (+2.2\% per year; P <.05) among females. In contrast, the mortality rates since 2006 have decreased significantly for both males (-1.4\% per year; P <.05) and females (-1.1\% per year; P <.05). Many of the estimated cancer cases and deaths can be prevented through reducing the prevalence of risk factors, while increasing the effectiveness of clinical care delivery, particularly for those living in rural areas and in disadvantaged populations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21338",
    doi = "10.3322/caac.21338",
    openalex = "W2272984102",
    references = "doi101002ijc25516, doi101002sici1097025820000215193335aidsim33630co2z, doi1010079783642858499, doi1010079783642858512, doi101056nejmoa1102873, doi103322caac20107, doi103322caac21254, doi103322caac21262, openalexw1535778627, openalexw2231156824"
}

Pan, Z., Zhu, M., Zhu, Y. & Jia, L., August 2017. A new antiarch placoderm from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Wuding, Yunnan, China. Alcheringa 42, 10–21. ISSN 0311-5518.Wufengshania magniforaminis, a new genus and species of the Euantiarcha (Placodermi: Antiarcha), is described from the late Emsian (Early Devonian) of Wuding, Yunnan, southwestern China. The referred specimens were three-dimensionally preserved in black shales, allowing a high-resolution computed tomography reconstruction of anatomical details. The new euantiarch is characterized by a large orbital fenestra, an arched exoskeletal band around the orbital fenestra and a developed obtected nuchal area of the skull roof. Maximum parsimony analysis, using a revised data-set of antiarchs with 44 taxa and 66 characters, resolves Wufengshania gen. nov. as a member of the Bothriolepididae, which is characterized by the presence of the infraorbital sensory canal diverging on the lateral plate, and the nuchal plate with orbital facets. New analysis supports a sister group relationship between Dianolepis and the Bothriolepididae. Luquanolepis, a coeval euantiarch from the neighboring site of the new form, is referred to the Asterolepidoidei and represents the basalmost and earliest member of the Asterolepidoidei.Zhaohui Pan* [panzhaohui@ivpp.ac.cn], Min Zhu* [zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn], You'an Zhu† [zhuyouan@ivpp.ac.cn] and Liantao Jia [jialiantao@ivpp.ac.cn] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 643, Beijing 100044, PR China. *Also affiliated with University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China. †Also affiliated with Uppsala University, PO Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.

@article{doi1010800311551820171338357,
    author = "Pan, Zhaohui and Zhu, Min and Zhu, You-an and Jia, Liantao",
    title = "A new antiarch placoderm from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Wuding, Yunnan, China",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Pan, Z., Zhu, M., Zhu, Y. \& Jia, L., August 2017. A new antiarch placoderm from the Emsian (Early Devonian) of Wuding, Yunnan, China. Alcheringa 42, 10–21. ISSN 0311-5518.Wufengshania magniforaminis, a new genus and species of the Euantiarcha (Placodermi: Antiarcha), is described from the late Emsian (Early Devonian) of Wuding, Yunnan, southwestern China. The referred specimens were three-dimensionally preserved in black shales, allowing a high-resolution computed tomography reconstruction of anatomical details. The new euantiarch is characterized by a large orbital fenestra, an arched exoskeletal band around the orbital fenestra and a developed obtected nuchal area of the skull roof. Maximum parsimony analysis, using a revised data-set of antiarchs with 44 taxa and 66 characters, resolves Wufengshania gen. nov. as a member of the Bothriolepididae, which is characterized by the presence of the infraorbital sensory canal diverging on the lateral plate, and the nuchal plate with orbital facets. New analysis supports a sister group relationship between Dianolepis and the Bothriolepididae. Luquanolepis, a coeval euantiarch from the neighboring site of the new form, is referred to the Asterolepidoidei and represents the basalmost and earliest member of the Asterolepidoidei.Zhaohui Pan* [panzhaohui@ivpp.ac.cn], Min Zhu* [zhumin@ivpp.ac.cn], You'an Zhu† [zhuyouan@ivpp.ac.cn] and Liantao Jia [jialiantao@ivpp.ac.cn] Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 643, Beijing 100044, PR China. *Also affiliated with University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China. †Also affiliated with Uppsala University, PO Box 256, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2017.1338357",
    doi = "10.1080/03115518.2017.1338357",
    openalex = "W2743433787",
    references = "doi101098rspb19880062"
}

Our understanding of early gnathostome evolution has been hampered by a generally scant fossil record beyond the Devonian. Recent discoveries from the late Silurian Xiaoxiang Fauna of Yunnan, China, have yielded significant new information, including the earliest articulated osteichthyan fossils from the Ludlow-aged Kuanti Formation. Here we describe the partial postcranium of a new primitive bony fish from the Kuanti Formation that represents the second known taxon of pre-Devonian osteichthyan revealing articulated remains. The new form, Sparalepis tingi gen. et sp. nov., displays similarities with Guiyu and Psarolepis, including a spine-bearing pectoral girdle and a placoderm-like dermal pelvic girdle, a structure only recently identified in early osteichthyans. The squamation with particularly thick rhombic scales shares an overall morphological similarity to that of Psarolepis. However, the anterior flank scales of Sparalepis possess an unusual interlocking system of ventral bulges embraced by dorsal concavities on the outer surfaces. A phylogenetic analysis resolves Sparalepis within a previously recovered cluster of stem-sarcopterygians including Guiyu, Psarolepis and Achoania. The high diversity of osteichthyans from the Ludlow of Yunnan strongly contrasts with other Silurian vertebrate assemblages, suggesting that the South China block may have been an early center of diversification for early gnathostomes, well before the advent of the Devonian "Age of Fishes".

@article{doi101371journalpone0170929,
    author = "Choo, Brian and Zhu, Min and Qu, Qingming and Yu, Xiaobo and Jia, Liantao and Zhao, Wenjin",
    title = "A new osteichthyan from the late Silurian of Yunnan, China",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {Our understanding of early gnathostome evolution has been hampered by a generally scant fossil record beyond the Devonian. Recent discoveries from the late Silurian Xiaoxiang Fauna of Yunnan, China, have yielded significant new information, including the earliest articulated osteichthyan fossils from the Ludlow-aged Kuanti Formation. Here we describe the partial postcranium of a new primitive bony fish from the Kuanti Formation that represents the second known taxon of pre-Devonian osteichthyan revealing articulated remains. The new form, Sparalepis tingi gen. et sp. nov., displays similarities with Guiyu and Psarolepis, including a spine-bearing pectoral girdle and a placoderm-like dermal pelvic girdle, a structure only recently identified in early osteichthyans. The squamation with particularly thick rhombic scales shares an overall morphological similarity to that of Psarolepis. However, the anterior flank scales of Sparalepis possess an unusual interlocking system of ventral bulges embraced by dorsal concavities on the outer surfaces. A phylogenetic analysis resolves Sparalepis within a previously recovered cluster of stem-sarcopterygians including Guiyu, Psarolepis and Achoania. The high diversity of osteichthyans from the Ludlow of Yunnan strongly contrasts with other Silurian vertebrate assemblages, suggesting that the South China block may have been an early center of diversification for early gnathostomes, well before the advent of the Devonian "Age of Fishes".},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170929",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0170929",
    openalex = "W2594872233",
    references = "doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x"
}

@article{doi101007s1143001792580,
    author = "Jiayu, Rong and Wang, Yi and Zhan, Renbin and Fan, Junxuan and Huang, Bing and Tang, Peng and Li, Yue and Zhang, Xiaole and Wu, Rongchang and Wang, Guangxu and Wei, Xin",
    title = "Silurian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9258-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-017-9258-0",
    openalex = "W2902921551",
    references = "doi101002gj3350110205, doi101002gj3350290204, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101017s0016756802007264, doi101017s0016756809990434, doi1011111475498300200, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi101130b306421"
}

@article{doi101007s1143001792910,
    author = "Zhu, Maoyan and Yang, Aihua and Jingliang, Yuan and Li, Guoxiang and Zhang, Junming and Zhao, Fangchen and Ahn, Soo-yeun and Miao, Lanyun",
    title = "Cambrian integrative stratigraphy and timescale of China",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-017-9291-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-017-9291-0",
    openalex = "W2902724361",
    references = "doi101016b9780444594259000196, doi101016jearscirev201303008, doi101016jearscirev201707017, doi101016jgsf201602004, doi101016jpalaeo200702028, doi101016jpalaeo200703046, doi101016jpalwor200610016, doi101016jprecamres201403004, doi101016jprecamres201609016, doi101017jpa201543, doi101017s0016756817000188, doi101038nature09700, doi101111j14754983200500484x, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x, doi101126science2705236598, doi101126science7701342, doi1011300091761319920201039scicis23co2, doi1011300091761319940220179pcbgsr23co2, doi1011300091761320030310431eocana20co2, doi101130b312481, doi101130g388651, doi101139e87124, doi10166607147r1, doi10182618200374742199101, doi10182618200376656199701, doi1018814epiiugs2004v27i2002, doi10247510200701, doi103140bullgeosci1255, doi103140bullgeosci1270, openalexw1234840642, openalexw2989049194"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201803004,
    author = "Xue, Jinzhuang and Huang, Pu and Wang, Deming and Xiong, Conghui and Liu, Le and Basinger, James F.",
    title = "Silurian-Devonian terrestrial revolution in South China: Taxonomy, diversity, and character evolution of vascular plants in a paleogeographically isolated, low-latitude region",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.03.004",
    openalex = "W2792772322",
    references = "doi101016003192018990263x, doi101016jearscirev201802004, doi101016jpalaeo201010040, doi101016jpalwor200911007, doi101098rstb19980195, doi101126science17940791201, doi101126science2765312544, doi104095120614, doi105860choice353849, knoll1979phanerozoic, openalexw1548358237, openalexw1921158499, openalexw3214948090"
}

National Key R&D Program of China, PUMC Youth Fund and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and Major State Basic Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

@article{doi101016s2214109x1830127x,
    author = "Zeng, Hongmei and Chen, Wanqing and Zheng, Rongshou and Zhang, Siwei and Ji, John S. and Zou, Xiaonong and Xia, Changfa and Sun, Kexin and Yang, Zhixun and Li, He and Wang, Ning and Han, Renqiang and Liu, Shuzheng and Li, Huizhang and Mu, Huijuan and He, Yutong and Xu, Yanjun and Fu, Zhentao and Zhou, Yan and Jiang, Jie and Yang, Yanlei and Chen, Jianguo and Wei, Kuangrong and Fan, Dongmei and Wang, Jian and Fu, F X and Zhao, Deli and Song, Guohui and Chen, Jianshun and Jiang, Chunxiao and Zhou, Xin and Gu, Xiaoping and Jin, Feng and Li, Qilong and Li, Yanhua and Wu, T H and Yan, Chunhua and Dong, Jianmei and Hua, Zhaolai and Baade, Peter D. and Bray, Freddie and Jemal, Ahmedin and Yu, Xue Qin and He, Jie",
    title = "Changing cancer survival in China during 2003–15: a pooled analysis of 17 population-based cancer registries",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "The Lancet Global Health",
    abstract = "National Key R\&D Program of China, PUMC Youth Fund and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, and Major State Basic Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30127-x",
    doi = "10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30127-x",
    openalex = "W2797197823",
    references = "doi101136bmj23320266, doi103322caac21338, openalexw1535778627"
}

The 438-370-million-year-old galeaspids, diversified armoured jawless vertebrates ('ostracoderms') from China and northern Vietnam, were assumed to have a benthic feeding habit in a coastal, marine environment. Here, we describe two new genera of galeaspid fishes, Platylomaspis gen. nov. and Nanningaspis gen. nov. from the Middle Palaeozoic of China. The two new forms are characterized by a rostral process and strikingly broad ventral rim, and clustered with Gumuaspis to form a new family, Gumuaspidae, which represents the most primitive clade of Polybranchiaspiformes. They extend the earliest occurrence of Polybranchiaspiformes backward about 19 million years, and expand its geographical distribution from southern China and northern Vietnam to the Tarim Basin, northwestern China. The new taxa exhibit many morphological convergences with modern rays, and might specify a new kind of lifestyle of galeaspids, the half burrowing habit. Probably benefiting from the new lifestyle, the Gumuaspidae has become the longest lasting galeaspid family. The new findings demonstrated that the demersal galeaspids had developed three different kinds of lifestyles: semi-infaunal benthic (half buried), epibenthic, and suprabenthic (nektonic) habits to accommodate to differentiated ecological niches, and reached the peak of their diversity by the Pragian of the Early Devonian.

@article{doi101371journalpone0202217,
    author = "Gai, Zhikun and Liwu, Lu and Zhao, Wenjin and Zhu, Min",
    title = "New polybranchiaspiform fishes (Agnatha: Galeaspida) from the Middle Palaeozoic of China and their ecomorphological implications",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The 438-370-million-year-old galeaspids, diversified armoured jawless vertebrates ('ostracoderms') from China and northern Vietnam, were assumed to have a benthic feeding habit in a coastal, marine environment. Here, we describe two new genera of galeaspid fishes, Platylomaspis gen. nov. and Nanningaspis gen. nov. from the Middle Palaeozoic of China. The two new forms are characterized by a rostral process and strikingly broad ventral rim, and clustered with Gumuaspis to form a new family, Gumuaspidae, which represents the most primitive clade of Polybranchiaspiformes. They extend the earliest occurrence of Polybranchiaspiformes backward about 19 million years, and expand its geographical distribution from southern China and northern Vietnam to the Tarim Basin, northwestern China. The new taxa exhibit many morphological convergences with modern rays, and might specify a new kind of lifestyle of galeaspids, the half burrowing habit. Probably benefiting from the new lifestyle, the Gumuaspidae has become the longest lasting galeaspid family. The new findings demonstrated that the demersal galeaspids had developed three different kinds of lifestyles: semi-infaunal benthic (half buried), epibenthic, and suprabenthic (nektonic) habits to accommodate to differentiated ecological niches, and reached the peak of their diversity by the Pragian of the Early Devonian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202217",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0202217",
    openalex = "W2889781295",
    references = "doi101002gj1072, doi101098rspb20142245"
}

Abstract The paleogeographic relationship between South China and Gondwana is critical for understanding the dispersion of Gondwana, accretion of Asia, and evolution of the Paleo‐Tethys. However, the lack of robust Devonian paleomagnetic data prevents a confirmative reconstruction of South China's connection to Gondwana and its subsequent separation during the Paleozoic. Here we report a new paleopole (33.6°N, 236.4°E; A 95 = 3°) from the Givetian red beds (~385 Ma) in central South China. Fitting apparent polar wander paths between South China and Gondwana suggests that South China was connected to East Gondwana from the earliest Cambrian to Early Devonian, with its position closed to NW Australia. Thereafter, South China separated from Gondwana during ~400–385 Ma, as evidenced by their decoupled apparent polar wander paths. The paleomagnetic data suggest that the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between South China and East Gondwana had been up to ~1,600 km latitudinally wide by ~360 Ma.

@article{doi1010292019gl083123,
    author = "Xian, Hanbiao and Zhang, Shihong and Li, Haiyan and Xiao, Qisheng and Chang, Linxi and Yang, Tianshui and Wu, Huaichun",
    title = "How Did South China Connect to and Separate From Gondwana? New Paleomagnetic Constraints From the Middle Devonian Red Beds in South China",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract The paleogeographic relationship between South China and Gondwana is critical for understanding the dispersion of Gondwana, accretion of Asia, and evolution of the Paleo‐Tethys. However, the lack of robust Devonian paleomagnetic data prevents a confirmative reconstruction of South China's connection to Gondwana and its subsequent separation during the Paleozoic. Here we report a new paleopole (33.6°N, 236.4°E; A 95 = 3°) from the Givetian red beds (\textasciitilde 385 Ma) in central South China. Fitting apparent polar wander paths between South China and Gondwana suggests that South China was connected to East Gondwana from the earliest Cambrian to Early Devonian, with its position closed to NW Australia. Thereafter, South China separated from Gondwana during \textasciitilde 400–385 Ma, as evidenced by their decoupled apparent polar wander paths. The paleomagnetic data suggest that the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean between South China and East Gondwana had been up to \textasciitilde 1,600 km latitudinally wide by \textasciitilde 360 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl083123",
    doi = "10.1029/2019gl083123",
    openalex = "W2954676294"
}

Cancer is the leading cause of death in China and depicting the cancer pattern of China would provide basic knowhows on how to tackle it more effectively. In this study we have reviewed several reports of cancer burden, including the Global cancer statistics 2018 and Cancer statistics in China, 2015, along with the GLOBCAN 2018 online database, to investigate the differences of cancer patterns between China, the United States (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK). An estimated 4.3 million new cancer cases and 2.9 million new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2018. Compared to the USA and UK, China has lower cancer incidence but a 30% and 40% higher cancer mortality than the UK and USA, among which 36.4% of the cancer-related deaths were from the digestive tract cancers (stomach, liver, and esophagus cancer) and have relatively poorer prognoses. In comparison, the digestive cancer deaths only took up ≤ 5% of the total cancer deaths in either USA or UK. Other reasons for the higher mortality in China may be the low rate of early-stage cancers at diagnosis and non-uniformed clinical cancer treatment strategies performed by different regions. China is undergoing the cancer transition stage where the cancer spectrum is changing from developing country to developed country, with a rapidly increase cancer burden of colorectal, prostate, female breast cancers in addition to a high occurrence of infection-related and digestive cancers. The incidence of westernized lifestyle-related cancers in China (i.e. colorectal cancer, prostate, bladder cancer) has risen but the incidence of the digestive cancers has decreased from 2000 to 2011. An estimated 40% of the risk factors can be attributed to environmental and lifestyle factors either in China or other developed countries. Tobacco smoking is the single most important carcinogenic risk factor in China, contributing to ~ 24.5% of cancers in males. Chronic infection is another important preventable cancer contributor which is responsible for ~ 17% of cancers. Comprehensive prevention and control strategies in China should include effective tobacco-control policy, recommendations for healthier lifestyles, along with enlarging the coverage of effective screening, educating, and vaccination programs to better sensitize greater awareness control to the general public.

@article{doi101186s4088001903686,
    author = "Feng, Ruimei and Zong, Yi‐Nan and Cao, Su‐Mei and Xu, Rui‐Hua",
    title = "Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 Global Cancer Statistics?",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Cancer Communications",
    abstract = "Cancer is the leading cause of death in China and depicting the cancer pattern of China would provide basic knowhows on how to tackle it more effectively. In this study we have reviewed several reports of cancer burden, including the Global cancer statistics 2018 and Cancer statistics in China, 2015, along with the GLOBCAN 2018 online database, to investigate the differences of cancer patterns between China, the United States (USA) and the United Kingdom (UK). An estimated 4.3 million new cancer cases and 2.9 million new cancer deaths occurred in China in 2018. Compared to the USA and UK, China has lower cancer incidence but a 30\% and 40\% higher cancer mortality than the UK and USA, among which 36.4\% of the cancer-related deaths were from the digestive tract cancers (stomach, liver, and esophagus cancer) and have relatively poorer prognoses. In comparison, the digestive cancer deaths only took up ≤ 5\% of the total cancer deaths in either USA or UK. Other reasons for the higher mortality in China may be the low rate of early-stage cancers at diagnosis and non-uniformed clinical cancer treatment strategies performed by different regions. China is undergoing the cancer transition stage where the cancer spectrum is changing from developing country to developed country, with a rapidly increase cancer burden of colorectal, prostate, female breast cancers in addition to a high occurrence of infection-related and digestive cancers. The incidence of westernized lifestyle-related cancers in China (i.e. colorectal cancer, prostate, bladder cancer) has risen but the incidence of the digestive cancers has decreased from 2000 to 2011. An estimated 40\% of the risk factors can be attributed to environmental and lifestyle factors either in China or other developed countries. Tobacco smoking is the single most important carcinogenic risk factor in China, contributing to \textasciitilde\ 24.5\% of cancers in males. Chronic infection is another important preventable cancer contributor which is responsible for \textasciitilde\ 17\% of cancers. Comprehensive prevention and control strategies in China should include effective tobacco-control policy, recommendations for healthier lifestyles, along with enlarging the coverage of effective screening, educating, and vaccination programs to better sensitize greater awareness control to the general public.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s40880-019-0368-6",
    doi = "10.1186/s40880-019-0368-6",
    openalex = "W2943606118",
    references = "doi103322caac21338"
}

In this single-center case series of 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP in Wuhan, China, presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41% of patients, 26% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3%.

@article{doi101001jama20201585,
    author = "Wang, Dawei and Hu, Bo and Hu, Chang and Zhu, Fangfang and Liu, Xing and Zhang, Jing and Wang, Binbin and Xiang, Hui and Cheng, Zhenshun and Xiong, Yong and Zhao, Yan and Li, Yirong and Wang, Xinghuan and Peng, Zhiyong",
    title = "Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = "In this single-center case series of 138 hospitalized patients with confirmed NCIP in Wuhan, China, presumed hospital-related transmission of 2019-nCoV was suspected in 41\% of patients, 26\% of patients received ICU care, and mortality was 4.3\%.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.2020.1585",
    openalex = "W3005079553",
    references = "doi101002jmv25678, doi101016jijid202001009, doi101016s0140673620301549, doi101038kisup20121, doi101038nrmicro201681, doi101056nejmoa2001316, doi10110120200130927806"
}

This Viewpoint summarizes key epidemiologic and clinical findings from all cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported through February 11, 2020, in mainland China, and case trends in response to government attempts to control and contain the infection.

@article{doi101001jama20202648,
    author = "Wu, Zunyou and McGoogan, Jennifer M.",
    title = "Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = "This Viewpoint summarizes key epidemiologic and clinical findings from all cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) reported through February 11, 2020, in mainland China, and case trends in response to government attempts to control and contain the infection.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.2020.2648",
    openalex = "W3008028633",
    references = "doi101017s0950268820000254, doi101093jtmtaaa020, doi1012998wjccv8i112325, doi10280715607917es20202562000110, doi103201eid2605200146, doi104081jphr20201786, doi104414smw202020203, doi1046234ccdcw2020032, doi107759cureus8134, doi107759cureus8147"
}

A series of multifaceted public health interventions was temporally associated with improved control of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. These findings may inform public health policy in other countries and regions.

@article{doi101001jama20206130,
    author = "Pan, An and Liu, Li and Wang, Chaolong and Guo, Huan and Hao, Xingjie and Wang, Qi and Huang, Jiao and He, Na and Yu, Hongjie and Lin, Xihong and Wei, Sheng and Wu, Tangchun",
    title = "Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "JAMA",
    abstract = "A series of multifaceted public health interventions was temporally associated with improved control of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. These findings may inform public health policy in other countries and regions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.6130",
    doi = "10.1001/jama.2020.6130",
    openalex = "W3015792206",
    references = "doi1046234ccdcw2020032"
}

Cardiac injury is a common condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and it is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality.

@article{doi101001jamacardio20200950,
    author = "Shi, Shaobo and Qin, Mu and Shen, Bo and Cai, Yuli and Liu, Tao and Yang, Fan and Gong, Wei and Liu, Xu and Liang, Jinjun and Zhao, Qinyan and Huang, He and Yang, Bo and Huang, Congxin",
    title = "Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "JAMA Cardiology",
    abstract = "Cardiac injury is a common condition among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, and it is associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950",
    doi = "10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950",
    openalex = "W3012747666",
    references = "doi101038kisup20121, doi101159000339789"
}

Since December 2019, a total of 41 cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology have been confirmed in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China.

@article{doi101002jmv25678,
    author = "Lu, Hongzhou and Stratton, Charles W. and Tang, Yi‐Wei",
    title = "Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Medical Virology",
    abstract = "Since December 2019, a total of 41 cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology have been confirmed in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25678",
    doi = "10.1002/jmv.25678",
    openalex = "W2999318660",
    references = "doi10100737643733931, doi101038nrd201537, doi101038nrmicro201681, doi101056nejmoa030747, doi101111resp13196, doi101126science1087139, doi101126science1118391, doi101128cmr9118, doi101128jvi791811892119002005"
}

The city of Wuhan in China is the focus of global attention due to an outbreak of a febrile respiratory illness due to a coronavirus 2019-nCoV. In December 2019, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei province in China, with an epidemiological link to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market where there was also sale of live animals. Notification of the WHO on 31 Dec 2019 by the Chinese Health Authorities has prompted health authorities in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to step up border surveillance, and generated concern and fears that it could mark the emergence of a novel and serious threat to public health (WHO, 2020aWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/Google Scholar, Parr, 2020Parr J. Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers.BMJ. 2020; 368 (Published 8 January 2020): m56https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m56Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar). The Chinese health authorities have taken prompt public health measures including intensive surveillance, epidemiological investigations, and closure of the market on 1 Jan 2020. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, avian influenza, influenza and other common respiratory viruses were ruled out. The Chinese scientists were able to isolate a 2019-nCoV from a patient within a short time on 7 Jan 2020 and perform genome sequencing of the 2019-nCoV. The genetic sequence of the 2019-nCoV has become available to the WHO on 12 Jan 2020 and this has facilitated the laboratories in different countries to produce specific diagnostic PCR tests for detecting the novel infection (WHO, 2020bWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/Google Scholar). The 2019-nCoV is a β CoV of group 2B with at least 70% similarity in genetic sequence to SARS-CoV and has been named 2019-nCoV by the WHO. SARS is a zoonosis caused by SARS-CoV, which first emerged in China in 2002 before spreading to 29 countries/regions in 2003 through a travel-related global outbreak with 8,098 cases with a case fatality rate of 9.6%. Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV was common while the primary reservoir was putatively bats, although unproven as the actual source and the intermediary source was civet cats in the wet markets in Guangdong (Hui and Zumla, 2019Hui D.S.C. Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33: 869-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (357) Google Scholar). MERS is a novel lethal zoonotic disease of humans endemic to the Middle East, caused by MERS-CoV. Humans are thought to acquire MERS-CoV infection though contact with camels or camel products with a case fatality rate close to 35% while nosocomial transmission is also a hallmark (Azhar et al., 2019Azhar E.I. Hui D.S.C. Memish Z.A. Drosten C. Zumla A. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33: 891-905Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). The recent outbreak of clusters of viral pneumonia due to a 2019-nCoV in the Wuhan market poses significant threats to international health and may be related to sale of bush meat derived from wild or captive sources at the seafood market. As of 10 Jan 2020, 41 patients have been diagnosed to have infection by the 2019-nCoV animals. The onset of illness of the 41 cases ranges from 8 December 2019 to 2 January 2020. Symptoms include fever (>90% cases), malaise, dry cough (80%), shortness of breath (20%) and respiratory distress (15%). The vital signs were stable in most of the cases while leucopenia and lymphopenia were common. Among the 41 cases, six patients have been discharged, seven patients are in critical care and one died, while the remaining patients are in stable condition. The fatal case involved a 61 year-old man with an abdominal tumour and cirrhosis who was admitted to a hospital due to respiratory failure and severe pneumonia. The diagnoses included severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multi-organ failure. The 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan appears clinically milder than SARS or MERS overall in terms of severity, case fatality rate and transmissibility, which increases the risk of cases remaining undetected. There is currently no clear evidence of human to human transmission. At present, 739 close contacts including 419 healthcare workers are being quarantined and monitored for any development of symptoms (WHO, 2020bWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/Google Scholar, Center for Health Protection and HKSAR, 2020Center for Health Protection HKSAR Press Release.2020https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/11/P2020011100233.htmGoogle Scholar). No new cases have been detected in Wuhan since 3 January 2020. However the first case outside China was reported on 13th January 2020 in a Chinese tourist in Thailand with no epidemiological linkage to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The Chinese Health Authorities have carried out very appropriate and prompt response measures including active case finding, and retrospective investigations of the current cluster of patients which have been completed; The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market has been temporarily closed to carry out investigation, environmental sanitation and disinfection; Public risk communication activities have been carried out to improve public awareness and adoption of self-protection measures. Technical guidance on novel coronavirus has been developed and will continue to be updated as additional information becomes available. However, many questions about the new coronavirus remain. While it appears to be transmitted to humans via animals, the specific animals and other reservoirs need to be identified, the transmission route, the incubation period and characteristics of the susceptible population and survival rates. At present, there is however very limited clinical information of the 2019-nCoV infection and data are missing in regard to the age range, animal source of the virus, incubation period, epidemic curve, viral kinetics, transmission route, pathogenesis, autopsy findings and any treatment response to antivirals among the severe cases. Once there is any clue to the source of animals being responsible for this outbreak, global public health authorities should examine the trading route and source of movement of animals or products taken from the wild or captive conditions from other parts to Wuhan and consider appropriate trading restrictions or other control measures to limit. The rapid identification and containment of a novel coronavirus virus in a short period of time is a re-assuring and a commendable achievement by China’s public health authorities and reflects the increasing global capacity to detect, identify, define and contain new outbreaks. The latest analysis show that the Wuhan CoV cluster with the SARS CoV.10 (Novel coronavirus - China (01): (HU) WHO, phylogenetic tree ProMED, 2020ProMED “Novel coronavirus - China (01): (HU) WHO, phylogenetic tree”. Archive Number: 20200112.6885385. Accessed 13 Jan 2020. https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/2020/01/phylogenetic-analysis-shows-novel-wuhan-coronavirus-clusters-with-sars.Google Scholar). This outbreak brings back memories of the novel coronavirus outbreak in China, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China in 2003, caused by a novel SARS-CoV-coronavirus (World Health Organization, 2019aWorld Health Organization SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).2019https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/Google Scholar). SARS-CoV rapidly spread from southern China in 2003 and infected more than 3000 people, killing 774 by 2004, and then disappeared – never to be seen again. However, The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (World Health Organization, 2019bWorld Health Organization MERS situation update.2019http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/EMROPub_2019_MERA_apr_EN_23513.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar), a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 2012 continues to emerge and re-emerge through intermittent sporadic cases, community clusters and nosocomial outbreaks. Between 2012 and December 2019, a total of 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 850 deaths (34.4% mortality) were reported from 27 countries to WHO, the majority of which were reported by KSA (2073 cases, 772 deaths. Whilst several important aspects of MERS-CoV epidemiology, virology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, have been defined, there remain many unanswered questions, including source, transmission and epidemic potential. The Wuhan outbreak is a stark reminder of the continuing threat of zoonotic diseases to global health security. More significant and better targeted investments are required for a more concerted and collaborative global effort, learning from experiences from all geographical regions, through a ‘ONE-HUMAN-ENIVRONMENTAL-ANIMAL-HEALTH’ global consortium to reduce the global threat of zoonotic diseases (Zumla et al., 2016Zumla A. Dar O. Kock R. et al.Taking forward a’ One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential.Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 47: 5-9Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Sharing experience and learning from all geographical regions and across disciplines will be key to sustaining and further developing the progress being made. All authors have a specialist interest in emerging and re-emerging pathogens. FN, RK, OD, GI, TDMc, CD and AZ are members of the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET) funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. AZ is a National Institutes of Health Research senior investigator. All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

@article{doi101016jijid202001009,
    author = "Hui, David S.C. and Azhar, Esam I. and Madani, Tariq A. and Ntoumi, Francine and Kock, Richard and Dar, Osman and Ippolito, Giuseppe and McHugh, Timothy D. and Memish, Ziad A. and Drosten, Christian and Zumla, Alimuddin and Petersen, Eskild",
    title = "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health — The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "International Journal of Infectious Diseases",
    abstract = "The city of Wuhan in China is the focus of global attention due to an outbreak of a febrile respiratory illness due to a coronavirus 2019-nCoV. In December 2019, there was an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, Hubei province in China, with an epidemiological link to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market where there was also sale of live animals. Notification of the WHO on 31 Dec 2019 by the Chinese Health Authorities has prompted health authorities in Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to step up border surveillance, and generated concern and fears that it could mark the emergence of a novel and serious threat to public health (WHO, 2020aWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/Google Scholar, Parr, 2020Parr J. Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers.BMJ. 2020; 368 (Published 8 January 2020): m56https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m56Crossref PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar). The Chinese health authorities have taken prompt public health measures including intensive surveillance, epidemiological investigations, and closure of the market on 1 Jan 2020. SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, avian influenza, influenza and other common respiratory viruses were ruled out. The Chinese scientists were able to isolate a 2019-nCoV from a patient within a short time on 7 Jan 2020 and perform genome sequencing of the 2019-nCoV. The genetic sequence of the 2019-nCoV has become available to the WHO on 12 Jan 2020 and this has facilitated the laboratories in different countries to produce specific diagnostic PCR tests for detecting the novel infection (WHO, 2020bWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/Google Scholar). The 2019-nCoV is a β CoV of group 2B with at least 70\% similarity in genetic sequence to SARS-CoV and has been named 2019-nCoV by the WHO. SARS is a zoonosis caused by SARS-CoV, which first emerged in China in 2002 before spreading to 29 countries/regions in 2003 through a travel-related global outbreak with 8,098 cases with a case fatality rate of 9.6\%. Nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV was common while the primary reservoir was putatively bats, although unproven as the actual source and the intermediary source was civet cats in the wet markets in Guangdong (Hui and Zumla, 2019Hui D.S.C. Zumla A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features.Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33: 869-889Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (357) Google Scholar). MERS is a novel lethal zoonotic disease of humans endemic to the Middle East, caused by MERS-CoV. Humans are thought to acquire MERS-CoV infection though contact with camels or camel products with a case fatality rate close to 35\% while nosocomial transmission is also a hallmark (Azhar et al., 2019Azhar E.I. Hui D.S.C. Memish Z.A. Drosten C. Zumla A. The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33: 891-905Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (176) Google Scholar). The recent outbreak of clusters of viral pneumonia due to a 2019-nCoV in the Wuhan market poses significant threats to international health and may be related to sale of bush meat derived from wild or captive sources at the seafood market. As of 10 Jan 2020, 41 patients have been diagnosed to have infection by the 2019-nCoV animals. The onset of illness of the 41 cases ranges from 8 December 2019 to 2 January 2020. Symptoms include fever (>90\% cases), malaise, dry cough (80\%), shortness of breath (20\%) and respiratory distress (15\%). The vital signs were stable in most of the cases while leucopenia and lymphopenia were common. Among the 41 cases, six patients have been discharged, seven patients are in critical care and one died, while the remaining patients are in stable condition. The fatal case involved a 61 year-old man with an abdominal tumour and cirrhosis who was admitted to a hospital due to respiratory failure and severe pneumonia. The diagnoses included severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, septic shock and multi-organ failure. The 2019-nCoV infection in Wuhan appears clinically milder than SARS or MERS overall in terms of severity, case fatality rate and transmissibility, which increases the risk of cases remaining undetected. There is currently no clear evidence of human to human transmission. At present, 739 close contacts including 419 healthcare workers are being quarantined and monitored for any development of symptoms (WHO, 2020bWHO Emergencies preparedness, response. Pneumonia of unknown origin – China.Disease outbreak news. 2020https://www.who.int/csr/don/12-january-2020-novel-coronavirus-china/en/Google Scholar, Center for Health Protection and HKSAR, 2020Center for Health Protection HKSAR Press Release.2020https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/11/P2020011100233.htmGoogle Scholar). No new cases have been detected in Wuhan since 3 January 2020. However the first case outside China was reported on 13th January 2020 in a Chinese tourist in Thailand with no epidemiological linkage to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market. The Chinese Health Authorities have carried out very appropriate and prompt response measures including active case finding, and retrospective investigations of the current cluster of patients which have been completed; The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market has been temporarily closed to carry out investigation, environmental sanitation and disinfection; Public risk communication activities have been carried out to improve public awareness and adoption of self-protection measures. Technical guidance on novel coronavirus has been developed and will continue to be updated as additional information becomes available. However, many questions about the new coronavirus remain. While it appears to be transmitted to humans via animals, the specific animals and other reservoirs need to be identified, the transmission route, the incubation period and characteristics of the susceptible population and survival rates. At present, there is however very limited clinical information of the 2019-nCoV infection and data are missing in regard to the age range, animal source of the virus, incubation period, epidemic curve, viral kinetics, transmission route, pathogenesis, autopsy findings and any treatment response to antivirals among the severe cases. Once there is any clue to the source of animals being responsible for this outbreak, global public health authorities should examine the trading route and source of movement of animals or products taken from the wild or captive conditions from other parts to Wuhan and consider appropriate trading restrictions or other control measures to limit. The rapid identification and containment of a novel coronavirus virus in a short period of time is a re-assuring and a commendable achievement by China’s public health authorities and reflects the increasing global capacity to detect, identify, define and contain new outbreaks. The latest analysis show that the Wuhan CoV cluster with the SARS CoV.10 (Novel coronavirus - China (01): (HU) WHO, phylogenetic tree ProMED, 2020ProMED “Novel coronavirus - China (01): (HU) WHO, phylogenetic tree”. Archive Number: 20200112.6885385. Accessed 13 Jan 2020. https://www.ecohealthalliance.org/2020/01/phylogenetic-analysis-shows-novel-wuhan-coronavirus-clusters-with-sars.Google Scholar). This outbreak brings back memories of the novel coronavirus outbreak in China, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China in 2003, caused by a novel SARS-CoV-coronavirus (World Health Organization, 2019aWorld Health Organization SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome).2019https://www.who.int/ith/diseases/sars/en/Google Scholar). SARS-CoV rapidly spread from southern China in 2003 and infected more than 3000 people, killing 774 by 2004, and then disappeared – never to be seen again. However, The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) (World Health Organization, 2019bWorld Health Organization MERS situation update.2019http://applications.emro.who.int/docs/EMROPub\_2019\_MERA\_apr\_EN\_23513.pdf?ua=1Google Scholar), a lethal zoonotic pathogen that was first identified in humans in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) in 2012 continues to emerge and re-emerge through intermittent sporadic cases, community clusters and nosocomial outbreaks. Between 2012 and December 2019, a total of 2465 laboratory-confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 850 deaths (34.4\% mortality) were reported from 27 countries to WHO, the majority of which were reported by KSA (2073 cases, 772 deaths. Whilst several important aspects of MERS-CoV epidemiology, virology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, have been defined, there remain many unanswered questions, including source, transmission and epidemic potential. The Wuhan outbreak is a stark reminder of the continuing threat of zoonotic diseases to global health security. More significant and better targeted investments are required for a more concerted and collaborative global effort, learning from experiences from all geographical regions, through a ‘ONE-HUMAN-ENIVRONMENTAL-ANIMAL-HEALTH’ global consortium to reduce the global threat of zoonotic diseases (Zumla et al., 2016Zumla A. Dar O. Kock R. et al.Taking forward a’ One Health’ approach for turning the tide against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and other zoonotic pathogens with epidemic potential.Int J Infect Dis. 2016; 47: 5-9Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (68) Google Scholar). Sharing experience and learning from all geographical regions and across disciplines will be key to sustaining and further developing the progress being made. All authors have a specialist interest in emerging and re-emerging pathogens. FN, RK, OD, GI, TDMc, CD and AZ are members of the Pan-African Network on Emerging and Re-emerging Infections (PANDORA-ID-NET) funded by the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership the EU Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. AZ is a National Institutes of Health Research senior investigator. All authors declare no conflicts of interest.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009",
    openalex = "W2999409984",
    references = "doi101016jidc201907001, doi101016jidc201908001, doi101016jijid201606012, doi101055s200339367, doi101136bmjm56, doi103389fimmu202001201, doi103389fpubh202000193, doi103389fpubh202000205, doi103389fpubh202000236, doi103389fpubh202000244"
}

@article{doi101016s0140673620301835,
    author = "Huang, Chaolin and Wang, Yeming and Li, Xingwang and Ren, Lili and Zhao, Jianping and Hu, Yi and Zhang, Li and Fan, Guohui and Xu, Jiuyang and Gu, Xiaoying and Cheng, Zhenshun and Yu, Ting and Xia, Jiaan and Wei, Yuan and Wu, Wenjuan and Xie, Xuelei and Yin, Wen and Li, Hui and Liu, Min and Yan, Xiao and Gao, Hong and Guo, Li and Xie, Jungang and Wang, Guangfa and Jiang, Rongmeng and Gao, Zhancheng and Jin, Qi and Wang, Jianwei and Cao, Bin",
    title = "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The Lancet",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5",
    doi = "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5",
    openalex = "W3001118548",
    references = "doi1010160196655388900533, doi101038nature12711, doi101038nrmicro2147, doi101038s41467019139406, doi101038s4157901801189, doi101056nejmoa030685, doi101056nejmoa030747, doi101056nejmoa030781, doi101056nejmoa1211721, doi101159000339789"
}

@article{doi101016s0140673620302117,
    author = "Chen, Nanshan and Zhou, Min and Dong, Xuan and Qu, Jieming and Gong, Fengyun and Han, Yang and Qiu, Yang and Wang, Jingli and Liu, Ying and Wei, Yuan and Xia, Jiaan and Yu, Ting and Zhang, Xinxin and Zhang, Li",
    title = "Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The Lancet",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30211-7",
    openalex = "W3002108456",
    references = "doi101002jmv25678, doi101007s1142702016375, doi101016jijid202001009, doi101016s0140673620301835, doi101038s4157901801189, doi101056nejmoa030747, doi101056nejmoa1211721, doi101111resp13196, doi101371journalppat1006698, doi103390v11010059"
}

@article{doi101016s0140673620305663,
    author = "Zhou, Fei and Yu, Ting and Du, Ronghui and Fan, Guohui and Liu, Ying and Liu, Zhibo and Xiang, Jie and Wang, Yeming and Song, Bin and Gu, Xiaoying and Guan, Lulu and Wei, Yuan and Li, Hui and Wu, Xudong and Xu, Jiuyang and Tu, Shengjin and Zhang, Yi and Chen, Hua and Cao, Bin",
    title = "Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The Lancet",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3",
    doi = "10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30566-3",
    openalex = "W3009885589",
    references = "doi101001jama20125669, doi101001jama20160287, doi101001jama20201585, doi101016s0140673620301835, doi101016s0140673620302117, doi101016s221326002030076x, doi101016s2213260020300795, doi101056nejmoa2001316, doi101159000339789, doi101159000477308, openalexw3165656738"
}

Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project, Mission Program of Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals, Beijing Scholars Program, Beijing Brain Initiative from Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, Project for Outstanding Doctor with Combined Ability of Western and Chinese Medicine, and Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning.

@article{doi101016s2468266720301857,
    author = "Jia, Longfei and Du, Yifeng and Chu, Lan and Zhang, Zhanjun and Li, Fangyu and Lyu, Diyang and Li, Yan and Y, Li and Zhu, Min and Jiao, Haishan and Song, Yang and Shi, Yuqing and Zhang, Heng and Gong, Min and Wei, Cuibai and Tang, Yi and Fang, Boyan and Guo, Dongmei and Wang, Fen and Zhou, Aihong and Chu, Changbiao and Zuo, Xiumei and Yu, Yueyi and Yuan, Quan and Wang, Wei and Li, Fang and Shi, Shengliang and Yang, Heyun and Zhou, Chunkui and Liao, Zhengluan and Lv, Yan and Yang, Li and Kan, Minchen and Zhao, Huiying and Wang, S.H. and Yang, Shanshan and Li, Hao and Liu, Zhongling and Wang, Qi and Qin, Wei and Jia, Jianping and Quan, Meina and Wang, Yan and Li, Wenwen and Cao, Shuman and Xu, Lingzhi and Han, Yue and Liang, Junhua and Qiao, Yuchen and Qin, Qi and Qiu, Qiongqiong",
    title = "Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: a cross-sectional study",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "The Lancet Public Health",
    abstract = "Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project, Mission Program of Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals, Beijing Scholars Program, Beijing Brain Initiative from Beijing Municipal Science \& Technology Commission, Project for Outstanding Doctor with Combined Ability of Western and Chinese Medicine, and Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30185-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30185-7",
    openalex = "W3106725626",
    references = "openalexw1535778627"
}

Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1-3. Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here 'WH-Human 1' coronavirus (and has also been referred to as '2019-nCoV'). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5. This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.

@article{doi101038s4158602020083,
    author = "Wu, Fan and Su, Zhao and Yu, Bin and Chen, Yanmei and Wang, Wen and Song, Zhi-Gang and Hu, Yi and Tao, Zhao-Wu and Tian, Jun-Hua and Pei, Yuan-Yuan and Yuan, Ming-Li and Zhang, Yu-Ling and Dai, Fa-Hui and Liu, Yi and Wang, Qimin and Zheng, Jiao-Jiao and Xu, Lin and Holmes, Edward C. and Zhāng, Yǒng-Zhèn",
    title = "A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "Emerging infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Zika virus disease, present a major threat to public health 1-3. Despite intense research efforts, how, when and where new diseases appear are still a source of considerable uncertainty. A severe respiratory disease was recently reported in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. As of 25 January 2020, at least 1,975 cases had been reported since the first patient was hospitalized on 12 December 2019. Epidemiological investigations have suggested that the outbreak was associated with a seafood market in Wuhan. Here we study a single patient who was a worker at the market and who was admitted to the Central Hospital of Wuhan on 26 December 2019 while experiencing a severe respiratory syndrome that included fever, dizziness and a cough. Metagenomic RNA sequencing 4 of a sample of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the patient identified a new RNA virus strain from the family Coronaviridae, which is designated here 'WH-Human 1' coronavirus (and has also been referred to as '2019-nCoV'). Phylogenetic analysis of the complete viral genome (29,903 nucleotides) revealed that the virus was most closely related (89.1\% nucleotide similarity) to a group of SARS-like coronaviruses (genus Betacoronavirus, subgenus Sarbecovirus) that had previously been found in bats in China 5. This outbreak highlights the ongoing ability of viral spill-over from animals to cause severe disease in humans.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3",
    openalex = "W3003217347",
    references = "doi101038nbt1883, doi101038nmeth1923, doi101038s4158602020127, doi101056nejmoa030747, doi101093bioinformaticsbtp352, doi101093bioinformaticsbtu170, doi101093molbevmsr121, doi101093molbevmst010, doi101093nargkh340, doi101093nargky427, doi101093sysbiosyq010"
}

ResumenFactores pronsticos de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes ancianos con infeccin por COVID 19 ingresados a un hospital de tercer nivel en Bogot, ColombiaEl presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer los factores pronsticos asociados al desarrollo de muerte intrahospitalaria en pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con infeccin por SARS-CoV2/COVID -19 confirmado en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia.Mtodos: Este es un estudio observacional analtico.Se evaluaron pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con diagnstico de infeccin por SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 confirmado.Los pacientes fueron estratificados por estado de fragilidad y funcionalidad.La mortalidad se determin a los 28 das y se cre un modelo de regresin logstica incondicional, ajustando por factores de confusin.La significancia estadstica se estableci en p 0,05.Resultados: 170 pacientes fueron estratificados en sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes.El porcentaje de hombres en los sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes fue similar, sin diferencias significativas en la edad promedio entre ambos grupos, tampoco en relacin a la presencia de sntomas.En el anlisis multivariado, las siguientes variables predijeron la ocurrencia del desenlace mortalidad a 28 das: fragilidad, antecedente de cncer, SDRA, lesin renal aguda y SOFA.Conclusiones: La tasa mortalidad a 28 das en pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con infeccin por COVID 19 en este estudio fue de 38%.Al ajustar por antecedente de cncer, desarrollo de lesin renal aguda, SDRA, puntuacin SOFA y PAFI al ingreso, la fragilidad se asoci con una mayor mortalidad en la poblacin estudiada.

@article{doi101056nejmoa2001017,
    author = "Zhu, Na and Zhang, Dingyu and Wang, Wenling and Li, Xingwang and Yang, Bo and Song, Jingdong and Zhao, Xiang and Huang, Baoying and Shi, Weifeng and Lu, Roujian and Niu, Peihua and Zhan, Faxian and Ma, Xuejun and Wang, Dayan and Xu, Wenbo and Wu, Guizhen and Gao, George F. and Tan, Wenjie",
    title = "A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
    abstract = "ResumenFactores pronsticos de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes ancianos con infeccin por COVID 19 ingresados a un hospital de tercer nivel en Bogot, ColombiaEl presente estudio tiene como objetivo establecer los factores pronsticos asociados al desarrollo de muerte intrahospitalaria en pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con infeccin por SARS-CoV2/COVID -19 confirmado en el Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia.Mtodos: Este es un estudio observacional analtico.Se evaluaron pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con diagnstico de infeccin por SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 confirmado.Los pacientes fueron estratificados por estado de fragilidad y funcionalidad.La mortalidad se determin a los 28 das y se cre un modelo de regresin logstica incondicional, ajustando por factores de confusin.La significancia estadstica se estableci en p 0,05.Resultados: 170 pacientes fueron estratificados en sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes.El porcentaje de hombres en los sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes fue similar, sin diferencias significativas en la edad promedio entre ambos grupos, tampoco en relacin a la presencia de sntomas.En el anlisis multivariado, las siguientes variables predijeron la ocurrencia del desenlace mortalidad a 28 das: fragilidad, antecedente de cncer, SDRA, lesin renal aguda y SOFA.Conclusiones: La tasa mortalidad a 28 das en pacientes adultos mayores de 65 aos con infeccin por COVID 19 en este estudio fue de 38\%.Al ajustar por antecedente de cncer, desarrollo de lesin renal aguda, SDRA, puntuacin SOFA y PAFI al ingreso, la fragilidad se asoci con una mayor mortalidad en la poblacin estudiada.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001017",
    doi = "10.1056/nejmoa2001017",
    openalex = "W3001897055",
    references = "doi101016b9780123858856000092, doi101016jchom201509013, doi101016jtim201603003, doi101016s0140673603146302, doi101038s4157901801189, doi101056nejmoa030747, doi101056nejmoa030781, doi101056nejmoa073785, doi101056nejmoa1211721, doi1046234ccdcw2020017"
}

On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.).

@article{doi101056nejmoa2001316,
    author = "Li, Qun and Guan, Xuhua and Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiaoye and Zhou, Lei and Tong, Yeqing and Ren, Ruiqi and Leung, Kathy and Lau, Eric H. Y. and Wong, Jessica Y. and Xing, Xuesen and Xiang, Nijuan and Wu, Yang and Li, Chao and Chen, Qi and Li, Dan and Liu, Tian and Zhao, Jing and Liu, Man and Tu, Wenxiao and Chen, Chuding and Jin, Lianmei and Yang, Rui and Wang, Qi and Zhou, Suhua and Wang, Rui and Liu, Hui and Luo, Yinbo and Liu, Yuan and Shao, Ge and Li, Huan and Tao, Zhongfa and Yang, Yang and Deng, Zhiqiang and Liu, Boxi and Ma, Zhitao and Zhang, Yanping and Shi, Guoqing and Lam, Tommy Tsan‐Yuk and Wu, Joseph T. and Gao, George F. and Cowling, Benjamin J. and Yang, Bo and Leung, GM and Feng, Zijian",
    title = "Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
    abstract = "On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2001316",
    doi = "10.1056/nejmoa2001316",
    openalex = "W3003668884",
    references = "doi101001jama20200757, doi101016s0140673620301549, doi101038nrmicro201681, doi101056nejme2001126, doi101056nejmoa1401505, doi101056nejmoa2001017, doi101056nejmp2000929, doi101126science1086616, doi10280715607917es20202532000044, doi1046234ccdcw2020017"
}

BACKGROUND: Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. METHODS: We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1%), including 5.0% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4% who died. Only 1.9% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8% on admission and 88.7% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2% of the patients on admission. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)

@article{doi101056nejmoa2002032,
    author = "Guan, Wei‐jie and Ni, Zhengyi and Hu, Yu and Liang, Wenhua and Ou, Chun‐Quan and He, Jianxing and Liu, Lei and Shan, Hong and Lei, Chunliang and Hui, David S.C. and Du, Bin and Li, Lanjuan and Zeng, Guang and Yuen, Kwok‐Yung and Chen, Ruchong and Tang, Chunli and Wang, Tao and Chen, Pingyan and Xiang, Jie and Li, Shiyue and Wang, Jinlin and Liang, Zijing and Peng, Yixiang and Li, Wei and Liu, Yong and Hu, Yahua and Peng, Peng and Wang, Jianming and Liu, Jiyang and Chen, Zhong and Li, Gang and Zheng, Zhijian and Qiu, Shaoqin and Luo, Jie and Ye, Chang-jiang and Zhu, Shaoyong and Zhong, Nanshan",
    title = "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Since December 2019, when coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) emerged in Wuhan city and rapidly spread throughout China, data have been needed on the clinical characteristics of the affected patients. METHODS: We extracted data regarding 1099 patients with laboratory-confirmed Covid-19 from 552 hospitals in 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in mainland China through January 29, 2020. The primary composite end point was admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), the use of mechanical ventilation, or death. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 47 years; 41.9\% of the patients were female. The primary composite end point occurred in 67 patients (6.1\%), including 5.0\% who were admitted to the ICU, 2.3\% who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation, and 1.4\% who died. Only 1.9\% of the patients had a history of direct contact with wildlife. Among nonresidents of Wuhan, 72.3\% had contact with residents of Wuhan, including 31.3\% who had visited the city. The most common symptoms were fever (43.8\% on admission and 88.7\% during hospitalization) and cough (67.8\%). Diarrhea was uncommon (3.8\%). The median incubation period was 4 days (interquartile range, 2 to 7). On admission, ground-glass opacity was the most common radiologic finding on chest computed tomography (CT) (56.4\%). No radiographic or CT abnormality was found in 157 of 877 patients (17.9\%) with nonsevere disease and in 5 of 173 patients (2.9\%) with severe disease. Lymphocytopenia was present in 83.2\% of the patients on admission. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 2 months of the current outbreak, Covid-19 spread rapidly throughout China and caused varying degrees of illness. Patients often presented without fever, and many did not have abnormal radiologic findings. (Funded by the National Health Commission of China and others.)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2002032",
    doi = "10.1056/nejmoa2002032",
    openalex = "W3008827533",
    references = "doi101001jama20201585, doi101016s0140673620301549, doi101016s0140673620301835, doi101016s0140673620302117, doi101016s0140673620302518, doi101016s0140673620302609, doi101056nejmoa2001017, doi101056nejmoa2001191, doi101056nejmoa2001316, openalexw3165656738"
}

A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China A novel coronavirus, designated as 2019-nCoV, emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Although many details of the emergence of this virus remain unknown,...

@article{doi101056nejmp2000929,
    author = "Munster, Vincent J. and Koopmans, Marion and van Doremalen, Neeltje and van Riel, Debby and de Wit, Emmie",
    title = "A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China — Key Questions for Impact Assessment",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
    abstract = "A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China A novel coronavirus, designated as 2019-nCoV, emerged in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019. Although many details of the emergence of this virus remain unknown,...",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmp2000929",
    doi = "10.1056/nejmp2000929",
    openalex = "W3002533507"
}

At the end of December, 2019, a new disease of unknown aetiology appeared in Wuhan, China. It was quickly identified as a novel betacoronavirus, and related to SARS-CoV and a number of other bat-borne SARS-like coronaviruses. The virus rapidly spread to all provinces in China, as well as a number of countries overseas, and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the Director-General of the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. This paper describes the evolution of the outbreak, and the known properties of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical disease it causes, COVID-19, and comments on some of the important gaps in our knowledge of the virus and the disease it causes. The virus is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but appears to be the only one with pandemic potential.

@article{doi101071ma20013,
    author = "Mackenzie, J. S. and Smith, David W.",
    title = "COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don’t",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Microbiology Australia",
    abstract = "At the end of December, 2019, a new disease of unknown aetiology appeared in Wuhan, China. It was quickly identified as a novel betacoronavirus, and related to SARS-CoV and a number of other bat-borne SARS-like coronaviruses. The virus rapidly spread to all provinces in China, as well as a number of countries overseas, and was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the Director-General of the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. This paper describes the evolution of the outbreak, and the known properties of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical disease it causes, COVID-19, and comments on some of the important gaps in our knowledge of the virus and the disease it causes. The virus is the third zoonotic coronavirus, after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but appears to be the only one with pandemic potential.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1071/ma20013",
    doi = "10.1071/ma20013",
    openalex = "W3012310159",
    references = "doi10280715607917es20202562000110"
}

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) in January 2020 in Wuhan has had a significant impact on the Chinese economy, and especially on the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In February 2020 an online questionnaire and follow-up interviews were conducted on 4807 SMEs in Sichuan to assess the challenges associated with work resumption and the associated policy requirements. It was found that most SMEs were unable to resume work because of a shortage of epidemic mitigation materials, the inability of employees to return to work, disrupted supply chains, and reduced market demand. Many SMEs were also facing cash flow risks as they had to continue to pay for various fixed expenditures even though they had little or no revenue. As these delays in work resumption have put unprecedented pressures on the survival of many SMEs, recommendations relevant to China and other affected countries regarding cash flow relief, work resumption and consumption stimulation are given to assist SME survival and economic recovery from the disaster situation.

@article{doi1010801747789120201763902,
    author = "Lü, Yi and Wu, Jing and Peng, Junlin and Li, Lu",
    title = "The perceived impact of the Covid-19 epidemic: evidence from a sample of 4807 SMEs in Sichuan Province, China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Environmental Hazards",
    abstract = "The outbreak of the coronavirus disease (Covid-19) in January 2020 in Wuhan has had a significant impact on the Chinese economy, and especially on the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In February 2020 an online questionnaire and follow-up interviews were conducted on 4807 SMEs in Sichuan to assess the challenges associated with work resumption and the associated policy requirements. It was found that most SMEs were unable to resume work because of a shortage of epidemic mitigation materials, the inability of employees to return to work, disrupted supply chains, and reduced market demand. Many SMEs were also facing cash flow risks as they had to continue to pay for various fixed expenditures even though they had little or no revenue. As these delays in work resumption have put unprecedented pressures on the survival of many SMEs, recommendations relevant to China and other affected countries regarding cash flow relief, work resumption and consumption stimulation are given to assist SME survival and economic recovery from the disaster situation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2020.1763902",
    doi = "10.1080/17477891.2020.1763902",
    openalex = "W3024439307",
    references = "doi101017s0950268820000254"
}

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions were undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We used real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation in transmission in cities across China and to ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. After the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.

@article{doi101126scienceabb4218,
    author = "Kraemer, Moritz U. G. and Yang, Chia-Hung and Gutiérrez, Bernardo and Wu, Chieh‐Hsi and Klein, Brennan and Pigott, David M. and Group, Open COVID-19 Data Working and du Plessis, Louis and Faria, Nuno R. and Li, Ruoran and Hanage, William P. and Brownstein, John S. and Layan, Maylis and Vespignani, Alessandro and Tian, Huaiyu and Dye, Christopher and Pybus, Oliver G. and Scarpino, Samuel V.",
    title = "The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak expanded rapidly throughout China. Major behavioral, clinical, and state interventions were undertaken to mitigate the epidemic and prevent the persistence of the virus in human populations in China and worldwide. It remains unclear how these unprecedented interventions, including travel restrictions, affected COVID-19 spread in China. We used real-time mobility data from Wuhan and detailed case data including travel history to elucidate the role of case importation in transmission in cities across China and to ascertain the impact of control measures. Early on, the spatial distribution of COVID-19 cases in China was explained well by human mobility data. After the implementation of control measures, this correlation dropped and growth rates became negative in most locations, although shifts in the demographics of reported cases were still indicative of local chains of transmission outside of Wuhan. This study shows that the drastic control measures implemented in China substantially mitigated the spread of COVID-19.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb4218",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abb4218",
    openalex = "W3013594674",
    references = "doi1011770049124104268644, doi1018637jssv067i01, doi103201eid2605200146"
}

An outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, China, has prompted authorities in neighbouring Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to step up border surveillance, amid fears that it could signal the emergence of a new and serious threat to public health. On 5 January local, provincial, and national health commissions reported a cluster of 59 reported cases centred around the South China Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people and the capital of Hubei province. They had already ruled out known influenza viruses and the two coronaviruses known to cause severe acute respiratory illness (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome. The limited information that has been released by mainland Chinese authorities is causing unease among the general population and healthcare workers in Hong Kong. The city has a strong collective memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003, which …

@article{doi101136bmjm56,
    author = "Parry, J.",
    title = "Pneumonia in China: lack of information raises concerns among Hong Kong health workers",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "BMJ",
    abstract = "An outbreak of pneumonia of unknown cause in Wuhan, China, has prompted authorities in neighbouring Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan to step up border surveillance, amid fears that it could signal the emergence of a new and serious threat to public health. On 5 January local, provincial, and national health commissions reported a cluster of 59 reported cases centred around the South China Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, a city of 11 million people and the capital of Hubei province. They had already ruled out known influenza viruses and the two coronaviruses known to cause severe acute respiratory illness (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome. The limited information that has been released by mainland Chinese authorities is causing unease among the general population and healthcare workers in Hong Kong. The city has a strong collective memory of the SARS outbreak in 2003, which …",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m56",
    doi = "10.1136/bmj.m56",
    openalex = "W3000092258"
}

Background Chest CT is used in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is an important complement to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value and consistency of chest CT as compared with RT-PCR assay in COVID-19. Materials and Methods This study included 1014 patients in Wuhan, China, who underwent both chest CT and RT-PCR tests between January 6 and February 6, 2020. With use of RT-PCR as the reference standard, the performance of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19 was assessed. In addition, for patients with multiple RT-PCR assays, the dynamic conversion of RT-PCR results (negative to positive, positive to negative) was analyzed as compared with serial chest CT scans for those with a time interval between RT-PCR tests of 4 days or more. Results Of the 1014 patients, 601 of 1014 (59%) had positive RT-PCR results and 888 of 1014 (88%) had positive chest CT scans. The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID-19 was 97% (95% confidence interval: 95%, 98%; 580 of 601 patients) based on positive RT-PCR results. In the 413 patients with negative RT-PCR results, 308 of 413 (75%) had positive chest CT findings. Of those 308 patients, 48% (103 of 308) were considered as highly likely cases and 33% (103 of 308) as probable cases. At analysis of serial RT-PCR assays and CT scans, the mean interval between the initial negative to positive RT-PCR results was 5.1 days ± 1.5; the mean interval between initial positive to subsequent negative RT-PCR results was 6.9 days ± 2.3. Of the 1014 patients, 60% (34 of 57) to 93% (14 of 15) had initial positive CT scans consistent with COVID-19 before (or parallel to) the initial positive RT-PCR results. Twenty-four of 57 patients (42%) showed improvement on follow-up chest CT scans before the RT-PCR results turned negative. Conclusion Chest CT has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chest CT may be considered as a primary tool for the current COVID-19 detection in epidemic areas. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. A translation of this abstract in Farsi is available in the supplement. ترجمه چکیده این مقاله به فارسی، در ضمیمه موجود است.

@article{doi101148radiol2020200642,
    author = "Ai, Tao and Yang, Zhenlu and Hou, Hongyan and Zhan, Chenao and Chen, Chong and Lv, Wenzhi and Tao, Qian and Sun, Ziyong and Xia, Liming",
    title = "Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Radiology",
    abstract = "Background Chest CT is used in the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is an important complement to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value and consistency of chest CT as compared with RT-PCR assay in COVID-19. Materials and Methods This study included 1014 patients in Wuhan, China, who underwent both chest CT and RT-PCR tests between January 6 and February 6, 2020. With use of RT-PCR as the reference standard, the performance of chest CT in the diagnosis of COVID-19 was assessed. In addition, for patients with multiple RT-PCR assays, the dynamic conversion of RT-PCR results (negative to positive, positive to negative) was analyzed as compared with serial chest CT scans for those with a time interval between RT-PCR tests of 4 days or more. Results Of the 1014 patients, 601 of 1014 (59\%) had positive RT-PCR results and 888 of 1014 (88\%) had positive chest CT scans. The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID-19 was 97\% (95\% confidence interval: 95\%, 98\%; 580 of 601 patients) based on positive RT-PCR results. In the 413 patients with negative RT-PCR results, 308 of 413 (75\%) had positive chest CT findings. Of those 308 patients, 48\% (103 of 308) were considered as highly likely cases and 33\% (103 of 308) as probable cases. At analysis of serial RT-PCR assays and CT scans, the mean interval between the initial negative to positive RT-PCR results was 5.1 days ± 1.5; the mean interval between initial positive to subsequent negative RT-PCR results was 6.9 days ± 2.3. Of the 1014 patients, 60\% (34 of 57) to 93\% (14 of 15) had initial positive CT scans consistent with COVID-19 before (or parallel to) the initial positive RT-PCR results. Twenty-four of 57 patients (42\%) showed improvement on follow-up chest CT scans before the RT-PCR results turned negative. Conclusion Chest CT has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Chest CT may be considered as a primary tool for the current COVID-19 detection in epidemic areas. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. A translation of this abstract in Farsi is available in the supplement. ترجمه چکیده این مقاله به فارسی، در ضمیمه موجود است.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020200642",
    doi = "10.1148/radiol.2020200642",
    openalex = "W3007497549"
}

Abstract Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate fossil occurrences are summarised for Australia, with reference to faunal connections between Asia and East Gondwana, as first indicated by fish distributions of Lower Devonian fossil sites. Major endemic groups discussed are pituriaspid (Australian) and galeaspid (Asian) agnathans, wuttagoonaspids (Australian) and antarctaspid (Antarctic, Australian, Asian) arthrodires, yunnanolepid and sinolepid antiarchs (South China, Indochina terrane, Australia), and early tetrapodomorphs (South China, Australia). More widespread groups that lived in shallow marine environments (lungfishes, buchanosteid arthrodires, antiarch Bothriolepis) also show species groups shared between South China and East Gondwana. Exchange of continental facies fishes (e.g. tristichopterid tetrapodomorphs) may have been interrupted by marine transgression in the Frasnian, but were restored in the late Famennian with the appearance of Grenfellaspis in eastern Australia, the only sinolepid antiarch known from outside Asia. The hypothesis of Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion, to explain the collage of geological terranes forming modern east and southeast Asia, implies increasing dissimilarity with increasing age, but the Siluro-Devonian early vertebrate evidence is inconsistent with this. Previous cladistic analysis of Asian terranes predicted galeaspid agnathans on the Indochina terrane, and their subsequent discovery at Ly Hoa, Vietnam, confirms that Indochina and South China had come together across the Song Ma suture by Middle Devonian time.

@article{doi101186s4250102000057x,
    author = "Young, Gavin C. and Lü, Jing",
    title = "Asia–Gondwana connections indicated by Devonian fishes from Australia: palaeogeographic considerations",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Palaeogeography",
    abstract = "Abstract Middle Palaeozoic vertebrate fossil occurrences are summarised for Australia, with reference to faunal connections between Asia and East Gondwana, as first indicated by fish distributions of Lower Devonian fossil sites. Major endemic groups discussed are pituriaspid (Australian) and galeaspid (Asian) agnathans, wuttagoonaspids (Australian) and antarctaspid (Antarctic, Australian, Asian) arthrodires, yunnanolepid and sinolepid antiarchs (South China, Indochina terrane, Australia), and early tetrapodomorphs (South China, Australia). More widespread groups that lived in shallow marine environments (lungfishes, buchanosteid arthrodires, antiarch Bothriolepis) also show species groups shared between South China and East Gondwana. Exchange of continental facies fishes (e.g. tristichopterid tetrapodomorphs) may have been interrupted by marine transgression in the Frasnian, but were restored in the late Famennian with the appearance of Grenfellaspis in eastern Australia, the only sinolepid antiarch known from outside Asia. The hypothesis of Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion, to explain the collage of geological terranes forming modern east and southeast Asia, implies increasing dissimilarity with increasing age, but the Siluro-Devonian early vertebrate evidence is inconsistent with this. Previous cladistic analysis of Asian terranes predicted galeaspid agnathans on the Indochina terrane, and their subsequent discovery at Ly Hoa, Vietnam, confirms that Indochina and South China had come together across the Song Ma suture by Middle Devonian time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42501-020-00057-x",
    doi = "10.1186/s42501-020-00057-x",
    openalex = "W3021277007",
    references = "doi101016jjseaes201212020, doi101016s0012825200000210, doi101017cbo9781139103848007, doi10108008120099608728282, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science972526482b, doi107208chicago97802267310010010001, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2208603329, openalexw2751580477"
}

The Sinacanthida ordo nov. and Mongolepidida are spine- and scale-based taxa whose remains encompass some of the earliest reported fossils of chondrichthyan fish. Investigation of fragmentary material from the Early Silurian Tataertag and Ymogantau Formations of the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China) has revealed a diverse mongolepidid and sinacanthid fauna dominated by mongolepids and sinacanthids in association with abundant dermoskeletal elements of the endemic 'armoured' agnathans known as galeaspids. Micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy and histological sections were used to identify seven mongolepid genera (including Tielikewatielepis sinensis gen. et sp. nov., Xiaohaizilepis liui gen. et sp. nov. and Taklamakanolepis asiaticus gen. et sp. nov.) together with a new chondrichthyan (Yuanolepis bachunensis gen. et sp. nov.) with scale crowns consisting of a mongolepid-type atubular dentine (lamellin). Unlike the more elaborate crown architecture of mongolepids, Yuanolepis gen. nov. exhibits a single row of crown elements consistent with the condition reported in stem chondrichthyans from the Lower Devonian (e.g. in Seretolepis, Parexus). The results corroborate previous work by recognising lamellin as the main component of sinacanthid spines and point to corresponding developmental patterns shared across the dermal skeleton of taxa with lamellin and more derived chondrichthyans (e.g. Doliodus, Kathemacanthus, Seretolepis and Parexus). The Tarim mongolepid fauna is inclusive of coeval taxa from the South China Block and accounts for over two-thirds of the species currently attributed to Mongolepidida. This demonstrates considerable overlap between the Tarim and South China components of the Lower Silurian Zhangjiajie Vertebrate Fauna.

@article{doi101371journalpone0228589,
    author = "Andreev, Plamen S and Zhao, Wenjin and Wang, Nian-Zhong and Smith, Moya M and Li, Qiang and Cui, Xindong and Zhu, Min and Sansom, Ivan J",
    title = "Early Silurian chondrichthyans from the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang, China).",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "The Sinacanthida ordo nov. and Mongolepidida are spine- and scale-based taxa whose remains encompass some of the earliest reported fossils of chondrichthyan fish. Investigation of fragmentary material from the Early Silurian Tataertag and Ymogantau Formations of the Tarim Basin (Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China) has revealed a diverse mongolepidid and sinacanthid fauna dominated by mongolepids and sinacanthids in association with abundant dermoskeletal elements of the endemic 'armoured' agnathans known as galeaspids. Micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy and histological sections were used to identify seven mongolepid genera (including Tielikewatielepis sinensis gen. et sp. nov., Xiaohaizilepis liui gen. et sp. nov. and Taklamakanolepis asiaticus gen. et sp. nov.) together with a new chondrichthyan (Yuanolepis bachunensis gen. et sp. nov.) with scale crowns consisting of a mongolepid-type atubular dentine (lamellin). Unlike the more elaborate crown architecture of mongolepids, Yuanolepis gen. nov. exhibits a single row of crown elements consistent with the condition reported in stem chondrichthyans from the Lower Devonian (e.g. in Seretolepis, Parexus). The results corroborate previous work by recognising lamellin as the main component of sinacanthid spines and point to corresponding developmental patterns shared across the dermal skeleton of taxa with lamellin and more derived chondrichthyans (e.g. Doliodus, Kathemacanthus, Seretolepis and Parexus). The Tarim mongolepid fauna is inclusive of coeval taxa from the South China Block and accounts for over two-thirds of the species currently attributed to Mongolepidida. This demonstrates considerable overlap between the Tarim and South China components of the Lower Silurian Zhangjiajie Vertebrate Fauna.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7018067/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0228589",
    openalex = "W3006593822",
    pmcid = "PMC7018067",
    pmid = "32053606",
    references = "doi101007s1143001792580, doi101016jzool200603002, doi101038379628a0, doi101038nature12617, doi101038nature13825, doi101038nature14065, doi101098rspb20172418, doi101126scienceaah3764, doi101371journalpone0027482, doi101371journalpone0163157"
}

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing severe acute respiratory disease emerged recently in Wuhan, China. Information on reported cases strongly indicates human-to-human spread, and the most recent information is increasingly indicative of sustained human-to-human transmission. While the overall severity profile among cases may change as more mild cases are identified, we estimate a risk of fatality among hospitalised cases at 14% (95% confidence interval: 3.9-32%).

@article{doi10280715607917es20202532000044,
    author = "Wu, Peng and Hao, Xinxin and Lau, Eric H. Y. and Wong, Jessica Y. and Leung, Kathy and Wu, Joseph T. and Cowling, Benjamin J. and Leung, GM",
    title = "Real-time tentative assessment of the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus infections in Wuhan, China, as at 22 January 2020",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Eurosurveillance",
    abstract = "A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) causing severe acute respiratory disease emerged recently in Wuhan, China. Information on reported cases strongly indicates human-to-human spread, and the most recent information is increasingly indicative of sustained human-to-human transmission. While the overall severity profile among cases may change as more mild cases are identified, we estimate a risk of fatality among hospitalised cases at 14\% (95\% confidence interval: 3.9-32\%).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000044",
    doi = "10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.3.2000044",
    openalex = "W3001971765"
}

A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is causing an outbreak of viral pneumonia that started in Wuhan, China. Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan in the early outbreak phase, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 days (95% credible interval: 5.6-7.7), ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). These values should help inform 2019-nCoV case definitions and appropriate quarantine durations.

@article{doi10280715607917es20202552000062,
    author = "Backer, Jantien A. and Klinkenberg, Don and Wallinga, Jacco",
    title = "Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20–28 January 2020",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Eurosurveillance",
    abstract = "A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) is causing an outbreak of viral pneumonia that started in Wuhan, China. Using the travel history and symptom onset of 88 confirmed cases that were detected outside Wuhan in the early outbreak phase, we estimate the mean incubation period to be 6.4 days (95\% credible interval: 5.6-7.7), ranging from 2.1 to 11.1 days (2.5th to 97.5th percentile). These values should help inform 2019-nCoV case definitions and appropriate quarantine durations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.5.2000062",
    doi = "10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.5.2000062",
    openalex = "W3004912618"
}

On January 23, 2020, China quarantined Wuhan to contain coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We estimated the probability of transportation of COVID-19 from Wuhan to 369 other cities in China before the quarantine. Expected COVID-19 risk is >50% in 130 (95% CI 89-190) cities and >99% in the 4 largest metropolitan areas.

@article{doi103201eid2605200146,
    author = "Du, Zhanwei and Wang, Lin and Cauchemez, Simon and Xu, Xiao-Ke and Wang, Xianwen and Cowling, Benjamin J. and Meyers, Lauren Ancel",
    title = "Risk for Transportation of Coronavirus Disease from Wuhan to Other Cities in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Emerging infectious diseases",
    abstract = "On January 23, 2020, China quarantined Wuhan to contain coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We estimated the probability of transportation of COVID-19 from Wuhan to 369 other cities in China before the quarantine. Expected COVID-19 risk is >50\% in 130 (95\% CI 89-190) cities and >99\% in the 4 largest metropolitan areas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2605.200146",
    doi = "10.3201/eid2605.200146",
    openalex = "W3006320625",
    references = "doi101016s0140673620301549, doi101056nejmoa2001316, doi101126science33961251264, doi103201eid1107041165, openalexw2971000848"
}

To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Contamination was greater in intensive care units than general wards. Virus was widely distributed on floors, computer mice, trash cans, and sickbed handrails and was detected in air ≈4 m from patients.

@article{doi103201eid2607200885,
    author = "Guo, Zhen-Dong and Wang, Zhongyi and Zhang, Shou-Feng and Li, Xiao and Li, Lin and Li, Chao and Cui, Yan and Fu, Rui-Bin and Dong, Yifei and Chi, Xiang-Yang and Zhang, Meng-Yao and Liu, Kun and Cao, Cheng and Liu, Bin and Zhang, Ke and Gao, Yu-Wei and Lu, Bing and Chen, Wei",
    title = "Aerosol and Surface Distribution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Hospital Wards, Wuhan, China, 2020",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Emerging infectious diseases",
    abstract = "To determine distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in hospital wards in Wuhan, China, we tested air and surface samples. Contamination was greater in intensive care units than general wards. Virus was widely distributed on floors, computer mice, trash cans, and sickbed handrails and was detected in air ≈4 m from patients.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200885",
    doi = "10.3201/eid2607.200885",
    openalex = "W3015704123",
    references = "doi101016jijsu202002034"
}

The objective of this study is to compare the epidemiological variations in COVID-19 patients reported in studies from inside and outside of China. We selected COVID-19 observational studies from eight countries, including, China, Italy, Australia, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and the USA, comprising a total of 13 studies and performed a meta-analysis for age, gender, fatality rate, and clinical symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. The meta-analysis shows that there are differences in symptoms and other characteristics reported by the patients of COVID-19 inside and outside China. Patients in China have a higher proportion of fever, cough, and shortness of breath as compared to patients outside of China. However, we found the opposite results for the gastrointestinal symptoms such as Diarrhea. Patients outside of China have a significantly higher proportion of Diarrhea as compared to patients within China. We also observed gender disparity among our studies, with the male population being more susceptible than the female population. Moreover, the analysis suggests that the fatality rate in China is relatively lower as compared to the fatality rate in other countries. These findings also suggest that the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 should not be generalized to fever, shortness of breath, and cough only but other symptoms such as diarrhea are also prevalent in patients with COVID-19.

@article{doi103389fpubh202000193,
    author = "Ahmed, Ali and Ali, Areeba and Hasan, Sana",
    title = "Comparison of Epidemiological Variations in COVID-19 Patients Inside and Outside of China—A Meta-Analysis",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Frontiers in Public Health",
    abstract = "The objective of this study is to compare the epidemiological variations in COVID-19 patients reported in studies from inside and outside of China. We selected COVID-19 observational studies from eight countries, including, China, Italy, Australia, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and the USA, comprising a total of 13 studies and performed a meta-analysis for age, gender, fatality rate, and clinical symptoms of fever, cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea. The meta-analysis shows that there are differences in symptoms and other characteristics reported by the patients of COVID-19 inside and outside China. Patients in China have a higher proportion of fever, cough, and shortness of breath as compared to patients outside of China. However, we found the opposite results for the gastrointestinal symptoms such as Diarrhea. Patients outside of China have a significantly higher proportion of Diarrhea as compared to patients within China. We also observed gender disparity among our studies, with the male population being more susceptible than the female population. Moreover, the analysis suggests that the fatality rate in China is relatively lower as compared to the fatality rate in other countries. These findings also suggest that the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 should not be generalized to fever, shortness of breath, and cough only but other symptoms such as diarrhea are also prevalent in patients with COVID-19.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00193",
    doi = "10.3389/fpubh.2020.00193",
    openalex = "W3023268903"
}

Objectives: Sufficient knowledge and positive attitudes are crucial to the prevention of COVID-19. However, little is known about public awareness and attitudes regarding COVID-19 in China. The impact of COVID-19 on the societal well-being and anxiety levels of the public has never been documented. The aim of this study was to survey the knowledge, attitudes, impact, and anxiety levels of the people of China in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. Method: A cross-sectional population survey using an online questionnaire was undertaken between Jan 24 and Feb 24, 2020. The study participants were residents of mainland China over the age of 18 years. The attitude items in this study measured the perceived threat of COVID-19 based on the Health Belief Model. Anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a self-reported questionnaire that measure both state (STAI-S), and trait anxiety (STAI-T) Results: A total of 2,446 completed responses were received. The mean and standard deviation (SD) for the total knowledge score was 20.3 (SD ± 2.9) out of a possible score of 23. The social disruption and household economic impact were notable, particularly in provinces with higher cumulative confirmed cases. The majority of responses indicated a low perceived susceptibility of being infected (86.7% [95%CI 85.4-88.1]), with a fair proportion of respondents perceiving a higher severity (62.9% [95% CI 61.0-64.8]). The mean total impact score was 9.9 (SD ± 3.8) out of a possible score of 15. The mean score for STAI-S was 48.7 (SD ± 10.8), whereas the mean STAI-T score was 45.7 (SD ± 8.5). By demographics, women reported significantly higher odds for higher levels of both STAI-S (OR = 1.67) and STAI-T (OR = 1.30) compared to men. People of a younger age were also more likely to experience higher STAI-S and STAI-T. Higher perceived susceptibility and severity and impact were strong predictors of higher levels of STAI-S and STAI-T. Conclusion: Our findings can assist in tailoring public communication to change people's knowledge and attitudes. The present study also underlined the importance of the promotion of mental health during infectious disease outbreaks to help in moderating the perceived threat, social and household economic impact, targeting the vulnerable segment of the population.

@article{doi103389fpubh202000236,
    author = "Lin, Yulan and Hu, Zhijian and Alias, Haridah and Wong, Li Ping",
    title = "Knowledge, Attitudes, Impact, and Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 Infection Among the Public in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Frontiers in Public Health",
    abstract = "Objectives: Sufficient knowledge and positive attitudes are crucial to the prevention of COVID-19. However, little is known about public awareness and attitudes regarding COVID-19 in China. The impact of COVID-19 on the societal well-being and anxiety levels of the public has never been documented. The aim of this study was to survey the knowledge, attitudes, impact, and anxiety levels of the people of China in relation to the COVID-19 outbreak. Method: A cross-sectional population survey using an online questionnaire was undertaken between Jan 24 and Feb 24, 2020. The study participants were residents of mainland China over the age of 18 years. The attitude items in this study measured the perceived threat of COVID-19 based on the Health Belief Model. Anxiety was measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a self-reported questionnaire that measure both state (STAI-S), and trait anxiety (STAI-T) Results: A total of 2,446 completed responses were received. The mean and standard deviation (SD) for the total knowledge score was 20.3 (SD ± 2.9) out of a possible score of 23. The social disruption and household economic impact were notable, particularly in provinces with higher cumulative confirmed cases. The majority of responses indicated a low perceived susceptibility of being infected (86.7\% [95\%CI 85.4-88.1]), with a fair proportion of respondents perceiving a higher severity (62.9\% [95\% CI 61.0-64.8]). The mean total impact score was 9.9 (SD ± 3.8) out of a possible score of 15. The mean score for STAI-S was 48.7 (SD ± 10.8), whereas the mean STAI-T score was 45.7 (SD ± 8.5). By demographics, women reported significantly higher odds for higher levels of both STAI-S (OR = 1.67) and STAI-T (OR = 1.30) compared to men. People of a younger age were also more likely to experience higher STAI-S and STAI-T. Higher perceived susceptibility and severity and impact were strong predictors of higher levels of STAI-S and STAI-T. Conclusion: Our findings can assist in tailoring public communication to change people's knowledge and attitudes. The present study also underlined the importance of the promotion of mental health during infectious disease outbreaks to help in moderating the perceived threat, social and household economic impact, targeting the vulnerable segment of the population.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00236",
    doi = "10.3389/fpubh.2020.00236",
    openalex = "W3029903408"
}

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.

@article{doi103390ijerph17051729,
    author = "Wang, Cuiyan and Pan, Riyu and Wan, Xiaoyang and Tan, Yilin and Xu, Linkang and Ho, Cyrus S. H. and Ho, Roger",
    title = "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",
    abstract = "Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic is a public health emergency of international concern and poses a challenge to psychological resilience. Research data are needed to develop evidence-driven strategies to reduce adverse psychological impacts and psychiatric symptoms during the epidemic. The aim of this study was to survey the general public in China to better understand their levels of psychological impact, anxiety, depression, and stress during the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak. The data will be used for future reference. Methods: From 31 January to 2 February 2020, we conducted an online survey using snowball sampling techniques. The online survey collected information on demographic data, physical symptoms in the past 14 days, contact history with COVID-19, knowledge and concerns about COVID-19, precautionary measures against COVID-19, and additional information required with respect to COVID-19. Psychological impact was assessed by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status was assessed by the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Results: This study included 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China. In total, 53.8\% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the outbreak as moderate or severe; 16.5\% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms; 28.8\% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 8.1\% reported moderate to severe stress levels. Most respondents spent 20–24 h per day at home (84.7\%); were worried about their family members contracting COVID-19 (75.2\%); and were satisfied with the amount of health information available (75.1\%). Female gender, student status, specific physical symptoms (e.g., myalgia, dizziness, coryza), and poor self-rated health status were significantly associated with a greater psychological impact of the outbreak and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Specific up-to-date and accurate health information (e.g., treatment, local outbreak situation) and particular precautionary measures (e.g., hand hygiene, wearing a mask) were associated with a lower psychological impact of the outbreak and lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the initial phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in China, more than half of the respondents rated the psychological impact as moderate-to-severe, and about one-third reported moderate-to-severe anxiety. Our findings identify factors associated with a lower level of psychological impact and better mental health status that can be used to formulate psychological interventions to improve the mental health of vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 epidemic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729",
    doi = "10.3390/ijerph17051729",
    openalex = "W3009506062",
    references = "doi101016s0140673620301835, doi101016s0140673620302117, doi101056nejmoa2001316"
}

@article{doi1046234ccdcw2020017,
    author = "Tan, Wenjie and Zhao, Xiang and Ma, Xuejun and Wang, Wenling and Niu, Peihua and Xu, Wenbo and Gao, George F. and Wu, Guizhen",
    title = "A Novel Coronavirus Genome Identified in a Cluster of Pneumonia Cases — Wuhan, China 2019−2020",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "China CDC Weekly",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.017",
    doi = "10.46234/ccdcw2020.017",
    openalex = "W3017468735"
}

Background: An outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China has spread quickly nationwide. Here, we report results of a descriptive, exploratory analysis of all cases diagnosed as of February 11, 2020.

@article{doi1046234ccdcw2020032,
    author = "Weekly, China CDC and Team, The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology",
    title = "The Epidemiological Characteristics of an Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Diseases (COVID-19) — China, 2020",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "China CDC Weekly",
    abstract = "Background: An outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China has spread quickly nationwide. Here, we report results of a descriptive, exploratory analysis of all cases diagnosed as of February 11, 2020.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.46234/ccdcw2020.032",
    doi = "10.46234/ccdcw2020.032",
    openalex = "W3035011439",
    references = "doi101001jama20200757, doi101016jijid202001009, doi101016s01406736, doi101016s0140673620301549, doi101016s0140673620301835, doi101016s0140673620301859, doi101056nejmoa2001017, doi101056nejmp2000929, doi1010802222175120201719902, doi1046234ccdcw2020017"
}

The burden of breast cancer is increasing globally. China is undergoing cancer transition with an increasing burden of lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and breast cancers. The mortality rate of cancer in China is high. Comprehensive strategies are urgently needed to target China's changing profiles of the cancer burden.

@article{doi101097cm90000000000001474,
    author = "Cao, Wei and Chen, Hongda and Yu, Yiwen and Li, Ni and Chen, Wanqing",
    title = "Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China: a secondary analysis of the global cancer statistics 2020",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Chinese Medical Journal",
    abstract = "The burden of breast cancer is increasing globally. China is undergoing cancer transition with an increasing burden of lung cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, and breast cancers. The mortality rate of cancer in China is high. Comprehensive strategies are urgently needed to target China's changing profiles of the cancer burden.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000001474",
    doi = "10.1097/cm9.0000000000001474",
    openalex = "W3134553072",
    references = "doi103322caac21338"
}

Abstract The Devonian record presents an opportunity to test and validate an existing marine bioregionalization. This study is the first to use comparative biogeography and phylogenetic data to test Devonian bioregionalization. Proposed in the 1960s, the Old World, Eastern Americas and Malvinokaffric realms have been the functional standard for marine Devonian biogeography. Data from 32 published phylogenies of Devonian marine taxa, and a database of c. 800 occurrences were analysed using phylogenetic software to test for area monophyly. The taxic occurrences in our database were then tested against total fauna Devonian occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org) to identify differences in sampling. Results indicate that the current Devonian bioregionalization is not representative of natural areas and requires revision. The results highlight areas that are most robust from which the study makes recommendations to improve the process and diagnosis of Devonian biogeographical areas. We found that legacy issues within palaeontology are evident within the results and their interpretation. The validation of bioregionalization and process is critical to the advancement of biogeography and palaeontology. The sensitivity of bioregionalization shows biotic and geographical relationships, how life and earth evolved together, and how geographical bias is evident in scientific process.

@article{doi101111pala12578,
    author = "Dowding, Elizabeth M. and Ebach, Malte C. and Mavrodiev, Evgeny V.",
    title = "Validating marine Devonian biogeography: a study in bioregionalization",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Devonian record presents an opportunity to test and validate an existing marine bioregionalization. This study is the first to use comparative biogeography and phylogenetic data to test Devonian bioregionalization. Proposed in the 1960s, the Old World, Eastern Americas and Malvinokaffric realms have been the functional standard for marine Devonian biogeography. Data from 32 published phylogenies of Devonian marine taxa, and a database of c. 800 occurrences were analysed using phylogenetic software to test for area monophyly. The taxic occurrences in our database were then tested against total fauna Devonian occurrences in the Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org) to identify differences in sampling. Results indicate that the current Devonian bioregionalization is not representative of natural areas and requires revision. The results highlight areas that are most robust from which the study makes recommendations to improve the process and diagnosis of Devonian biogeographical areas. We found that legacy issues within palaeontology are evident within the results and their interpretation. The validation of bioregionalization and process is critical to the advancement of biogeography and palaeontology. The sensitivity of bioregionalization shows biotic and geographical relationships, how life and earth evolved together, and how geographical bias is evident in scientific process.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12578",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12578",
    openalex = "W3212081551",
    references = "doi1010292018gc007584, doi101080081200992013772537, doi101111j15023931200900206x, doi101111pala12578, doi101126science1156963, doi10113000167606198596567defie20co2, doi101144gslsp20052460102, doi101144m382, doi101186s4250102000057x, doi1015159781503626324, doi1023072412970, openalexw634659594"
}

@article{doi101016jmarpetgeo2022105743,
    author = "Zhang, Xinchang and Li, Hongyan and Lai, Chun–Kit and Tan, Qingli",
    title = "New sedimentary constraints for the Late Devonian north-dipping Paleo-Tethys subduction and its eastern continuation on Hainan Island, South China",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Marine and Petroleum Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105743",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2022.105743",
    openalex = "W4280624529",
    references = "doi103389feart2021603565"
}

The Middle and Upper Devonian (Givetian and Frasnian) deposits of the Łysogóry-Radom and Lublin basins (south-central Poland) presented a diversified palynomorph assemblage. Numerous miospore taxa were documented and also contained well-preserved and varied plant remains, scolecodonts, acritarchs, chitinozoans, organic tentaculitoids, and bioclasts of uncertain biological affinity. Aneurospora extensa, Geminospora aurita, Samarisporites triangulatus and other documented taxa allowed us to establish two local miospore zones: the Givetian ‘Geminospora’ extensa zone and the Givetian–Frasnian Geminospora aurita zone. The time interval of these two zones shows the impoverishment in taxonomic diversity of microflora related to the rapid climate changes that are associated with the global Taghanic Event. The palynofacies analysis indicated a shallow-shelf environment with significant terrestrial input that was controlled by transgressive-regressive cycles, which confirmed the dynamic palaeoenvironmental changes. The new miospore taxon Retusotriletes radomskii is described.

@article{doi1010800191612220222140457,
    author = "Kondas, Marcelina and Filipiak, Paweł",
    title = "The palynology of the Middle–Upper Devonian (Givetian–Frasnian) in the Łysogóry-Radom and Lublin basins, south-central Poland",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Palynology",
    abstract = "The Middle and Upper Devonian (Givetian and Frasnian) deposits of the Łysogóry-Radom and Lublin basins (south-central Poland) presented a diversified palynomorph assemblage. Numerous miospore taxa were documented and also contained well-preserved and varied plant remains, scolecodonts, acritarchs, chitinozoans, organic tentaculitoids, and bioclasts of uncertain biological affinity. Aneurospora extensa, Geminospora aurita, Samarisporites triangulatus and other documented taxa allowed us to establish two local miospore zones: the Givetian ‘Geminospora’ extensa zone and the Givetian–Frasnian Geminospora aurita zone. The time interval of these two zones shows the impoverishment in taxonomic diversity of microflora related to the rapid climate changes that are associated with the global Taghanic Event. The palynofacies analysis indicated a shallow-shelf environment with significant terrestrial input that was controlled by transgressive-regressive cycles, which confirmed the dynamic palaeoenvironmental changes. The new miospore taxon Retusotriletes radomskii is described.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/01916122.2022.2140457",
    doi = "10.1080/01916122.2022.2140457",
    openalex = "W4307721748",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo2022104604"
}

Premise of research. The flora of the Maywood Formation, one of only three Devonian floras previously recognized in western North America, is known only from a brief report focused on stratigraphy and has never been characterized in more detail. A detailed assessment of this flora and associated animal fossils has implications for the age and depositional environments of the Maywood Formation and for Devonian plant biogeography.Methodology. Fieldwork at the Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming) exposure of the Maywood Formation produced a measured section characterizing the sedimentology of the unit and samples that we analyzed for palynomorph, macrofloral, and faunal content using standard methods.Pivotal results. The palynological assemblage is dominated by archaeopterid progymnosperm spores, lacks unequivocally marine components, indicates the low burial depth and temperature (ca. 53°C) of the unit, and supports an early Frasnian age. Plant macro- and mesofossils including charcoal, adpressions, sporangia, and spore packages reflect a vegetation with quasi-monodominant archaeopterids but also including (unidentified) plants that produced the seed megaspore Spermasporites (for which the Cottonwood Canyon occurrence represents a geographic range extension). Scales indicate the presence of sarcopterygian and tetrapodomorph fishes. Sedimentary facies, palynofacies, and plant macrofossil taphonomy are consistent with a lagoon or lake margin environment on a carbonate platform disconnected from the open marine realm.Conclusions. The arid carbonate platform of the western margin of early Frasnian Laurentia hosted a fire-prone vegetation cover heavily dominated by archaeopterid progymnosperms. The Maywood Formation preserves fossil assemblages reflecting this vegetation at Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming), in lagoonal or lacustrine deposits that also host microconchid tube worms and fish. The parent plant of the seed megaspore Spermasporites, present in this vegetation, was widely distributed all across Euramerica.

@article{doi101086720736,
    author = "Marshall, John and Holterhoff, Peter F. and El-Abdallah, Samar R. and Matsunaga, Kelly K. S. and Bronson, Allison W. and Tomescu, Alexandru M. F.",
    title = "The Archaeopterid Forests of Lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Westernmost Laurentia: Biota and Depositional Environment of the Maywood Formation in Northern Wyoming as Reflected by Palynoflora, Macroflora, Fauna, and Sedimentology",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "International Journal of Plant Sciences",
    abstract = "Premise of research. The flora of the Maywood Formation, one of only three Devonian floras previously recognized in western North America, is known only from a brief report focused on stratigraphy and has never been characterized in more detail. A detailed assessment of this flora and associated animal fossils has implications for the age and depositional environments of the Maywood Formation and for Devonian plant biogeography.Methodology. Fieldwork at the Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming) exposure of the Maywood Formation produced a measured section characterizing the sedimentology of the unit and samples that we analyzed for palynomorph, macrofloral, and faunal content using standard methods.Pivotal results. The palynological assemblage is dominated by archaeopterid progymnosperm spores, lacks unequivocally marine components, indicates the low burial depth and temperature (ca. 53°C) of the unit, and supports an early Frasnian age. Plant macro- and mesofossils including charcoal, adpressions, sporangia, and spore packages reflect a vegetation with quasi-monodominant archaeopterids but also including (unidentified) plants that produced the seed megaspore Spermasporites (for which the Cottonwood Canyon occurrence represents a geographic range extension). Scales indicate the presence of sarcopterygian and tetrapodomorph fishes. Sedimentary facies, palynofacies, and plant macrofossil taphonomy are consistent with a lagoon or lake margin environment on a carbonate platform disconnected from the open marine realm.Conclusions. The arid carbonate platform of the western margin of early Frasnian Laurentia hosted a fire-prone vegetation cover heavily dominated by archaeopterid progymnosperms. The Maywood Formation preserves fossil assemblages reflecting this vegetation at Cottonwood Canyon (Wyoming), in lagoonal or lacustrine deposits that also host microconchid tube worms and fish. The parent plant of the seed megaspore Spermasporites, present in this vegetation, was widely distributed all across Euramerica.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/720736",
    doi = "10.1086/720736",
    openalex = "W4281614207",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo2022104604"
}

The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.

@article{doi101097cm90000000000002108,
    author = "Xia, Changfa and Dong, Xuesi and Li, He and Cao, Maomao and Sun, Dianqin and He, Siyi and Yang, Fan and Yan, Xinxin and Zhang, Shaoli and Li, Ni and Chen, Wanqing",
    title = "Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Chinese Medical Journal",
    abstract = "The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002108",
    doi = "10.1097/cm9.0000000000002108",
    openalex = "W4211038303",
    references = "doi103322caac21338"
}

Detailed description of spatio-temporal framework of fossil-bearing strata is of fundamental significance for understanding the evolution of organisms and regional tectonics. The Qujing and Haikou formations are two lithological units exposed in eastern Yunnan, southwestern China, and both bear rich fossils indicative of a Middle Devonian age, while their relationship or lateral correlation remains unclear. Based on detailed observations of outcrops of these two formations in Qujing, eastern Yunnan, and as well as their typical rock characteristics and fossil contents, we propose that the two formations are basically contemporaneous heterotopic facies. From north to south of the Qujing area, the transition from the Haikou Formation to the Qujing Formation is gradual and shows an increase of carbonate component (in terms of the cumulative thickness of carbonate rocks) and as offset, a decrease of the siliciclastic component. The distribution of the Haikou/Qujing Formation indicates the development of a marine environment in the Qujing area during the Givetian, as a part of the South China Sea connected to the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, and supports that the transgression might have peaked in southwestern China during the late Middle Devonian. The available biostratigraphic evidence favors an expansion of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean prior to or during the Middle Devonian.

@article{doi1055730130009851773,
    author = "WANG, JIANHUA and MI, YUNCHUAN and MA, XIAOROU and BI, YUKUN",
    title = "Stratigraphic correlation of the Givetian (late Middle Devonian) deposits in Qujing,Yunnan, southwestern China and the paleogeographic implications",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "TURKISH JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES",
    abstract = "Detailed description of spatio-temporal framework of fossil-bearing strata is of fundamental significance for understanding the evolution of organisms and regional tectonics. The Qujing and Haikou formations are two lithological units exposed in eastern Yunnan, southwestern China, and both bear rich fossils indicative of a Middle Devonian age, while their relationship or lateral correlation remains unclear. Based on detailed observations of outcrops of these two formations in Qujing, eastern Yunnan, and as well as their typical rock characteristics and fossil contents, we propose that the two formations are basically contemporaneous heterotopic facies. From north to south of the Qujing area, the transition from the Haikou Formation to the Qujing Formation is gradual and shows an increase of carbonate component (in terms of the cumulative thickness of carbonate rocks) and as offset, a decrease of the siliciclastic component. The distribution of the Haikou/Qujing Formation indicates the development of a marine environment in the Qujing area during the Givetian, as a part of the South China Sea connected to the Paleo-Tethys Ocean, and supports that the transgression might have peaked in southwestern China during the late Middle Devonian. The available biostratigraphic evidence favors an expansion of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean prior to or during the Middle Devonian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0985.1773",
    doi = "10.55730/1300-0985.1773",
    openalex = "W4285110830",
    references = "doi101007bf02932414, doi101016jearscirev200409001, doi101016jearscirev201206007, doi101016jearscirev201802004, doi101016jearscirev201803004, doi101016jgr201306012, doi101016jgr201310010, doi101016jjseaes201212020, doi101016jpalwor200911007, doi1010292019gl083123, doi101186s4250102000057x"
}

Global reconstructions, inclusive of environments and ecosystems, and biodiversity counts for the Devonian Period are often done so at the expense of high latitude regions given a historical lack of data presented from these areas. This has bearing on the recognition of biocrises (events marked by extinctions and faunal turnovers) at high latitudes as well as their controls and potential correlation with global, regional, and local tempos. The appearance and disappearance of high-latitude endemic Malvinoxhosan (synonymous with the “Malvinokaffric Realm” which it supersedes) marine invertebrate faunas from West Gondwana are often overlooked, in part owing to difficulties in correlating fossil-bearing strata with global frameworks given the absence and rarity of several key index taxa as well as detailed biostratigraphic appraisals in which to draw regional interbasinal correlations and comparisons. The Early to Middle Devonian Series of South Africa (upper Table Mountain, Bokkeveld and lower Witteberg groups) are a classic Malvinoxhosan-bearing section recording the rise of these endemic faunas, as well as their decline and replacement by cosmopolitan faunas. A detailed biostratigraphy of this interval was created following an assessment of fossil material curated at the Council for Geoscience and Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town as well as from literature. These data suggest that the Malvinoxhosan bioregion persisted as a cohesive unit during Rietvlei-Baviaanskloof to Waboomberg deposition (Pragian/Emsian-early Givetian) given that many representative taxa are found in these strata, however showing a trend of decreasing diversity with little origination through time. Above this interval, few representative taxa are known to continue into the upper Bokkeveld and Witteberg groups, disappearing entirely by the deposition of the Blinkberg Formation. The few fossils that are known in these strata and those succeeding it (e.g., the Swartruggens Formation) are entirely cosmopolitan in identity. Using novel multivariate statistical methods (non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) in conjunction with network analysis (NA), the data were interrogated to indicate potential groupings of strata according to their fossil content as well as to track faunal changes through time. These analyses suggest the presence of at least seven to eight interval assemblage biozones housed within at least three larger faunal complexes (Eo-Malvinoxhosan, Malvinoxhosan and Post-Malvinoxhosan) based on their constituent faunal makeup. A closer inspection of these faunal complexes and interval assemblage biozones show a stepped decline in biodiversity with little to no origination and recovery through time that may be correlated with local base-level change at varying orders of magnitude. Declines in biodiversity show selectivity for taxa with epifaunal and semi-infaunal habits with respect to infaunal, deep infaunal and nektonic taxa. Environmental conditions associated with the collapse of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion are thought to have been catastrophic as few new (often short-ranging) immigrants are registered in Post-Malvinoxhosan strata. Further to this, those faunas that are prevalent in Post-Malvinoxhosan strata (e.g., Tropidoleptus) those with known high environmental tolerance and were already present in the region prior to the collapse of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion. Lastly, the observed biodiversity changes in South Africa with respect to local base-level show remarkable similarities with several time equivalent locales in South America suggesting that the decline and extinction of the Malvinoxhosan biota was regional and that the biostratigraphy presented herein has regional application. Here, it is thought regional tectonic controls are suggested to have brought on sea-level changes and entrained warmer waters into higher latitudes against the backdrop of overall rising temperatures from the late Givetian onwards. Whilst the decline of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion might associated with global Middle Devonian biocrises (e.g., Kačák; Taghanic) insufficient age constraints for these strata are available at present to make direct comparisons. Furthermore, an adequate driver for global sea-level change during the Devonian Period, needs to be established to tease out global and local signals in constructed local sea-level curves to establish if these changes (and their effects in changes in biodiversity) are truly global in extent.

@article{doi101016jearscirev2023104595,
    author = "Penn-Clarke, Cameron R. and Harper, David A. T.",
    title = "The rise and fall of the Malvinoxhosan (Malvinokaffric) bioregion in South Africa: Evidence for Early-Middle Devonian biocrises at the South Pole",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Global reconstructions, inclusive of environments and ecosystems, and biodiversity counts for the Devonian Period are often done so at the expense of high latitude regions given a historical lack of data presented from these areas. This has bearing on the recognition of biocrises (events marked by extinctions and faunal turnovers) at high latitudes as well as their controls and potential correlation with global, regional, and local tempos. The appearance and disappearance of high-latitude endemic Malvinoxhosan (synonymous with the “Malvinokaffric Realm” which it supersedes) marine invertebrate faunas from West Gondwana are often overlooked, in part owing to difficulties in correlating fossil-bearing strata with global frameworks given the absence and rarity of several key index taxa as well as detailed biostratigraphic appraisals in which to draw regional interbasinal correlations and comparisons. The Early to Middle Devonian Series of South Africa (upper Table Mountain, Bokkeveld and lower Witteberg groups) are a classic Malvinoxhosan-bearing section recording the rise of these endemic faunas, as well as their decline and replacement by cosmopolitan faunas. A detailed biostratigraphy of this interval was created following an assessment of fossil material curated at the Council for Geoscience and Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town as well as from literature. These data suggest that the Malvinoxhosan bioregion persisted as a cohesive unit during Rietvlei-Baviaanskloof to Waboomberg deposition (Pragian/Emsian-early Givetian) given that many representative taxa are found in these strata, however showing a trend of decreasing diversity with little origination through time. Above this interval, few representative taxa are known to continue into the upper Bokkeveld and Witteberg groups, disappearing entirely by the deposition of the Blinkberg Formation. The few fossils that are known in these strata and those succeeding it (e.g., the Swartruggens Formation) are entirely cosmopolitan in identity. Using novel multivariate statistical methods (non-metric multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis) in conjunction with network analysis (NA), the data were interrogated to indicate potential groupings of strata according to their fossil content as well as to track faunal changes through time. These analyses suggest the presence of at least seven to eight interval assemblage biozones housed within at least three larger faunal complexes (Eo-Malvinoxhosan, Malvinoxhosan and Post-Malvinoxhosan) based on their constituent faunal makeup. A closer inspection of these faunal complexes and interval assemblage biozones show a stepped decline in biodiversity with little to no origination and recovery through time that may be correlated with local base-level change at varying orders of magnitude. Declines in biodiversity show selectivity for taxa with epifaunal and semi-infaunal habits with respect to infaunal, deep infaunal and nektonic taxa. Environmental conditions associated with the collapse of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion are thought to have been catastrophic as few new (often short-ranging) immigrants are registered in Post-Malvinoxhosan strata. Further to this, those faunas that are prevalent in Post-Malvinoxhosan strata (e.g., Tropidoleptus) those with known high environmental tolerance and were already present in the region prior to the collapse of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion. Lastly, the observed biodiversity changes in South Africa with respect to local base-level show remarkable similarities with several time equivalent locales in South America suggesting that the decline and extinction of the Malvinoxhosan biota was regional and that the biostratigraphy presented herein has regional application. Here, it is thought regional tectonic controls are suggested to have brought on sea-level changes and entrained warmer waters into higher latitudes against the backdrop of overall rising temperatures from the late Givetian onwards. Whilst the decline of the Malvinoxhosan bioregion might associated with global Middle Devonian biocrises (e.g., Kačák; Taghanic) insufficient age constraints for these strata are available at present to make direct comparisons. Furthermore, an adequate driver for global sea-level change during the Devonian Period, needs to be established to tease out global and local signals in constructed local sea-level curves to establish if these changes (and their effects in changes in biodiversity) are truly global in extent.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104595",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104595",
    openalex = "W4387566242",
    references = "doi101111pala12578"
}

Choo, Brian, Holland, Timothy, Clement, Alice M., King, Benedict, Challands, Tom, Young, Gavin, Long, John A. (2024): A new stem-tetrapod fish from the Middle-Late Devonian of central AustraliaCitation for this article: Choo, B., Holland, T., Clement, A. M., King, B., Challands, T., Young, G., & Long, J. A. (2024) A new stem-tetrapod fish from the Middle-Late Devonian of central Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (e2285000) 43 (3): 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000

@article{doi1010800272463420232285000,
    author = "Choo, Brian and Holland, Timothy and Clement, Alice M. and King, Benedict and Challands, Tom and Young, Gavin C. and Long, John A.",
    title = "A new stem-tetrapod fish from the Middle–Late Devonian of central Australia",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Choo, Brian, Holland, Timothy, Clement, Alice M., King, Benedict, Challands, Tom, Young, Gavin, Long, John A. (2024): A new stem-tetrapod fish from the Middle-Late Devonian of central AustraliaCitation for this article: Choo, B., Holland, T., Clement, A. M., King, B., Challands, T., Young, G., \& Long, J. A. (2024) A new stem-tetrapod fish from the Middle-Late Devonian of central Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (e2285000) 43 (3): 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2023.2285000",
    openalex = "W4391535641",
    references = "doi101016jgca200511032, doi101038001534a0, doi101038nature04639, doi101038s4146701806383y, doi101073pnas0604090103, doi101126science1140273, doi101186s4250102000057x, doi10247507200903, doi102475ajs2894333, doi105860choice320949, doi105860choice503274"
}

The Middle Devonian (Givetian) Valentia Slate Formation in the Iveragh Peninsula, southwest Ireland, is more renowned for the second oldest record of tetrapod trackways in the world than for its heavily metamorphosed bone remains. The present study focuses on new discoveries of non-tetrapod sarcopterygian fish fossils from the Valentia Slate Formation. Micro-CT scanning technology allows a re-interpretation of a previously published acanthodian fin spine as a fanged coronoid of a probable Rhizodontida and the identification of a Dipnoi tooth plate and bone. In addition, a scale of Holoptychius is described. The presence the rhizodont suggests Gondwanan ties and a first northward dispersal wave of these vertebrates into Euramerica as early as middle Givetian. This hypothesis is supported by the common occurrence of the placoderm Bothriolepis in the Valentia Slate Formation.

@article{doi107203sjp26527,
    author = "Dupret, Vincent and Byrne, Hannah and Challands, Tom and Hammer, Øyvind and Higgs, Kenneth T. and Long, John A. and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Qvarnström, Martin and Stössel, Iwan and Ahlberg, Per",
    title = "Non-tetrapod sarcopterygians from the Valentia Slate Formation (Givetian, Devonian) of the Iveragh Peninsula, south-western Ireland: systematic reappraisal and palaeobiogeographic implications",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Spanish Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The Middle Devonian (Givetian) Valentia Slate Formation in the Iveragh Peninsula, southwest Ireland, is more renowned for the second oldest record of tetrapod trackways in the world than for its heavily metamorphosed bone remains. The present study focuses on new discoveries of non-tetrapod sarcopterygian fish fossils from the Valentia Slate Formation. Micro-CT scanning technology allows a re-interpretation of a previously published acanthodian fin spine as a fanged coronoid of a probable Rhizodontida and the identification of a Dipnoi tooth plate and bone. In addition, a scale of Holoptychius is described. The presence the rhizodont suggests Gondwanan ties and a first northward dispersal wave of these vertebrates into Euramerica as early as middle Givetian. This hypothesis is supported by the common occurrence of the placoderm Bothriolepis in the Valentia Slate Formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7203/sjp.26527",
    doi = "10.7203/sjp.26527",
    openalex = "W4378983006",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0280208"
}

@article{doi101007s1143002312957,
    author = "Qie, Wenkun and Liang, Kun and Guo, Wen and Gao, Biao and Song, Junjun and Chen, Bo and Huang, Pu and Qiao, Li and Xu, Hong‐He and Chen, Jitao and Sun, Yu-Cong and Zhang, Yichun",
    title = "Devonian integrative stratigraphy, biotas, and paleogeographical evolution of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1295-7",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-023-1295-7",
    openalex = "W4393392550",
    references = "doi101111pala12578"
}

Abstract During the Devonian Period, many marine basins around the world reflected remarkably high global sea levels. In this context, the Devonian depocentres in northwestern South America offer a perspective on basin dynamics due to their distinct sedimentation and relatively low-deposition rates. This multidisciplinary study aims to understand these processes by characterising a well-preserved late Emsian-early Frasnian section in Colombia’s Floresta Massif. We integrated facies analysis, lithogeochemistry, and organic geochemistry to gain insights into the depositional systems shaping the basin's sedimentary architecture. We recognised five facies associations, corresponding to mixed transgressive platform environments with a predominance of siliciclastic and storm influence, gradually evolving into terrestrial environments. The depositional processes and geochemical proxies indicate conditions favourable to the proliferation of planktonic organisms, including water circulation, weathering, adequate salinity, nutrients, temperature, productivity, and low water turbidity. In this scenario, we observed thin, limited intervals exhibiting minimal influence from oxidation-reduction processes, whereas the overall sedimentary environment presents challenges for organic matter preservation, impacting its distribution and quality. The vertical stacking pattern analysis identified small cycles (less than 0.5m thick) and much larger-scale cycles (200–300 m thick) throughout the succession, which show alternations between transgressive and regressive phases. Additionally, the sedimentary input to the basin, while generally stable and not notably low (ca. 0.23 m/Ma), reveals subtle variations in sedimentation rates. These variations are evidenced by cycles with varying thicknesses and sedimentary condensation, aligning with global-sea level curves and previous tectonic models, suggesting the influence of a waning arc with restrained magmatic activity on the Colombian Devonian marine basin. By uncovering the unique sedimentation patterns and depositional environments of this region, we contribute valuable knowledge to the broader study of basin dynamics. While recognising the preliminary nature of the descriptions provided in the present study, our insights shed light on the complex processes shaping sedimentary systems, emphasising the need for further detailed investigations into the timing of Devonian events and cycles.

@article{doi101007s12549024006118,
    author = "Pastor-Chacón, Andrés and Velasquez, D. and Sarmiento, Gustavo and Parra, Pedro",
    title = "Devonian palaeoenvironmental dynamics in Colombia: An integrated sedimentological and geochemical exploration",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments",
    abstract = "Abstract During the Devonian Period, many marine basins around the world reflected remarkably high global sea levels. In this context, the Devonian depocentres in northwestern South America offer a perspective on basin dynamics due to their distinct sedimentation and relatively low-deposition rates. This multidisciplinary study aims to understand these processes by characterising a well-preserved late Emsian-early Frasnian section in Colombia’s Floresta Massif. We integrated facies analysis, lithogeochemistry, and organic geochemistry to gain insights into the depositional systems shaping the basin's sedimentary architecture. We recognised five facies associations, corresponding to mixed transgressive platform environments with a predominance of siliciclastic and storm influence, gradually evolving into terrestrial environments. The depositional processes and geochemical proxies indicate conditions favourable to the proliferation of planktonic organisms, including water circulation, weathering, adequate salinity, nutrients, temperature, productivity, and low water turbidity. In this scenario, we observed thin, limited intervals exhibiting minimal influence from oxidation-reduction processes, whereas the overall sedimentary environment presents challenges for organic matter preservation, impacting its distribution and quality. The vertical stacking pattern analysis identified small cycles (less than 0.5m thick) and much larger-scale cycles (200–300 m thick) throughout the succession, which show alternations between transgressive and regressive phases. Additionally, the sedimentary input to the basin, while generally stable and not notably low (ca. 0.23 m/Ma), reveals subtle variations in sedimentation rates. These variations are evidenced by cycles with varying thicknesses and sedimentary condensation, aligning with global-sea level curves and previous tectonic models, suggesting the influence of a waning arc with restrained magmatic activity on the Colombian Devonian marine basin. By uncovering the unique sedimentation patterns and depositional environments of this region, we contribute valuable knowledge to the broader study of basin dynamics. While recognising the preliminary nature of the descriptions provided in the present study, our insights shed light on the complex processes shaping sedimentary systems, emphasising the need for further detailed investigations into the timing of Devonian events and cycles.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-024-00611-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s12549-024-00611-8",
    openalex = "W4399706006",
    references = "doi101111pala12578"
}

Cancer remains a major public health concern in China, with a cancer profile that reflects the coexistence of developed and developing regions. Sustained implementation of prevention and control measures has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of certain historically high incidence cancers, such as esophageal, stomach and liver cancers. Adherence to the guidelines of the Healthy China Action Plan and the Cancer Prevention and Control Action Plan, along with continued efforts in comprehensive risk factor control, cancer screening, early diagnosis and treatment, and standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, are key strategies to effectively mitigate the increasing cancer burden by 2030.

@article{doi101016jjncc202401006,
    author = "Han, Bingfeng and Zheng, Rongshou and Zeng, Hongmei and Wang, Shaoming and Sun, Kexin and Chen, Ru and Li, Li and Wei, Wenqiang and He, Jie",
    title = "Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of the National Cancer Center",
    abstract = "Cancer remains a major public health concern in China, with a cancer profile that reflects the coexistence of developed and developing regions. Sustained implementation of prevention and control measures has resulted in significant reductions in the incidence and mortality rates of certain historically high incidence cancers, such as esophageal, stomach and liver cancers. Adherence to the guidelines of the Healthy China Action Plan and the Cancer Prevention and Control Action Plan, along with continued efforts in comprehensive risk factor control, cancer screening, early diagnosis and treatment, and standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols, are key strategies to effectively mitigate the increasing cancer burden by 2030.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.006",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jncc.2024.01.006",
    openalex = "W4391671392",
    references = "doi103322caac21338"
}

A new genus, Jemalongia, is erected for a porolepiform shoulder girdle and associated scales from the Cloghnan Shale at Jemalong Weir, near Forbes in New South Wales, Australia. There is no evidence for the Late Devonian porolepiform Holoptychius that was previously associated with the tetrapod Metaxygnathus at this site. Scales and a partial articulated specimen of Holoptychius sp. from the Famennian Worange Point Formation at Eden on the New South Wales south coast are close to both Holoptychius sp. from East Greenland and Holoptychius nobilissimus from Scotland. However, evidently a species other than Holoptychius sp. is represented by scales in the Hunter Siltstone at Grenfell, central New South Wales. The Jemalong fossils share character states with other scales from Grenfell and Bogan Gate that show features resembling coelacanth scales; a scale attributed to the Devonian coelacanth Gavinia is shown here for comparison. An isolated tooth plate demonstrates a second lungfish taxon at Jemalong, in addition to the denticulate Soederberghia sp. There is insufficient evidence for referring the skull of Soederberghia to the type species Soederberghia groenlandica. Incomplete placoderm remains suggest that a new antiarch taxon may occur at Jemalong. This new evidence suggests that the age of the Jemalong assemblage should be revised downwards to Givetian-Frasnian or older, rather than Famennian as previously interpreted.

@article{doi1010800311551820242327039,
    author = "Young, Gavin C.",
    title = "Relative age of the Devonian tetrapod Metaxygnathus, based on the associated fossil fish assemblage at Jemalong, New South Wales",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A new genus, Jemalongia, is erected for a porolepiform shoulder girdle and associated scales from the Cloghnan Shale at Jemalong Weir, near Forbes in New South Wales, Australia. There is no evidence for the Late Devonian porolepiform Holoptychius that was previously associated with the tetrapod Metaxygnathus at this site. Scales and a partial articulated specimen of Holoptychius sp. from the Famennian Worange Point Formation at Eden on the New South Wales south coast are close to both Holoptychius sp. from East Greenland and Holoptychius nobilissimus from Scotland. However, evidently a species other than Holoptychius sp. is represented by scales in the Hunter Siltstone at Grenfell, central New South Wales. The Jemalong fossils share character states with other scales from Grenfell and Bogan Gate that show features resembling coelacanth scales; a scale attributed to the Devonian coelacanth Gavinia is shown here for comparison. An isolated tooth plate demonstrates a second lungfish taxon at Jemalong, in addition to the denticulate Soederberghia sp. There is insufficient evidence for referring the skull of Soederberghia to the type species Soederberghia groenlandica. Incomplete placoderm remains suggest that a new antiarch taxon may occur at Jemalong. This new evidence suggests that the age of the Jemalong assemblage should be revised downwards to Givetian-Frasnian or older, rather than Famennian as previously interpreted.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2024.2327039",
    doi = "10.1080/03115518.2024.2327039",
    openalex = "W4394930327",
    references = "doi101038nature08623, doi101111j109636421932tb01553x, doi101186s4250102000057x, doi1023072413058, doi105860choice320949, doi105860choice345101, doi105860choice503274, doi105962bhltitle60647, doi105962bhltitle61854, doi107208chicago97802267310010010001, openalexw628087051"
}

Abstract Devonian stromatoporoid collections in the Natural History Museum, London (UK) have been deposited for over 100 years. The characteristics and systematic position of these specimens, however, have received little attention. In this study, a total of 307 Devonian stromatoporoid specimens comprising material documented by Nicholson (1886–1892) from the UK, Germany, United States, and Canada, plus specimens described by Ripper (1933, 1937a, b, c) from Australia, were re-examined. Overall, 50 species belonging to 29 genera were systematically redescribed based on recent progress, mainly including Actinostroma, Petridiostroma, Stictostroma, Pseudotrupetostroma, Parallelopora. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the type genus are illustrated following the earlier works of Stearn (1966) and Cockbain (1984). The reconstructed skeletons reveal stromatoporoid architectural patterns, crucial for enhancing understanding and revision of stromatoporoid identification. This study underscores the significance of three-dimensional reconstruction in taxonomic research on stromatoporoid. The NHMUK material is combined with data from publications and the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) to perform a network analysis of the global occurrence of Devonian stromatoporoids at the generic level; this reveals a close relationship of global stromatoporoid fauna during the Early Devonian, indicating a widespread distribution, despite this interval being regarded as a time of global stromatoporoid contraction. The Middle Devonian assemblage shows a much higher cosmopolitan occurrence in the context of the subsequent Eifelian-Givetian global stromatoporoid proliferation, consistent with the known pattern from other studies of Middle Devonian stromatoporoids. Overall, the NHMUK collections are a valuable resource to help understand the global occurrence of Devonian stromatoporoids.

@misc{doi10110120240630601411,
    author = "Huang, Jiayuan and Sendino, Consuelo and Kershaw, Stephen",
    title = "Devonian stromatoporoid historical collections in the Natural History Museum, London (UK): redescription, taxonomic revision and implications for stromatoporoid global paleobiogeography",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)",
    abstract = "Abstract Devonian stromatoporoid collections in the Natural History Museum, London (UK) have been deposited for over 100 years. The characteristics and systematic position of these specimens, however, have received little attention. In this study, a total of 307 Devonian stromatoporoid specimens comprising material documented by Nicholson (1886–1892) from the UK, Germany, United States, and Canada, plus specimens described by Ripper (1933, 1937a, b, c) from Australia, were re-examined. Overall, 50 species belonging to 29 genera were systematically redescribed based on recent progress, mainly including Actinostroma, Petridiostroma, Stictostroma, Pseudotrupetostroma, Parallelopora. Three-dimensional reconstructions of the type genus are illustrated following the earlier works of Stearn (1966) and Cockbain (1984). The reconstructed skeletons reveal stromatoporoid architectural patterns, crucial for enhancing understanding and revision of stromatoporoid identification. This study underscores the significance of three-dimensional reconstruction in taxonomic research on stromatoporoid. The NHMUK material is combined with data from publications and the Paleobiology Database (PBDB) to perform a network analysis of the global occurrence of Devonian stromatoporoids at the generic level; this reveals a close relationship of global stromatoporoid fauna during the Early Devonian, indicating a widespread distribution, despite this interval being regarded as a time of global stromatoporoid contraction. The Middle Devonian assemblage shows a much higher cosmopolitan occurrence in the context of the subsequent Eifelian-Givetian global stromatoporoid proliferation, consistent with the known pattern from other studies of Middle Devonian stromatoporoids. Overall, the NHMUK collections are a valuable resource to help understand the global occurrence of Devonian stromatoporoids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.06.30.601411",
    doi = "10.1101/2024.06.30.601411",
    openalex = "W4400378307",
    references = "doi101111pala12578"
}

Well-preserved specimens of an undescribed species of arthrodiran placoderm, Groenlandaspis howittensis sp. nov. (Middle Devonian of Victoria, Australia), reveals previously unknown information on the dermal skeleton, body-shape and tooth arcade of the wide-spread genus Groenlandaspis. The new material includes, dual pineal plates, extrascapular plates, and cheek bones cheek bones showing the presence of cutaneous sensory organs. The anterior supragnathal, usually a paired element in arthrodires, is a fused medial bone in G. howittensis sp. nov. It is positioned anterior to the occlusion of the mouth between the lower jaw (infragnathals) and upper jaw (posterior supragnathals) bones, indicating a specialised feeding mechanism and broadening the known diversity of placoderm dental morphologies. G. howittensis sp. nov. differs from all other groenlandaspidids by a less pronounced posterior expansion of the nuchal plate; the shape of the posterior dorsolateral plate and the presence of a short accessory canal on the anterior dorsolateral plate. A new phylogenetic analysis positions Groenlandaspididae in a monophyly with the phlyctaeniid families Arctolepidae and Arctaspdidae, however, the specific intrarelationships of groenlandaspidids remain poorly resolved.

@misc{doi10110120240911612576,
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Austin N. and Clement, Alice M. and Long, John A.",
    title = "Unique dental arrangement in a new species of Groenlandaspis (Placodermi, Arthrodire) from the Middle Devonian of Mount Howitt, Victoria, Australia",
    year = "2024",
    booktitle = "bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)",
    abstract = "Well-preserved specimens of an undescribed species of arthrodiran placoderm, Groenlandaspis howittensis sp. nov. (Middle Devonian of Victoria, Australia), reveals previously unknown information on the dermal skeleton, body-shape and tooth arcade of the wide-spread genus Groenlandaspis. The new material includes, dual pineal plates, extrascapular plates, and cheek bones cheek bones showing the presence of cutaneous sensory organs. The anterior supragnathal, usually a paired element in arthrodires, is a fused medial bone in G. howittensis sp. nov. It is positioned anterior to the occlusion of the mouth between the lower jaw (infragnathals) and upper jaw (posterior supragnathals) bones, indicating a specialised feeding mechanism and broadening the known diversity of placoderm dental morphologies. G. howittensis sp. nov. differs from all other groenlandaspidids by a less pronounced posterior expansion of the nuchal plate; the shape of the posterior dorsolateral plate and the presence of a short accessory canal on the anterior dorsolateral plate. A new phylogenetic analysis positions Groenlandaspididae in a monophyly with the phlyctaeniid families Arctolepidae and Arctaspdidae, however, the specific intrarelationships of groenlandaspidids remain poorly resolved.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.11.612576",
    doi = "10.1101/2024.09.11.612576",
    openalex = "W4402847172",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0280208"
}

Abstract New discovery of the early Silurian fossil fish Changxingaspis (Xiushuiaspidae, Galeaspida), Changxingaspis nianzhongi sp. nov. and C. gui, are described from the Tataertag Formation in Tarim Basin and the Kangshan Formation in Zhejiang Province, respectively. C. nianzhongi mainly differs from C. gui in the shape of the median dorsal opening that is transverse elliptic with a width/length ratio of about 3.0, the long lateral transverse canals extending to the lateral margin of the headshield, and the second lateral transverse canal with dichotomous branchings. Discovery of C. nianzhongi from the Tataertag Formation and C. gui from the Kangshan Formation provide direct evidence on the specific level for the correlation between these two formations, which further supports the Silurian fish‐bearing red beds in northwest Zhejiang belonging to the Silurian Lower Red Beds (LRBs) rather than the Upper Red Beds (URBs). Additionally, as the first record of the Changxingaspis in Tarim Basin, it extends the paleogeographical distribution of this genus from the South China Block to the Tarim Block, providing new evidence to support faunal exchanges between these two blocks and the hypothesis of a united Tarim–South China Block during the early Silurian.

@article{doi1011111755672415168,
    author = "Li, Xutong and ZHANG, Yumeng and LIN, Xianghong and Zhu, Min and Zhao, Wenjin and Tang, Lizhou and Shan, Xianren and Gai, Zhikun",
    title = "New findings of Changxingaspis (Xiushuiaspidae, Galeaspida) from the Silurian of Tarim Basin and Zhejiang Province, China",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    abstract = "Abstract New discovery of the early Silurian fossil fish Changxingaspis (Xiushuiaspidae, Galeaspida), Changxingaspis nianzhongi sp. nov. and C. gui, are described from the Tataertag Formation in Tarim Basin and the Kangshan Formation in Zhejiang Province, respectively. C. nianzhongi mainly differs from C. gui in the shape of the median dorsal opening that is transverse elliptic with a width/length ratio of about 3.0, the long lateral transverse canals extending to the lateral margin of the headshield, and the second lateral transverse canal with dichotomous branchings. Discovery of C. nianzhongi from the Tataertag Formation and C. gui from the Kangshan Formation provide direct evidence on the specific level for the correlation between these two formations, which further supports the Silurian fish‐bearing red beds in northwest Zhejiang belonging to the Silurian Lower Red Beds (LRBs) rather than the Upper Red Beds (URBs). Additionally, as the first record of the Changxingaspis in Tarim Basin, it extends the paleogeographical distribution of this genus from the South China Block to the Tarim Block, providing new evidence to support faunal exchanges between these two blocks and the hypothesis of a united Tarim–South China Block during the early Silurian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.15168",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-6724.15168",
    openalex = "W4394685433",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0228589"
}

Abstract The lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Maywood Formation records incision of valleys into lower Paleozoic bedrock in fluvial to estuarine settings in northern Wyoming and deposition in estuarine to marine environments in southern Montana (USA). A distinctive fossil assemblage of microconchids, plant compression fossils, fish fossils, and microspores represent fauna and flora that lived in, and adjacent to, salinity-stressed ecological niches in the upper reaches of the Maywood valleys. A similar fossil assemblage is recorded in older Devonian valley-fill deposits of the Lower Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, indicating that valley incision and subsequent transgression, occurred repeatedly over a span of nearly 30 million years with organisms tracking the marine incursions into the valleys. The fossil charcoal in the Maywood Formation captures a record of fire in adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. The amount of dioxygen (O2) was thus above the fire window level (16% by volume) and might have been near modern levels in the earliest Late Devonian atmosphere. The nearshore deposits of the Maywood Formation are overlain by extensive shallow carbonate shelf strata of the Jefferson Formation, likely resulting from a global transgression in the earliest Frasnian. A paired positive and negative δ13Ccarbonate [carb] isotopic excursion in the Jefferson with a range of &gt;6‰ is a signal of the globally recognized “punctata” Event. The unconformably overlying Madison Limestone is lower Carboniferous, except for a thin basal Upper Devonian unit with marine palynomorphs. The Madison regionally records eastward transgression and establishment of widespread marine deposition. It also contains two positive δ13Ccarb excursions (up to ~7.5‰) that make up the mid-Tournaisian (= Kinderhookian–Osagean boundary) carbon isotope excursion (TICE/KOBE). These isotope data provide a framework for regional and global correlation of northern Rocky Mountain strata and an archive of environmental and evolutionary change during the middle–late Paleozoic transition.

@article{doi101130b367281,
    author = "Hu, Mingxi and Myrow, Paul M. and Fike, David A. and Pasquo, Mercedes Di and Zatoń, Michał and Fischer, Woodward W. and Coates, Michael I.",
    title = "Depositional history of Devonian to lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian) strata, northern Wyoming and southern Montana, USA",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract The lower Frasnian (Upper Devonian) Maywood Formation records incision of valleys into lower Paleozoic bedrock in fluvial to estuarine settings in northern Wyoming and deposition in estuarine to marine environments in southern Montana (USA). A distinctive fossil assemblage of microconchids, plant compression fossils, fish fossils, and microspores represent fauna and flora that lived in, and adjacent to, salinity-stressed ecological niches in the upper reaches of the Maywood valleys. A similar fossil assemblage is recorded in older Devonian valley-fill deposits of the Lower Devonian Beartooth Butte Formation, indicating that valley incision and subsequent transgression, occurred repeatedly over a span of nearly 30 million years with organisms tracking the marine incursions into the valleys. The fossil charcoal in the Maywood Formation captures a record of fire in adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. The amount of dioxygen (O2) was thus above the fire window level (16\% by volume) and might have been near modern levels in the earliest Late Devonian atmosphere. The nearshore deposits of the Maywood Formation are overlain by extensive shallow carbonate shelf strata of the Jefferson Formation, likely resulting from a global transgression in the earliest Frasnian. A paired positive and negative δ13Ccarbonate [carb] isotopic excursion in the Jefferson with a range of \>6‰ is a signal of the globally recognized “punctata” Event. The unconformably overlying Madison Limestone is lower Carboniferous, except for a thin basal Upper Devonian unit with marine palynomorphs. The Madison regionally records eastward transgression and establishment of widespread marine deposition. It also contains two positive δ13Ccarb excursions (up to \textasciitilde 7.5‰) that make up the mid-Tournaisian (= Kinderhookian–Osagean boundary) carbon isotope excursion (TICE/KOBE). These isotope data provide a framework for regional and global correlation of northern Rocky Mountain strata and an archive of environmental and evolutionary change during the middle–late Paleozoic transition.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b36728.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b36728.1",
    openalex = "W4391131237",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo2022104604"
}

The Early Devonian Xitun Vertebrate Fauna, represented by early members of crown sarcopterygians, such as Youngolepis, Diabolepis, Psarolepis, Achoania and Styloichthys, is mainly hosted in the Xitun Formation in the Qujing area, East Yunnan of China. Despite numerous research articles describing taxa from this famous Lochkovian fauna and its sedimentary and tectonic environments, there is no objective and coherent interpretation of the palaeoenvironment in which these early vertebrates lived. Based on detailed field geological investigation in recent years in the surrounding areas of Qujing City and measurements from the Xitun Formation section, this paper focuses on the analysis of some geochemistry indices of major, trace and rare earth elements to accurately elucidate the sedimentary environment of the Xitun Formation and deepen our understanding of the relationship between Early Devonian fishes and the environment. The analyses of the sensitive geochemistry indices of depositional and tectonic settings, sedimentary provenance, weathering, palaeoclimate, palaeosalinity and palaeoredox conditions indicate that the Lower Devonian Xitun Formation in East Yunnan was mainly deposited in a shallow marine setting with three phases of seawater–freshwater influx under a warm and humid climate, and a stable, oxygen-rich condition, which promoted the flourishing of Early Devonian marine fishes. Supplementary material: Data on the major (Table A), trace (Table B) and rare earth (Table C) elements are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7020642 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Chemical Evolution of the Mid-Paleozoic Earth System and Biotic Response collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/chemical-evolution-of-the-mid-paleozoic-earth-system

@article{doi101144jgs2023146,
    author = "Cai, Jiachen and Sun, Haoran and Zhao, Wenjin and Wang, Jianhua and Zhu, Min",
    title = "The Early Devonian Xitun Vertebrate Fauna in South China inhabited a shallow marine environment with changing salinity",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "The Early Devonian Xitun Vertebrate Fauna, represented by early members of crown sarcopterygians, such as Youngolepis, Diabolepis, Psarolepis, Achoania and Styloichthys, is mainly hosted in the Xitun Formation in the Qujing area, East Yunnan of China. Despite numerous research articles describing taxa from this famous Lochkovian fauna and its sedimentary and tectonic environments, there is no objective and coherent interpretation of the palaeoenvironment in which these early vertebrates lived. Based on detailed field geological investigation in recent years in the surrounding areas of Qujing City and measurements from the Xitun Formation section, this paper focuses on the analysis of some geochemistry indices of major, trace and rare earth elements to accurately elucidate the sedimentary environment of the Xitun Formation and deepen our understanding of the relationship between Early Devonian fishes and the environment. The analyses of the sensitive geochemistry indices of depositional and tectonic settings, sedimentary provenance, weathering, palaeoclimate, palaeosalinity and palaeoredox conditions indicate that the Lower Devonian Xitun Formation in East Yunnan was mainly deposited in a shallow marine setting with three phases of seawater–freshwater influx under a warm and humid climate, and a stable, oxygen-rich condition, which promoted the flourishing of Early Devonian marine fishes. Supplementary material: Data on the major (Table A), trace (Table B) and rare earth (Table C) elements are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.7020642 Thematic collection: This article is part of the Chemical Evolution of the Mid-Paleozoic Earth System and Biotic Response collection available at: https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/chemical-evolution-of-the-mid-paleozoic-earth-system",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2023-146",
    doi = "10.1144/jgs2023-146",
    openalex = "W4391045520",
    references = "doi1010160743954796000244, doi101111j175567241937mp16001002x"
}

Acetic-acid-treated samples from the Upper Devonian Maywood Formation of Wyoming provided numerous microconchids of the peculiar species Aculeiconchus sandbergi. Preserved in three dimensions, isolated specimens allowed for the first detailed analysis of the morphology and mode of growth of this taxon. The Aculeiconchus tube coils with a wide range of degrees of whorl expansion and translation. Many specimens start out with no spines and a small degree of translation (nearly planispiral), and then rapidly increase translation, in some cases leading to a central void. As observed previously, all individuals bear spiny structures on the underside of the coiled tube, which protrude from the underside of whorls that detach from previous whorls. In such instances, the spines are much longer, reaching the preceding whorl, thus supporting the detached whorl. On a few specimens, the substrate morphology was preserved in the process of bioimmuration on the underside of the tubes. The polygonal pattern preserved is very similar to the surface morphology of modern and fossil Codium-like algae, supporting the previous assumption that these microconchids originally colonized non-calcified algal thalli, to which they were efficiently fixed by the basal spines. Evidence of a repaired tube injury preserved in one specimen may point to attempted predation, possibly by fish. However, the extremely low frequency of such damages may indicate that the attacks on these microconchids were mostly lethal. The abundant tube fragments obtained from the residues may indeed represent the crushed specimens induced by predation.

@article{doi1018261let5748,
    author = "Opitek, Katarzyna and Zatoń, Michał and Hu, Mingxi and Schiffbauer, James D. and Selly, Tara and Myrow, Paul M.",
    title = "Morphology and mode of life of a peculiar Devonian microconchid tubeworm Aculeiconchus from Wyoming, USA",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Acetic-acid-treated samples from the Upper Devonian Maywood Formation of Wyoming provided numerous microconchids of the peculiar species Aculeiconchus sandbergi. Preserved in three dimensions, isolated specimens allowed for the first detailed analysis of the morphology and mode of growth of this taxon. The Aculeiconchus tube coils with a wide range of degrees of whorl expansion and translation. Many specimens start out with no spines and a small degree of translation (nearly planispiral), and then rapidly increase translation, in some cases leading to a central void. As observed previously, all individuals bear spiny structures on the underside of the coiled tube, which protrude from the underside of whorls that detach from previous whorls. In such instances, the spines are much longer, reaching the preceding whorl, thus supporting the detached whorl. On a few specimens, the substrate morphology was preserved in the process of bioimmuration on the underside of the tubes. The polygonal pattern preserved is very similar to the surface morphology of modern and fossil Codium-like algae, supporting the previous assumption that these microconchids originally colonized non-calcified algal thalli, to which they were efficiently fixed by the basal spines. Evidence of a repaired tube injury preserved in one specimen may point to attempted predation, possibly by fish. However, the extremely low frequency of such damages may indicate that the attacks on these microconchids were mostly lethal. The abundant tube fragments obtained from the residues may indeed represent the crushed specimens induced by predation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18261/let.57.4.8",
    doi = "10.18261/let.57.4.8",
    openalex = "W4407080827",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo2022104604"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo2025113100,
    author = "Zhou, Kai and Yang, Minfang and Zhang, Shuo and Lu, Jing and Yin, Lusheng and Shao, Yanwen and Liu, Haoqing and Zhang, Peixin and Yan, Zhiming and Gao, Ran and Shao, Longyi and Fielding, Christopher R.",
    title = "Middle Devonian (Givetian) coal-bearing strata of the Haikou Formation, Qujing Basin, South China: Paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic implications",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113100",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113100",
    openalex = "W4411396458",
    references = "doi1055730130009851773"
}

Abstract A new species of Bothriolepis (Placodermi, Antiarcha), B. zhujiangyuanensis sp. nov., is described from the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) Shangshuanghe Formation at the Pearl River Source Scenic Area, Qujing, Yunnan Province, southwestern China and is characterized by a broad postpineal plate bearing a straight anterior margin, a premedian plate wider than long, and a weakly developed dorsal median ridge of the trunk shield. As the eighth Bothriolepis taxon in China, B. zhujiangyuanensis sp. nov. provides a wealth of morphological data to clarify the intrageneric interrelationships. Maximum parsimony analysis, using a revised data set of the genus with 76 ingroup taxa and 72 characters, yields a well‐resolved consensus tree for Bothriolepis. The phylogenetic result shows a sister‐group relationship between B. zhujiangyuanensis and B. babichevi from Kazakhstan, corroborating the biogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks during the Middle Devonian.

@article{doi1011111755672415269,
    author = "Xian, Zumin and Pan, Zhaohui and Wang, Jianhua and Jia, Lihao and Zhao, Yiren and Luo, Y.M. and Zhu, Min",
    title = "A New Antiarch, Bothriolepis zhujiangyuanensis sp. nov., from the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) of Qujing, Yunnan, SW China",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    abstract = "Abstract A new species of Bothriolepis (Placodermi, Antiarcha), B. zhujiangyuanensis sp. nov., is described from the Eifelian (Middle Devonian) Shangshuanghe Formation at the Pearl River Source Scenic Area, Qujing, Yunnan Province, southwestern China and is characterized by a broad postpineal plate bearing a straight anterior margin, a premedian plate wider than long, and a weakly developed dorsal median ridge of the trunk shield. As the eighth Bothriolepis taxon in China, B. zhujiangyuanensis sp. nov. provides a wealth of morphological data to clarify the intrageneric interrelationships. Maximum parsimony analysis, using a revised data set of the genus with 76 ingroup taxa and 72 characters, yields a well‐resolved consensus tree for Bothriolepis. The phylogenetic result shows a sister‐group relationship between B. zhujiangyuanensis and B. babichevi from Kazakhstan, corroborating the biogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks during the Middle Devonian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.15269",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-6724.15269",
    openalex = "W4407682865",
    references = "doi1011111755672415009, doi101371journalpone0280208"
}

@misc{doi102139ssrn5144356,
    author = "Zhou, Kai and Yang, Minfang and Zhang, Shuo and Lu, Jing and Yin, Lusheng and Yanwen, Shao and Liu, Haoqing and Zhang, Peixin and Yan, Zhiming and Gao, Ran and Shao, Longyi",
    title = "Evolution of Depositional Environments of the Middle Devonian Haikou Formation in the Qujing Basin, South China: Implications for Coal Accumulation on the Early Earth",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "SSRN Electronic Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5144356",
    doi = "10.2139/ssrn.5144356",
    openalex = "W4407756908",
    references = "doi1055730130009851773"
}

Introduction The ‘osteolepiforms’ are an extinct order of lobe-finned fishes that had a cosmopolitan distribution, which are often considered for their proximity to the vertebrate water-to-land transition. The canowindrids are an East Gondwanan clade of tetrapodomorph fishes that exhibit a high level of endemism. However, due to the rarity of canowindrid material and their taphonomy, there is only a single representative preserved wholly in 3D and thus suitable for investigation via modern non-invasive tomography. Methods Here we present an updated description of the holotype of Koharalepis jarviki, a canowindrid collected from the Late Devonian Aztec Siltstone formation in Mt Crean, Antarctica, elucidated via a combination of synchrotron and neutron tomography. Results and discussion New elements of the braincase, palate, mandible and axial skeleton are revealed for the first time, and previously reported anatomy including the dermal skull and position of the orbits are confirmed. A partial braincase and endocast has been reconstructed, enabling rare insight into the neural anatomy of Koharalepis. Phylogenetic analysis confirms Koharalepis as a member of the Canowindridae with Harajicadectes zhumini recovered as sister taxon. The canowindrids occupy a region of the phylogenetic tree with ‘osteolepidid’ taxa and megalichthyids, crownward of rhizodonts but below tristichopterids and elpistostegalids. This work provides greater support for the taxonomic characters and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic canowindrid family, and the 3D preservation of this material has enabled us to infer some behavioural and ecological insight.

@article{doi103389fevo20261765271,
    author = "Mensforth, Corinne L. and Long, John A. and Bevitt, Joseph J. and Clement, Alice M.",
    title = "New data on the sarcopterygian Koharalepis jarviki (Tetrapodomorpha; Canowindridae) from the Late Devonian of Antarctica, revealed via synchrotron and neutron tomography",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution",
    abstract = "Introduction The ‘osteolepiforms’ are an extinct order of lobe-finned fishes that had a cosmopolitan distribution, which are often considered for their proximity to the vertebrate water-to-land transition. The canowindrids are an East Gondwanan clade of tetrapodomorph fishes that exhibit a high level of endemism. However, due to the rarity of canowindrid material and their taphonomy, there is only a single representative preserved wholly in 3D and thus suitable for investigation via modern non-invasive tomography. Methods Here we present an updated description of the holotype of Koharalepis jarviki, a canowindrid collected from the Late Devonian Aztec Siltstone formation in Mt Crean, Antarctica, elucidated via a combination of synchrotron and neutron tomography. Results and discussion New elements of the braincase, palate, mandible and axial skeleton are revealed for the first time, and previously reported anatomy including the dermal skull and position of the orbits are confirmed. A partial braincase and endocast has been reconstructed, enabling rare insight into the neural anatomy of Koharalepis. Phylogenetic analysis confirms Koharalepis as a member of the Canowindridae with Harajicadectes zhumini recovered as sister taxon. The canowindrids occupy a region of the phylogenetic tree with ‘osteolepidid’ taxa and megalichthyids, crownward of rhizodonts but below tristichopterids and elpistostegalids. This work provides greater support for the taxonomic characters and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic canowindrid family, and the 3D preservation of this material has enabled us to infer some behavioural and ecological insight.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2026.1765271",
    doi = "10.3389/fevo.2026.1765271",
    openalex = "W7154580318",
    references = "doi1010800272463420232285000"
}

Bothriolepis yunnanensis Liu, 1962, was first described based on an anterior median dorsal plate (assigned here as the lectotype) and a posterior median dorsal plate (assigned here as the paralectotype) from the Shangshuanghe Formation (Eifelian, Middle Devonian) in Qujing, Yunnan, southwestern China. Since then, no additional material has been assigned to B. yunnanensis, resulting in its morphology and phylogeny being poorly understood. In this study, we provide a comprehensive description of the head shield, trunk armor, and pectoral appendage of B. yunnanensis based on newly collected specimens from the type locality and neighboring sites in the Zhujiangyuan (Pearl River Source) area, Qujing. With the new fossil horizon in the Xichong Formation (Givetian), our latest findings extend the temporal range of B. yunnanensis to the entire Middle Devonian. Phylogenetic analysis shows that B. yunnanensis, B. zhujiangyuanensis, B. sinensis, and B. kwangtungensis from China and some Bothriolepis species from Laurussia and Kazakhstania are united into a clade sharing a slender proximal segment of the pectoral appendage, the absence of the median occipital crista, and a long posterior pit line. This result further corroborates the paleogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks.

@article{doi103897sjp145179243,
    author = "Yan, Yuehui and Zhao, Wenjin and Luo, Yanping and Yu, Hanxin and Zhu, Min",
    title = "Morphology and phylogeny of Bothriolepis yunnanensis (Placodermi, Antiarcha) from the Middle Devonian of China",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Swiss Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Bothriolepis yunnanensis Liu, 1962, was first described based on an anterior median dorsal plate (assigned here as the lectotype) and a posterior median dorsal plate (assigned here as the paralectotype) from the Shangshuanghe Formation (Eifelian, Middle Devonian) in Qujing, Yunnan, southwestern China. Since then, no additional material has been assigned to B. yunnanensis, resulting in its morphology and phylogeny being poorly understood. In this study, we provide a comprehensive description of the head shield, trunk armor, and pectoral appendage of B. yunnanensis based on newly collected specimens from the type locality and neighboring sites in the Zhujiangyuan (Pearl River Source) area, Qujing. With the new fossil horizon in the Xichong Formation (Givetian), our latest findings extend the temporal range of B. yunnanensis to the entire Middle Devonian. Phylogenetic analysis shows that B. yunnanensis, B. zhujiangyuanensis, B. sinensis, and B. kwangtungensis from China and some Bothriolepis species from Laurussia and Kazakhstania are united into a clade sharing a slender proximal segment of the pectoral appendage, the absence of the median occipital crista, and a long posterior pit line. This result further corroborates the paleogeographic proximity between the South China and Kazakhstania blocks.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/sjp.145.179243",
    doi = "10.3897/sjp.145.179243",
    openalex = "W7151510150",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0280208, doi1055730130009851773"
}