Comparative anatomy

@misc{osborn1912crania19,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus",
    year = "1912",
    howpublished = "American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, v. 1, p. 1-30",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1912, Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus: American Museum of Natural History Memoirs, v. 1, p. 1-30.}"
}

@techreport{osborn1916skeletal20,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus",
    year = "1916",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 35, p. 733-771",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1916, Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 35, p. 733-771.}"
}

@misc{piveteau1923larrirecrane27,
    author = "Piveteau, J",
    title = "L'arrire-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives",
    year = "1923",
    howpublished = "Ann. Paleont., v. 12, p. 1-11",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Piveteau, J., 1923, L'arrire-crane d'un dinosaurien carnivore de l'Oxfordien de Dives: Ann. Paleont., v. 12, p. 1-11.}"
}

@misc{bolk193119393,
    author = "Bolk, L. and Gppert, E. and Kallius, E. and Lubosch, W",
    title = "-1939, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere",
    year = "1931",
    howpublished = "Berlin, Urban and Schwarzenberg; 6 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bolk, L., Gppert, E., Kallius, E., and Lubosch, W., 1931-1939, Handbuch der Vergleichenden Anatomie der Wirbeltiere: Berlin, Urban and Schwarzenberg; 6 Volumes.}"
}

@article{doi1010970000505319361100000044,
    author = "Ariëns, Kapppers C. U. and Huber, G. Carl and Grosby, Elizabeth C.",
    title = "THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES INCLUDING MAN",
    year = "1936",
    journal = "The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-193611000-00044",
    doi = "10.1097/00005053-193611000-00044",
    openalex = "W2092722834"
}

@article{doi1010970000505319361200000041,
    author = "Kappers, C. U. Ariëns and Huber, G. Carl and Crosby, Elizabeth",
    title = "THE COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF VERTEBRATES INCLUDING MAN",
    year = "1936",
    journal = "The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-193612000-00041",
    doi = "10.1097/00005053-193612000-00041",
    openalex = "W4243988437"
}

@misc{kappers1936the11,
    author = "Kappers, C. U. A. and Huber, G. C. and Crosby, E. C",
    title = "The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man",
    year = "1936",
    howpublished = "New York, Macmillan; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kappers, C. U. A., Huber, G. C., and Crosby, E. C., 1936, The Comparative Anatomy of the Nervous System of Vertebrates, Including Man: New York, Macmillan; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@article{barrington1938the1,
    author = "Barrington, E. J. W",
    title = "The digestive system of Amphioxus ( Branchiostoma) lanceolatus",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 228, p. 269-311",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barrington, E. J. W., 1938, The digestive system of Amphioxus ( Branchiostoma) lanceolatus: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B, v. 228, p. 269-311.}"
}

@article{crile1940a4,
    author = "Crile, G. and Quiring, D. P",
    title = "A record of the body weight and certain organs and gland weight of 3690 animals",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Ohio Journal of Science, v. 40, p. 219-259",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crile, G., and Quiring, D. P., 1940, A record of the body weight and certain organs and gland weight of 3690 animals: Ohio Journal of Science, v. 40, p. 219-259.}"
}

@misc{olson1944origin18,
    author = "Olson, E. C",
    title = "Origin of mammals based upon cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders",
    year = "1944",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olson, E. C., 1944, Origin of mammals based upon cranial morphology of the therapsid suborders: Geological Society of America, Special Paper, v. 55.}"
}

@article{doi1012880000553719500500000010,
    author = "Negus, V. E.",
    title = "The comparative anatomy and physiology of the larynx",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "The Laryngoscope",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1288/00005537-195005000-00010",
    doi = "10.1288/00005537-195005000-00010",
    openalex = "W2112234498"
}

@book{openalexw608173026,
    author = "Hill, W. C. Osman",
    title = "Primates: comparative anatomy and taxonomy",
    year = "1953",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W608173026",
    openalex = "W608173026"
}

The attention of statisticians has usually been focussed on single transformations, rather than on families of transformations. With a growing appreciation of the advantages of examining the behavior of data or approximations over whole families of transformations (Moore and Tukey [2], Anscombe and Tukey [1]), there arises a need for rationally planned charts for representing families of transformations. The contributions which (i) the topology of the family and (ii) a definition of the strength of a transformation can make to charting are studied in general and applied to the charting of the simple family of transformations. This family is defined to include all transformations of the form $$y \text{is replaced by} z = (y + c)^p$$ and all their limits. It thus includes $z = \log (y + c), z = e^{my}$ and the special case \begin{equation*}z = \begin{cases}0, & y = y_\min,\\1, & \text{otherwise},\end{cases}\end{equation*} where $y_\min$ is the least value of $y$ either (i) present in the data or (ii) possible, as well as all linear transformations of these transformations. Experience having shown that transformations with $p \leqq 1$ are much more frequently useful than any others, the charts developed, presented, and exemplified here are restricted to the part of the simple family--its central region--for which $p \leqq 1$. Separate charts are presented for two cases which should cover most cases which arise in practice: (1) Where, as with counted data and small counts, the least reasonable value for $y + c = 0$, and this value is likely to occur; (2) Where $y + c$ is always safely $>0$, and the range of $y$ is through not many powers of 10.

@article{doi101214aoms1177706875,
    author = "Tukey, John W.",
    title = "On the Comparative Anatomy of Transformations",
    year = "1957",
    journal = "The Annals of Mathematical Statistics",
    abstract = "The attention of statisticians has usually been focussed on single transformations, rather than on families of transformations. With a growing appreciation of the advantages of examining the behavior of data or approximations over whole families of transformations (Moore and Tukey [2], Anscombe and Tukey [1]), there arises a need for rationally planned charts for representing families of transformations. The contributions which (i) the topology of the family and (ii) a definition of the strength of a transformation can make to charting are studied in general and applied to the charting of the simple family of transformations. This family is defined to include all transformations of the form $$y \text{is replaced by} z = (y + c)^p$$ and all their limits. It thus includes $z = \log (y + c), z = e^{my}$ and the special case \begin{equation*}z = \begin{cases}0, \& y = y\_\min,\\1, \& \text{otherwise},\end{cases}\end{equation*} where $y\_\min$ is the least value of $y$ either (i) present in the data or (ii) possible, as well as all linear transformations of these transformations. Experience having shown that transformations with $p \leqq 1$ are much more frequently useful than any others, the charts developed, presented, and exemplified here are restricted to the part of the simple family--its central region--for which $p \leqq 1$. Separate charts are presented for two cases which should cover most cases which arise in practice: (1) Where, as with counted data and small counts, the least reasonable value for $y + c = 0$, and this value is likely to occur; (2) Where $y + c$ is always safely $>0$, and the range of $y$ is through not many powers of 10.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177706875",
    doi = "10.1214/aoms/1177706875",
    openalex = "W2082971569"
}

@inproceedings{lowenstein1968the15,
    author = "Lowenstein, O. and Osborne, M. P. and Thornhill, R. A",
    title = "The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.)",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lowenstein, O., Osborne, M. P., and Thornhill, R. A., 1968, The anatomy and ultrastructure of the labyrinth of the lamprey ( Lampetra fluviatilis L.): Proceedings of the Royal Society, London B, v. 170, p. 113-134.}"
}

@misc{beklemishev1969principles2,
    author = "Beklemishev, W. N",
    title = "Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beklemishev, W. N., 1969, Principles of Comparative Anatomy of Invertebrates: Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd.}"
}

@book{gans1969biology6,
    author = "Gans, C",
    title = "Biology of the Reptilia",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1: Morphology A, 373 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gans, C., 1969, Biology of the Reptilia: London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1: Morphology A, 373 p.}"
}

@book{hoffstetter1969vertebrae7,
    author = "Hoffstetter, R. and Gasc, J.-P",
    title = "Vertebrae and Ribs of Modern Reptiles, in Gans, C., ed., Biology of the Reptilia",
    year = "1969",
    publisher = "London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1 (Morphology A), p. 201-310",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hoffstetter, R., and Gasc, J.-P., 1969, Vertebrae and Ribs of Modern Reptiles, in Gans, C., ed., Biology of the Reptilia: London and New York, Academic Press, v. 1 (Morphology A), p. 201-310.}"
}

@book{whittow1970197341,
    author = "Whittow, G. C",
    title = "-1973, Comparative Physiology of Thermoregulation",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "New York, Academic Press; 3 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whittow, G. C., 1970-1973, Comparative Physiology of Thermoregulation: New York, Academic Press; 3 Volumes.}"
}

@book{larsen1972adenohypophysis13,
    author = "Larsen, L. O. and Rothwell, B",
    title = "Adenohypophysis, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Larsen, L. O., and Rothwell, B., 1972, Adenohypophysis, in Hardisty, M. W., and Potter, I. C., eds., The Biology of Lampreys: London, Academic Press, v. 2, p. 1-67.}"
}

@misc{walker1972new35,
    author = "Walker, A. D",
    title = "New light on the origin of birds and crocodiles",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 237, p. 257-263",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1972, New light on the origin of birds and crocodiles: Nature, v. 237, p. 257-263.}"
}

@book{holmes1974the8,
    author = "Holmes, R. L. and Ball, J. N",
    title = "The Pituitary Gland",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "A Comparative Account: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Holmes, R. L., and Ball, J. N., 1974, The Pituitary Gland: A Comparative Account: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.}"
}

@book{jones1974the10,
    author = "Jones, G. M",
    title = "The Functional Significance of Semicircular Canal Size, in Kornhuber, H. H., ed., Vestibular System Part 1",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Basic Mechanisms, VI/1 of Handbook of Sensory Physiology: Berlin, Springer, p. 171-184",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jones, G. M., 1974, The Functional Significance of Semicircular Canal Size, in Kornhuber, H. H., ed., Vestibular System Part 1: Basic Mechanisms, VI/1 of Handbook of Sensory Physiology: Berlin, Springer, p. 171-184.}"
}

@misc{welles1974the38,
    author = "Welles, S. P. and Long, R. A",
    title = "The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Annals of the South African Museum, v. 44, p. 117-155",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Welles, S. P., and Long, R. A., 1974, The tarsus of theropod dinosaurs: Annals of the South African Museum, v. 44, p. 117-155.}"
}

@book{young1975the45,
    author = "Young, J. Z",
    title = "The Life of Mammals, Their Anatomy and Physiology",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "Oxford, Claredon Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, J. Z., 1975, The Life of Mammals, Their Anatomy and Physiology: Oxford, Claredon Press.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1976new21,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 262, p. 683-684",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1976, New light on the skull anatomy and systematic position of Oviraptor: Nature, v. 262, p. 683-684.}"
}

@misc{jollie1977segmentation9,
    author = "Jollie, M. T",
    title = "Segmentation of the vertebrate head",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 323-333",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jollie, M. T., 1977, Segmentation of the vertebrate head: American Zoologist, v. 17, p. 323-333.}"
}

@phdthesis{raath1977the28,
    author = "Raath, M. A",
    title = "The anatomy of the Triassic theropod Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Podokesauridae) and a consideration of its biology [PhD dissert.]: Rhodes University, Salisbury",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raath, M. A., 1977, The anatomy of the Triassic theropod Syntarsus rhodesiensis (Saurischia: Podokesauridae) and a consideration of its biology [PhD dissert.]: Rhodes University, Salisbury.}"
}

@article{sues1977dentaries30,
    author = "Sues, H.-D",
    title = "Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 587-592",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sues, H.-D., 1977, Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 14, p. 587-592.}"
}

@misc{taquet1977redescription31,
    author = "Taquet, P. and Welles, S. M",
    title = "Redescription du crane de dinosaure theropode de dives (Normandie)",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Ann. Paleont. Vert., v. 63, p. 191-206",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., and Welles, S. M., 1977, Redescription du crane de dinosaure theropode de dives (Normandie): Ann. Paleont. Vert., v. 63, p. 191-206.}"
}

@inproceedings{whiting1977cranial40,
    author = "Whiting, H. P",
    title = "Cranial Anatomy of the Ostracoderms in Relation to the Organisation of Larval Lampreys, in Andrews, S. M., Miles, R. S., and Walker, A. D., eds., Problems in Vertebrate Evolution",
    year = "1977",
    booktitle = "Essays Presented to Professor T.S. Westoll, F.R.S., F.L.S, 4 of Linnean Society Symposium Series: London, Academic Press, p. 1-23",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whiting, H. P., 1977, Cranial Anatomy of the Ostracoderms in Relation to the Organisation of Larval Lampreys, in Andrews, S. M., Miles, R. S., and Walker, A. D., eds., Problems in Vertebrate Evolution: Essays Presented to Professor T.S. Westoll, F.R.S., F.L.S, 4 of Linnean Society Symposium Series: London, Academic Press, p. 1-23.}"
}

@incollection{ostrom1980coelurus23,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    editor = "Jacobs, L. L.",
    title = "Coelurus and Ornitholestes: Are they the same?",
    year = "1980",
    booktitle = "Aspects of Vertebrate History",
    publisher = "Flagstaff, Arizona, University of Northern Arizona Press, p. 245-256",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1980, Coelurus and Ornitholestes: Are they the same?, in Jacobs, L. L., ed., Aspects of Vertebrate History: Flagstaff, Arizona, University of Northern Arizona Press, p. 245-256.}"
}

@book{leipzig1981myological14,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "Myological and Osteological Comparisons of Three Large Extant Reptiles ( Caiman sp., Tegu sp., Heloderma suspectum) and Implications on Dinosaurian Locomotion [Vertebrate Paleontology dissert.]",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 99 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1981, Myological and Osteological Comparisons of Three Large Extant Reptiles ( Caiman sp., Tegu sp., Heloderma suspectum) and Implications on Dinosaurian Locomotion [Vertebrate Paleontology dissert.]: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 99 p.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1981coossified22,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Palaeont. Polonica, v. 42, p. 79-95",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1981, Coossified tarsometatarsi in theropod dinosaurs and their bearing on the problem of bird origins: Palaeont. Polonica, v. 42, p. 79-95.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1981procompsognathustheropod24,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Procompsognathus-theropod or thecodont?",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Palaeontographica Americana, v. 175, p. 179-195",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1981, Procompsognathus-theropod or thecodont?: Palaeontographica Americana, v. 175, p. 179-195.}"
}

@article{tarsitano1982a32,
    author = "Tarsitano, S. and Hecht, M. K",
    title = "A reconsideration of the reptilian relationships of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 69, p. 149-182",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Tarsitano, S., and Hecht, M. K., 1982, A reconsideration of the reptilian relationships of Archeopteryx: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 69, p. 149-182.}"
}

@article{whetstone1983braincase39,
    author = "Whetstone, K. N",
    title = "Braincase of Mesozoic birds",
    year = "1983",
    journal = {1. New preparation of the "London" Archeopteryx: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 2, p. 439- 452},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whetstone, K. N., 1983, Braincase of Mesozoic birds: 1. New preparation of the "London" Archeopteryx: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 2, p. 439- 452.}}
}

@misc{martin1984the16,
    author = "Martin, L. D",
    title = "The Relationship of Archeopteryx to Other Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 177-184",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Martin, L. D., 1984, The Relationship of Archeopteryx to Other Birds, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 177-184.}"
}

@misc{paul1984the25,
    author = "Paul, G. S",
    title = "The hand of Archeopteryx",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 310, p. 372",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Paul, G. S., 1984, The hand of Archeopteryx: Nature, v. 310, p. 372.}"
}

@misc{reitschel1984feathers29,
    author = "Reitschel, S",
    title = "Feathers and Wings of Archeopteryx, and the Question of Her Flight Ability, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 249-260",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Reitschel, S., 1984, Feathers and Wings of Archeopteryx, and the Question of Her Flight Ability, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura- Museums, p. 249-260.}"
}

@article{thulborn1984the33,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A",
    title = "The avain relationships of Archeopteryx, and the origin of birds",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 82, p. 119- 158",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., 1984, The avain relationships of Archeopteryx, and the origin of birds: Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, v. 82, p. 119- 158.}"
}

@misc{walker1984the36,
    author = "Walker, A. D",
    title = "The Braincase of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 123-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Walker, A. D., 1984, The Braincase of Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 123-134.}"
}

@misc{welles1984dilophosaurus37,
    author = "Welles, S. P",
    title = "Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Theropoda) osteology and comparisons: Palaeontographica A, v. 185, p. 85-180",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Welles, S. P., 1984, Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria: Theropoda) osteology and comparisons: Palaeontographica A, v. 185, p. 85-180.}"
}

@misc{yalden1984forelimb44,
    author = "Yalden, D. W",
    title = "Forelimb Function in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 91-98",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Yalden, D. W., 1984, Forelimb Function in Archeopteryx, in Hecht, M. K., Ostrom, J. H., Viohl, G., and Wellnhofer, P., eds., The Beginnings of Birds: Eichstatt, Fruende des Jura-Museums, p. 91-98.}"
}

@misc{doi101016s0079660308603487,
    author = "Gutell, Robin R. and Weiser, Bryn and Woese, Carl R. and Noller, Harry F.",
    title = "Comparative Anatomy of 16-S-like Ribosomal RNA",
    year = "1985",
    booktitle = "Progress in nucleic acid research and molecular biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60348-7",
    doi = "10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60348-7",
    openalex = "W2001916877",
    references = "doi101002j153873051948tb01338x, doi101007bf02173653, doi1010160022283681905088, doi1010160022283682901371, doi101038171737a0, doi101073pnas7141342, doi101073pnas74115088, doi101073pnas75104801, doi1011099780470544242ch1, openalexw1516665537"
}

@article{kurzanov1985the12,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "The skull structure of the dinosaur Avimimus",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 92-99",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1985, The skull structure of the dinosaur Avimimus: Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, no. 4, p. 92-99.}"
}

@misc{nicholls1985structure17,
    author = "Nicholls, E. L. and Russell, A. P",
    title = "Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Ornithomimidae): Palaeontology, v. 28, p. 643-677",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nicholls, E. L., and Russell, A. P., 1985, Structure and function of the pectoral girdle and forelimb of Struthiomimus altus (Theropoda: Ornithomimidae): Palaeontology, v. 28, p. 643-677.}"
}

@article{perle1985comparative26,
    author = "Perle, A",
    title = "Comparative myology of the pelvic-femoral region in bipedal dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, p. 105-109",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Perle, A., 1985, Comparative myology of the pelvic-femoral region in bipedal dinosaurs: Palaeontological Journal, v. 19, p. 105-109.}"
}

@misc{thulborn1985birds34,
    author = "Thulborn, R. A",
    title = "Birds as neotenous dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Records of the New Zealand Geological Society, v. 9, p. 90-92",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thulborn, R. A., 1985, Birds as neotenous dinosaurs: Records of the New Zealand Geological Society, v. 9, p. 90-92.}"
}

@article{wilson1985stenonychosaurus42,
    author = "Wilson, M. C. and Currie, P. J",
    title = "Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1813-1817",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilson, M. C., and Currie, P. J., 1985, Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River (Oldman) Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 22, p. 1813-1817.}"
}

@misc{feduccia1986the5,
    author = "Feduccia, A",
    title = "The scapulocoracoid of flightless birds",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "A primitive avain chacteristic similar to that of theropods: Ibis, v. 128, p. 128-131",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Feduccia, A., 1986, The scapulocoracoid of flightless birds: A primitive avain chacteristic similar to that of theropods: Ibis, v. 128, p. 128-131.}"
}

@article{houde1987the,
    author = "Houde, Peter",
    title = "The Beginnings of Birds. Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference, Eichstätt, 1984. Max K. Hecht, J. H. Ostrom, G. Viohl, P. Wellenhofer",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/415416",
    doi = "10.1086/415416",
    number = "2",
    pages = "179-179",
    volume = "62"
}

@incollection{witmer1987the43,
    author = "Witmer, L. M",
    editor = "Currie, P. J. and Koster, E.",
    title = "The Nature of the Antorbital Fossa of Archosaurs: Shifting the Null Hypothesis",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    publisher = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 230-235",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Witmer, L. M., 1987, The Nature of the Antorbital Fossa of Archosaurs: Shifting the Null Hypothesis, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 230-235.}"
}

1 Introduction 2 Origin of Chordates 3 The Vertebrate Story 4 Biological Design 5 Life History 6 Integument 7 Skeletal System: The Skull 8 Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 9 Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 10 The Muscular System 11 The Respiratory System 12 The Circulatory System 13 The Digestive System 14 The Urogenital System 15 The Endocrine System 16 The Nervous System 17 Sensory Organs 18 Conclusions

@book{openalexw1484431148,
    author = "Kardong, Kenneth V.",
    title = "Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "1 Introduction 2 Origin of Chordates 3 The Vertebrate Story 4 Biological Design 5 Life History 6 Integument 7 Skeletal System: The Skull 8 Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 9 Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 10 The Muscular System 11 The Respiratory System 12 The Circulatory System 13 The Digestive System 14 The Urogenital System 15 The Endocrine System 16 The Nervous System 17 Sensory Organs 18 Conclusions",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1484431148",
    openalex = "W1484431148"
}

The aldo-keto reductases metabolize a wide range of substrates and are potential drug targets. This protein superfamily includes aldose reductases, aldehyde reductases, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and dihydrodiol dehydrogenases. By combining multiple sequence alignments with known three-dimensional structures and the results of site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have developed a structure/function analysis of this superfamily. Our studies suggest that the (alpha/beta)8-barrel fold provides a common scaffold for an NAD(P)(H)-dependent catalytic activity, with substrate specificity determined by variation of loops on the C-terminal side of the barrel. All the aldo-keto reductases are dependent on nicotinamide cofactors for catalysis and retain a similar cofactor binding site, even among proteins with less than 30% amino acid sequence identity. Likewise, the aldo-keto reductase active site is highly conserved. However, our alignments indicate that variation ofa single residue in the active site may alter the reaction mechanism from carbonyl oxidoreduction to carbon-carbon double-bond reduction, as in the 3-oxo-5beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenases (Delta4-3-ketosteroid 5beta-reductases) of the superfamily. Comparison of the proposed substrate binding pocket suggests residues 54 and 118, near the active site, as possible discriminators between sugar and steroid substrates. In addition, sequence alignment and subsequent homology modelling of mouse liver 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and rat ovary 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase indicate that three loops on the C-terminal side of the barrel play potential roles in determining the positional and stereo-specificity of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Finally, we propose that the aldo-keto reductase superfamily may represent an example of divergent evolution from an ancestral multifunctional oxidoreductase and an example of convergent evolution to the same active-site constellation as the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.

@article{doi101042bj3260625,
    author = "Jez, Joseph M. and Bennett, M. J. and Schlegel, Brian P. and Lewis, Mitchell and Penning, T.M.",
    title = "Comparative anatomy of the aldo–keto reductase superfamily",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Biochemical Journal",
    abstract = "The aldo-keto reductases metabolize a wide range of substrates and are potential drug targets. This protein superfamily includes aldose reductases, aldehyde reductases, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases and dihydrodiol dehydrogenases. By combining multiple sequence alignments with known three-dimensional structures and the results of site-directed mutagenesis studies, we have developed a structure/function analysis of this superfamily. Our studies suggest that the (alpha/beta)8-barrel fold provides a common scaffold for an NAD(P)(H)-dependent catalytic activity, with substrate specificity determined by variation of loops on the C-terminal side of the barrel. All the aldo-keto reductases are dependent on nicotinamide cofactors for catalysis and retain a similar cofactor binding site, even among proteins with less than 30\% amino acid sequence identity. Likewise, the aldo-keto reductase active site is highly conserved. However, our alignments indicate that variation ofa single residue in the active site may alter the reaction mechanism from carbonyl oxidoreduction to carbon-carbon double-bond reduction, as in the 3-oxo-5beta-steroid 4-dehydrogenases (Delta4-3-ketosteroid 5beta-reductases) of the superfamily. Comparison of the proposed substrate binding pocket suggests residues 54 and 118, near the active site, as possible discriminators between sugar and steroid substrates. In addition, sequence alignment and subsequent homology modelling of mouse liver 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and rat ovary 20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase indicate that three loops on the C-terminal side of the barrel play potential roles in determining the positional and stereo-specificity of the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Finally, we propose that the aldo-keto reductase superfamily may represent an example of divergent evolution from an ancestral multifunctional oxidoreductase and an example of convergent evolution to the same active-site constellation as the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1042/bj3260625",
    doi = "10.1042/bj3260625",
    openalex = "W1770562442",
    references = "doi1010160165614794900108, doi101016096800049090035a, doi101016s0021925818605666, doi101016s0022283605803602, doi101021bi00018a001, doi101038355469a0, doi101038ng0393266, doi101073pnas7874226, doi101093nar121part1387, doi101126science2304722144"
}

Reptiles and birds possess septate lungs rather than the alveolar-style lungs of mammals. The morphology of the unmodified, bellowslike septate lung restricts the maximum rates of respiratory gas exchange. Among taxa possessing septate lungs, only the modified avian flow-through lung is capable of the oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange rates that are typical of active endotherms. Paleontological and neontological evidence indicates that theropod dinosaurs possessed unmodified, bellowslike septate lungs that were ventilated with a crocodilelike hepatic-piston diaphragm. The earliest birds (Archaeopteryx and enantiornithines) also possessed unmodified septate lungs but lacked a hepatic-piston diaphragm mechanism. These data are consistent with an ectothermic status for theropod dinosaurs and early birds.

@article{doi101126science27853411267,
    author = "Ruben, John A. and Jones, Terry D. and Geist, Nicholas R. and Hillenius, Willem J.",
    title = "Lung Structure and Ventilation in Theropod Dinosaurs and Early Birds",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Reptiles and birds possess septate lungs rather than the alveolar-style lungs of mammals. The morphology of the unmodified, bellowslike septate lung restricts the maximum rates of respiratory gas exchange. Among taxa possessing septate lungs, only the modified avian flow-through lung is capable of the oxygen–carbon dioxide exchange rates that are typical of active endotherms. Paleontological and neontological evidence indicates that theropod dinosaurs possessed unmodified, bellowslike septate lungs that were ventilated with a crocodilelike hepatic-piston diaphragm. The earliest birds (Archaeopteryx and enantiornithines) also possessed unmodified septate lungs but lacked a hepatic-piston diaphragm mechanism. These data are consistent with an ectothermic status for theropod dinosaurs and early birds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5341.1267",
    doi = "10.1126/science.278.5341.1267",
    openalex = "W2080180914",
    references = "doi101007bf00361536, doi1010160034568776900013, doi101016003456878890117x, doi101038368196a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi101126science2595096790, doi101126science27452901164, doi101126science493968, openalexw1602474296"
}

Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. 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Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

@article{thomas1998are,
    author = "Thomas, Adrian L.R and Garner, Joseph P",
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    number = "4",
    pages = "129-130",
    volume = "13"
}

@article{flannery1999dinosaurs,
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@article{doi101016s0378426699000540,
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@article{doi1016420004803820021191187badsat20co2,
    author = "Feduccia, A.",
    title = "Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "The Auk",
    url = "https://bioone.org/journals/the-auk/volume-119/issue-4/0004-8038\_2002\_119\_1187\_BADSAT\_2.0.CO\_2/Birds-are-Dinosaurs-Simple-Answer-to-a-Complex-Problem/10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2.pdf",
    doi = "10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "1187",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "33",
    semanticscholar_id = "8b20c3572e364d45bddc39c60232ba77e7e75dc6",
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@article{simonite2005dinosaurs,
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In recent years, avian systematics has been characterized by a diminished reliance on morphological cladistics of modern taxa, intensive palaeornithogical research stimulated by new discoveries and an inundation by analyses based on DNA sequences. Unfortunately, in contrast to significant insights into basal origins, the broad picture of neornithine phylogeny remains largely unresolved. Morphological studies have emphasized characters of use in palaeontological contexts. Molecular studies, following disillusionment with the pioneering, but non-cladistic, work of Sibley and Ahlquist, have differed markedly from each other and from morphological works in both methods and findings. Consequently, at the turn of the millennium, points of robust agreement among schools concerning higher-order neornithine phylogeny have been limited to the two basalmost and several mid-level, primary groups. This paper describes a phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of 150 taxa of Neornithes, including exemplars from all non-passeriform families, and subordinal representatives of Passeriformes. Thirty-five outgroup taxa encompassing Crocodylia, predominately theropod Dinosauria, and selected Mesozoic birds were used to root the trees. Based on study of specimens and the literature, 2954 morphological characters were defined; these characters have been described in a companion work, approximately one-third of which were multistate (i.e. comprised at least three states), and states within more than one-half of these multistate characters were ordered for analysis. Complete heuristic searches using 10 000 random-addition replicates recovered a total solution set of 97 well-resolved, most-parsimonious trees (MPTs). The set of MPTs was confirmed by an expanded heuristic search based on 10 000 random-addition replicates and a full ratchet-augmented exploration to ascertain global optima. A strict consensus tree of MPTs included only six trichotomies, i.e. nodes differing topologically among MPTs. Bootstrapping (based on 10 000 replicates) percentages and ratchet-minimized support (Bremer) indices indicated most nodes to be robust. Several fossil Neornithes (e.g. Dinornithiformes, Aepyornithiformes) were placed within the ingroup a posteriori either through unconstrained, heursitic searches based on the complete matrix augmented by these taxa separately or using backbone-constraints. Analysis confirmed the topology among outgroup Theropoda and achieved robust resolution at virtually all levels of the Neornithes. Findings included monophyly of the palaeognathous birds, comprising the sister taxa Tinamiformes and ratites, respectively, and the Anseriformes and Galliformes as monophyletic sister-groups, together forming the sister-group to other Neornithes exclusive of the Palaeognathae (Neoaves). Noteworthy inferences include: (i) the sister-group to remaining Neoaves comprises a diversity of marine and wading birds; (ii) Podicipedidae are the sister-group of Gaviidae, and not closely related to the Phoenicopteridae, as recently suggested; (iii) the traditional Pelecaniformes, including the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) as sister-taxon to other members, are monophyletic; (iv) traditional Ciconiiformes are monophyletic; (v) Strigiformes and Falconiformes are sister-groups; (vi) Cathartidae is the sister-group of the remaining Falconiformes; (vii) Ralliformes (Rallidae and Heliornithidae) are the sister-group to the monophyletic Charadriiformes, with the traditionally composed Gruiformes and Turniciformes (Turnicidae and Mesitornithidae) sequentially paraphyletic to the entire foregoing clade; (viii) Opisthocomus hoazin is the sister-taxon to the Cuculiformes (including the Musophagidae); (ix) traditional Caprimulgiformes are monophyletic and the sister-group of the Apodiformes; (x) Trogoniformes are the sister-group of Coliiformes; (xi) Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes are mutually monophyletic and closely related; and (xii) the Galbulae are retained within the Piciformes. Unresolved portions of the Neornithes (nodes having more than one most-parsimonious solution) comprised three parts of the tree: (a) several interfamilial nodes within the Charadriiformes; (b) a trichotomy comprising the (i) Psittaciformes, (ii) Columbiformes and (iii) Trogonomorphae (Trogoniformes, Coliiformes) + Passerimorphae (Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes); and (c) a trichotomy comprising the Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes. The remaining polytomies were among outgroups, although several of the highest-order nodes were only marginally supported; however, the majority of nodes were resolved and met or surpassed conventional standards of support. Quantitative comparisons with alternative hypotheses, examination of highly supportive and diagnostic characters for higher taxa, correspondences with prior studies, complementarity and philosophical differences with palaeontological phylogenetics, promises and challenges of palaeogeography and calibration of evolutionary rates of birds, and classes of promising evidence and future directions of study are reviewed. Homology, as applied to avian examples of apparent homologues, is considered in terms of recent theory, and a revised annotated classification of higher-order taxa of Neornithes and other closely related Theropoda is proposed. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149, 1-95.

@article{doi101111j10963642200600293x,
    author = "Livezey, Bradley C. and Zusi, Richard L.",
    title = "Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "In recent years, avian systematics has been characterized by a diminished reliance on morphological cladistics of modern taxa, intensive palaeornithogical research stimulated by new discoveries and an inundation by analyses based on DNA sequences. Unfortunately, in contrast to significant insights into basal origins, the broad picture of neornithine phylogeny remains largely unresolved. Morphological studies have emphasized characters of use in palaeontological contexts. Molecular studies, following disillusionment with the pioneering, but non-cladistic, work of Sibley and Ahlquist, have differed markedly from each other and from morphological works in both methods and findings. Consequently, at the turn of the millennium, points of robust agreement among schools concerning higher-order neornithine phylogeny have been limited to the two basalmost and several mid-level, primary groups. This paper describes a phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of 150 taxa of Neornithes, including exemplars from all non-passeriform families, and subordinal representatives of Passeriformes. Thirty-five outgroup taxa encompassing Crocodylia, predominately theropod Dinosauria, and selected Mesozoic birds were used to root the trees. Based on study of specimens and the literature, 2954 morphological characters were defined; these characters have been described in a companion work, approximately one-third of which were multistate (i.e. comprised at least three states), and states within more than one-half of these multistate characters were ordered for analysis. Complete heuristic searches using 10 000 random-addition replicates recovered a total solution set of 97 well-resolved, most-parsimonious trees (MPTs). The set of MPTs was confirmed by an expanded heuristic search based on 10 000 random-addition replicates and a full ratchet-augmented exploration to ascertain global optima. A strict consensus tree of MPTs included only six trichotomies, i.e. nodes differing topologically among MPTs. Bootstrapping (based on 10 000 replicates) percentages and ratchet-minimized support (Bremer) indices indicated most nodes to be robust. Several fossil Neornithes (e.g. Dinornithiformes, Aepyornithiformes) were placed within the ingroup a posteriori either through unconstrained, heursitic searches based on the complete matrix augmented by these taxa separately or using backbone-constraints. Analysis confirmed the topology among outgroup Theropoda and achieved robust resolution at virtually all levels of the Neornithes. Findings included monophyly of the palaeognathous birds, comprising the sister taxa Tinamiformes and ratites, respectively, and the Anseriformes and Galliformes as monophyletic sister-groups, together forming the sister-group to other Neornithes exclusive of the Palaeognathae (Neoaves). Noteworthy inferences include: (i) the sister-group to remaining Neoaves comprises a diversity of marine and wading birds; (ii) Podicipedidae are the sister-group of Gaviidae, and not closely related to the Phoenicopteridae, as recently suggested; (iii) the traditional Pelecaniformes, including the shoebill (Balaeniceps rex) as sister-taxon to other members, are monophyletic; (iv) traditional Ciconiiformes are monophyletic; (v) Strigiformes and Falconiformes are sister-groups; (vi) Cathartidae is the sister-group of the remaining Falconiformes; (vii) Ralliformes (Rallidae and Heliornithidae) are the sister-group to the monophyletic Charadriiformes, with the traditionally composed Gruiformes and Turniciformes (Turnicidae and Mesitornithidae) sequentially paraphyletic to the entire foregoing clade; (viii) Opisthocomus hoazin is the sister-taxon to the Cuculiformes (including the Musophagidae); (ix) traditional Caprimulgiformes are monophyletic and the sister-group of the Apodiformes; (x) Trogoniformes are the sister-group of Coliiformes; (xi) Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes are mutually monophyletic and closely related; and (xii) the Galbulae are retained within the Piciformes. Unresolved portions of the Neornithes (nodes having more than one most-parsimonious solution) comprised three parts of the tree: (a) several interfamilial nodes within the Charadriiformes; (b) a trichotomy comprising the (i) Psittaciformes, (ii) Columbiformes and (iii) Trogonomorphae (Trogoniformes, Coliiformes) + Passerimorphae (Coraciiformes, Piciformes, Passeriformes); and (c) a trichotomy comprising the Coraciiformes, Piciformes and Passeriformes. The remaining polytomies were among outgroups, although several of the highest-order nodes were only marginally supported; however, the majority of nodes were resolved and met or surpassed conventional standards of support. Quantitative comparisons with alternative hypotheses, examination of highly supportive and diagnostic characters for higher taxa, correspondences with prior studies, complementarity and philosophical differences with palaeontological phylogenetics, promises and challenges of palaeogeography and calibration of evolutionary rates of birds, and classes of promising evidence and future directions of study are reviewed. Homology, as applied to avian examples of apparent homologues, is considered in terms of recent theory, and a revised annotated classification of higher-order taxa of Neornithes and other closely related Theropoda is proposed. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 149, 1-95.",
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Stony Brook University Libraries.\nSBU Graduate School in Anatomical Sciences.\nMartin Lawrence (Dean of Graduate School), Catherine A Forster, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor\nAssociate Professor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, William L. Jungers, Ph.D. – Chairperson of Defense\nProfessor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Jack T. Stern, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor\nProfessor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, James M. Clark, Ph.D. – Outside Member\nProfessor\nDepartment of Biological Sciences\nGeorge Washington University.

@phdthesis{openalexw2315056312,
    author = "Sipla, Justin S.",
    title = "The Semicircular Canals of Birds and Non-Avian Theropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "SUNY Digital Repository Support (State University of New York System)",
    abstract = "Stony Brook University Libraries.\nSBU Graduate School in Anatomical Sciences.\nMartin Lawrence (Dean of Graduate School), Catherine A Forster, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor\nAssociate Professor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, William L. Jungers, Ph.D. – Chairperson of Defense\nProfessor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, Jack T. Stern, Ph.D. – Dissertation Advisor\nProfessor\nDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, James M. Clark, Ph.D. – Outside Member\nProfessor\nDepartment of Biological Sciences\nGeorge Washington University.",
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In the early 1990s some isolated finds of strange bird-like dinosaurs from Argentina and Mongolia threw a spanner in the works of determining bird origins. The discovery of partial skeletons of Alvarezsaurus from Argentina and Mononykus from Mongolia revealed that the boundary between bipedal running dinosaurs and flightless birds was totally blurred. Then the discovery of more complete remains of a similar beast, Shuvuuia from Mongolia, revealed the true nature of these strange beasts. They had long legs, curved, delicate necks, small, gracile heads with tiny teeth, and short, powerful arms each with one very large claw and two remnant smaller claws.

@incollection{crossref2008bird,
    title = "Bird Dinosaurs And Dinosaur Birds",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Feathered Dinosaurs",
    abstract = "In the early 1990s some isolated finds of strange bird-like dinosaurs from Argentina and Mongolia threw a spanner in the works of determining bird origins. The discovery of partial skeletons of Alvarezsaurus from Argentina and Mononykus from Mongolia revealed that the boundary between bipedal running dinosaurs and flightless birds was totally blurred. Then the discovery of more complete remains of a similar beast, Shuvuuia from Mongolia, revealed the true nature of these strange beasts. They had long legs, curved, delicate necks, small, gracile heads with tiny teeth, and short, powerful arms each with one very large claw and two remnant smaller claws.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372663.003.0009",
    doi = "10.1093/oso/9780195372663.003.0009",
    pages = "25-28"
}

@article{doi101016jcortex201110001,
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    doi = "10.1016/j.cortex.2011.10.001",
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    references = "doi10100215222594200010444625aidmrm1730co2o, doi10100215318249199902452265aidana2130co23, doi101016002839329290076x, doi101016jcortex201112001, doi101016jneuroimage200702016, doi101016s0006349594807751, doi101038nrn755, doi101073pnas982676, doi101093cercorbhn059, doi101196annals1440011, openalexw1582697909"
}

The bony labyrinth of vertebrates houses the semicircular canals. These sense rotational accelerations of the head and play an essential role in gaze stabilisation during locomotion. The sizes and shapes of the semicircular canals have hypothesised relationships to agility and locomotory modes in many groups, including birds, and a burgeoning palaeontological literature seeks to make ecological interpretations from the morphology of the labyrinth in extinct species. Rigorous tests of form-function relationships for the vestibular system are required to support these interpretations. We test the hypothesis that the lengths, streamlines and angles between the semicircular canals are related to body size, wing kinematics and flying style in birds. To do this, we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to a dataset of 64 three-dimensional reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinth obtained using micro-computed tomography scanning of bird crania. A strong relationship between centroid size of the semicircular canals and body size indicates that larger birds have longer semicircular canals compared with their evolutionary relatives. Wing kinematics related to manoeuvrability (and quantified using the brachial index) explain a small additional portion of the variance in labyrinth size. We also find strong evidence for allometric shape change in the semicircular canals of birds, indicating that major aspects of the shape of the avian labyrinth are determined by spatial constraints. The avian braincase accommodates a large brain, a large eye and large semicircular canals compared with other tetrapods. Negative allometry of these structures means that the restriction of space within the braincase is intense in small birds. This may explain our observation that the angles between planes of the semicircular canals of birds deviate more strongly from orthogonality than those of mammals, and especially from agile, gliding and flying mammals. Furthermore, we find little support for relationships between labyrinth shape and flying style or wing kinematics. Overall, our results suggest that the topological problem of fitting long semicircular canals into a spatially constrained braincase is more important in determining the shape of the avian labyrinth than the specifics of locomotory style or agility. Our results tentatively indicate a link between visual acuity and proportional size of the labyrinth among birds. This suggests that the large labyrinths of birds compared with other tetrapods may result from their generally high visual acuities, and not directly from their ability to fly. The endosseous labyrinths of extinct birds and their close dinosaurian relatives may allow broad inferences about flight or vision, but so far provide few specific insights into detailed aspects of locomotion.

@article{doi101111joa12726,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Starmer‐Jones, Ethan and Close, Roger A. and Walsh, Stig A.",
    title = "Comparative analysis of vestibular ecomorphology in birds",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy",
    abstract = "The bony labyrinth of vertebrates houses the semicircular canals. These sense rotational accelerations of the head and play an essential role in gaze stabilisation during locomotion. The sizes and shapes of the semicircular canals have hypothesised relationships to agility and locomotory modes in many groups, including birds, and a burgeoning palaeontological literature seeks to make ecological interpretations from the morphology of the labyrinth in extinct species. Rigorous tests of form-function relationships for the vestibular system are required to support these interpretations. We test the hypothesis that the lengths, streamlines and angles between the semicircular canals are related to body size, wing kinematics and flying style in birds. To do this, we applied geometric morphometrics and multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to a dataset of 64 three-dimensional reconstructions of the endosseous labyrinth obtained using micro-computed tomography scanning of bird crania. A strong relationship between centroid size of the semicircular canals and body size indicates that larger birds have longer semicircular canals compared with their evolutionary relatives. Wing kinematics related to manoeuvrability (and quantified using the brachial index) explain a small additional portion of the variance in labyrinth size. We also find strong evidence for allometric shape change in the semicircular canals of birds, indicating that major aspects of the shape of the avian labyrinth are determined by spatial constraints. The avian braincase accommodates a large brain, a large eye and large semicircular canals compared with other tetrapods. Negative allometry of these structures means that the restriction of space within the braincase is intense in small birds. This may explain our observation that the angles between planes of the semicircular canals of birds deviate more strongly from orthogonality than those of mammals, and especially from agile, gliding and flying mammals. Furthermore, we find little support for relationships between labyrinth shape and flying style or wing kinematics. Overall, our results suggest that the topological problem of fitting long semicircular canals into a spatially constrained braincase is more important in determining the shape of the avian labyrinth than the specifics of locomotory style or agility. Our results tentatively indicate a link between visual acuity and proportional size of the labyrinth among birds. This suggests that the large labyrinths of birds compared with other tetrapods may result from their generally high visual acuities, and not directly from their ability to fly. The endosseous labyrinths of extinct birds and their close dinosaurian relatives may allow broad inferences about flight or vision, but so far provide few specific insights into detailed aspects of locomotion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12726",
    doi = "10.1111/joa.12726",
    openalex = "W2769366837",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0049584, doi101371journalpone0061998"
}

@article{kawakami2018dinosaurs,
    author = "KAWAKAMI, Kazuto and EDA, Masaki",
    title = "Dinosaurs as ancestors of birds, and birds as descendants of dinosaurs",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Japanese Journal of Ornithology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3838/jjo.67.7",
    doi = "10.3838/jjo.67.7",
    number = "1",
    pages = "7-23",
    volume = "67"
}

@article{james2021how,
    author = "James, Frances C",
    title = "How Many Dinosaurs Are Birds?",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "BioScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab060",
    doi = "10.1093/biosci/biab060",
    number = "9",
    pages = "991-994",
    volume = "71"
}

@incollection{lauters2023endocasts,
    author = "Lauters, Pascaline and Vercauteren, Martine and Godefroit, Pascal",
    title = "Endocasts of ornithopod dinosaurs: Comparative anatomy",
    year = "2023",
    booktitle = "Progress in Brain Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.002",
    doi = "10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.002",
    openalex = "W4312810005",
    pages = "1-23",
    references = "doi101002sici15206505199865178aidevan530co28, doi101016004724849290081j, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nrn1606, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101144gslsp20032150101, doi101371journalpbio0050139, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi105860choice393984"
}