Comparative neurology

@article{clevenger1881comparative,
    author = "Clevenger, S. V.",
    title = "Comparative Neurology",
    year = "1881",
    journal = "The American Naturalist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/272722",
    doi = "10.1086/272722",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4243180214",
    pages = "16-24",
    volume = "15"
}

@article{crossref1895comparative,
    title = "Comparative Neurology",
    year = "1895",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.2.32.160-a",
    doi = "10.1126/science.2.32.160-a",
    number = "32",
    openalex = "W4248838145",
    pages = "160-160",
    volume = "2"
}

Abstract A stereotaxic atlas of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon of the canary, Serinus canaria, was prepared for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments. Canaries have a complex vocal and behavioral repertoire many of whose components are under hormonal control in the male, and are therefore useful for many physiological and anatomical experiments. They are available commercially, breed easily in captivity, are quite hardy and respond well to anesthetic and surgical procedures. The atlas consists of 30 frontal plates from the frontal pole to the level of the motor nucleus of the trigeminus. One sagittal plate is included for reference purposes. Six birds (three males and three females) with marking lesions were used to make the atlas. Their brains were embedded in albumin‐gelatin media, cut at 50 and 25μ and stained with cresyl violet for cell bodies, Weil stain for myelinated fibers and the Fink‐Schneider method for unmyelinated fibers. Plates were drawn from the cresyl violet series and labeled using all three stains. The completed atlas was tested for accuracy by making 12 small lesions in a number of predetermined discrete loci in several birds and evaluating their placement. Eleven of these lesions were found to be within the targeted structure. The results of this test, combined with the results of experiments in over 50 birds, have shown the atlas to be accurate in 80% of all cases.

@article{doi101002cne901560305,
    author = "Stokes, Tegner M. and Leonard, Christiana M. and Nottebohm, Fernando",
    title = "The telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon of the canary, Serinus canaria, in stereotaxic coordinates",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "Abstract A stereotaxic atlas of the telencephalon, diencephalon and mesencephalon of the canary, Serinus canaria, was prepared for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments. Canaries have a complex vocal and behavioral repertoire many of whose components are under hormonal control in the male, and are therefore useful for many physiological and anatomical experiments. They are available commercially, breed easily in captivity, are quite hardy and respond well to anesthetic and surgical procedures. The atlas consists of 30 frontal plates from the frontal pole to the level of the motor nucleus of the trigeminus. One sagittal plate is included for reference purposes. Six birds (three males and three females) with marking lesions were used to make the atlas. Their brains were embedded in albumin‐gelatin media, cut at 50 and 25μ and stained with cresyl violet for cell bodies, Weil stain for myelinated fibers and the Fink‐Schneider method for unmyelinated fibers. Plates were drawn from the cresyl violet series and labeled using all three stains. The completed atlas was tested for accuracy by making 12 small lesions in a number of predetermined discrete loci in several birds and evaluating their placement. Eleven of these lesions were found to be within the targeted structure. The results of this test, combined with the results of experiments in over 50 birds, have shown the atlas to be accurate in 80\% of all cases.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.901560305",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.901560305",
    openalex = "W2093351084",
    references = "doi1010970000505319361200000041"
}

@book{crossref1980comparative,
    title = "Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6",
    openalex = "W264150657"
}

@book{doi1010079781461329886,
    author = "Ebbesson, Sven O. E.",
    title = "Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon",
    year = "1980",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-4613-2988-6",
    openalex = "W264150657"
}

@article{doi101037019568,
    author = "Greenough, William T.",
    title = "Review of Comparative neurology of telencephalon.",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Contemporary Psychology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/019568",
    doi = "10.1037/019568",
    openalex = "W2094283245"
}

@book{ebbesson1980comparative1,
    author = "Ebbesson, S. O. E",
    title = "Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "New York, Plenum Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ebbesson, S. O. E., 1980, Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon: New York, Plenum Press.}"
}

@article{greenough1980review,
    author = "GREENOUGH, WILLIAM T.",
    title = "Review of Comparative neurology of telencephalon.",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/019568",
    doi = "10.1037/019568",
    number = "9",
    openalex = "W2094283245",
    pages = "748-748",
    volume = "25"
}

The posterior red nucleus (PRN) was studied in two species of primates by the technique of retrograde degeneration of rubrospinal cells following transection of the spinal cord at different levels. The form of the PRN was reconstructed for both a quadruped monkey (baboon) and an anthropoid with erect posture (gibbon). The PRN contains polymorphic cells characterized by their very chromophilic and granular Nissl substance. These neurons vary in diameter from 25 micrometer to 70 micrometer. Some of them give rise to the rubrospinal tract. Baboon: The approximately 1,300 rubrospinal cells in this species are divided into two equal groups, one related to the contralateral forelimb, with axons ending between the second cervical and third thoracic segment, and the other related to the contralateral hindlimb, projecting caudally beyond T3. Following a high cervical lesion, nondegenerated cells of similar description remain throughout the nucleus. A significantly large group of these cells occurs medially and may be the source of fibers ending in the brain stem or cerebellum. Gibbon: In this species, the number of rubrospinal cells controlling the hindlimb is less than half that found in the baboon. This reduction in the gibbon is much greater for medium-sized cells, but is also significant for the giant cells. These results obtained from primates are compared with those reported for the cat. A possible function for the PRN in the control of limb movements is discussed from the viewpoint of phylogeny.

@article{doi101002cne902020311,
    author = "Padel, Y. and Angaut, P. and Massion, J and Sédan, R",
    title = "Comparative study of the posterior red nucleus in baboons and gibbons",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "The posterior red nucleus (PRN) was studied in two species of primates by the technique of retrograde degeneration of rubrospinal cells following transection of the spinal cord at different levels. The form of the PRN was reconstructed for both a quadruped monkey (baboon) and an anthropoid with erect posture (gibbon). The PRN contains polymorphic cells characterized by their very chromophilic and granular Nissl substance. These neurons vary in diameter from 25 micrometer to 70 micrometer. Some of them give rise to the rubrospinal tract. Baboon: The approximately 1,300 rubrospinal cells in this species are divided into two equal groups, one related to the contralateral forelimb, with axons ending between the second cervical and third thoracic segment, and the other related to the contralateral hindlimb, projecting caudally beyond T3. Following a high cervical lesion, nondegenerated cells of similar description remain throughout the nucleus. A significantly large group of these cells occurs medially and may be the source of fibers ending in the brain stem or cerebellum. Gibbon: In this species, the number of rubrospinal cells controlling the hindlimb is less than half that found in the baboon. This reduction in the gibbon is much greater for medium-sized cells, but is also significant for the giant cells. These results obtained from primates are compared with those reported for the cat. A possible function for the PRN in the control of limb movements is discussed from the viewpoint of phylogeny.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902020311",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.902020311",
    openalex = "W2047305615",
    references = "doi101002cne901380309"
}

Comparative studies of the vertebrate telencephalon began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with descriptions of gross mor­ phology (Cuvier 1 809, Owen 1866); however, not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the internal anatomy of the telencephalon described for a wide variety of vertebrates (Johnston 1906, Edinger 1908, Ramon y Cajal 1908, Papez 1929, Ariens Kappers et al 1936). This period of intensive study yielded a number of hypotheses regarding the evolution of the vertebrate telencephalon. These hypotheses were based on the anatomy revealed by existing methods-methods that allow what is now referred to as descriptive anatomy-and this anatomy could not be con­ firmed experimentally because the appropriate experimental techniques did not yet exist. In addition, these hypotheses refl ec ted anatomical assump­ tions grounded in scala naturae, which held that vertebrates form one linear series and reflect increasing complexity. The relatively sophisticated armamentarium of neurobiological tech­ niques available today allows us to establish more accurately the anatomy of the telencephalon; these data, data from the fossil record, and a more sophisticated view of vertebrate phylogeny allow us to propose and test new hypotheses regarding the evolution of the vertebrate telencephalon.

@article{doi101146annurevne04030181001505,
    author = "Northcutt, R. Glenn",
    title = "Evolution of the Telencephalon in Nonmammals",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Annual Review of Neuroscience",
    abstract = "Comparative studies of the vertebrate telencephalon began in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with descriptions of gross mor­ phology (Cuvier 1 809, Owen 1866); however, not until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was the internal anatomy of the telencephalon described for a wide variety of vertebrates (Johnston 1906, Edinger 1908, Ramon y Cajal 1908, Papez 1929, Ariens Kappers et al 1936). This period of intensive study yielded a number of hypotheses regarding the evolution of the vertebrate telencephalon. These hypotheses were based on the anatomy revealed by existing methods-methods that allow what is now referred to as descriptive anatomy-and this anatomy could not be con­ firmed experimentally because the appropriate experimental techniques did not yet exist. In addition, these hypotheses refl ec ted anatomical assump­ tions grounded in scala naturae, which held that vertebrates form one linear series and reflect increasing complexity. The relatively sophisticated armamentarium of neurobiological tech­ niques available today allows us to establish more accurately the anatomy of the telencephalon; these data, data from the fossil record, and a more sophisticated view of vertebrate phylogeny allow us to propose and test new hypotheses regarding the evolution of the vertebrate telencephalon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ne.04.030181.001505",
    openalex = "W2141368080"
}

@article{lohman1982comparative,
    author = "Lohman, A. H. M.",
    title = "Comparative Neurology of the Telencephalon. Sven O. E. Ebbesson",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/412642",
    doi = "10.1086/412642",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2518565863",
    pages = "86-87",
    volume = "57"
}

Abstract Recent decades have seen a number of influential attacks on the comparative psychology of learning and intelligence. Two specific charges have been that the use of distantly related species has prevented us from making valid evolutionary inferences and that learning mechanisms are species-specific adaptations to ecological niches and hence not properly comparable between species. It is argued here that work using distantly related species may yield valuable insights into the structure of intelligence and that the question of whether or not learning mechanisms are niche-specific is one which can only be answered by comparative work in “nonnatural” situations. The problems involved in defining and assessing intelligence are discussed. Experimental work has not succeeded in demonstrating differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates. Hence the null hypothesis – that there are no differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates – should be adopted; the superiority of human intelligence stems from our possessing a species-specific language-acquisition device. One implication of the null hypothesis is that general problem-solving capacity is independent of niche-specific adaptations. A second implication is that problem-solving may involve relatively simple mechanisms; association formation in particular may play a central role in nonhuman intelligence, allowing the successful detection of causal links between events. Causality is a constraint common to all ecological niches.

@article{doi101017s0140525x00054984,
    author = "Macphail, Euan M.",
    title = "The comparative psychology of intelligence",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Behavioral and Brain Sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract Recent decades have seen a number of influential attacks on the comparative psychology of learning and intelligence. Two specific charges have been that the use of distantly related species has prevented us from making valid evolutionary inferences and that learning mechanisms are species-specific adaptations to ecological niches and hence not properly comparable between species. It is argued here that work using distantly related species may yield valuable insights into the structure of intelligence and that the question of whether or not learning mechanisms are niche-specific is one which can only be answered by comparative work in “nonnatural” situations. The problems involved in defining and assessing intelligence are discussed. Experimental work has not succeeded in demonstrating differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates. Hence the null hypothesis – that there are no differences in intellect among nonhuman vertebrates – should be adopted; the superiority of human intelligence stems from our possessing a species-specific language-acquisition device. One implication of the null hypothesis is that general problem-solving capacity is independent of niche-specific adaptations. A second implication is that problem-solving may involve relatively simple mechanisms; association formation in particular may play a central role in nonhuman intelligence, allowing the successful detection of causal links between events. Causality is a constraint common to all ecological niches.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00054984",
    doi = "10.1017/s0140525x00054984",
    openalex = "W2130266893",
    references = "doi101093aesa292393, doi1023071416530, doi1023071423235, doi1043249781315132129"
}

Pallial and subpallial morphological subdivisions of the developing chicken telencephalon were examined by means of gene markers, compared with their expression pattern in the mouse. Nested expression domains of the genes Dlx-2 and Nkx-2.1, plus Pax-6-expressing migrated cells, are characteristic for the mouse subpallium. The genes Pax-6, Tbr-1, and Emx-1 are expressed in the pallium. The pallio-subpallial boundary lies at the interface between the Tbr-1 and Dlx-2 expression domains. Differences in the expression topography of Tbr-1 and Emx-1 suggest the existence of a novel "ventral pallium" subdivision, which is an Emx-1-negative pallial territory intercalated between the striatum and the lateral pallium. Its derivatives in the mouse belong to the claustroamygdaloid complex. Chicken genes homologous to these mouse genes are expressed in topologically comparable patterns during development. The avian subpallium, called "paleostriatum," shows nested Dlx-2 and Nkx-2.1 domains and migrated Pax-6-positive neurons; the avian pallium expresses Pax-6, Tbr-1, and Emx-1 and also contains a distinct Emx-1-negative ventral pallium, formed by the massive domain confusingly called "neostriatum." These expression patterns extend into the septum and the archistriatum, as they do into the mouse septum and amygdala, suggesting that the concepts of pallium and subpallium can be extended to these areas. The similarity of such molecular profiles in the mouse and chicken pallium and subpallium points to common sets of causal determinants. These may underlie similar histogenetic specification processes and field homologies, including some comparable connectivity patterns.

@article{doi10100210969861200008284243409aidcne330co27,
    author = "Puelles, Luis and Kuwana, Ellen and Puelles, Eduardo and Bulfone, Alessandro and Shimamura, Kenji and Keleher, Jerry and Smiga, Susan and Rubenstein, John L.R.",
    title = "Pallial and subpallial derivatives in the embryonic chick and mouse telencephalon, traced by the expression of the genes Dlx-2, Emx-1, Nkx-2.1, Pax-6, and Tbr-1",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = {Pallial and subpallial morphological subdivisions of the developing chicken telencephalon were examined by means of gene markers, compared with their expression pattern in the mouse. Nested expression domains of the genes Dlx-2 and Nkx-2.1, plus Pax-6-expressing migrated cells, are characteristic for the mouse subpallium. The genes Pax-6, Tbr-1, and Emx-1 are expressed in the pallium. The pallio-subpallial boundary lies at the interface between the Tbr-1 and Dlx-2 expression domains. Differences in the expression topography of Tbr-1 and Emx-1 suggest the existence of a novel "ventral pallium" subdivision, which is an Emx-1-negative pallial territory intercalated between the striatum and the lateral pallium. Its derivatives in the mouse belong to the claustroamygdaloid complex. Chicken genes homologous to these mouse genes are expressed in topologically comparable patterns during development. The avian subpallium, called "paleostriatum," shows nested Dlx-2 and Nkx-2.1 domains and migrated Pax-6-positive neurons; the avian pallium expresses Pax-6, Tbr-1, and Emx-1 and also contains a distinct Emx-1-negative ventral pallium, formed by the massive domain confusingly called "neostriatum." These expression patterns extend into the septum and the archistriatum, as they do into the mouse septum and amygdala, suggesting that the concepts of pallium and subpallium can be extended to these areas. The similarity of such molecular profiles in the mouse and chicken pallium and subpallium points to common sets of causal determinants. These may underlie similar histogenetic specification processes and field homologies, including some comparable connectivity patterns.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<409::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-7",
    doi = "10.1002/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<409::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-7",
    openalex = "W2046784118",
    references = "crossref1980comparative, doi101002cne901370404, doi1010079781461329886, doi1010079783642182624, doi101016089662739390281u, doi101016s016622369801265x, doi101038358687a0, doi101126science2785337474, doi101126science8178174, openalexw1566743778"
}

@article{doi101016s0896627300001719,
    author = "Wilson, Stephen W. and Rubenstein, John L.R.",
    title = "Induction and Dorsoventral Patterning of the Telencephalon",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Neuron",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00171-9",
    doi = "10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00171-9",
    openalex = "W1976754131",
    references = "doi10100210969861200008284243409aidcne330co27, doi101016s0092867400808533, doi10103834848, doi10103835049541, doi101038383407a0, doi101038ng0298136, doi101126science2715251978, doi101126science27452901109, doi101126science27753291109, doi101126science2785337474"
}

The histaminergic system and its relationships to the other aminergic transmitter systems in the brain of the zebrafish were studied by using confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry on brain whole-mounts and sections. All monoaminergic systems displayed extensive, widespread fiber systems that innervated all major brain areas, often in a complementary manner. The ventrocaudal hypothalamus contained all monoamine neurons except noradrenaline cells. Histamine (HA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin (5-HT) -containing neurons were all found around the posterior recess (PR) of the caudal hypothalamus. TH- and 5-HT-containing neurons were found in the periventricular cell layer of PR, whereas the HA-containing neurons were in the surrounding cell layer as a distinct boundary. Histaminergic neurons, which send widespread ascending and descending fibers, were all confined to the ventrocaudal hypothalamus. Histaminergic neurons were medium in size (approximately 12 microm) with varicose ascending and descending ipsilateral and contralateral fiber projections. Histamine was stored in vesicles in two types of neurons and fibers. A close relationship between HA fibers and serotonergic raphe neurons and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons was evident. Putative synaptic contacts were occasionally detected between HA and TH or 5-HT neurons. These results indicate that reciprocal contacts between monoaminergic systems are abundant and complex. The results also provide evidence of homologies to mammalian systems and allow identification of several previously uncharacterized systems in zebrafish mutants.

@article{doi101002cne1390,
    author = "Kaslin, Jan and Panula, Pertti",
    title = "Comparative anatomy of the histaminergic and other aminergic systems in zebrafish (Danio rerio)",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "The histaminergic system and its relationships to the other aminergic transmitter systems in the brain of the zebrafish were studied by using confocal microscopy and immunohistochemistry on brain whole-mounts and sections. All monoaminergic systems displayed extensive, widespread fiber systems that innervated all major brain areas, often in a complementary manner. The ventrocaudal hypothalamus contained all monoamine neurons except noradrenaline cells. Histamine (HA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and serotonin (5-HT) -containing neurons were all found around the posterior recess (PR) of the caudal hypothalamus. TH- and 5-HT-containing neurons were found in the periventricular cell layer of PR, whereas the HA-containing neurons were in the surrounding cell layer as a distinct boundary. Histaminergic neurons, which send widespread ascending and descending fibers, were all confined to the ventrocaudal hypothalamus. Histaminergic neurons were medium in size (approximately 12 microm) with varicose ascending and descending ipsilateral and contralateral fiber projections. Histamine was stored in vesicles in two types of neurons and fibers. A close relationship between HA fibers and serotonergic raphe neurons and noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons was evident. Putative synaptic contacts were occasionally detected between HA and TH or 5-HT neurons. These results indicate that reciprocal contacts between monoaminergic systems are abundant and complex. The results also provide evidence of homologies to mammalian systems and allow identification of several previously uncharacterized systems in zebrafish mutants.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.1390",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.1390",
    openalex = "W1992116689",
    references = "doi101016s0006899300031747"
}

The standard nomenclature that has been used for many telencephalic and related brainstem structures in birds is based on flawed assumptions of homology to mammals. In particular, the outdated terminology implies that most of the avian telencephalon is a hypertrophied basal ganglia, when it is now clear that most of the avian telencephalon is neurochemically, hodologically, and functionally comparable to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala (all of which derive from the pallial sector of the developing telencephalon). Recognizing that this promotes misunderstanding of the functional organization of avian brains and their evolutionary relationship to mammalian brains, avian brain specialists began discussions to rectify this problem, culminating in the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum held at Duke University in July 2002, which approved a new terminology for avian telencephalon and some allied brainstem cell groups. Details of this new terminology are presented here, as is a rationale for each name change and evidence for any homologies implied by the new names. Revisions for the brainstem focused on vocal control, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and basal ganglia-related nuclei. For example, the Forum recognized that the hypoglossal nucleus had been incorrectly identified as the nucleus intermedius in the Karten and Hodos (1967) pigeon brain atlas, and what was identified as the hypoglossal nucleus in that atlas should instead be called the supraspinal nucleus. The locus ceruleus of this and other avian atlases was noted to consist of a caudal noradrenergic part homologous to the mammalian locus coeruleus and a rostral region corresponding to the mammalian A8 dopaminergic cell group. The midbrain dopaminergic cell group in birds known as the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta was recognized as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars compacta and was renamed accordingly; a group of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons at the lateral edge of this region was identified as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars reticulata and was also renamed accordingly. A field of cholinergic neurons in the rostral avian hindbrain was named the nucleus pedunculopontinus tegmenti, whereas the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis in the avian diencephalon was renamed the subthalamic nucleus, both for their evident mammalian homologues. For the basal (i.e., subpallial) telencephalon, the actual parts of the basal ganglia were given names reflecting their now evident homologues. For example, the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum were acknowledged to make up the dorsal subdivision of the striatal part of the basal ganglia and were renamed as the medial and lateral striatum. The paleostriatum primitivum was recognized as homologous to the mammalian globus pallidus and renamed as such. Additionally, the rostroventral part of what was called the lobus parolfactorius was acknowledged as comparable to the mammalian nucleus accumbens, which, together with the olfactory tubercle, was noted to be part of the ventral striatum in birds. A ventral pallidum, a basal cholinergic cell group, and medial and lateral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis were also recognized. The dorsal (i.e., pallial) telencephalic regions that had been erroneously named to reflect presumed homology to striatal parts of mammalian basal ganglia were renamed as part of the pallium, using prefixes that retain most established abbreviations, to maintain continuity with the outdated nomenclature. We concluded, however, that one-to-one (i.e., discrete) homologies with mammals are still uncertain for most of the telencephalic pallium in birds and thus the new pallial terminology is largely devoid of assumptions of one-to-one homologies with mammals. The sectors of the hyperstriatum composing the Wulst (i.e., the hyperstriatum accessorium intermedium, and dorsale), the hyperstriatum ventrale, the neostriatum, and the archistriatum have been renamed (respectively) the hyperpallium (hypertrophied pallium), the mesopallium (middle pallium), the nidopallium (nest pallium), and the arcopallium (arched pallium). The posterior part of the archistriatum has been renamed the posterior pallial amygdala, the nucleus taeniae recognized as part of the avian amygdala, and a region inferior to the posterior paleostriatum primitivum included as a subpallial part of the avian amygdala. The names of some of the laminae and fiber tracts were also changed to reflect current understanding of the location of pallial and subpallial sectors of the avian telencephalon. Notably, the lamina medularis dorsalis has been renamed the pallial-subpallial lamina. We urge all to use this new terminology, because we believe it will promote better communication among neuroscientists. Further information is available at http://avianbrain.org

@article{doi101002cne20118,
    author = "Reiner, Anton and Perkel, David J. and Bruce, Laura L. and Butler, Ann B. and Csillag, András and Kuenzel, Wayne J. and Medina, Loreta and Paxinos, George and Shimizu, Toru and Striedter, Georg F. and Wild, Martin and Ball, Gregory F. and Durand, Sarah E. and Gütürkün, Onur and Lee, Diane W. and Mello, Claudio V. and Powers, Alice Schade and White, Stephanie A. and Hough, Gerald E. and Kubíková, Ľubica and Smulders, Tom V. and Wada, Kazuhiro and Dugas‐Ford, Jennifer and Husband, Scott and Yamamoto, Keiko and Yu, Jing and Siang, Connie and Jarvis, Erich D.",
    title = "Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "The standard nomenclature that has been used for many telencephalic and related brainstem structures in birds is based on flawed assumptions of homology to mammals. In particular, the outdated terminology implies that most of the avian telencephalon is a hypertrophied basal ganglia, when it is now clear that most of the avian telencephalon is neurochemically, hodologically, and functionally comparable to the mammalian neocortex, claustrum, and pallial amygdala (all of which derive from the pallial sector of the developing telencephalon). Recognizing that this promotes misunderstanding of the functional organization of avian brains and their evolutionary relationship to mammalian brains, avian brain specialists began discussions to rectify this problem, culminating in the Avian Brain Nomenclature Forum held at Duke University in July 2002, which approved a new terminology for avian telencephalon and some allied brainstem cell groups. Details of this new terminology are presented here, as is a rationale for each name change and evidence for any homologies implied by the new names. Revisions for the brainstem focused on vocal control, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and basal ganglia-related nuclei. For example, the Forum recognized that the hypoglossal nucleus had been incorrectly identified as the nucleus intermedius in the Karten and Hodos (1967) pigeon brain atlas, and what was identified as the hypoglossal nucleus in that atlas should instead be called the supraspinal nucleus. The locus ceruleus of this and other avian atlases was noted to consist of a caudal noradrenergic part homologous to the mammalian locus coeruleus and a rostral region corresponding to the mammalian A8 dopaminergic cell group. The midbrain dopaminergic cell group in birds known as the nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus pars compacta was recognized as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars compacta and was renamed accordingly; a group of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons at the lateral edge of this region was identified as homologous to the mammalian substantia nigra pars reticulata and was also renamed accordingly. A field of cholinergic neurons in the rostral avian hindbrain was named the nucleus pedunculopontinus tegmenti, whereas the anterior nucleus of the ansa lenticularis in the avian diencephalon was renamed the subthalamic nucleus, both for their evident mammalian homologues. For the basal (i.e., subpallial) telencephalon, the actual parts of the basal ganglia were given names reflecting their now evident homologues. For example, the lobus parolfactorius and paleostriatum augmentatum were acknowledged to make up the dorsal subdivision of the striatal part of the basal ganglia and were renamed as the medial and lateral striatum. The paleostriatum primitivum was recognized as homologous to the mammalian globus pallidus and renamed as such. Additionally, the rostroventral part of what was called the lobus parolfactorius was acknowledged as comparable to the mammalian nucleus accumbens, which, together with the olfactory tubercle, was noted to be part of the ventral striatum in birds. A ventral pallidum, a basal cholinergic cell group, and medial and lateral bed nuclei of the stria terminalis were also recognized. The dorsal (i.e., pallial) telencephalic regions that had been erroneously named to reflect presumed homology to striatal parts of mammalian basal ganglia were renamed as part of the pallium, using prefixes that retain most established abbreviations, to maintain continuity with the outdated nomenclature. We concluded, however, that one-to-one (i.e., discrete) homologies with mammals are still uncertain for most of the telencephalic pallium in birds and thus the new pallial terminology is largely devoid of assumptions of one-to-one homologies with mammals. The sectors of the hyperstriatum composing the Wulst (i.e., the hyperstriatum accessorium intermedium, and dorsale), the hyperstriatum ventrale, the neostriatum, and the archistriatum have been renamed (respectively) the hyperpallium (hypertrophied pallium), the mesopallium (middle pallium), the nidopallium (nest pallium), and the arcopallium (arched pallium). The posterior part of the archistriatum has been renamed the posterior pallial amygdala, the nucleus taeniae recognized as part of the avian amygdala, and a region inferior to the posterior paleostriatum primitivum included as a subpallial part of the avian amygdala. The names of some of the laminae and fiber tracts were also changed to reflect current understanding of the location of pallial and subpallial sectors of the avian telencephalon. Notably, the lamina medularis dorsalis has been renamed the pallial-subpallial lamina. We urge all to use this new terminology, because we believe it will promote better communication among neuroscientists. Further information is available at http://avianbrain.org",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20118",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.20118",
    openalex = "W2068987412",
    references = "doi10100210969861200008284243409aidcne330co27, doi1010970000505319361100000044, doi1010970000505319361200000041, doi101162jocn198914291, doi10230730135049, openalexw617951419"
}

@misc{openalexw2595643205,
    author = "Reiner, Anton and Perkel, David J. and Bruce, Laura L. and Butler, Ann B. and Csillag, András and Kuenzel, Wayne J. and Medina, Loreta and Paxinos, George and Shimizu, Toru and Striedter, Georg F. and Wild, Martin and Ball, Gregory F. and Durand, Sarah E. and Güntürkün, Onur and Lee, Diane W. and Mello, Claudio V. and Powers, Alice Schade and White, S A and Hough, Gerald E. and Kubíková, Ľubica and Smulders, Tom V. and Wada, Kazuhiro and Dugas‐Ford, Jennifer and Husband, Scott and Yamamoto, Keiko and Yu, Jing and Siang, Connie and Jarvis, Erich D.",
    title = "Erratum: Revised nomenclature for avian telencephalon and some related brainstem nuclei (Journal of Comparative Neurology (2004) 473 (377-414))",
    year = "2004",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2595643205",
    openalex = "W2595643205"
}

All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on these processes, yet our understanding of behavioral decision-making mechanisms and their evolution is still very limited. Insights from mammals indicate that two neural circuits are of crucial importance in this context: the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. Here we review evidence from neurochemical, tract-tracing, developmental, and functional lesion/stimulation studies that delineates homology relationships for most of the nodes of these two circuits across the five major vertebrate lineages: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and teleost fish. We provide for the first time a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two neural circuits and conclude that they were already present in early vertebrates. We also propose that these circuits form a larger social decision-making (SDM) network that regulates adaptive behavior. Our synthesis thus provides an important foundation for understanding the evolution of the neural mechanisms underlying reward processing and behavioral regulation.

@article{doi101002cne22735,
    author = "O’Connell, Lauren A. and Hofmann, Hans A.",
    title = "The Vertebrate mesolimbic reward system and social behavior network: A comparative synthesis",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "The Journal of Comparative Neurology",
    abstract = "All animals evaluate the salience of external stimuli and integrate them with internal physiological information into adaptive behavior. Natural and sexual selection impinge on these processes, yet our understanding of behavioral decision-making mechanisms and their evolution is still very limited. Insights from mammals indicate that two neural circuits are of crucial importance in this context: the social behavior network and the mesolimbic reward system. Here we review evidence from neurochemical, tract-tracing, developmental, and functional lesion/stimulation studies that delineates homology relationships for most of the nodes of these two circuits across the five major vertebrate lineages: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and teleost fish. We provide for the first time a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two neural circuits and conclude that they were already present in early vertebrates. We also propose that these circuits form a larger social decision-making (SDM) network that regulates adaptive behavior. Our synthesis thus provides an important foundation for understanding the evolution of the neural mechanisms underlying reward processing and behavioral regulation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.22735",
    doi = "10.1002/cne.22735",
    openalex = "W2023832732",
    references = "doi10100210969861200008284243409aidcne330co27, doi101016016622369593932n, doi101016s0006899300031747, doi101038nrn1606"
}