Connecticut

@article{davis1886the,
    author = "Davis, W. M.",
    title = "The structure of the Triassic formation of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1886",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-32.191.342",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-32.191.342",
    number = "191",
    openalex = "W2334253969",
    pages = "342-352",
    volume = "s3-32"
}

knowledge of the fauna and flora of the Triassic rocks of eastern North America. These rocks probably fuj-nished the first fossils collected on this continent-fossil fishes from Durham and Sunderland, in the Connecticut Valley; fossil plants from the coal basin of Richmond, Va.; and, still more interesting, the wonderful series of so-called bird tracks fii'st noticed at

@book{doi105962bhltitle36383,
    author = "Newberry, J. S.",
    title = "Fossil fishes and fossil plants of the Triassic rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1888",
    journal = "Monographs of the United States Geological Survey",
    abstract = "knowledge of the fauna and flora of the Triassic rocks of eastern North America. These rocks probably fuj-nished the first fossils collected on this continent-fossil fishes from Durham and Sunderland, in the Connecticut Valley; fossil plants from the coal basin of Richmond, Va.; and, still more interesting, the wonderful series of so-called bird tracks fii'st noticed at",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.36383",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.36383",
    openalex = "W2478995092",
    references = "doi103133b29, doi103133b30, doi103133b31, doi103133b32, doi103133b39, doi103133b40, doi103133b43, doi103133b45, doi103133b46, openalexw2787984296"
}

@article{davis1889topographic,
    author = "Davis, W. M.",
    title = "Topographic development of the Triassic formation of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1889",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s3-37.222.423",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s3-37.222.423",
    number = "222",
    openalex = "W2333947295",
    pages = "423-434",
    volume = "s3-37"
}

Previous Studies. The previous studies of the Triassic formation of Connecticut, carried on by the senior author of this paper, with the aid of several assistants during various summer vacations for the United States Geological Survey, as well as independently during successive sessions of the Harvard summer school of geology, have been reported upon at different times, as mentioned in a list of papers in a previous number of this Bulletin.† Since then a popular essay, “The Lost Volcanoes of Connecticut,” has been published in the Popular Science Monthly for December, 1891, by the senior author. All these previous studies have been chiefly concerned with the structure of the formation within its boundaries, which were examined only incidentally until especially studied in recent summers by the junior author. This paper is chiefly concerned with the results thus determined along the eastern boundary of the formation. Our problem is in effect:...

@article{doi101130gsab5515,
    author = "Davis, W. M. and Griswold, Lawrence",
    title = "Eastern Boundary of the Connecticut Triassic",
    year = "1893",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Previous Studies. The previous studies of the Triassic formation of Connecticut, carried on by the senior author of this paper, with the aid of several assistants during various summer vacations for the United States Geological Survey, as well as independently during successive sessions of the Harvard summer school of geology, have been reported upon at different times, as mentioned in a list of papers in a previous number of this Bulletin.† Since then a popular essay, “The Lost Volcanoes of Connecticut,” has been published in the Popular Science Monthly for December, 1891, by the senior author. All these previous studies have been chiefly concerned with the structure of the formation within its boundaries, which were examined only incidentally until especially studied in recent summers by the junior author. This paper is chiefly concerned with the results thus determined along the eastern boundary of the formation. Our problem is in effect:...",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/gsab-5-515",
    doi = "10.1130/gsab-5-515",
    openalex = "W1998326050"
}

It is a remarkable fact that the seven skeletons of Triassic dinosaurs now known from the eastern part of this continent are all carnivorous forms and of moderate size.There is abundant evidence from footprints that large herbivorous dinosaurs lived here at the same time, but no bones nor teeth have yet been found.In the western part of this country a few fragments of a large dinosaur have been discovered in strata of supposed Triassic age, but with this possible exception osseous remains of these forms appear to be wanting in this horizon.Fragmentary remains, also, of dinosaurs have been found in the Triassic deposits of Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but they throw little light on the animals they represent.Footprints, apparently made by dinosaurs, occur in New Jersey in the same horizon as those of the Connecticut Valley.Impressions of similar form have been discovered also in the Triassic sandstones of New Mexico.A few bones of a large dinosaurian were found by Prof. J.S. Newberry, in strata apparently of this age, in southeastern Utah.These remains were named by Professor Cope, Dystropheus viemale, in 1877, but their near affinities have not been determined.A single vertebra, apparently belonging in this group, had been previously found at Bathurst Island, Arctic America, and described by Prof. Leith Adams, in 1875, under the generic name Arctosaurus.The European Triassic dinosaurs, with which the American forms may be compared, are mainly represented by the two genera Thecodontosaurus Riley and Stutchbury, from the upper Trias, or Rheetic, near Bristol, in England, and Plateosaurus (Zanclodon) von Meyer, from nearly the same horizon in Germany.The writer has investigated with care the type specimens and nearly all the other known remains of these genera found at these localities.Remains of dinosaurs have been found in Triassic strata, also, in India, in South Africa, and in Australia, but the specimens discovered were mostly fragmentary, and apparently indicate no new types.BeAG Re tele: JURASSIC DINOSAURS.During the Jurassic period the dinosaurs of North America attained remarkable development, and, asa group, appear to have reached their culmination.The Theropoda, or carnivorous forms, which were so abundant, though of moderate size, in the Triassic, were represented in the Jurassic by many and various forms; some were very minute, but others were of gigantic size and dominated all living creatures during this age.

@book{doi105962bhltitle60562,
    author = "Marsh, O. C.",
    title = "The dinosaurs of North America",
    year = "1896",
    booktitle = "Govt. Print. Off. eBooks",
    abstract = "It is a remarkable fact that the seven skeletons of Triassic dinosaurs now known from the eastern part of this continent are all carnivorous forms and of moderate size.There is abundant evidence from footprints that large herbivorous dinosaurs lived here at the same time, but no bones nor teeth have yet been found.In the western part of this country a few fragments of a large dinosaur have been discovered in strata of supposed Triassic age, but with this possible exception osseous remains of these forms appear to be wanting in this horizon.Fragmentary remains, also, of dinosaurs have been found in the Triassic deposits of Pennsylvania and North Carolina, but they throw little light on the animals they represent.Footprints, apparently made by dinosaurs, occur in New Jersey in the same horizon as those of the Connecticut Valley.Impressions of similar form have been discovered also in the Triassic sandstones of New Mexico.A few bones of a large dinosaurian were found by Prof. J.S. Newberry, in strata apparently of this age, in southeastern Utah.These remains were named by Professor Cope, Dystropheus viemale, in 1877, but their near affinities have not been determined.A single vertebra, apparently belonging in this group, had been previously found at Bathurst Island, Arctic America, and described by Prof. Leith Adams, in 1875, under the generic name Arctosaurus.The European Triassic dinosaurs, with which the American forms may be compared, are mainly represented by the two genera Thecodontosaurus Riley and Stutchbury, from the upper Trias, or Rheetic, near Bristol, in England, and Plateosaurus (Zanclodon) von Meyer, from nearly the same horizon in Germany.The writer has investigated with care the type specimens and nearly all the other known remains of these genera found at these localities.Remains of dinosaurs have been found in Triassic strata, also, in India, in South Africa, and in Australia, but the specimens discovered were mostly fragmentary, and apparently indicate no new types.BeAG Re tele: JURASSIC DINOSAURS.During the Jurassic period the dinosaurs of North America attained remarkable development, and, asa group, appear to have reached their culmination.The Theropoda, or carnivorous forms, which were so abundant, though of moderate size, in the Triassic, were represented in the Jurassic by many and various forms; some were very minute, but others were of gigantic size and dominated all living creatures during this age.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.60562",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.60562",
    openalex = "W649905387"
}

@article{doi102475ajss417101377,
    author = "Emerson, B. K. and Loomis, F. B.",
    title = "On Stegomus longipes, a new reptile from the Triassic sandstones of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1904",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-17.101.377",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s4-17.101.377",
    openalex = "W2320610711"
}

There will we find laws which shall interpret, Through the simpler past, existing life."-

@book{doi105962bhltitle54488,
    author = "Eastman, C. R.",
    title = "Triassic fishes of Connecticut,",
    year = "1911",
    abstract = {There will we find laws which shall interpret, Through the simpler past, existing life."-},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.54488",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.54488",
    openalex = "W631285533"
}

@article{talbot1911podokesaurus,
    author = "Talbot, M.",
    title = "Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur from the Triassic of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1911",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s4-31.186.469",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s4-31.186.469",
    number = "186",
    openalex = "W2321095317",
    pages = "469-479",
    volume = "s4-31"
}

@article{talbot1911podokesaurus2,
    author = "Talbot, M",
    title = "Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1911",
    journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 31, p. 469-479",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Talbot, M., 1911, Podokesaurus holyokensis, a new dinosaur of the Connecticut Valley: American Journal of Science, v. 31, p. 469-479.}"
}

@misc{lull1915triassic,
    author = "Lull, Richard Swann",
    title = "Triassic life of the Connecticut valley,",
    year = "1915",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.70405",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.70405",
    openalex = "W599721967",
    references = "doi101038093661a0, doi101130gsab2415, doi10230725058147, doi102475ajss417101377, doi105962bhltitle20094, doi105962bhltitle36383, doi105962bhltitle54488, doi105962bhltitle55100, doi105962bhltitle60562, talbot1911podokesaurus"
}

@article{shufeldt1916the,
    author = "Shufeldt, R. W.",
    title = "The Restoration of the Dinosaur Podokesaurus Holyokensis",
    year = "1916",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican08051916-92supp",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican08051916-92supp",
    number = "2118supp",
    openalex = "W3120797792",
    pages = "92-94",
    volume = "82"
}

@article{crossref1917triassic,
    title = "Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley. Richard Swann Lull",
    year = "1917",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/622457",
    doi = "10.1086/622457",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W4251191983",
    pages = "201-201",
    volume = "25"
}

@article{bain1932the,
    author = "Bain, G. W.",
    title = "The northern area of Connecticut Valley Triassic",
    year = "1932",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s5-23.133.57",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s5-23.133.57",
    number = "133",
    openalex = "W2323077447",
    pages = "57-77",
    volume = "s5-23"
}

@techreport{lull1953triassic1,
    author = "Lull, R. S",
    title = "Triassic life of the Connecticut Valley",
    year = "1953",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Connecticut Geology and Natural History Survey, v. 81, p. 1-331",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lull, R. S., 1953, Triassic life of the Connecticut Valley: Bulletin of the Connecticut Geology and Natural History Survey, v. 81, p. 1-331.}"
}

@article{baird1955triassic,
    author = "Baird, Donald",
    title = "Triassic Life of the Connecticut Valley. Richard Swann Lull",
    year = "1955",
    journal = "The Quarterly Review of Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/400921",
    doi = "10.1086/400921",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2515426957",
    pages = "286-286",
    volume = "30"
}

@article{powell1956dinosaur,
    author = "Powell, Bernard W.",
    title = "Dinosaur Tracks of the Connecticut River Valley",
    year = "1956",
    journal = "Rocks \& Minerals",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00357529.1956.11767628",
    doi = "10.1080/00357529.1956.11767628",
    number = "1-2",
    pages = "3-8",
    volume = "31"
}

@article{doi101111j216409471960tb01351x,
    author = "Sanders, John E.",
    title = "SECTION OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES: STRUCTURAL HISTORY OF TRIASSIC ROCKS OF THE CONNECTICUT VALLEY BELT AND ITS REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS*",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1960.tb01351.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.2164-0947.1960.tb01351.x",
    openalex = "W2131198189",
    references = "davis1886the, doi101086272656, doi101086624784, doi101086625882, doi10113000167606195061877giitea20co2, doi101130001676061951621287giitea20co2, doi101130gsab50257, doi101130gsab511821, doi101130gsab54555, doi102475ajss5424483, doi105962bhltitle70448"
}

@article{doi10113000167606196879609pdacot20co2,
    author = "de Boer, Jelle",
    title = "Paleomagnetic Differentiation and Correlation of the Late Triassic Volcanic Rocks in the Central Appalachians (with Special Reference to the Connecticut Valley)",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[609:pdacot]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[609:pdacot]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2123652624"
}

@article{foose1968volcanic,
    author = "FOOSE, RICHARD M. and RYTUBA, JAMES J. and SHERIDAN, MICHAEL F.",
    title = "Volcanic Plugs in the Connecticut Valley Triassic Near Mt. Tom, Massachusetts",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1655:vpitcv]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1968)79[1655:vpitcv]2.0.co;2",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W2101063175",
    pages = "1655",
    volume = "79"
}

@article{doi1010160037073881900774,
    author = "April, Richard",
    title = "Clay petrology of the Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic terrestrial strata of the Newark Supergroup, Connecticut Valley, U.S.A.",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Sedimentary Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(81)90077-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0037-0738(81)90077-4",
    openalex = "W1994358348",
    references = "bain1932the, doi1010160037073877900628, doi101086627339, doi1010970001069419560200000003, doi101111j136530911970tb02190x, doi10113000167606197687725mobmoa20co2, doi10130674d720a42b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi101306c1ea3bfe16c911d78645000102c1865d, doi101346ccmn19700180104, doi101346ccmn19700180306, doi102110pec79260055"
}

Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.

@article{nesbitt2009a,
    author = "Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Smith, Nathan D. and Irmis, Randall B. and Turner, Alan H. and Downs, Alex and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "A Complete Skeleton of a Late Triassic Saurischian and the Early Evolution of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Early Dinosaur Discovery Our understanding of the evolution of early dinosaurs is hampered by limited material, especially compared to the many Jurassic and Cretaceous samples. Nesbitt et al. (p. 1530) provide a complete view of a Late Triassic theropod based on several nearly complete skeletons from New Mexico. The dinosaur elucidates the likely relationships between early theropods and shows that some prominent features were already derived by this time. Comparison among Triassic dinosaur fauna and other early species suggests that Triassic North American fauna were diverse but not endemic, perhaps arising from earlier migrants from South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1180350",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1180350",
    number = "5959",
    openalex = "W2075629590",
    pages = "1530-1533",
    volume = "326",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo200605013, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi10108008912960600719988, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j001438202005tb00940x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi1011300091761320020300251tameat20co2, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi1016710390290218, doi105281zenodo16120887"
}

It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.

@article{doi101080147720192010484650,
    author = "Ezcurra, Martín D.",
    title = "A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "It was traditionally thought that the oldest known dinosaur assemblages were not diverse, and that their early diversification and numerical dominance over other tetrapods occurred during the latest Triassic. However, new evidence gathered from the lower levels of the Ischigualasto Fm. of Argentina challenges this view. New dinosaur remains are described from this stratigraphical unit, including the new species Chromogisaurus novasi. This taxon is distinguished from other basal dinosauriforms by the presence of proximal caudals without median notch separating the postzygapophyses, femoral lateral surface with deep and large fossa immediately below the trochanteric shelf, and metatarsal II with strongly dorsoventrally asymmetric distal condyles. A phylogenetic analysis found Chromogisaurus to lie at the base of Sauropodomorpha, as a member of Guaibasauridae, an early branch of basal sauropodomorphs composed of Guaibasaurus, Agnosphitys, Panphagia, Saturnalia and Chromogisaurus. Such an affinity is for the first time suggested for Guaibasaurus, whereas Panphagia is not recovered as the most basal sauropodomorph. Furthermore, Chromogisaurus is consistently located as more closely related to Saturnalia than to any other dinosaur. Thus, the Saturnalia + Chromogisaurus clade is named here as the new subfamily Saturnaliinae. In addition, Eoraptor is found to be the sister-taxon of Neotheropoda, and herrerasaurids to be non-eusaurischian saurischians. The new evidence presented here demonstrates that dinosaurs first appeared in the fossil record as a diverse group, although they were a numerically minor component of faunas in which they occur. Accordingly, the early increase of dinosaur diversity and their numerical dominance over other terrestrial tetrapods were diachronous processes, with the latter preceded by a period of low abundance but high diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2010.484650",
    openalex = "W2035329065",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi101002ara10097, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science10246376, doi101126science28454232137, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, leal2004a, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2560671010, openalexw3215057009, openalexw617951419"
}

The oldest theropod dinosaurs are known from the Carnian of Argentina and Brazil. However, the evolutionary diversification of this group after its initial radiation but prior to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is still poorly understood because of a sparse fossil record near that boundary. Here, we report on a new basal theropod, Daemonosaurus chauliodus gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic 'siltstone member' of the Chinle Formation of the Coelophysis Quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, Daemonosaurus is more closely related to coeval neotheropods (e.g. Coelophysis bauri) than to Herrerasauridae and Eoraptor. The skeletal structure of Daemonosaurus and the recently discovered Tawa bridge a morphological gap between Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae on one hand and neotheropods on the other, providing additional support for the theropod affinities of both Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae and demonstrating that lineages from the initial radiation of Dinosauria persisted until the end of the Triassic. Various features of the skull of Daemonosaurus, including the procumbent dentary and premaxillary teeth and greatly enlarged premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth, clearly set this taxon apart from coeval neotheropods and demonstrate unexpected disparity in cranial shape among theropod dinosaurs just prior to the end of the Triassic.

@article{doi101098rspb20110410,
    author = "Sues, Hans‐Dieter and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Berman, David S. and Henrici, Amy C.",
    title = "A late-surviving basal theropod dinosaur from the latest Triassic of North America",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The oldest theropod dinosaurs are known from the Carnian of Argentina and Brazil. However, the evolutionary diversification of this group after its initial radiation but prior to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary is still poorly understood because of a sparse fossil record near that boundary. Here, we report on a new basal theropod, Daemonosaurus chauliodus gen. et sp. nov., from the latest Triassic 'siltstone member' of the Chinle Formation of the Coelophysis Quarry at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico. Based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, Daemonosaurus is more closely related to coeval neotheropods (e.g. Coelophysis bauri) than to Herrerasauridae and Eoraptor. The skeletal structure of Daemonosaurus and the recently discovered Tawa bridge a morphological gap between Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae on one hand and neotheropods on the other, providing additional support for the theropod affinities of both Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae and demonstrating that lineages from the initial radiation of Dinosauria persisted until the end of the Triassic. Various features of the skull of Daemonosaurus, including the procumbent dentary and premaxillary teeth and greatly enlarged premaxillary and anterior maxillary teeth, clearly set this taxon apart from coeval neotheropods and demonstrate unexpected disparity in cranial shape among theropod dinosaurs just prior to the end of the Triassic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2011.0410",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2011.0410",
    openalex = "W2154414810",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jtree200508012, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi101130g22967a1, doi1015468gbdyof, doi10167102724634200727350asoitp20co2, openalexw1565584485, openalexw2788234611, openalexw3217097258"
}

The ontogeny of early-diverging dinosauromorphs is poorly understood because few ontogenetic series from the same species-level taxon are known and what is available has not been extensively documented. The large numbers of skeletal elements of the silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe recently recovered from Tanzania provide an opportunity to examine the ontogenetic trajectory of the earliest known member of Ornithodira and one of the closest relatives to Dinosauria. We examined the ontogeny of the femur and the histology of a series of long bone elements. We observed bone scar variation in a series of femora (n = 27) of different lengths (73.8–177.2 mm). We hypothesize that most femora follow a similar developmental trajectory; however, we observed sequence polymorphism in the order of appearance and shape of bone scars, and we quantified this polymorphism using ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA). Additionally, five femora, three tibiae, a fibula, and a humerus were thin-sectioned to examine osteological tissues. No lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in any specimen, and there is little histological information about the ontogenetic stage of femora, although none have slowed or ceased growth. The woven-fibered bone present in the cortex of elements sectioned is similar to that of the earliest dinosaurs. This sequence polymorphism provides an alternate hypothesis for the robust/gracile dichotomy found in early dinosaurs often interpreted as sexual dimorphism. The shared femoral features found in Asilisaurus and early dinosaurs suggest that this ontogenetic pattern is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria, and that size is a poor predictor of maturity in early dinosauriforms.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVPCitation for this article: Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224.

@article{doi1010800272463420161111224,
    author = "Griffin, Christopher T. and Nesbitt, Sterling J.",
    title = "The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "The ontogeny of early-diverging dinosauromorphs is poorly understood because few ontogenetic series from the same species-level taxon are known and what is available has not been extensively documented. The large numbers of skeletal elements of the silesaurid Asilisaurus kongwe recently recovered from Tanzania provide an opportunity to examine the ontogenetic trajectory of the earliest known member of Ornithodira and one of the closest relatives to Dinosauria. We examined the ontogeny of the femur and the histology of a series of long bone elements. We observed bone scar variation in a series of femora (n = 27) of different lengths (73.8–177.2 mm). We hypothesize that most femora follow a similar developmental trajectory; however, we observed sequence polymorphism in the order of appearance and shape of bone scars, and we quantified this polymorphism using ontogenetic sequence analysis (OSA). Additionally, five femora, three tibiae, a fibula, and a humerus were thin-sectioned to examine osteological tissues. No lines of arrested growth (LAGs) are present in any specimen, and there is little histological information about the ontogenetic stage of femora, although none have slowed or ceased growth. The woven-fibered bone present in the cortex of elements sectioned is similar to that of the earliest dinosaurs. This sequence polymorphism provides an alternate hypothesis for the robust/gracile dichotomy found in early dinosaurs often interpreted as sexual dimorphism. The shared femoral features found in Asilisaurus and early dinosaurs suggest that this ontogenetic pattern is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria, and that size is a poor predictor of maturity in early dinosauriforms.SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVPCitation for this article: Griffin, C. T., and S. J. Nesbitt. 2016. The femoral ontogeny and long bone histology of the Middle Triassic (?late Anisian) dinosauriform Asilisaurus kongwe and implications for the growth of early dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2016.1111224",
    openalex = "W2291492864",
    references = "doi101002sici109746871996082292121aidjmor130co24, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101144sp37916, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10230730135049, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi10560219780801881206, openalexw1565584485"
}

The so-called historical Polish discoveries of Triassic ‘dinosaurs’ have been repeatedly cited in papers and popular science books. Here, we re-evaluate each historical and purported Triassic dinosaur find from Poland. Additionaly, we describe several supposed ‘dinosaur’ bones collected by Polish geologists but only briefly mentioned: in regional geological journals, on collection labels, or in field notes. We attempt to assign all investigated specimens to the least inclusive taxon possible. Our revision indicates that part of this material represents non-dinosaur archosauromorph taxa. Most of the analysed specimens are fragmentary bones or isolated teeth and are indistinguishable from skeletal elements described from other well-known Triassic archosauromorph taxa. We conclude that fossils of dinosauriforms are present in the Upper Triassic of Silesia and Holy Cross Mountains. New analysis of Velocipes guerichi von Huene, 1932 holotype specimen from Kocury shows that it is the proximal part of fibula of a medium-sized theropod (or even neotheropod). Formally undescribed part of dinosauriform limb bone from the Holy Cross Mountains and V. guerichi from Silesia are the only identifiable dinosauromorph skeletal remains recognised in the Polish Triassic discovered prior to the description of Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Upper Carnian of Krasiejów.

@article{doi1010800891296320161188385,
    author = "Skawiński, Tomasz and Ziegler, Maciej and Czepiński, Łukasz and Szermański, Marcin and Tałanda, Mateusz and Surmik, Dawid and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz",
    title = "A re-evaluation of the historical ‘dinosaur’ remains from the Middle-Upper Triassic of Poland",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "The so-called historical Polish discoveries of Triassic ‘dinosaurs’ have been repeatedly cited in papers and popular science books. Here, we re-evaluate each historical and purported Triassic dinosaur find from Poland. Additionaly, we describe several supposed ‘dinosaur’ bones collected by Polish geologists but only briefly mentioned: in regional geological journals, on collection labels, or in field notes. We attempt to assign all investigated specimens to the least inclusive taxon possible. Our revision indicates that part of this material represents non-dinosaur archosauromorph taxa. Most of the analysed specimens are fragmentary bones or isolated teeth and are indistinguishable from skeletal elements described from other well-known Triassic archosauromorph taxa. We conclude that fossils of dinosauriforms are present in the Upper Triassic of Silesia and Holy Cross Mountains. New analysis of Velocipes guerichi von Huene, 1932 holotype specimen from Kocury shows that it is the proximal part of fibula of a medium-sized theropod (or even neotheropod). Formally undescribed part of dinosauriform limb bone from the Holy Cross Mountains and V. guerichi from Silesia are the only identifiable dinosauromorph skeletal remains recognised in the Polish Triassic discovered prior to the description of Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Upper Carnian of Krasiejów.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2016.1188385",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2016.1188385",
    openalex = "W2441382693",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi101016s0016699588800664, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101126science2725264986, doi101139e93179, doi1012063521, doi1023071441916, doi1023073514548, doi105281zenodo16171435, talbot1911podokesaurus"
}

The Late Triassic (Norian-early Rhaetian) Fleming Fjord Formation of central East Greenland preserves a diverse fossil fauna, including both body and trace fossils. Trackways of large quadrupedal archosaurs, although already reported in 1994 and mentioned in subsequent publications, are here described and figured in detail for the first time, based on photogrammetric data collected during fieldwork in 2012. Two trackways can be referred to Eosauropus, while a third, bipedal trackway may be referred to Evazoum, both of which have been considered to represent sauropodomorph dinosaur tracks. Both the Evazoum and the Eosauropus trackways are distinctly larger than other trackways referred to the respective ichnogenera. The trackmaker of the best preserved Eosauropus trackway is constrained using a synapomorphy-based approach. The quadrupedal posture, the entaxonic pes structure, and five weight-bearing digits indicate a derived sauropodiform trackmaker. Other features exhibited by the tracks, including the semi-digitigrade pes and the laterally deflected unguals, are commonly considered synapomorphies of more exclusive clades within Sauropoda. The present trackway documents an early acquisition of a eusauropod-like pes anatomy while retaining a well-developed claw on pedal digit IV, which is reduced in eusauropods. Although unequivocal evidence for sauropod dinosaurs is no older than the Early Jurassic, the present trackway provides evidence for a possible Triassic origin of the group.

@article{doi104202app003742017,
    author = "Lallensack, Jens N. and Klein, Hendrik and Milàn, Jesper and Wings, Oliver and Mateus, Octávio and Clemmensen, Lars B.",
    title = "Sauropodomorph dinosaur trackways from the Fleming Fjord Formation of East Greenland: evidence for Late Triassic sauropods",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "The Late Triassic (Norian-early Rhaetian) Fleming Fjord Formation of central East Greenland preserves a diverse fossil fauna, including both body and trace fossils. Trackways of large quadrupedal archosaurs, although already reported in 1994 and mentioned in subsequent publications, are here described and figured in detail for the first time, based on photogrammetric data collected during fieldwork in 2012. Two trackways can be referred to Eosauropus, while a third, bipedal trackway may be referred to Evazoum, both of which have been considered to represent sauropodomorph dinosaur tracks. Both the Evazoum and the Eosauropus trackways are distinctly larger than other trackways referred to the respective ichnogenera. The trackmaker of the best preserved Eosauropus trackway is constrained using a synapomorphy-based approach. The quadrupedal posture, the entaxonic pes structure, and five weight-bearing digits indicate a derived sauropodiform trackmaker. Other features exhibited by the tracks, including the semi-digitigrade pes and the laterally deflected unguals, are commonly considered synapomorphies of more exclusive clades within Sauropoda. The present trackway documents an early acquisition of a eusauropod-like pes anatomy while retaining a well-developed claw on pedal digit IV, which is reduced in eusauropods. Although unequivocal evidence for sauropod dinosaurs is no older than the Early Jurassic, the present trackway provides evidence for a possible Triassic origin of the group.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00374.2017",
    doi = "10.4202/app.00374.2017",
    openalex = "W2750743522",
    references = "doi1034194bullgguv1396681"
}

Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Late Triassic (late Carnian) of Poland is a key taxon for understanding the evolution of early dinosaurs. High intraspecific variation observed in the S. opolensis braincase brings caution in taxonomic and diversity studies of early dinosauromorphs. The external and internal osteology of three almost complete braincases of S. opolensis show that this taxon shares several similarities with other early dinosauriforms, which supports a close relationship among these forms. However, the paroccipital processes of S. opolensis are directed ventrally like in birds, reaching the level of the ventral margin of the basioccipital condyle. In dinosauromorphs, these processes usually have an almost horizontal orientation (presumed to be the plesiomorphic condition). Modifications observed in birds and S. opolensis have resulted in the dorsoventral expansion of M. complexus and M. depressor mandibulae, which occupy the dorsolateral part of the posterior side of the skull. In adult birds, these muscles act strongly on the initial upstroke of the head during drinking. Therefore, the inferred condition of these muscles in S. opolensis may imply that Silesauridae evolved toward bird-like feeding behaviour.

@article{doi1010800891296320171418339,
    author = "Piechowski, Rafał and Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz and Tałanda, Mateusz",
    title = "Unexpected bird-like features and high intraspecific variation in the braincase of the Triassic relative of dinosaurs",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Silesaurus opolensis Dzik, 2003 from the Late Triassic (late Carnian) of Poland is a key taxon for understanding the evolution of early dinosaurs. High intraspecific variation observed in the S. opolensis braincase brings caution in taxonomic and diversity studies of early dinosauromorphs. The external and internal osteology of three almost complete braincases of S. opolensis show that this taxon shares several similarities with other early dinosauriforms, which supports a close relationship among these forms. However, the paroccipital processes of S. opolensis are directed ventrally like in birds, reaching the level of the ventral margin of the basioccipital condyle. In dinosauromorphs, these processes usually have an almost horizontal orientation (presumed to be the plesiomorphic condition). Modifications observed in birds and S. opolensis have resulted in the dorsoventral expansion of M. complexus and M. depressor mandibulae, which occupy the dorsolateral part of the posterior side of the skull. In adult birds, these muscles act strongly on the initial upstroke of the head during drinking. Therefore, the inferred condition of these muscles in S. opolensis may imply that Silesauridae evolved toward bird-like feeding behaviour.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2017.1418339",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2017.1418339",
    openalex = "W2783320008",
    references = "doi1010800891296320161188385"
}

Abstract Evidence of Late Triassic large tetrapods from the UK is rare. Here, we describe a track-bearing surface located on the shoreline near Penarth, south Wales, United Kingdom. The total exposed surface is c. 50 m long and c. 2 m wide, and is split into northern and southern sections by a small fault. We interpret these impressions as tracks, rather than abiogenic sedimentary structures, because of the possession of marked displacement rims and their relationship to each other with regularly spaced impressions forming putative trackways. The impressions are large (up to c. 50 cm in length), but poorly preserved, and retain little information about track-maker anatomy. We discuss alternative, plausible, abiotic mechanisms that might have been responsible for the formation of these features, but reject them in favour of these impressions being tetrapod tracks. We propose that the site is an additional occurrence of the ichnotaxon Eosauropus, representing a sauropodomorph trackmaker, thereby adding a useful new datum to their sparse Late Triassic record in the UK. We also used historical photogrammetry to digitally map the extent of site erosion during 2009–2020. More than 1 m of the surface exposure has been lost over this 11-year period, and the few tracks present in both models show significant smoothing, breakage and loss of detail. These tracks are an important datapoint for Late Triassic palaeontology in the UK, even if they cannot be confidently assigned to a specific trackmaker. The documented loss of the bedding surface highlights the transient and vulnerable nature of our fossil resources, particularly in coastal settings, and the need to gather data as quickly and effectively as possible.

@article{doi101017s0016756821001308,
    author = "Falkingham, Peter and Maidment, Susannah C. R. and Lallensack, Jens N. and Martin, Jeremy E. and Suan, Guillaume and Cherns, Lesley and Howells, Cindy and Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Late Triassic dinosaur tracks from Penarth, south Wales",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Abstract Evidence of Late Triassic large tetrapods from the UK is rare. Here, we describe a track-bearing surface located on the shoreline near Penarth, south Wales, United Kingdom. The total exposed surface is c. 50 m long and c. 2 m wide, and is split into northern and southern sections by a small fault. We interpret these impressions as tracks, rather than abiogenic sedimentary structures, because of the possession of marked displacement rims and their relationship to each other with regularly spaced impressions forming putative trackways. The impressions are large (up to c. 50 cm in length), but poorly preserved, and retain little information about track-maker anatomy. We discuss alternative, plausible, abiotic mechanisms that might have been responsible for the formation of these features, but reject them in favour of these impressions being tetrapod tracks. We propose that the site is an additional occurrence of the ichnotaxon Eosauropus, representing a sauropodomorph trackmaker, thereby adding a useful new datum to their sparse Late Triassic record in the UK. We also used historical photogrammetry to digitally map the extent of site erosion during 2009–2020. More than 1 m of the surface exposure has been lost over this 11-year period, and the few tracks present in both models show significant smoothing, breakage and loss of detail. These tracks are an important datapoint for Late Triassic palaeontology in the UK, even if they cannot be confidently assigned to a specific trackmaker. The documented loss of the bedding surface highlights the transient and vulnerable nature of our fossil resources, particularly in coastal settings, and the need to gather data as quickly and effectively as possible.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756821001308",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756821001308",
    openalex = "W4200411807",
    references = "doi101016jjop201711004"
}

The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.

@article{doi101016jearscirev2022104196,
    author = "Reolid, Matías and Ruebsam, Wolfgang and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Impact of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian) on dinosaurs: Comparison with the Triassic/Jurassic transition",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "The Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event (∼183 Ma) was characterized in terrestrial environments by global warming, perturbation of the carbon cycle, enhanced weathering and wildfires. Heating and acid rain on land caused a loss of forests and affected diversity and composition of land plant assemblages and the rest of the trophic web. We suggest that the Jenkyns Event, triggered by the activity of the Karoo-Ferrar Large Igneous Province, was pivotal in remodelling terrestrial ecosystems, including plants and dinosaurs. Macroplant assemblages and palynological data show reductions in diversity and richness of conifers, cycadophytes, ginkgophytes, bennetitaleans, and ferns, and continuation of seasonally dry and warm conditions. Major changes occurred to sauropodomorph dinosaurs, with extinction of diverse basal families formerly called ‘prosauropods’ as well as some basal sauropods, and diversification of the derived Eusauropoda in the Toarcian in South America, Africa, and Asia, and wider diversification of new families, including Mamenchisauridae, Cetiosauridae and Neosauropoda (Dicraeosauridae and Macronaria) in the Middle Jurassic, showing massive increase in size and diversification of feeding modes. Ornithischian dinosaurs show patchy records; some heterodontosaurids and scelidosaurids disappeared, and major new clades (Stegosauridae, Ankylosauridae, Nodosauridae) emerged soon after the Jenkyns Event, in the Bajocian and Bathonian worldwide. Among theropod dinosaurs, Coelophysidae and Dilophosauridae died out during the Jenkyns Event and a diversification of theropods (Megalosauroidea, Allosauroidea, Tyrannosauroidea) occurred after this event with substantial increases in size. We suggest then that the Jenkyns Event terrestrial crisis was marked especially by floral changes and origins of major new sauropodomorph and theropod clades, characterized by increasing body size. Comparison with the end Triassic Mass Extinction helps to understand the incidence of climatic changes driven by activity of large igneous provinces on land ecosystems and their great impacts on early dinosaur evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104196",
    openalex = "W4297473149",
    references = "doi101016jgr202008003, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101017jpa202014, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103389feart2022899541, doi107717peerj5976"
}

A half-century of investigations in deep-lake and littoral facies have produced a wealth of fossils, illuminating the trophic structure of the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic rift ecosystems in the Hartford and Deerfield Basins (Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA). Fossil assemblages include representatives of all fundamental levels of the food chain: bacteria, algae, plants, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fishes, and tetrapods. The superabundance of large theropod dinosaur footprints in near-shore lake environments, as exemplified at Dinosaur State Park, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, and the rarity of herbivore tracks in the same facies suggest that the aquatic food web was critically important to apex dinosaurian carnivores. We clarify the stratigraphy and elucidate the monsoonal expansion and contraction of perennial lakes at Dinosaur State Park, highlighting the importance of microbial mats that blanketed trackway surfaces. At basin scale, we document the facies-dependent distribution of large carnivorous dinosaur tracks (Eubrontes) in lake-margin strata. In contrast, large herbivorous dinosaur tracks (Otozoum) primarily occur in fluvial facies, more proximal to upland environments. The rarity of herbivorous tetrapod footprints in lake-margin environments may indicate that herbivores lived in dry-land, upland habitats, spent most of their time foraging along streams and rivers, or intentionally avoided lake shores frequented by large carnivores. Large theropods were opportunistic apex predators in littoral habitats, with a diet of fishes and the smaller tetrapods that also frequented lake margins. Rather than tearing through coniferous forests displaying a fierce raptorial lifestyle, as typically portrayed, the large carnivores of the Triassic-Jurassic circum-Atlantic rift valleys likely spent most of their days at the beach, fishing.

@article{doi1033740140660202,
    author = "McDonald, Nicholas G. and LeTourneau, Peter M. and Huber, Phillip and Olsen, Paul E.",
    title = "Triassic-Jurassic Lake-Shoreline Environments of the Hartford and Deerfield Basins: Fossils, Food Chains, and Facies-Linked Distribution of Dinosaur Tracks and Trackmakers",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History",
    abstract = "A half-century of investigations in deep-lake and littoral facies have produced a wealth of fossils, illuminating the trophic structure of the latest Triassic and Early Jurassic rift ecosystems in the Hartford and Deerfield Basins (Connecticut and Massachusetts, USA). Fossil assemblages include representatives of all fundamental levels of the food chain: bacteria, algae, plants, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, fishes, and tetrapods. The superabundance of large theropod dinosaur footprints in near-shore lake environments, as exemplified at Dinosaur State Park, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, and the rarity of herbivore tracks in the same facies suggest that the aquatic food web was critically important to apex dinosaurian carnivores. We clarify the stratigraphy and elucidate the monsoonal expansion and contraction of perennial lakes at Dinosaur State Park, highlighting the importance of microbial mats that blanketed trackway surfaces. At basin scale, we document the facies-dependent distribution of large carnivorous dinosaur tracks (Eubrontes) in lake-margin strata. In contrast, large herbivorous dinosaur tracks (Otozoum) primarily occur in fluvial facies, more proximal to upland environments. The rarity of herbivorous tetrapod footprints in lake-margin environments may indicate that herbivores lived in dry-land, upland habitats, spent most of their time foraging along streams and rivers, or intentionally avoided lake shores frequented by large carnivores. Large theropods were opportunistic apex predators in littoral habitats, with a diet of fishes and the smaller tetrapods that also frequented lake margins. Rather than tearing through coniferous forests displaying a fierce raptorial lifestyle, as typically portrayed, the large carnivores of the Triassic-Jurassic circum-Atlantic rift valleys likely spent most of their days at the beach, fishing.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3374/014.066.0202",
    doi = "10.3374/014.066.0202",
    openalex = "W4415269144",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi1010160031018295001719, doi101016jpalaeo200606035, doi101016jsedgeo200512005, doi101029jd094id03p03341, doi101073pnas1813901116, doi101126science1105826, doi101126science1234204, doi101126science2344778842, doi101130gsab2415, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3001, doi1033740140660108, doi105962bhltitle36383, doi105962bhltitle54488, doi105962bhltitle62482, doi107312lock90868, farlow2022pedal, farlow2023dragons"
}