Continents

@article{crossref1941what,
    title = "What is Happening?",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "The Family",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/104438944102200809",
    doi = "10.1177/104438944102200809",
    number = "8",
    openalex = "W4236367654",
    pages = "283-284",
    volume = "22"
}

@misc{judson1968erosion1,
    author = "Judson, S",
    title = "Erosion of the land, or What's happening to our continents?",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "American Scientist, v. 56, p. 356-374",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Judson, S., 1968, Erosion of the land, or What's happening to our continents?: American Scientist, v. 56, p. 356-374.}"
}

@article{s227ec1101e2080a9f0b7087a0c82efc88cdb25391,
    author = "Judson, S.",
    title = "Erosion of the land, or What's happening to our continents?",
    year = "1976",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/27ec1101e2080a9f0b7087a0c82efc88cdb25391",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W1821208659",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "63",
    semanticscholar_id = "27ec1101e2080a9f0b7087a0c82efc88cdb25391"
}

@article{alston1977whats,
    author = "Alston, John F. and Levet, Joanna M.",
    title = "What??s Happening",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "The Nurse Practitioner",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1097/00006205-197707000-00011",
    doi = "10.1097/00006205-197707000-00011",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W4300936298",
    pages = "37",
    volume = "2"
}

@article{anderson1997what,
    author = "Anderson, Carole A.",
    title = "What is happening?",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Nursing Outlook",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-6554(97)90051-8",
    doi = "10.1016/s0029-6554(97)90051-8",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2126826344",
    pages = "5-6",
    volume = "45",
    references = "doi1010970000044619961100000034, doi101377hlthaff15488, doi10172265151, doi105860choice342784"
}

Summary When agricultural land is no longer used for cultivation and allowed to revert to natural vegetation or replanted to perennial vegetation, soil organic carbon can accumulate. This accumulation process essentially reverses some of the effects responsible for soil organic carbon losses from when the land was converted from perennial vegetation. We discuss the essential elements of what is known about soil organic matter dynamics that may result in enhanced soil carbon sequestration with changes in land‐use and soil management. We review literature that reports changes in soil organic carbon after changes in land‐use that favour carbon accumulation. This data summary provides a guide to approximate rates of SOC sequestration that are possible with management, and indicates the relative importance of some factors that influence the rates of organic carbon sequestration in soil. There is a large variation in the length of time for and the rate at which carbon may accumulate in soil, related to the productivity of the recovering vegetation, physical and biological conditions in the soil, and the past history of soil organic carbon inputs and physical disturbance. Maximum rates of C accumulation during the early aggrading stage of perennial vegetation growth, while substantial, are usually much less than 100 g C m −2 y −1. Average rates of accumulation are similar for forest or grassland establishment: 33.8 g C m −2 y −1 and 33.2 g C m −2 y −1, respectively. These observed rates of soil organic C accumulation, when combined with the small amount of land area involved, are insufficient to account for a significant fraction of the missing C in the global carbon cycle as accumulating in the soils of formerly agricultural land.

@article{doi101046j13652486200000308x,
    author = "Post, W. M. and Kwon, K.C.",
    title = "Soil carbon sequestration and land‐use change: processes and potential",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Summary When agricultural land is no longer used for cultivation and allowed to revert to natural vegetation or replanted to perennial vegetation, soil organic carbon can accumulate. This accumulation process essentially reverses some of the effects responsible for soil organic carbon losses from when the land was converted from perennial vegetation. We discuss the essential elements of what is known about soil organic matter dynamics that may result in enhanced soil carbon sequestration with changes in land‐use and soil management. We review literature that reports changes in soil organic carbon after changes in land‐use that favour carbon accumulation. This data summary provides a guide to approximate rates of SOC sequestration that are possible with management, and indicates the relative importance of some factors that influence the rates of organic carbon sequestration in soil. There is a large variation in the length of time for and the rate at which carbon may accumulate in soil, related to the productivity of the recovering vegetation, physical and biological conditions in the soil, and the past history of soil organic carbon inputs and physical disturbance. Maximum rates of C accumulation during the early aggrading stage of perennial vegetation growth, while substantial, are usually much less than 100 g C m −2 y −1. Average rates of accumulation are similar for forest or grassland establishment: 33.8 g C m −2 y −1 and 33.2 g C m −2 y −1, respectively. These observed rates of soil organic C accumulation, when combined with the small amount of land area involved, are insufficient to account for a significant fraction of the missing C in the global carbon cycle as accumulating in the soils of formerly agricultural land.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00308.x",
    openalex = "W2159758382",
    references = "doi101126science24749491431"
}

produced a 1 km resolution global land cover characteristics database for use in a wide range of continental- to global-scale environmental studies. This database provides a unique view of the broad patterns of the biogeographical and ecoclimatic diversity of the global land surface, and presents a detailed interpretation of the extent of human development. The project was carried out as an International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme, Data and Information Systems (IGBP-DIS) initiative. The IGBP DISCover global land cover product is an integral component of the global land cover database. DISCover includes 17 general land cover classes de � ned to meet the needs of IGBP core science projects. A formal accuracy assessment of the DISCover data layer will be completed in 1998. The 1 km global land cover database was developed through a continent-bycontinent unsupervised classi � cation of 1 km monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Di � erence Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites covering 1992–1993. Extensive post-classi�cation strati � cation was necessary to resolve spectral/temporal confusion between disparate land

@article{doi101080014311600210191,
    author = "Loveland, Thomas R. and Reed, Bradley C. and Brown, Jesslyn F. and Ohlen, Donald O. and Zhu, Zhiliang and Yang, Limin and Merchant, James W.",
    title = "Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "International Journal of Remote Sensing",
    abstract = "produced a 1 km resolution global land cover characteristics database for use in a wide range of continental- to global-scale environmental studies. This database provides a unique view of the broad patterns of the biogeographical and ecoclimatic diversity of the global land surface, and presents a detailed interpretation of the extent of human development. The project was carried out as an International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme, Data and Information Systems (IGBP-DIS) initiative. The IGBP DISCover global land cover product is an integral component of the global land cover database. DISCover includes 17 general land cover classes de � ned to meet the needs of IGBP core science projects. A formal accuracy assessment of the DISCover data layer will be completed in 1998. The 1 km global land cover database was developed through a continent-bycontinent unsupervised classi � cation of 1 km monthly Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Di � erence Vegetation Index (NDVI) composites covering 1992–1993. Extensive post-classi�cation strati � cation was necessary to resolve spectral/temporal confusion between disparate land",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/014311600210191",
    doi = "10.1080/014311600210191",
    openalex = "W2127559745",
    references = "doi10108001431168608948945"
}

@article{doi101016jagee200407009,
    author = "Bakker, Martha and Govers, Gérard and Kosmas, Costas and Vanacker, Veerle and Oost, Kristof Van and Rounsevell, Mark",
    title = "Soil erosion as a driver of land-use change",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Agriculture Ecosystems \& Environment",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.07.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.agee.2004.07.009",
    openalex = "W2109925538"
}

@article{doi101016jworlddev200507015,
    author = "Rigg, Jonathan",
    title = "Land, farming, livelihoods, and poverty: Rethinking the links in the Rural South",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "World Development",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.015",
    doi = "10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.015",
    openalex = "W1985817076",
    references = "doi101016s0305750x02000062, doi101016s0305750x02002176, doi101086380135, doi101086420968, doi1011111471036600036, doi101111j0012155x200400380x, doi1023072615375, doi1057710506728619782246, openalexw1560674636, openalexw1583379703"
}

Abstract A new global land cover database for the year 2000 (GLC2000) has been produced by an international partnership of 30 research groups coordinated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The database contains two levels of land cover information—detailed, regionally optimized land cover legends for each continent and a less thematically detailed global legend that harmonizes regional legends into one consistent product. The land cover maps are all based on daily data from the VEGETATION sensor on‐board SPOT 4, though mapping of some regions involved use of data from other Earth observing sensors to resolve specific issues. Detailed legend definition, image classification and map quality assurance were carried out region by region. The global product was made through aggregation of these. The database is designed to serve users from science programmes, policy makers, environmental convention secretariats, non‐governmental organizations and development‐aid projects. The regional and global data are available free of charge for all non‐commercial applications from http://www.gvm.jrc.it/glc2000. Acknowledgements The JRC with the endorsement and support of the VEGETATION programme partners coordinated the GLC2000 project. The S1 data were kindly made available under the terms of the VEGA 2000 initiative. The involvement of all GLC2000 partners is gratefully acknowledged. The number in front of their name refers to the geographic window displayed in figure 1. A full list of individuals is provided in Bartholomé et al. (Citation2002). The authors are particularly indebted to the members of the Global Vegetation Unit of the JRC who contributed the GLC2000 project: F. Achard, S. Bartalev, C. Carmona‐Moreno, V. Gond, S. Kolmert, M. Massart, P. Mayaux, M. Merlotti, H. Eva, S. Fritz, B. Glénat, J.‐M. Grégoire, A. Hartley, H.‐J. Stibig, A. Tournier and P. Vogt. 1. (1) US Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, USA: T. Loveland, Z. Zhu, C. Giri.2. (1) Canadian Center for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Canada: R. Latifovic.3. (10) Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, Beijing, China: Wu B, Xu W.4. (global) CNES, Toulouse, France: H. Jeanjean, G. Saint.5. (3) Lab. de teledeteccion aplicada, Univ. Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Peru: V. Barrena Arroyo.6. (global) VITO, Mol, Belgium: D. Van Speybroeck.7. (7) Centre AGRHYMET, Niamey, Niger: A. Nonguierma.8. (5c) METEO, Toulouse, France: J.‐L. Champeaux.9. (7, global) UNEP/GRID, Geneva, Switzerland: R. Witt, C. Ten Oever.10. (7) Centre de Suivi Ecologique, Dakar, Senegal: O. Diallo.11. (3) INTA, Castelar/Buenos Aires, Argentina: C. di Bella.12. (7) CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa: C. Pretorius.13. (global) Africover, Nairobi, Kenya: A. di Gregorio.14. (5b, 7) Environnemétrie et Géomatique Un. Cath., Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium: P. Defourny, C. Vancutsem, J.‐F. Pekel.15. (3) Ecoforca: Campinas/Sao Paulo, Brazil: A. Dorado, E. de Miranda.16. (3) CIRAD, Forêts, Cayenne/Guyanne, France: V. Gond.17. (12) Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia: U. R. Wasrin.18. (9) Indian Institute for Remote Sensing, Dehradun UP, India: P. S. Roy, S. Gupta.19. (global, 17) FAO, Roma, Italy: He C. J. Latham, M. Cherlet.20. (8a) Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherland: C. A. Mucher, E. De Badts.21. (6) Metria, Stockholm, Sweden: S. Olovsson, B. Olsson, M. Ledwith.22. (3) Corolab Humboldt, Caracas, Venezuela: O. Huber.23. (5) Instituto de Sciencias de la tierra, Barcelona, Spain: A. Lobo.24. (11) CEReS, Chiba, Japan: R. Tateishi.25. (10) University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA: X. Xiao.26. (7) Tropical Research Institute, Lisbon, Portugal M. J. De Perestrelo, J. Pereira, A. I. Cabral.27. (14) Centre for Ecology and Productivity, Moscow, Russia: D. Ershov, A. Isaev.28. (5d) Dipartimento di Pianificazione, IUAV, Venice Italy, S. Griguolo.29. (3) CREAN, Cordoba, Argentina: A. C. Ravelo.30. (11) Geographical Survey Institute, Tsukuba, Japan: H. Sato.31. (10) Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China: Zhao X.32. (7) Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium: J. Lavreau.33. (7) Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development, Nairobi, Kenya: W. K. Ottichilo.34. (7) Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, Tunis, Tunisia: C. Fezzani, W. Essahli.35. (5b) Instituto de Hidràulica, Engenharia Rural e Ambiente, Lisbon, Portugal: A. Perdigão.36. (Global, 2, 3, 4, 5d, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17) Global vegetation Monitoring Unit/JRC, Ispra, Italy: E. Bartholomé, A. S. Belward, F. Achard, S. Bartalev, C. Carmona‐Moreno, H. Eva, S. Fritz, A. Hartley, P. Mayaux, H.‐J. Stibig.

@article{doi10108001431160412331291297,
    author = "Bartholomé, Étienne and Belward, Alan",
    title = "GLC2000: a new approach to global land cover mapping from Earth observation data",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "International Journal of Remote Sensing",
    abstract = "Abstract A new global land cover database for the year 2000 (GLC2000) has been produced by an international partnership of 30 research groups coordinated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre. The database contains two levels of land cover information—detailed, regionally optimized land cover legends for each continent and a less thematically detailed global legend that harmonizes regional legends into one consistent product. The land cover maps are all based on daily data from the VEGETATION sensor on‐board SPOT 4, though mapping of some regions involved use of data from other Earth observing sensors to resolve specific issues. Detailed legend definition, image classification and map quality assurance were carried out region by region. The global product was made through aggregation of these. The database is designed to serve users from science programmes, policy makers, environmental convention secretariats, non‐governmental organizations and development‐aid projects. The regional and global data are available free of charge for all non‐commercial applications from http://www.gvm.jrc.it/glc2000. Acknowledgements The JRC with the endorsement and support of the VEGETATION programme partners coordinated the GLC2000 project. The S1 data were kindly made available under the terms of the VEGA 2000 initiative. The involvement of all GLC2000 partners is gratefully acknowledged. The number in front of their name refers to the geographic window displayed in figure 1. A full list of individuals is provided in Bartholomé et al. (Citation2002). The authors are particularly indebted to the members of the Global Vegetation Unit of the JRC who contributed the GLC2000 project: F. Achard, S. Bartalev, C. Carmona‐Moreno, V. Gond, S. Kolmert, M. Massart, P. Mayaux, M. Merlotti, H. Eva, S. Fritz, B. Glénat, J.‐M. Grégoire, A. Hartley, H.‐J. Stibig, A. Tournier and P. Vogt. 1. (1) US Geological Survey, Sioux Falls, USA: T. Loveland, Z. Zhu, C. Giri.2. (1) Canadian Center for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Canada: R. Latifovic.3. (10) Institute for Remote Sensing Applications, Beijing, China: Wu B, Xu W.4. (global) CNES, Toulouse, France: H. Jeanjean, G. Saint.5. (3) Lab. de teledeteccion aplicada, Univ. Nacional Agraria, La Molina, Peru: V. Barrena Arroyo.6. (global) VITO, Mol, Belgium: D. Van Speybroeck.7. (7) Centre AGRHYMET, Niamey, Niger: A. Nonguierma.8. (5c) METEO, Toulouse, France: J.‐L. Champeaux.9. (7, global) UNEP/GRID, Geneva, Switzerland: R. Witt, C. Ten Oever.10. (7) Centre de Suivi Ecologique, Dakar, Senegal: O. Diallo.11. (3) INTA, Castelar/Buenos Aires, Argentina: C. di Bella.12. (7) CSIR, Pretoria, South Africa: C. Pretorius.13. (global) Africover, Nairobi, Kenya: A. di Gregorio.14. (5b, 7) Environnemétrie et Géomatique Un. Cath., Louvain‐la‐Neuve, Belgium: P. Defourny, C. Vancutsem, J.‐F. Pekel.15. (3) Ecoforca: Campinas/Sao Paulo, Brazil: A. Dorado, E. de Miranda.16. (3) CIRAD, Forêts, Cayenne/Guyanne, France: V. Gond.17. (12) Institut Pertanian, Bogor, Indonesia: U. R. Wasrin.18. (9) Indian Institute for Remote Sensing, Dehradun UP, India: P. S. Roy, S. Gupta.19. (global, 17) FAO, Roma, Italy: He C. J. Latham, M. Cherlet.20. (8a) Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherland: C. A. Mucher, E. De Badts.21. (6) Metria, Stockholm, Sweden: S. Olovsson, B. Olsson, M. Ledwith.22. (3) Corolab Humboldt, Caracas, Venezuela: O. Huber.23. (5) Instituto de Sciencias de la tierra, Barcelona, Spain: A. Lobo.24. (11) CEReS, Chiba, Japan: R. Tateishi.25. (10) University of New Hampshire, Durham, USA: X. Xiao.26. (7) Tropical Research Institute, Lisbon, Portugal M. J. De Perestrelo, J. Pereira, A. I. Cabral.27. (14) Centre for Ecology and Productivity, Moscow, Russia: D. Ershov, A. Isaev.28. (5d) Dipartimento di Pianificazione, IUAV, Venice Italy, S. Griguolo.29. (3) CREAN, Cordoba, Argentina: A. C. Ravelo.30. (11) Geographical Survey Institute, Tsukuba, Japan: H. Sato.31. (10) Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China: Zhao X.32. (7) Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium: J. Lavreau.33. (7) Regional Centre for Mapping of Resources for Development, Nairobi, Kenya: W. K. Ottichilo.34. (7) Observatoire du Sahara et du Sahel, Tunis, Tunisia: C. Fezzani, W. Essahli.35. (5b) Instituto de Hidràulica, Engenharia Rural e Ambiente, Lisbon, Portugal: A. Perdigão.36. (Global, 2, 3, 4, 5d, 7, 8, 13, 15, 16, 17) Global vegetation Monitoring Unit/JRC, Ispra, Italy: E. Bartholomé, A. S. Belward, F. Achard, S. Bartalev, C. Carmona‐Moreno, H. Eva, S. Fritz, A. Hartley, P. Mayaux, H.‐J. Stibig.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331291297",
    doi = "10.1080/01431160412331291297",
    openalex = "W2077570405"
}

@incollection{crossref2006what,
    title = "What Is Happening?",
    year = "2006",
    booktitle = "Panic Signs",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.51644/9780889209497-026",
    doi = "10.51644/9780889209497-026",
    openalex = "W4391864340",
    pages = "38-40"
}

@article{legasi2007what,
    author = "Legasi, Leonardo Z.",
    title = "What Is Happening to Our Beautiful Land?",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Catholic Social Thought",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5840/jcathsoc20074223",
    doi = "10.5840/jcathsoc20074223",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2011462638",
    pages = "487-496",
    volume = "4"
}

Abstract Land degradation is always with us but its causes, extent and severity are contested. We define land degradation as a long‐term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, which may be assessed using long‐term, remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Deviation from the norm may serve as a proxy assessment of land degradation and improvement – if other factors that may be responsible are taken into account. These other factors include rainfall effects which may be assessed by rain‐use efficiency, calculated from NDVI and rainfall. Results from the analysis of the 23‐year Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data indicate declining rain‐use efficiency‐adjusted NDVI on ca. 24% of the global land area with degrading areas mainly in Africa south of the equator, South‐East Asia and south China, north‐central Australia, the Pampas and swaths of the Siberian and north American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas. The results are very different from previous assessments which compounded what is happening now with historical land degradation. Economic appraisal can be undertaken when land degradation is expressed in terms of net primary productivity and the resultant data allow statistical comparison with other variables to reveal possible drivers.

@article{doi101111j14752743200800169x,
    author = "Bai, Zhanguo and Dent, David and Olsson, Lennart and Schaepman, Michael E.",
    title = "Proxy global assessment of land degradation",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Soil Use and Management",
    abstract = "Abstract Land degradation is always with us but its causes, extent and severity are contested. We define land degradation as a long‐term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, which may be assessed using long‐term, remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Deviation from the norm may serve as a proxy assessment of land degradation and improvement – if other factors that may be responsible are taken into account. These other factors include rainfall effects which may be assessed by rain‐use efficiency, calculated from NDVI and rainfall. Results from the analysis of the 23‐year Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data indicate declining rain‐use efficiency‐adjusted NDVI on ca. 24\% of the global land area with degrading areas mainly in Africa south of the equator, South‐East Asia and south China, north‐central Australia, the Pampas and swaths of the Siberian and north American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas. The results are very different from previous assessments which compounded what is happening now with historical land degradation. Economic appraisal can be undertaken when land degradation is expressed in terms of net primary productivity and the resultant data allow statistical comparison with other variables to reveal possible drivers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2008.00169.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1475-2743.2008.00169.x",
    openalex = "W2162414982"
}

Since humans worldwide obtain more than 99.7% of their food (calories) from the land and less than 0.3% from the oceans and aquatic ecosystems, preserving cropland and maintaining soil fertility should be of the highest importance to human welfare. Soil erosion is one of the most serious threats facing world food production. Each year about 10 million ha of cropland are lost due to soil erosion, thus reducing the cropland available for world food production. The loss of cropland is a serious problem because the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization report that two-thirds of the world population is malnourished. Overall, soil is being lost from agricultural areas 10 to 40 times faster than the rate of soil formation imperiling humanity’s food security.

@article{doi103390agriculture3030443,
    author = "Pimentel, David and Burgess, Michael",
    title = "Soil Erosion Threatens Food Production",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Agriculture",
    abstract = "Since humans worldwide obtain more than 99.7\% of their food (calories) from the land and less than 0.3\% from the oceans and aquatic ecosystems, preserving cropland and maintaining soil fertility should be of the highest importance to human welfare. Soil erosion is one of the most serious threats facing world food production. Each year about 10 million ha of cropland are lost due to soil erosion, thus reducing the cropland available for world food production. The loss of cropland is a serious problem because the World Health Organization and the Food and Agricultural Organization report that two-thirds of the world population is malnourished. Overall, soil is being lost from agricultural areas 10 to 40 times faster than the rate of soil formation imperiling humanity’s food security.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture3030443",
    doi = "10.3390/agriculture3030443",
    openalex = "W2057258601"
}

Global Land Cover (GLC) information is fundamental for environmental change studies, land resource management, sustainable development, and many other societal benefits. Although GLC data exists at spatial resolutions of 300 m and 1000 m, a 30 m resolution mapping approach is now a feasible option for the next generation of GLC products. Since most significant human impacts on the land system can be captured at this scale, a number of researchers are focusing on such products. This paper reports the operational approach used in such a project, which aims to deliver reliable data products. Over 10,000 Landsat-like satellite images are required to cover the entire Earth at 30 m resolution. To derive a GLC map from such a large volume of data necessitates the development of effective, efficient, economic and operational approaches. Automated approaches usually provide higher efficiency and thus more economic solutions, yet existing automated classification has been deemed ineffective because of the low classification accuracy achievable (typically below 65%) at global scale at 30 m resolution. As a result, an approach based on the integration of pixel- and object-based methods with knowledge (POK-based) has been developed. To handle the classification process of 10 land cover types, a split-and-merge strategy was employed, i.e. firstly each class identified in a prioritized sequence and then results are merged together. For the identification of each class, a robust integration of pixel-and object-based classification was developed. To improve the quality of the classification results, a knowledge-based interactive verification procedure was developed with the support of web service technology. The performance of the POK-based approach was tested using eight selected areas with differing landscapes from five different continents. An overall classification accuracy of over 80% was achieved. This indicates that the developed POK-based approach is effective and feasible for operational GLC mapping at 30 m resolution.

@article{doi101016jisprsjprs201409002,
    author = "Chen, Jun and Chen, Jun and Chen, Jin and Chen, Jin and Liao, Anping and Cao, Xin and Chen, Lijun and Chen, Xuehong and He, Chaoying and Han, Gang and Shu, Peng and Lu, Miao and Zhang, Weiwei and Tong, Xiaohua and Mills, J. P.",
    title = "Global land cover mapping at 30 m resolution: A POK-based operational approach",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing",
    abstract = "Global Land Cover (GLC) information is fundamental for environmental change studies, land resource management, sustainable development, and many other societal benefits. Although GLC data exists at spatial resolutions of 300 m and 1000 m, a 30 m resolution mapping approach is now a feasible option for the next generation of GLC products. Since most significant human impacts on the land system can be captured at this scale, a number of researchers are focusing on such products. This paper reports the operational approach used in such a project, which aims to deliver reliable data products. Over 10,000 Landsat-like satellite images are required to cover the entire Earth at 30 m resolution. To derive a GLC map from such a large volume of data necessitates the development of effective, efficient, economic and operational approaches. Automated approaches usually provide higher efficiency and thus more economic solutions, yet existing automated classification has been deemed ineffective because of the low classification accuracy achievable (typically below 65\%) at global scale at 30 m resolution. As a result, an approach based on the integration of pixel- and object-based methods with knowledge (POK-based) has been developed. To handle the classification process of 10 land cover types, a split-and-merge strategy was employed, i.e. firstly each class identified in a prioritized sequence and then results are merged together. For the identification of each class, a robust integration of pixel-and object-based classification was developed. To improve the quality of the classification results, a knowledge-based interactive verification procedure was developed with the support of web service technology. The performance of the POK-based approach was tested using eight selected areas with differing landscapes from five different continents. An overall classification accuracy of over 80\% was achieved. This indicates that the developed POK-based approach is effective and feasible for operational GLC mapping at 30 m resolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.002",
    openalex = "W2006929658"
}

Soils are subject to varying degrees of direct or indirect human disturbance, constituting a major global change driver. Factoring out natural from direct and indirect human influence is not always straightforward, but some human activities have clear impacts. These include land-use change, land management and land degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing and salinization). The intensity of land use also exerts a great impact on soils, and soils are also subject to indirect impacts arising from human activity, such as acid deposition (sulphur and nitrogen) and heavy metal pollution. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding of these global change pressures on soils, identify knowledge gaps and research challenges and highlight actions and policies to minimize adverse environmental impacts arising from these global change drivers. Soils are central to considerations of what constitutes sustainable intensification. Therefore, ensuring that vulnerable and high environmental value soils are considered when protecting important habitats and ecosystems, will help to reduce the pressure on land from global change drivers. To ensure that soils are protected as part of wider environmental efforts, a global soil resilience programme should be considered, to monitor, recover or sustain soil fertility and function, and to enhance the ecosystem services provided by soils. Soils cannot, and should not, be considered in isolation of the ecosystems that they underpin and vice versa. The role of soils in supporting ecosystems and natural capital needs greater recognition. The lasting legacy of the International Year of Soils in 2015 should be to put soils at the centre of policy supporting environmental protection and sustainable development.

@article{doi101111gcb13068,
    author = "Smith, Pete and House, Joanna I. and Bustamante, Mercedes and Sobocká, Jaroslava and Harper, R.J. and Pan, Genxing and West, Paul and Clark, Joanna M. and Adhya, Tapan Kumar and Rumpel, Cornélia and Paustian, Keith and Kuikman, P.J. and Cotrufo, M. Francesca and Elliott, Jane A. and McDowell, R. W. and Griffiths, Robert I. and Asakawa, Susumu and Bondeau, Alberte and Jain, Atul K. and Meersmans, Jeroen and Pugh, Thomas A. M.",
    title = "Global change pressures on soils from land use and management",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Soils are subject to varying degrees of direct or indirect human disturbance, constituting a major global change driver. Factoring out natural from direct and indirect human influence is not always straightforward, but some human activities have clear impacts. These include land-use change, land management and land degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing and salinization). The intensity of land use also exerts a great impact on soils, and soils are also subject to indirect impacts arising from human activity, such as acid deposition (sulphur and nitrogen) and heavy metal pollution. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding of these global change pressures on soils, identify knowledge gaps and research challenges and highlight actions and policies to minimize adverse environmental impacts arising from these global change drivers. Soils are central to considerations of what constitutes sustainable intensification. Therefore, ensuring that vulnerable and high environmental value soils are considered when protecting important habitats and ecosystems, will help to reduce the pressure on land from global change drivers. To ensure that soils are protected as part of wider environmental efforts, a global soil resilience programme should be considered, to monitor, recover or sustain soil fertility and function, and to enhance the ecosystem services provided by soils. Soils cannot, and should not, be considered in isolation of the ecosystems that they underpin and vice versa. The role of soils in supporting ecosystems and natural capital needs greater recognition. The lasting legacy of the International Year of Soils in 2015 should be to put soils at the centre of policy supporting environmental protection and sustainable development.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13068",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.13068",
    openalex = "W2124723853",
    references = "doi101007s1053300403700, doi101038nature01014, doi101038nature10452, doi101046j13541013200200486x, doi101046j13652486200300569x, doi101073pnas1116437108, doi101126science1136674, doi101126science1244693, doi1018901051076119980080559nposww20co2, openalexw2939474406"
}

Land use/land cover changes in a lake drainage basin reflect changes in the magnitude of the water balance components and rate of sediment deposition in a lake as a reflection of the fundamental linkage between what happens in a lake considered against what is happening in the drainage basin of the lake. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatio‐temporal land cover/land use changes across the Lake Hayq closed drainage basin in north‐east Ethiopia over a 50‐years period, using multitemporal remote sensing and geospatial data. Two historical occasions of aerial photographs (1957 and 1986) and one satellite image (2007) were examined with image analysis tools: Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS 9.2) Project Manager, ArcGIS10.0, and ERDAS EMAGINE 9.2. Seven aerial coverage of land use/land cover categories were identified and mapped for the past three historical times. The results indicated that farmlands/settlements and shrublands/degraded lands increased by 43.1% and 136.9%, at an annual rate of 27.4 and 13.5 ha year −1, respectively, between 1957 and 2007. In contrast, bushlands, grasslands, forestlands and lake surface area were diminished by 68.8%, 62.7%, 90.5% and 7.6%, at a rate of 24.0, 7.6, 6.1 and 3.7 ha year −1, respectively, over the past five decades. The basin had undergone significant transformation in land use/land cover over the past half century, affecting the lake's biophysical stability by accelerating soil erosion in the basin, sediment accumulation, and a reduced quantity and quality of cumulative stream flow into the lake.

@article{doi101111lre12082,
    author = "Yesuf, Hassen M. and Assen, M. and Melesse, A. and Alamirew, T.",
    title = "Detecting land use/land cover changes in the Lake Hayq (Ethiopia) drainage basin, 1957–2007",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management",
    abstract = "Land use/land cover changes in a lake drainage basin reflect changes in the magnitude of the water balance components and rate of sediment deposition in a lake as a reflection of the fundamental linkage between what happens in a lake considered against what is happening in the drainage basin of the lake. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatio‐temporal land cover/land use changes across the Lake Hayq closed drainage basin in north‐east Ethiopia over a 50‐years period, using multitemporal remote sensing and geospatial data. Two historical occasions of aerial photographs (1957 and 1986) and one satellite image (2007) were examined with image analysis tools: Leica Photogrammetric Suite (LPS 9.2) Project Manager, ArcGIS10.0, and ERDAS EMAGINE 9.2. Seven aerial coverage of land use/land cover categories were identified and mapped for the past three historical times. The results indicated that farmlands/settlements and shrublands/degraded lands increased by 43.1\% and 136.9\%, at an annual rate of 27.4 and 13.5 ha year −1, respectively, between 1957 and 2007. In contrast, bushlands, grasslands, forestlands and lake surface area were diminished by 68.8\%, 62.7\%, 90.5\% and 7.6\%, at a rate of 24.0, 7.6, 6.1 and 3.7 ha year −1, respectively, over the past five decades. The basin had undergone significant transformation in land use/land cover over the past half century, affecting the lake's biophysical stability by accelerating soil erosion in the basin, sediment accumulation, and a reduced quantity and quality of cumulative stream flow into the lake.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4843cb50bb9ee9d3ce8ef8c8336717f17cce7712",
    doi = "10.1111/LRE.12082",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "1-18",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "41",
    semanticscholar_id = "4843cb50bb9ee9d3ce8ef8c8336717f17cce7712",
    volume = "20"
}

This paper reviews Ethiopia’s experience and research progress in past soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts and suggests possible solutions for improvement. Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. At least six national SWC-related programs have been initiated since the 1970s and their focus over time has shifted from food relief to land conservation and then to livelihoods. The overall current soil erosion rates are highly variable and large by international standards, and sheet, rill, and gully erosion are the dominant processes. The influence of human activities on the landscape has traditionally been deleterious, but this trend seems to have recently reversed in some parts of the country following the engagement of the communities in land management. The efficiency of SWC measures show mixed results that are influenced by the type of measures and the agro-ecology under which they were implemented; in general, the relative performance of the interventions is better in the drylands as compared with humid areas. Methodological limitations also occur when addressing the economic aspects related to benefits of ecosystem services and other externalities. Although farmers have shown an increased understanding of the soil erosion problem, SWC efforts face a host of barriers related to limited access to capital, limited benefits, land tenure insecurity, limited technology choices and technical support, and poor community participation. In general SWC research in Ethiopia is fragmented and not comprehensive, mainly because of a lack of participatory research, field observations, and adoptable methods to evaluate impacts. A potentially feasible approach to expand and sustain SWC programs is to attract benefits from global carbon markets. Moreover, a dedicated institution responsible for overseeing the research–extension linkage of SWC interventions of the country should be established.

@article{doi1011770309133315598725,
    author = "Haregeweyn, Nigussie and Tsunekawa, Atsushi and Nyssen, Jan and Poesen, Jean and Tsubo, Mitsuru and Meshesha, Derege Tsegaye and Schütt, Brigitta and Adgo, Enyew and Tegegne, Firew",
    title = "Soil erosion and conservation in Ethiopia",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment",
    abstract = "This paper reviews Ethiopia’s experience and research progress in past soil and water conservation (SWC) efforts and suggests possible solutions for improvement. Although indigenous SWC techniques date back to 400 BC, institutionalized SWC activity in Ethiopia became significant only after the 1970s. At least six national SWC-related programs have been initiated since the 1970s and their focus over time has shifted from food relief to land conservation and then to livelihoods. The overall current soil erosion rates are highly variable and large by international standards, and sheet, rill, and gully erosion are the dominant processes. The influence of human activities on the landscape has traditionally been deleterious, but this trend seems to have recently reversed in some parts of the country following the engagement of the communities in land management. The efficiency of SWC measures show mixed results that are influenced by the type of measures and the agro-ecology under which they were implemented; in general, the relative performance of the interventions is better in the drylands as compared with humid areas. Methodological limitations also occur when addressing the economic aspects related to benefits of ecosystem services and other externalities. Although farmers have shown an increased understanding of the soil erosion problem, SWC efforts face a host of barriers related to limited access to capital, limited benefits, land tenure insecurity, limited technology choices and technical support, and poor community participation. In general SWC research in Ethiopia is fragmented and not comprehensive, mainly because of a lack of participatory research, field observations, and adoptable methods to evaluate impacts. A potentially feasible approach to expand and sustain SWC programs is to attract benefits from global carbon markets. Moreover, a dedicated institution responsible for overseeing the research–extension linkage of SWC interventions of the country should be established.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315598725",
    doi = "10.1177/0309133315598725",
    openalex = "W1444262212"
}

@article{doi101016jgeoderma201506022,
    author = "Tesfaye, M. and Bravo, F. and Ruiz‐Peinado, R. and Pando, V. and Bravo‐Oviedo, A.",
    title = "Impact of changes in land use, species and elevation on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in Ethiopian Central Highlands",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geoderma",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/90b1e52e81550c402038a6406ca5716944b15eee",
    doi = "10.1016/J.GEODERMA.2015.06.022",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "70-79",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "135",
    semanticscholar_id = "90b1e52e81550c402038a6406ca5716944b15eee",
    volume = "261"
}

@article{doi1010800262666720151052452,
    author = "Jägerskog, A. and Kim, Kyungmee",
    title = "Land acquisition: a means to mitigate water scarcity and reduce conflict?",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Hydrological Sciences Journal",
    url = "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/02626667.2015.1052452?needAccess=true",
    doi = "10.1080/02626667.2015.1052452",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "1-8",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "6",
    semanticscholar_id = "ce2f84a41d7e3d1582205826b363369e27f1a4e1"
}

Human activity and related land use change are the primary cause of accelerated soil erosion, which has substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling, land productivity and in turn, worldwide socio-economic conditions. Here we present an unprecedentedly high resolution (250 × 250 m) global potential soil erosion model, using a combination of remote sensing, GIS modelling and census data. We challenge the previous annual soil erosion reference values as our estimate, of 35.9 Pg yr -1 of soil eroded in 2012, is at least two times lower. Moreover, we estimate the spatial and temporal effects of land use change between 2001 and 2012 and the potential offset of the global application of conservation practices. Our findings indicate a potential overall increase in global soil erosion driven by cropland expansion. The greatest increases are predicted to occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The least developed economies have been found to experience the highest estimates of soil erosion rates.

@article{doi101038s41467017021427,
    author = "Borrelli, Pasquale and Robinson, David A. and Fleischer, Larissa R. and Lugato, Emanuele and Ballabio, Cristiano and Alewell, Christine and Meusburger, Katrin and Modugno, Sirio and Schütt, Brigitta and Ferro, Vito and Bagarello, Vincenzo and Oost, Kristof Van and Montanarella, Luca and Panagos, Panos",
    title = "An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Human activity and related land use change are the primary cause of accelerated soil erosion, which has substantial implications for nutrient and carbon cycling, land productivity and in turn, worldwide socio-economic conditions. Here we present an unprecedentedly high resolution (250 × 250 m) global potential soil erosion model, using a combination of remote sensing, GIS modelling and census data. We challenge the previous annual soil erosion reference values as our estimate, of 35.9 Pg yr -1 of soil eroded in 2012, is at least two times lower. Moreover, we estimate the spatial and temporal effects of land use change between 2001 and 2012 and the potential offset of the global application of conservation practices. Our findings indicate a potential overall increase in global soil erosion driven by cropland expansion. The greatest increases are predicted to occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The least developed economies have been found to experience the highest estimates of soil erosion rates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7",
    openalex = "W2772366318",
    references = "doi101038nature10452, doi101038nature11420, doi101126science1097396, doi101126science1244693, doi101126science26752011117, doi105194soil21112016"
}

Älvar och vattendrag i Västra Sverige utsätts för konstant erosion när ytvattnet från sjöar och mark tappas ut i havet. Den geologiska sammansättningen i älvarna under högsta kustlinjen består av glaciala och postglaciala finkorniga sediment som är avsatta i marin miljö. De känsliga lerlagrens struktur har efter urlakning blivit mer instabila och vid störning kan utlösa skred. Effekten av klimatförändringarna medför sannolikt ökade havsnivåer, vattennivåer i sjöar och vattendrag. Som ett stöd för att kunna förutse vilka risker som finns av skred och översvämningar vid en ökad nederbörd görs simuleringar med hjälp av olika modellverktyg. För att skapa tillförlitliga simuleringar behöver en stor mängd data samlas in. En del av dessa data är att ta fram värden på parametrar som ingår i beräkningarna. Det gäller exempelvis för det som kallas eroderbarhetskoefficienten och Mannings råhetstal vid beräkning av kritiska skjuvspänningar i slänter och på älvbotten. Skandinavien och Sveriges västkust har snarlik geologisk stratigrafi som andra kontinenter i världen, till exempel Kanada, Norge, Finland och Ryssland. Den här litteraturstudien sammanfattar ett flertal olika modeller och metoder för att analysera sambandet mellan jordmekaniska egenskaper och hydrodynamiska processer.

@article{s243112ece65466054db261e8b84b7bfc25c7e3078,
    author = "Ekborg, Charlotte",
    title = "En studie på samband mellan jordmekaniska egenskaper och hydrodynamiska processer när erosion påverkar släntstabiliteten vid ökad nederbörd",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)",
    abstract = "Älvar och vattendrag i Västra Sverige utsätts för konstant erosion när ytvattnet från sjöar och mark tappas ut i havet. Den geologiska sammansättningen i älvarna under högsta kustlinjen består av glaciala och postglaciala finkorniga sediment som är avsatta i marin miljö. De känsliga lerlagrens struktur har efter urlakning blivit mer instabila och vid störning kan utlösa skred. Effekten av klimatförändringarna medför sannolikt ökade havsnivåer, vattennivåer i sjöar och vattendrag. Som ett stöd för att kunna förutse vilka risker som finns av skred och översvämningar vid en ökad nederbörd görs simuleringar med hjälp av olika modellverktyg. För att skapa tillförlitliga simuleringar behöver en stor mängd data samlas in. En del av dessa data är att ta fram värden på parametrar som ingår i beräkningarna. Det gäller exempelvis för det som kallas eroderbarhetskoefficienten och Mannings råhetstal vid beräkning av kritiska skjuvspänningar i slänter och på älvbotten. Skandinavien och Sveriges västkust har snarlik geologisk stratigrafi som andra kontinenter i världen, till exempel Kanada, Norge, Finland och Ryssland. Den här litteraturstudien sammanfattar ett flertal olika modeller och metoder för att analysera sambandet mellan jordmekaniska egenskaper och hydrodynamiska processer.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/43112ece65466054db261e8b84b7bfc25c7e3078",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W2733611420",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "7",
    semanticscholar_id = "43112ece65466054db261e8b84b7bfc25c7e3078"
}

@incollection{bessant2018what,
    author = "Bessant, Judith",
    title = "What is happening?",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "The Great Transformation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643533-3",
    doi = "10.4324/9781315643533-3",
    openalex = "W2904195616",
    pages = "36-57"
}

@article{doi101016jjag201805008,
    author = "Wynants, Maarten and Solomon, Henok and Ndakidemi, Patrick A. and Blake, William",
    title = "Pinpointing areas of increased soil erosion risk following land cover change in the Lake Manyara catchment, Tanzania",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jag.2018.05.008",
    openalex = "W2807613903",
    references = "doi101007s1066800512628, doi101016jrse201401011, doi1010292005rg000183, doi101038sdata2017122, doi101073pnas0611508104, doi101073pnas0910275107, doi10108000224561199612457102, doi101126science1111772, doi105167uzh139381, openalexw1596061762"
}

Implementation of socially acceptable and environmentally desirable solutions to soil erosion challenges is often limited by (1) fundamental gaps between the evidence bases of different disciplines and (2) an implementation gap between science-based recommendations, policy makers and practitioners. We present an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to support co-design of land management policy tailored to the needs of specific communities and places in degraded pastoral land in the East African Rift System. In a northern Tanzanian case study site, hydrological and sedimentary evidence shows that, over the past two decades, severe drought and increased livestock have reduced grass cover, leading to surface crusting, loss of soil aggregate stability, and lower infiltration capacity. Infiltration excess overland flow has driven (a) sheet wash erosion, (b) incision along convergence pathways and livestock tracks, and (c) gully development, leading to increased hydrological connectivity. Stakeholder interviews in associated sedenterising Maasai communities identified significant barriers to adoption of soil conservation measures, despite local awareness of problems. Barriers were rooted in specific pathways of vulnerability, such as a strong cattle-based cultural identity, weak governance structures, and a lack of resources and motivation for community action to protect shared land. At the same time, opportunities for overcoming such barriers exist, through openness to change and appetite for education and participatory decision-making. Guided by specialist knowledge from natural and social sciences, we used a participatory approach that enabled practitioners to start co-designing potential solutions, increasing their sense of efficacy and willingness to change practice. This approach, tested in East Africa, provides a valuable conceptual model around which other soil erosion challenges in the Global South might be addressed.

@article{doi10108817489326aaea8b,
    author = "Blake, William and Rabinovich, Anna and Wynants, Maarten and Kelly, Claire and Nasseri, Mona and Ngondya, Issakwisa B. and Patrick, Aloyce and Mtei, Kelvin and Munishi, Linus K. and Boeckx, Pascal and Navas, Ana and Smith, Hugh G. and Gilvear, David and Wilson, Geoff A. and Roberts, Neil and Ndakidemi, Patrick A.",
    title = "Soil erosion in East Africa: an interdisciplinary approach to realising pastoral land management change",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Environmental Research Letters",
    abstract = "Implementation of socially acceptable and environmentally desirable solutions to soil erosion challenges is often limited by (1) fundamental gaps between the evidence bases of different disciplines and (2) an implementation gap between science-based recommendations, policy makers and practitioners. We present an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to support co-design of land management policy tailored to the needs of specific communities and places in degraded pastoral land in the East African Rift System. In a northern Tanzanian case study site, hydrological and sedimentary evidence shows that, over the past two decades, severe drought and increased livestock have reduced grass cover, leading to surface crusting, loss of soil aggregate stability, and lower infiltration capacity. Infiltration excess overland flow has driven (a) sheet wash erosion, (b) incision along convergence pathways and livestock tracks, and (c) gully development, leading to increased hydrological connectivity. Stakeholder interviews in associated sedenterising Maasai communities identified significant barriers to adoption of soil conservation measures, despite local awareness of problems. Barriers were rooted in specific pathways of vulnerability, such as a strong cattle-based cultural identity, weak governance structures, and a lack of resources and motivation for community action to protect shared land. At the same time, opportunities for overcoming such barriers exist, through openness to change and appetite for education and participatory decision-making. Guided by specialist knowledge from natural and social sciences, we used a participatory approach that enabled practitioners to start co-designing potential solutions, increasing their sense of efficacy and willingness to change practice. This approach, tested in East Africa, provides a valuable conceptual model around which other soil erosion challenges in the Global South might be addressed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea8b",
    doi = "10.1088/1748-9326/aaea8b",
    openalex = "W2898090419",
    references = "doi101016001632879390022l, doi101016jgloenvcha200604002, doi101016jjag201805008, doi101016s0065260108603305, doi101038s41467017021427, doi10108015710880701875068, doi1011772053019614564785, doi101191030913200701540465, doi1011911478088706qp063oa, doi1023071511637, doi1023073146384"
}

Forests play a vital role in the natural global carbon cycle by capturing carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and converting it into forest biomass. Forests sequester and stores more carbon than any terrestrial ecosystem and act as sources as well as sinks of CO2. However, the increasing rate of deforestation and the impact of changes in land use require a critical and updated look at what is happening in the tropics. This work emphasized the temporal variation of bulk density, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stock and concentration in four land-use categories: natural forest, tree plantations, crop-land and degraded soil along elevation gradient and soil depth. The study was conducted in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, where deforestation and human pressure on native forests are exacerbated and erosion has caused extensive soil loss. We hypothesized that, there is temporal variation of C and N concentrations and stocks in native forest along elevation gradient, land use type, species and soil depth. Carbon and N concentrations and stock and bulk densities in mineral soil were analysed as repeated measures in an irregular vertical space ranging from 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, 30–50 cm and 50–100 cm, using a linear mixed model approach in two-time scale period 2012 - 2017. Double observations in 2012 and 2017, were made from the forest floor were analysed by a general linear mixed model. There is significant variation in organic carbon and nitrogen stock along elevation gradient for forest floor. Results also indicated that soil depth is more important factor than elevation gradient in native forests, though C and N concentrations and stocks diminished near human settlements. Native forest stored on average more nitrogen than bare soil, cropland and plantations, respectively. Conversion of crop and degraded land into plantations ameliorated soil degradation conditions, but species selection did not affect carbon and nitrogen stocks. Thus, appropriate forest management options should be applied in order to increase productivity and carbon sink of Chilimo dryafromontane forest and adjacent land use. Temporal monitoring and reporting of carbon stock and concentration is also important to understand the role of Chilimo dryafromonate forest in climate change mitigation and adaptation agendas.

@article{doi1024294nrcrv1i2713,
    author = "Tesfaye, M. and Oviedo, A. and Bravo, F.",
    title = "Temporal variation of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen stock and concentration along land use, species and elevation gradient of chilimo dry afromonate forest and adjacent land uses, ethiopia",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Natural Resources Conservation and Research",
    abstract = "Forests play a vital role in the natural global carbon cycle by capturing carbon from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and converting it into forest biomass. Forests sequester and stores more carbon than any terrestrial ecosystem and act as sources as well as sinks of CO2. However, the increasing rate of deforestation and the impact of changes in land use require a critical and updated look at what is happening in the tropics. This work emphasized the temporal variation of bulk density, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stock and concentration in four land-use categories: natural forest, tree plantations, crop-land and degraded soil along elevation gradient and soil depth. The study was conducted in the Central Highlands of Ethiopia, where deforestation and human pressure on native forests are exacerbated and erosion has caused extensive soil loss. We hypothesized that, there is temporal variation of C and N concentrations and stocks in native forest along elevation gradient, land use type, species and soil depth. Carbon and N concentrations and stock and bulk densities in mineral soil were analysed as repeated measures in an irregular vertical space ranging from 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, 30–50 cm and 50–100 cm, using a linear mixed model approach in two-time scale period 2012 - 2017. Double observations in 2012 and 2017, were made from the forest floor were analysed by a general linear mixed model. There is significant variation in organic carbon and nitrogen stock along elevation gradient for forest floor. Results also indicated that soil depth is more important factor than elevation gradient in native forests, though C and N concentrations and stocks diminished near human settlements. Native forest stored on average more nitrogen than bare soil, cropland and plantations, respectively. Conversion of crop and degraded land into plantations ameliorated soil degradation conditions, but species selection did not affect carbon and nitrogen stocks. Thus, appropriate forest management options should be applied in order to increase productivity and carbon sink of Chilimo dryafromontane forest and adjacent land use. Temporal monitoring and reporting of carbon stock and concentration is also important to understand the role of Chilimo dryafromonate forest in climate change mitigation and adaptation agendas.",
    url = "https://systems.enpress-publisher.com/index.php/NRCR/article/download/713/486",
    doi = "10.24294/NRCR.V1I2.713",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "6",
    semanticscholar_id = "5a9a9ea85dbb2c54ef8ec9d84f3565d882304497",
    volume = "1"
}

Increased soil erosion is one of the main drivers of land degradation in East Africa’s agricultural and pastoral landscapes. This wicked problem is rooted in historic disruptions to co-adapted agro-pastoral systems. Introduction of agricultural growth policies by centralised governance resulted in temporal and spatial scale mismatches with the complex and dynamic East African environment, which subsequently contributed to soil exhaustion, declining fertility and increased soil erosion. Coercive policies of land use, privatisation, sedentarisation, exclusion and marginalisation led to a gradual erosion of the indigenous social and economic structures. Combined with the inability of the new nation-states to provide many of the services necessary for (re)developing the social and economic domains, many communities are lacking key components enabling sustainable adaptation to changing internal and external shocks and pressures. Exemplary is the absence of growth in agricultural productivity and livelihood options outside of agriculture, which prohibits the absorption of an increasing population and pushes communities towards overexploitation of natural resources. This further increases social and economic pressures on ecosystems, locking agro-pastoral systems in a downward spiral of degradation. For the development and implementation of sustainable land management plans to be sustainable, authorities need to take the complex drivers of increased soil erosion into consideration. Examples from sustainable intensification responses to the demands of population increase, demonstrate that the integrity of locally adapted systems needs to be protected, but not isolated, from external pressures. Communities have to increase productivity and diversify their economy by building upon, not abandoning, existing linkages between the social, economic and natural domains. Locally adapted management practices need to be integrated in regional, national and supra-national institutions. A nested political and economic framework, wherein local communities are able to access agricultural technologies and state services, is a key prerequisite towards regional development of sustainable agro-pastoral systems that safeguard soil health, food and livelihood security.

@article{doi101007s10113019015209,
    author = "Wynants, Maarten and Kelly, Claire and Mtei, Kelvin and Munishi, Linus K. and Patrick, Aloyce and Rabinovich, Anna and Nasseri, Mona and Gilvear, David and Roberts, Neil and Boeckx, Pascal and Wilson, Geoff A. and Blake, William and Ndakidemi, Patrick A.",
    title = "Drivers of increased soil erosion in East Africa’s agro-pastoral systems: changing interactions between the social, economic and natural domains",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Regional Environmental Change",
    abstract = "Increased soil erosion is one of the main drivers of land degradation in East Africa’s agricultural and pastoral landscapes. This wicked problem is rooted in historic disruptions to co-adapted agro-pastoral systems. Introduction of agricultural growth policies by centralised governance resulted in temporal and spatial scale mismatches with the complex and dynamic East African environment, which subsequently contributed to soil exhaustion, declining fertility and increased soil erosion. Coercive policies of land use, privatisation, sedentarisation, exclusion and marginalisation led to a gradual erosion of the indigenous social and economic structures. Combined with the inability of the new nation-states to provide many of the services necessary for (re)developing the social and economic domains, many communities are lacking key components enabling sustainable adaptation to changing internal and external shocks and pressures. Exemplary is the absence of growth in agricultural productivity and livelihood options outside of agriculture, which prohibits the absorption of an increasing population and pushes communities towards overexploitation of natural resources. This further increases social and economic pressures on ecosystems, locking agro-pastoral systems in a downward spiral of degradation. For the development and implementation of sustainable land management plans to be sustainable, authorities need to take the complex drivers of increased soil erosion into consideration. Examples from sustainable intensification responses to the demands of population increase, demonstrate that the integrity of locally adapted systems needs to be protected, but not isolated, from external pressures. Communities have to increase productivity and diversify their economy by building upon, not abandoning, existing linkages between the social, economic and natural domains. Locally adapted management practices need to be integrated in regional, national and supra-national institutions. A nested political and economic framework, wherein local communities are able to access agricultural technologies and state services, is a key prerequisite towards regional development of sustainable agro-pastoral systems that safeguard soil health, food and livelihood security.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-019-01520-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s10113-019-01520-9",
    openalex = "W2954553186",
    references = "doi101016jjag201805008, doi101016s0959378001000073, doi101038387253a0, doi101038495305a, doi10108817489326aaea8b, doi101126science1144004, doi101126science1172133, doi101126science16238591243, doi101257jep143137, doi1018901051076120000101251roteka20co2, doi1043249781315131450, doi105860choice360288"
}

To give soils and soil degradation, which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability, social and political visibility, small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable. The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries. Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding), we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications). We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules, but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R, K, LS, C, P). Importance, aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed. Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g., WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms. We identified four key areas for future research: (i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates, in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns, and depositional regime, (ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications, (iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets, and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.

@article{doi101016jiswcr201905004,
    author = "Alewell, Christine and Borrelli, Pasquale and Meusburger, Katrin and Panagos, Panos",
    title = "Using the USLE: Chances, challenges and limitations of soil erosion modelling",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "International Soil and Water Conservation Research",
    abstract = "To give soils and soil degradation, which are among the most crucial threats to ecosystem stability, social and political visibility, small and large scale modelling and mapping of soil erosion is inevitable. The most widely used approaches during an 80year history of erosion modelling are Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)-type based algorithms which have been applied in 109 countries. Addressing soil erosion by water (excluding gully erosion and land sliding), we start this review with a statistical evaluation of nearly 2,000 publications). We discuss model developments which use USLE-type equations as basis or side modules, but we also address recent development of the single USLE parameters (R, K, LS, C, P). Importance, aim and limitations of model validation as well as a comparison of USLE-type models with other erosion assessment tools are discussed. Model comparisons demonstrate that the application of process-based physical models (e.g., WEPP or PESERA) does not necessarily result in lower uncertainties compared to more simple structured empirical models such as USLE-type algorithms. We identified four key areas for future research: (i) overcoming the principally different nature of modelled (gross) versus measured (net) erosion rates, in coupling on-site erosion risk to runoff patterns, and depositional regime, (ii) using the recent increase in spatial resolution of remote sensing data to develop process based models for large scale applications, (iii) strengthen and extend measurement and monitoring programs to build up validation data sets, and (iv) rigorous uncertainty assessment and the application of objective evaluation criteria to soil erosion modelling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.05.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.iswcr.2019.05.004",
    openalex = "W2950851751",
    references = "doi105194soil21112016"
}

Climate and land use change can influence susceptibility to erosion and consequently land degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate in the baseline and a future period, the land use and climate change effects on soil erosion at an important dam watershed occupying a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The future climate change at the study area was inferred using statistical downscaling and validated by the Canadian earth system model (CanESM2). The future land use change was also simulated using the Markov chain and artificial neural network, and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was adopted to estimate soil loss under climate and land use change scenarios. Results show that rainfall erosivity (R factor) will increase under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The highest amount of R was 40.6 MJ mm ha−1 h−1y−1 in 2030 under RPC 2.6. Future land use/land cover showed rangelands turning into agricultural lands, vegetation cover degradation and an increased soil cover among others. The change of C and R factors represented most of the increase of soil erosion and sediment production in the study area during the future period. The highest erosion during the future period was predicted to reach 14.5 t ha−1 y−1, which will generate 5.52 t ha−1 y−1 sediment. The difference between estimated and observed sediment was 1.42 t ha−1 year−1 at the baseline period. Among the soil erosion factors, soil cover (C factor) is the one that watershed managers could influence most in order to reduce soil loss and alleviate the negative effects of climate change.

@article{doi103390su11123353,
    author = "Sardari, Mohammad Reza Azimi and Bazrafshan, Ommolbanin and Panagopoulos, Τhomas and Sardooi, Elham Rafiei",
    title = "Modeling the Impact of Climate Change and Land Use Change Scenarios on Soil Erosion at the Minab Dam Watershed",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Sustainability",
    abstract = "Climate and land use change can influence susceptibility to erosion and consequently land degradation. The aim of this study was to investigate in the baseline and a future period, the land use and climate change effects on soil erosion at an important dam watershed occupying a strategic position on the narrow Strait of Hormuz. The future climate change at the study area was inferred using statistical downscaling and validated by the Canadian earth system model (CanESM2). The future land use change was also simulated using the Markov chain and artificial neural network, and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation was adopted to estimate soil loss under climate and land use change scenarios. Results show that rainfall erosivity (R factor) will increase under all Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. The highest amount of R was 40.6 MJ mm ha−1 h−1y−1 in 2030 under RPC 2.6. Future land use/land cover showed rangelands turning into agricultural lands, vegetation cover degradation and an increased soil cover among others. The change of C and R factors represented most of the increase of soil erosion and sediment production in the study area during the future period. The highest erosion during the future period was predicted to reach 14.5 t ha−1 y−1, which will generate 5.52 t ha−1 y−1 sediment. The difference between estimated and observed sediment was 1.42 t ha−1 year−1 at the baseline period. Among the soil erosion factors, soil cover (C factor) is the one that watershed managers could influence most in order to reduce soil loss and alleviate the negative effects of climate change.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123353",
    doi = "10.3390/su11123353",
    openalex = "W2949508204",
    references = "doi101016jjag201805008"
}

Abstract Soil resources in East Africa are being rapidly depleted by erosion, threatening food, water and livelihood security in the region. Here we demonstrate how the integration of evidence from natural and social sciences has supported a community‐led change in land management in an agro‐pastoral community in northern Tanzania. Geospatial analysis of erosion risk and extent (based on a drone survey across a 3.6 km 2 sub‐catchment) revealed that recently converted land had ca 12‐times greater rill density than established slow‐forming terraced plots (987 ± 840 m 2 ha −1 vs. 79 ± 110 m 2 ha −1). Slope length and connectivity between plots were key factors in the development of rill networks rather than slope per se wherein slope length was augmented by weak boundaries between newly formed plots. Erosion evidence, supported by communication of 'process' and 'structural' hydrological connectivity, was integrated with local environmental knowledge within participatory community workshops. Demonstration of the critical time window of hillslope‐scale rill erosion risk during early phases of slow‐forming terrace development catalysed a community‐led tree planting and grass seed sowing programme to mitigate soil erosion by water. This was grounded in an implicit farmer understanding of the need for effective governance mechanisms at both community and District levels, to enable community‐led actions to be implemented effectively. The study demonstrates the wide‐reaching impact of integrated and interdisciplinary 'upslope‐downslope' thinking to tackle global soil erosion challenges.

@article{doi101002ldr3791,
    author = "Blake, William and Kelly, Claire and Wynants, Maarten and Patrick, Aloyce and Lewin, Shaun and Lawson, Joseph and Nasolwa, Emmanuel and Page, Annabel and Nasseri, Mona and Marks, Carey and Gilvear, David and Mtei, Kelvin and Munishi, Linus K. and Ndakidemi, Patrick A.",
    title = "Integrating land‐water‐people connectivity concepts across disciplines for co‐design of soil erosion solutions",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Land Degradation and Development",
    abstract = "Abstract Soil resources in East Africa are being rapidly depleted by erosion, threatening food, water and livelihood security in the region. Here we demonstrate how the integration of evidence from natural and social sciences has supported a community‐led change in land management in an agro‐pastoral community in northern Tanzania. Geospatial analysis of erosion risk and extent (based on a drone survey across a 3.6 km 2 sub‐catchment) revealed that recently converted land had ca 12‐times greater rill density than established slow‐forming terraced plots (987 ± 840 m 2 ha −1 vs. 79 ± 110 m 2 ha −1). Slope length and connectivity between plots were key factors in the development of rill networks rather than slope per se wherein slope length was augmented by weak boundaries between newly formed plots. Erosion evidence, supported by communication of 'process' and 'structural' hydrological connectivity, was integrated with local environmental knowledge within participatory community workshops. Demonstration of the critical time window of hillslope‐scale rill erosion risk during early phases of slow‐forming terrace development catalysed a community‐led tree planting and grass seed sowing programme to mitigate soil erosion by water. This was grounded in an implicit farmer understanding of the need for effective governance mechanisms at both community and District levels, to enable community‐led actions to be implemented effectively. The study demonstrates the wide‐reaching impact of integrated and interdisciplinary 'upslope‐downslope' thinking to tackle global soil erosion challenges.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3791",
    doi = "10.1002/ldr.3791",
    openalex = "W3091522872",
    references = "doi1010160305750x9500046f, doi101016jearscirev201302001, doi101016jscitotenv2020137266, doi101038sdata2017122, doi1010800020723320181494927, doi10108000224561200412435709, doi10108014725860220137345, doi101126science1090847, doi1012019780203748978, doi105167uzh139381, doi105860choice360288"
}

Abstract Purpose Humanity has been modifying the planet in a measurable way for thousands of years. Recently, this influence has been such that some feel we are in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This review will describe how soil erosion and sediment dynamics have (i) been used to assess the impact of humans on the planet and (ii) affected the global climate and influenced water security. Emphasis is placed on changes since the middle of the twentieth century, as this coincides with what many suggest is the start of the Anthropocene Epoch. Results and discussion The use of sediment archives has been instrumental in our understanding of how environmental systems have developed over time, both naturally and in response to anthropogenic activities. Additional information has come from measurement and monitoring programs, and tracing and fingerprinting studies. In turn, models have been developed that enable forecasting. Some of the main global impacts of enhanced soil erosion and changes in sediment dynamics and sediment composition include: changes in radiative energy balances and impacts on the cryosphere; the global carbon cycle; and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts on water security include: effects on freshwater biota, including wild salmon populations; fluxes of contaminants, including microplastics; and reservoir and river channel sedimentation, including flooding. Sediment archives and monitoring programs have also been used to document the effect of mitigation measures and environmental policies. Conclusion Sediment archives enable us to assemble information over a variety of timescales (i.e., 10 0 to 10 5 years and longer) and a range of spatial scales (from sub-watershed to continental), in addition to environments ranging from arid to tropical to polar. Often the temporal resolution is better than other paleoenvironmental reconstruction approaches. As such, sedimentary records, when combined with measurement and monitoring approaches and other sources of information, have enabled us to determine changes in atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems, especially over the last 100 years. While soil erosion and sediment dynamics have provided a wealth of information and greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of humanity in modifying the planet, suggestions are given for further research.

@article{doi101007s11368020028159,
    author = "Owens, Philip N.",
    title = "Soil erosion and sediment dynamics in the Anthropocene: a review of human impacts during a period of rapid global environmental change",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Soils and Sediments",
    abstract = "Abstract Purpose Humanity has been modifying the planet in a measurable way for thousands of years. Recently, this influence has been such that some feel we are in a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This review will describe how soil erosion and sediment dynamics have (i) been used to assess the impact of humans on the planet and (ii) affected the global climate and influenced water security. Emphasis is placed on changes since the middle of the twentieth century, as this coincides with what many suggest is the start of the Anthropocene Epoch. Results and discussion The use of sediment archives has been instrumental in our understanding of how environmental systems have developed over time, both naturally and in response to anthropogenic activities. Additional information has come from measurement and monitoring programs, and tracing and fingerprinting studies. In turn, models have been developed that enable forecasting. Some of the main global impacts of enhanced soil erosion and changes in sediment dynamics and sediment composition include: changes in radiative energy balances and impacts on the cryosphere; the global carbon cycle; and greenhouse gas emissions. Impacts on water security include: effects on freshwater biota, including wild salmon populations; fluxes of contaminants, including microplastics; and reservoir and river channel sedimentation, including flooding. Sediment archives and monitoring programs have also been used to document the effect of mitigation measures and environmental policies. Conclusion Sediment archives enable us to assemble information over a variety of timescales (i.e., 10 0 to 10 5 years and longer) and a range of spatial scales (from sub-watershed to continental), in addition to environments ranging from arid to tropical to polar. Often the temporal resolution is better than other paleoenvironmental reconstruction approaches. As such, sedimentary records, when combined with measurement and monitoring approaches and other sources of information, have enabled us to determine changes in atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic systems, especially over the last 100 years. While soil erosion and sediment dynamics have provided a wealth of information and greatly enhanced our understanding of the role of humanity in modifying the planet, suggestions are given for further research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02815-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s11368-020-02815-9",
    openalex = "W3097956520",
    references = "doi101016jscitotenv2020137266"
}

Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China. Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information. The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011. A multi-stage, unequal probability, systematic area sampling method was employed. A total of 32,948 sample units, which were either 0.2–3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids, were investigated on site. Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit, along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units. Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national, river basin, and provincial scales. Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha−1 yr−1 in China, and was 18.2 t ha−1 yr−1 for sloped, cultivated cropland. Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland, overgrazing grassland, and sparsely forested land. The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids. The national average ratio was 13.5%, which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices. These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.

@article{doi101016jiswcr202007002,
    author = "Liu, Baoyuan and Xie, Yun and Li, Zhiguang and Liang, Yin and Zhang, Wenbo and Fu, Suhua and Yin, Shuiqing and Wei, Xin and Zhang, Keli and Wang, Zhiqiang and Liu, Yingna and Zhao, Ying and Guo, Qiankun",
    title = "The assessment of soil loss by water erosion in China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "International Soil and Water Conservation Research",
    abstract = "Soil erosion is a major environmental problem in China. Planning for soil erosion control requires accurate soil erosion rate and spatial distribution information. The aim of this article is to present the methods and results of the national soil erosion survey of China completed in 2011. A multi-stage, unequal probability, systematic area sampling method was employed. A total of 32,948 sample units, which were either 0.2–3 km2 small catchments or 1 km2 grids, were investigated on site. Soil erosion rates were calculated with the Chinese Soil Loss Equation in 10 m by 10 m grids for each sample unit, along with the area of soil loss exceeding the soil loss tolerance and the proportion of area in excess of soil loss tolerance relative to the total land area of the sample units. Maps were created by using a spatial interpolation method at national, river basin, and provincial scales. Results showed that the calculated average soil erosion rate was 5 t ha−1 yr−1 in China, and was 18.2 t ha−1 yr−1 for sloped, cultivated cropland. Intensive soil erosion occurred on cropland, overgrazing grassland, and sparsely forested land. The proportions of soil loss tolerance exceedance areas of sample units were interpolated through the country in 250 m grids. The national average ratio was 13.5\%, which represents the area of land in China that requires the implementation of soil conservation practices. These survey results and the maps provide the basic information for national conservation planning and policymaking.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.07.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.iswcr.2020.07.002",
    openalex = "W3042189766",
    references = "doi103390land7040133"
}

, with current conservation agriculture (CA) practices estimated to reduce this by ∼5%. Our future scenarios suggest that socioeconomic developments impacting land use will either decrease (SSP1-RCP2.6-10%) or increase (SSP2-RCP4.5 +2%, SSP5-RCP8.5 +10%) water erosion by 2070. Climate projections, for all global dynamics scenarios, indicate a trend, moving toward a more vigorous hydrological cycle, which could increase global water erosion (+30 to +66%). Accepting some degrees of uncertainty, our findings provide insights into how possible future socioeconomic development will affect soil erosion by water using a globally consistent approach. This preliminary evidence seeks to inform efforts such as those of the United Nations to assess global soil erosion and inform decision makers developing national strategies for soil conservation.

@article{doi101073pnas2001403117,
    author = "Borrelli, Pasquale and Robinson, David A. and Panagos, Panos and Lugato, Emanuele and Yang, Jae E. and Alewell, Christine and Wuepper, David and Montanarella, Luca and Ballabio, Cristiano",
    title = "Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070)",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = ", with current conservation agriculture (CA) practices estimated to reduce this by ∼5\%. Our future scenarios suggest that socioeconomic developments impacting land use will either decrease (SSP1-RCP2.6-10\%) or increase (SSP2-RCP4.5 +2\%, SSP5-RCP8.5 +10\%) water erosion by 2070. Climate projections, for all global dynamics scenarios, indicate a trend, moving toward a more vigorous hydrological cycle, which could increase global water erosion (+30 to +66\%). Accepting some degrees of uncertainty, our findings provide insights into how possible future socioeconomic development will affect soil erosion by water using a globally consistent approach. This preliminary evidence seeks to inform efforts such as those of the United Nations to assess global soil erosion and inform decision makers developing national strategies for soil conservation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001403117",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.2001403117",
    openalex = "W3081374149",
    references = "doi101002joc5086"
}

Land degradation is a global issue receiving much attention currently. In order to objectively reveal the research situation of land degradation, bibliometrix and biblioshiny software packages have been used to conduct data mining and quantitative analysis on research papers in the fields of land degradation during 1990–2019 (data update time was 8 April 2019) in the Web of Science core collection database. The results show that: (1) during the past 20 years, the number of papers on land degradation has increased. According to the number of articles, it is divided into four stages: a low-production exploration period, a developmental sprout period, expansion of the promotion period, and a high-yield active period. (2) Land-degradation research covers 93 countries or regions. The top five countries in terms of research volume are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia. China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the most important countries for international cooperation in the field of land degradation. However, cooperation between countries is not very close overall. (3) Land degradation, degradation, desertification, remote sensing, soil erosion, and soil degradation are high-frequency keywords in the field of land degradation in recent years. (4) The research hotspots in the field of land degradation mainly focus on research directions such as restoration and reconstruction of land degradation, and sustainable management of land resources. (5) The themes of various periods in the field of land degradation are diversified, and the evolutionary relationship is complex. There are 15 evolutionary paths with regard to dynamic monitoring of land degradation, environmental governance of land degradation, and responses of land degradation to land-use change. Finally, the paper concludes that the research directions on land degradation in future include the process, mechanism, and effect of land degradation, the application of new technologies, new monitoring methods for land degradation, theory enhancement, methods and models of ecological restoration, reconstruction of degraded land, multidisciplinary integrated system research, constructing a policy guarantee system for the reconstruction of degraded land, and strengthening research on land resource engineering.

@article{doi103390land9010028,
    author = "Xie, Hualin and Zhang, Yanwei and Wu, Zhilong and Lv, Tiangui",
    title = "A Bibliometric Analysis on Land Degradation: Current Status, Development, and Future Directions",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Land",
    abstract = "Land degradation is a global issue receiving much attention currently. In order to objectively reveal the research situation of land degradation, bibliometrix and biblioshiny software packages have been used to conduct data mining and quantitative analysis on research papers in the fields of land degradation during 1990–2019 (data update time was 8 April 2019) in the Web of Science core collection database. The results show that: (1) during the past 20 years, the number of papers on land degradation has increased. According to the number of articles, it is divided into four stages: a low-production exploration period, a developmental sprout period, expansion of the promotion period, and a high-yield active period. (2) Land-degradation research covers 93 countries or regions. The top five countries in terms of research volume are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia. China, the United States, and the United Kingdom are the most important countries for international cooperation in the field of land degradation. However, cooperation between countries is not very close overall. (3) Land degradation, degradation, desertification, remote sensing, soil erosion, and soil degradation are high-frequency keywords in the field of land degradation in recent years. (4) The research hotspots in the field of land degradation mainly focus on research directions such as restoration and reconstruction of land degradation, and sustainable management of land resources. (5) The themes of various periods in the field of land degradation are diversified, and the evolutionary relationship is complex. There are 15 evolutionary paths with regard to dynamic monitoring of land degradation, environmental governance of land degradation, and responses of land degradation to land-use change. Finally, the paper concludes that the research directions on land degradation in future include the process, mechanism, and effect of land degradation, the application of new technologies, new monitoring methods for land degradation, theory enhancement, methods and models of ecological restoration, reconstruction of degraded land, multidisciplinary integrated system research, constructing a policy guarantee system for the reconstruction of degraded land, and strengthening research on land resource engineering.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/land9010028",
    doi = "10.3390/land9010028",
    openalex = "W3000049009",
    references = "doi103390land7040133"
}

The Mediterranean part of Syria is affected by soil water erosion due to poor land management. Within this context, the main aim of this research was to track soil erosion and runoff after each rainy storm between September 2013 and April 2014 (rainy season), on two slopes with different gradients (4.7%; 10.3%), under three soil cover types (SCTs): bare soil (BS), metal sieve cover (MC), and strip cropping (SC), in Central Syria. Two statistical multivariate models, the general linear model (GLM), and the random forest regression (RFR) were applied to reveal the importance of SCTs. Our results reveal that higher erosion rate, as well as runoff, were recorded in BS followed by MC, and SC. Accordingly, soil cover had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on soil erosion, and no significant difference was detected between MC and SC. Different combinations of slopes and soil cover had no effect on erosion, at least in this experiment. RFR performed better than GLM in predictions. GLM’s median of mean absolute error was 21% worse than RFR. Nonetheless, 25 repetitions of 2-fold cross-validation ensured the highest available prediction accuracy for RFR. In conclusion, we revealed that runoff, rain intensity and soil cover were the most important factors in erosion.

@article{doi103390w12092529,
    author = "Mohammed, Safwan and Al-Ebraheem, Ali and Holb, I. J. and Alsafadi, Karam and Dikkeh, Mohammad and Pham, Quoc Bao and Linh, Nguyễn Thị Thùy and Szabó, Szilárd",
    title = "Soil Management Effects on Soil Water Erosion and Runoff in Central Syria—A Comparative Evaluation of General Linear Model and Random Forest Regression",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Water",
    abstract = "The Mediterranean part of Syria is affected by soil water erosion due to poor land management. Within this context, the main aim of this research was to track soil erosion and runoff after each rainy storm between September 2013 and April 2014 (rainy season), on two slopes with different gradients (4.7\%; 10.3\%), under three soil cover types (SCTs): bare soil (BS), metal sieve cover (MC), and strip cropping (SC), in Central Syria. Two statistical multivariate models, the general linear model (GLM), and the random forest regression (RFR) were applied to reveal the importance of SCTs. Our results reveal that higher erosion rate, as well as runoff, were recorded in BS followed by MC, and SC. Accordingly, soil cover had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on soil erosion, and no significant difference was detected between MC and SC. Different combinations of slopes and soil cover had no effect on erosion, at least in this experiment. RFR performed better than GLM in predictions. GLM’s median of mean absolute error was 21\% worse than RFR. Nonetheless, 25 repetitions of 2-fold cross-validation ensured the highest available prediction accuracy for RFR. In conclusion, we revealed that runoff, rain intensity and soil cover were the most important factors in erosion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/w12092529",
    doi = "10.3390/w12092529",
    openalex = "W3084211100",
    references = "doi10108817489326aaea8b"
}

Abstract Water bodies in Tanzania are experiencing increased siltation, which is threatening water quality, ecosystem health, and livelihood security in the region. This phenomenon is caused by increasing rates of upstream soil erosion and downstream sediment transport. However, a lack of knowledge on the contributions from different catchment zones, land‐use types, and dominant erosion processes, to the transported sediment is undermining the mitigation of soil degradation at the source of the problem. In this context, complementary sediment source tracing techniques were applied in three Tanzanian river systems to further the understanding of the complex dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport in the region. Analysis of the geochemical and biochemical fingerprints revealed a highly complex and variable soil system that could be grouped in distinct classes. These soil classes were unmixed against riverine sediment fingerprints using the Bayesian MixSIAR model, yielding proportionate source contributions for each catchment. This sediment source tracing indicated that hillslope erosion on the open rangelands and maize croplands in the mid‐zone contributed over 75% of the transported sediment load in all three river systems during the sampling time‐period. By integrating geochemical and biochemical fingerprints in sediment source tracing techniques, this study demonstrated links between land use, soil erosion and downstream sediment transport in Tanzania. This evidence can guide land managers in designing targeted interventions that safeguard both soil health and water quality.

@article{doi101002esp5217,
    author = "Wynants, Maarten and Munishi, Linus K. and Mtei, Kelvin and Bodé, Samuel and Patrick, Aloyce and Taylor, Alex and Gilvear, David and Ndakidemi, Patrick A. and Blake, William and Boeckx, Pascal",
    title = "Soil erosion and sediment transport in Tanzania: Part I – sediment source tracing in three neighbouring river catchments",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Earth Surface Processes and Landforms",
    abstract = "Abstract Water bodies in Tanzania are experiencing increased siltation, which is threatening water quality, ecosystem health, and livelihood security in the region. This phenomenon is caused by increasing rates of upstream soil erosion and downstream sediment transport. However, a lack of knowledge on the contributions from different catchment zones, land‐use types, and dominant erosion processes, to the transported sediment is undermining the mitigation of soil degradation at the source of the problem. In this context, complementary sediment source tracing techniques were applied in three Tanzanian river systems to further the understanding of the complex dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport in the region. Analysis of the geochemical and biochemical fingerprints revealed a highly complex and variable soil system that could be grouped in distinct classes. These soil classes were unmixed against riverine sediment fingerprints using the Bayesian MixSIAR model, yielding proportionate source contributions for each catchment. This sediment source tracing indicated that hillslope erosion on the open rangelands and maize croplands in the mid‐zone contributed over 75\% of the transported sediment load in all three river systems during the sampling time‐period. By integrating geochemical and biochemical fingerprints in sediment source tracing techniques, this study demonstrated links between land use, soil erosion and downstream sediment transport in Tanzania. This evidence can guide land managers in designing targeted interventions that safeguard both soil health and water quality.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5217",
    doi = "10.1002/esp.5217",
    openalex = "W3194375733",
    references = "doi101002esp5218, doi103390land9100352"
}

Abstract Soil resources in parts of Tanzania are rapidly being depleted by increased rates of soil erosion and downstream sediment transport, threatening ecosystem health, water and livelihood security in the region. However, incomplete understanding to what effect the dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport are responding to land‐use changes and climatic variability are hindering the actions needed to future‐proof Tanzanian land‐use practices. Complementary environmental diagnostic tools were applied to reconstruct the rates and sources of sedimentation over time in three Tanzanian river systems that have experienced changing land use and climatic conditions. Detailed historical analysis of sediment deposits revealed drastic changes in sediment yield and source contributions. Quantitative sedimentation reconstruction using radionuclide dating showed a 20‐fold increase in sediment yield over the past 120 years. The observed dramatic increase in sediment yield is most likely driven by increasing land‐use pressures. Deforestation, cropland expansion and increasing grazing pressures resulted into accelerating rates of sheet erosion. A regime shift after years of progressive soil degradation and convergence of surface flows resulted into a highly incised landscape, where high amounts of eroded soil from throughout the catchment are rapidly transported downstream by strongly connected ephemeral drainage networks. By integrating complementary spatial and temporal evidence bases, this study demonstrated links between land‐use change, increased soil erosion and downstream sedimentation. Such evidence can guide stakeholders and policy makers in the design of targeted management interventions to safeguard future soil health and water quality.

@article{doi101002esp5218,
    author = "Wynants, Maarten and Patrick, Aloyce and Munishi, Linus K. and Mtei, Kelvin and Bodé, Samuel and Taylor, Alex and Millward, G.E. and Roberts, Neil and Gilvear, David and Ndakidemi, Patrick A. and Boeckx, Pascal and Blake, William",
    title = "Soil erosion and sediment transport in Tanzania: Part II – sedimentological evidence of phased land degradation",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Earth Surface Processes and Landforms",
    abstract = "Abstract Soil resources in parts of Tanzania are rapidly being depleted by increased rates of soil erosion and downstream sediment transport, threatening ecosystem health, water and livelihood security in the region. However, incomplete understanding to what effect the dynamics of soil erosion and sediment transport are responding to land‐use changes and climatic variability are hindering the actions needed to future‐proof Tanzanian land‐use practices. Complementary environmental diagnostic tools were applied to reconstruct the rates and sources of sedimentation over time in three Tanzanian river systems that have experienced changing land use and climatic conditions. Detailed historical analysis of sediment deposits revealed drastic changes in sediment yield and source contributions. Quantitative sedimentation reconstruction using radionuclide dating showed a 20‐fold increase in sediment yield over the past 120 years. The observed dramatic increase in sediment yield is most likely driven by increasing land‐use pressures. Deforestation, cropland expansion and increasing grazing pressures resulted into accelerating rates of sheet erosion. A regime shift after years of progressive soil degradation and convergence of surface flows resulted into a highly incised landscape, where high amounts of eroded soil from throughout the catchment are rapidly transported downstream by strongly connected ephemeral drainage networks. By integrating complementary spatial and temporal evidence bases, this study demonstrated links between land‐use change, increased soil erosion and downstream sedimentation. Such evidence can guide stakeholders and policy makers in the design of targeted management interventions to safeguard future soil health and water quality.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.5218",
    doi = "10.1002/esp.5218",
    openalex = "W3193491748",
    references = "doi101002ldr3791, doi101016jejrh201711005, doi101016jgca201012024, doi101016s0341816202001431, doi101016s0341816278800022, doi101038s41467017021427, doi101073pnas2001403117, doi101126science1065256, doi1011770959683607085598, doi1012019780203748978, doi10120197802037489782, doi103390land9100352"
}

Africa emerged from the middle of the supercontinent called Gondwana, splitting from the land masses that became South America, Australia, India and Antarctica (Figure I.1). The rupture was initiated by massive outpourings of flood basalts, which commenced 183 million years ago (Ma) during the early Jurassic period in what is now southern Mozambique. The volcanic overlay spread inland from there at least as far as south-western Zambia. By 160 Ma, a widening trough separated Africa from eastern Antarctica and Madagascar, filled by the proto-Indian Ocean. In the west, the separation of South America from Africa began with lava eruptions in what is now Namibia, initiated around 123 Ma, and the South Atlantic Ocean began opening. Unencumbered by adjoining land masses, Africa drifted slowly northward, and rotated a little anticlockwise. The location of the equator shifted from the southern Sahara region towards its current middle position, with similar portions of the continent to its north and south. Once the continents eventually halted their drift, South America lay almost 3000 km from the nearest point of Africa, while Australia ended up almost 10,000 km distant on the other side of the Indian Ocean. The Tethys Sea separated Africa from Europe. Following its parting from the other southern continents, Africa’s highlying land surface became progressively worn down by erosion, lowering the hilltops and filling in the valleys. By 66 Ma, when the Cretaceous period ended with the demise of the dinosaurs, a gently undulating plain had been formed over most of the continent. This is known as the African erosion surface. The only mountain ranges lay in the far south and far north. The Cape Fold Mountains were formed during the Permian ~250 Ma, when Africa’s land mass pressed against Antarctica, while the Atlas Range was formed much later where Africa’s drift northward butted against Eurasia. Freed from the adjoining land masses, Africa’s coastal margins tilted upward. With the passage of time, the coastal escarpments became eroded back by as much as 200 km in the east and 50 km in the west. Material removed from the high country accumulated in the Kalahari, Congo and Chad basins and extended shorelines especially in the east and south. Through the interior, low hills emerged where more resistant rocks intruded. Africa’s surface probably resembled Australia, worn down and

@article{doi1010179781108961646003,
    author = "Owen‐Smith, N.",
    title = "The Physical Cradle: Land Forms, Geology, Climate, Hydrology and Soils",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Only in Africa",
    booktitle = "Only in Africa",
    abstract = "Africa emerged from the middle of the supercontinent called Gondwana, splitting from the land masses that became South America, Australia, India and Antarctica (Figure I.1). The rupture was initiated by massive outpourings of flood basalts, which commenced 183 million years ago (Ma) during the early Jurassic period in what is now southern Mozambique. The volcanic overlay spread inland from there at least as far as south-western Zambia. By 160 Ma, a widening trough separated Africa from eastern Antarctica and Madagascar, filled by the proto-Indian Ocean. In the west, the separation of South America from Africa began with lava eruptions in what is now Namibia, initiated around 123 Ma, and the South Atlantic Ocean began opening. Unencumbered by adjoining land masses, Africa drifted slowly northward, and rotated a little anticlockwise. The location of the equator shifted from the southern Sahara region towards its current middle position, with similar portions of the continent to its north and south. Once the continents eventually halted their drift, South America lay almost 3000 km from the nearest point of Africa, while Australia ended up almost 10,000 km distant on the other side of the Indian Ocean. The Tethys Sea separated Africa from Europe. Following its parting from the other southern continents, Africa’s highlying land surface became progressively worn down by erosion, lowering the hilltops and filling in the valleys. By 66 Ma, when the Cretaceous period ended with the demise of the dinosaurs, a gently undulating plain had been formed over most of the continent. This is known as the African erosion surface. The only mountain ranges lay in the far south and far north. The Cape Fold Mountains were formed during the Permian \textasciitilde 250 Ma, when Africa’s land mass pressed against Antarctica, while the Atlas Range was formed much later where Africa’s drift northward butted against Eurasia. Freed from the adjoining land masses, Africa’s coastal margins tilted upward. With the passage of time, the coastal escarpments became eroded back by as much as 200 km in the east and 50 km in the west. Material removed from the high country accumulated in the Kalahari, Congo and Chad basins and extended shorelines especially in the east and south. Through the interior, low hills emerged where more resistant rocks intruded. Africa’s surface probably resembled Australia, worn down and",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6d8e2722220bf2962003e22ef3ee8f334def1c3b",
    doi = "10.1017/9781108961646.003",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "1-62",
    semanticscholar_id = "6d8e2722220bf2962003e22ef3ee8f334def1c3b"
}

Across the Global South, authoritarian rule and extractivist agendas have intensified the harassment and murder of activists protecting remnant forest frontiers. In 2017, Global Witness documented the brutal murders of 207 defenders, the deadliest year on record. In the Philippines, violence against defenders has recently accelerated under the increasingly authoritarian regime of President Rodrigo Duterte. Excluding drug-related extrajudicial killings, an additional 30 murders were documented in the country in 2018, the highest number of such killings in any country that year. Largely because of expanding plantations and mines, the frontier province of Palawan has experienced a surge in land grabbing and illegal logging, driving defender harassment, intimidation, and death. While scholars have explored the trends and patterns behind violence against defenders in Southeast Asia, few have considered how the rural poor emerge as activists, the role of NGOs in this process, and how defenders negotiate their activism with everyday life and livelihood. This study fills this gap by ethnographically examining how NGOs on Palawan island mobilize rural communities to shape defender practices and by exploring why defenders do what they do amid mounting threats against them, their loved ones, and their comrades across the island.

@article{doi1010801467271520211899834,
    author = "Dressler, Wolfram",
    title = "Defending lands and forests: NGO histories, everyday struggles, and extraordinary violence in the Philippines",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Critical Asian Studies",
    abstract = "Across the Global South, authoritarian rule and extractivist agendas have intensified the harassment and murder of activists protecting remnant forest frontiers. In 2017, Global Witness documented the brutal murders of 207 defenders, the deadliest year on record. In the Philippines, violence against defenders has recently accelerated under the increasingly authoritarian regime of President Rodrigo Duterte. Excluding drug-related extrajudicial killings, an additional 30 murders were documented in the country in 2018, the highest number of such killings in any country that year. Largely because of expanding plantations and mines, the frontier province of Palawan has experienced a surge in land grabbing and illegal logging, driving defender harassment, intimidation, and death. While scholars have explored the trends and patterns behind violence against defenders in Southeast Asia, few have considered how the rural poor emerge as activists, the role of NGOs in this process, and how defenders negotiate their activism with everyday life and livelihood. This study fills this gap by ethnographically examining how NGOs on Palawan island mobilize rural communities to shape defender practices and by exploring why defenders do what they do amid mounting threats against them, their loved ones, and their comrades across the island.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2021.1899834",
    doi = "10.1080/14672715.2021.1899834",
    openalex = "W3156056899",
    references = "doi101093acprofoso97801951351140010001"
}

A systematic method, incorporating the revised universal soil loss equation model (RUSLE), remote sensing, and the geographic information system (GIS), was used to estimate soil erosion potential and potential area in the Maradi region of south-central Niger. The spatial trend of seasonal soil erosion was obtained by integrating remote sensing environmental variables into a grid-based GIS method. RUSLE is the most commonly used method for estimating soil erosion, and its input variables, such as rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, cover management, and conservation practices, vary greatly over space. These factors were calculated to determine their influence on average soil erosion in the region. An estimated potential mean annual soil loss of 472.4 t/ac/year, based on RUSLE, was determined for the study area. The potential erosion rates varied from 14.8 to 944.9 t/ac/year. The most eroded areas were identified in central and west-southern areas, with erosion rates ranging from 237.1 to 944.9 t/ac/year. The spatial erosion maps can serve as a useful reference for deriving land planning and management strategies and provide the opportunity to develop a decision plan for soil erosion prevention and control in south-central Niger.

@article{doi103390w13243511,
    author = "Almouctar, Mohamed Adou Sidi and Wu, Yiping and Zhao, Fubo and Dossou, Jacqueline Fifame",
    title = "Soil Erosion Assessment Using the RUSLE Model and Geospatial Techniques (Remote Sensing and GIS) in South-Central Niger (Maradi Region)",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Water",
    abstract = "A systematic method, incorporating the revised universal soil loss equation model (RUSLE), remote sensing, and the geographic information system (GIS), was used to estimate soil erosion potential and potential area in the Maradi region of south-central Niger. The spatial trend of seasonal soil erosion was obtained by integrating remote sensing environmental variables into a grid-based GIS method. RUSLE is the most commonly used method for estimating soil erosion, and its input variables, such as rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length and steepness, cover management, and conservation practices, vary greatly over space. These factors were calculated to determine their influence on average soil erosion in the region. An estimated potential mean annual soil loss of 472.4 t/ac/year, based on RUSLE, was determined for the study area. The potential erosion rates varied from 14.8 to 944.9 t/ac/year. The most eroded areas were identified in central and west-southern areas, with erosion rates ranging from 237.1 to 944.9 t/ac/year. The spatial erosion maps can serve as a useful reference for deriving land planning and management strategies and provide the opportunity to develop a decision plan for soil erosion prevention and control in south-central Niger.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/w13243511",
    doi = "10.3390/w13243511",
    openalex = "W4200273232",
    references = "doi101007s10113019015209"
}

Abstract Environmental illiteracy threatens ecosystem functions globally, however, many continue to deny its existence. Knowledge deficit theory suggests that suspicions will decrease once officials and the public are presented with new facts. Despite extensive worldwide initiatives to improve riparian buffer zones, there is minimal evidence about the impact of environmental literacy metrics (ELMs) on riparian zone components (RZCs) across different land‐use types (i.e., rural, rural–urban transitional, and urban regions) within the riparian zones of dams and reservoirs. In this study, multiple statistical techniques were used to explore the extent of impacts on a 58,000 km 2 area within China's Three Gorges Dam Reservoir (TGDR) area/region in 2019. Network visualization investigated RZC themes, such as plant cover, regeneration, exotics, erosion, habitat, and stresses, based on 5326 articles published over the past 121 years. Our analysis revealed the greatest lack of information regarding ELM (e.g., knowledge, attitude, and behaviour) among the general public, which, in turn, had the greatest impact on the components of plant cover in transitional regions and the least impact on regeneration in rural areas. Furthermore, the ELMs of local people had the most significant effect on RZCs, with Pearson correlation values ranging from −0.79 < r < 0.98 throughout the TGDR. In contrast, the ELM of government employees correlated more strongly with RZCs (−0.70 < r < 0.92) in transitional and rural areas. Comparatively, exposed soil, understory cover, and environmentally unfriendly activities, including pollution, were the most significant RZCs within the TGDR. Based on hierarchical methods, RZCs and ELMs differed significantly between land‐use categories. RZCs near dams and reservoirs exhibit many differences; thus, land‐use initiatives are required to raise awareness of their global impacts.

@article{doi101002ldr4450,
    author = "Arif, Muhammad and Li, Jiajia and Tahir, Muhammad and Zheng, Jie and Li, Changxiao",
    title = "Environmental literacy scenarios lead to land degradation and changes in riparian zones: Implications for policy in China",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Land Degradation and Development",
    abstract = "Abstract Environmental illiteracy threatens ecosystem functions globally, however, many continue to deny its existence. Knowledge deficit theory suggests that suspicions will decrease once officials and the public are presented with new facts. Despite extensive worldwide initiatives to improve riparian buffer zones, there is minimal evidence about the impact of environmental literacy metrics (ELMs) on riparian zone components (RZCs) across different land‐use types (i.e., rural, rural–urban transitional, and urban regions) within the riparian zones of dams and reservoirs. In this study, multiple statistical techniques were used to explore the extent of impacts on a 58,000 km 2 area within China's Three Gorges Dam Reservoir (TGDR) area/region in 2019. Network visualization investigated RZC themes, such as plant cover, regeneration, exotics, erosion, habitat, and stresses, based on 5326 articles published over the past 121 years. Our analysis revealed the greatest lack of information regarding ELM (e.g., knowledge, attitude, and behaviour) among the general public, which, in turn, had the greatest impact on the components of plant cover in transitional regions and the least impact on regeneration in rural areas. Furthermore, the ELMs of local people had the most significant effect on RZCs, with Pearson correlation values ranging from −0.79 < r < 0.98 throughout the TGDR. In contrast, the ELM of government employees correlated more strongly with RZCs (−0.70 < r < 0.92) in transitional and rural areas. Comparatively, exposed soil, understory cover, and environmentally unfriendly activities, including pollution, were the most significant RZCs within the TGDR. Based on hierarchical methods, RZCs and ELMs differed significantly between land‐use categories. RZCs near dams and reservoirs exhibit many differences; thus, land‐use initiatives are required to raise awareness of their global impacts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4450",
    doi = "10.1002/ldr.4450",
    openalex = "W4293393967",
    references = "doi101002ldr3791"
}

The aim of the article is to describe Nadine Gordimerʼs political development in the late 1950s by analysing her travel essay “Egypt Revisited” (1959) and her short story “A Thing of the Past” (1959). In the first part of the article, Gordimerʼs political stance is explained in reference to her non-fictional texts. It is argued that in the late 1950s Gordimer was torn between her liberal humanist belief in multiracialism and the awareness that this stance was becoming increasingly untenable in the changing historical circumstances. Her journey to Egypt in 1959 gave her a valuable opportunity to consider her political convictions in the wider context of the decolonization processes happening on the African continent. What is clear both in “Egypt Revisited” and “A Thing of the Past”—a short story inspired by her visit to Egypt—is her desire to transcend the colonial perspective by distancing herself from her racial and social origins. These texts also convey her belief that the decolonization processes in African countries force the white inhabitants of the continent to redefine themselves so that they can remain politically relevant in the new reality. This belief would become the basis of the political and artistic theories that she developed in the decades to follow.

@article{doi1015290cr202239401,
    author = "Pawlicki, M.",
    title = "“A Stranger in a Strange Land”: Nadine Gordimer and Her Journey Through Egypt",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies",
    abstract = "The aim of the article is to describe Nadine Gordimerʼs political development in the late 1950s by analysing her travel essay “Egypt Revisited” (1959) and her short story “A Thing of the Past” (1959). In the first part of the article, Gordimerʼs political stance is explained in reference to her non-fictional texts. It is argued that in the late 1950s Gordimer was torn between her liberal humanist belief in multiracialism and the awareness that this stance was becoming increasingly untenable in the changing historical circumstances. Her journey to Egypt in 1959 gave her a valuable opportunity to consider her political convictions in the wider context of the decolonization processes happening on the African continent. What is clear both in “Egypt Revisited” and “A Thing of the Past”—a short story inspired by her visit to Egypt—is her desire to transcend the colonial perspective by distancing herself from her racial and social origins. These texts also convey her belief that the decolonization processes in African countries force the white inhabitants of the continent to redefine themselves so that they can remain politically relevant in the new reality. This belief would become the basis of the political and artistic theories that she developed in the decades to follow.",
    url = "https://repozytorium.uwb.edu.pl/jspui/bitstream/11320/14972/1/Crossroads\_39\_2022\_M\_Pawlicki\_A\_Stranger\_in\_a\_Strange\_Land.pdf",
    doi = "10.15290/cr.2022.39.4.01",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "39(4)",
    pages = "5-16",
    semanticscholar_id = "f65bbc55a9bbc8b4ac0ab595e48bb7078cfb1f3a"
}

Mountain forests occur on most of the continents on this planet. Definitions of what constitutes as a mountain forest can be arbitrary. A reasonable operational definition is “forests on land with an elevation of 2500 m a.s.l. or higher, irrespective of slope, or on land with an elevation of 300– 2500 m and a slope with sharp changes in elevation within a short distance” (Price et al., 2011). However, where they start and end on a particular mountain depends on its climate, soils, topography, other organisms that live in the forest, and random factors. To paraphrase the Greek philosopher Heraclitus no person climbs the same mountain twice because the mountain is not the same and the person is not the same. Mountain forests comprise about 20% of the world’s forests and provide many essential services such as preventing erosion and serving as water sheds (Price et al., 2011). Trees take up carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and give off oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into woody tissue that sequesters the carbon and helps mitigate global warming for long periods of time. The oxygen released is required for all aerobic life. Like other forest types, mountain forests are a significant part of these processes. As I approach my nonagenarian years, I look back at 70 years of my close relationship with the mountain forests and I call for their sustainable management that can support and improve the capacity of mountain forests to provide environmental services (Gratzer & Keeton, 2017). Forests are complex systems. Each tree in a forest supports a diversity of life including insects, birds, mammals, mosses, and lichens (Körner, 2004; Perrigo et al., 2020). The complexity of a forested system is beyond what the eye can see as trees of the forest communicate both above and below ground in many ways. In the soil, the trees communicate by sharing soil resources with the help of a fungal network with the tree roots termed mycorrhizae. Above ground, the trees give off volatile compounds if they are attacked by pathogens and these stimulate neighboring trees to synthesize protective compounds like polyphenols. Some deeper-rooted trees can bring up water from great depths and exude it at shallower depths permitting other organisms to take it up. Tree roots also exude a variety of chemicals into the surrounding soil. Some of these attract beneficial soil microorganisms and create a special environment around the roots termed the rhizosphere. Other exudates given off by the roots of one species inhibit other species in a process called allelopathy. This gives a competitive advantage to the excreting species over other species in the competition for scarce resources. In the initial stage of forest formation from seedlings the tree stems are very dense, but as the forest develops the number of trees per hectare decreases as there is not enough space and resources for all the trees to grow large. This competition is especially evident at higher elevations when tree density decreases with

@article{doi1010801054981120232204788,
    author = "Berlyn, G.",
    title = "Some Thoughts on Mountain Forests: Their Benefits and Sustainability",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Sustainable Forestry",
    abstract = "Mountain forests occur on most of the continents on this planet. Definitions of what constitutes as a mountain forest can be arbitrary. A reasonable operational definition is “forests on land with an elevation of 2500 m a.s.l. or higher, irrespective of slope, or on land with an elevation of 300– 2500 m and a slope with sharp changes in elevation within a short distance” (Price et al., 2011). However, where they start and end on a particular mountain depends on its climate, soils, topography, other organisms that live in the forest, and random factors. To paraphrase the Greek philosopher Heraclitus no person climbs the same mountain twice because the mountain is not the same and the person is not the same. Mountain forests comprise about 20\% of the world’s forests and provide many essential services such as preventing erosion and serving as water sheds (Price et al., 2011). Trees take up carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) and give off oxygen. The carbon dioxide is converted into woody tissue that sequesters the carbon and helps mitigate global warming for long periods of time. The oxygen released is required for all aerobic life. Like other forest types, mountain forests are a significant part of these processes. As I approach my nonagenarian years, I look back at 70 years of my close relationship with the mountain forests and I call for their sustainable management that can support and improve the capacity of mountain forests to provide environmental services (Gratzer \& Keeton, 2017). Forests are complex systems. Each tree in a forest supports a diversity of life including insects, birds, mammals, mosses, and lichens (Körner, 2004; Perrigo et al., 2020). The complexity of a forested system is beyond what the eye can see as trees of the forest communicate both above and below ground in many ways. In the soil, the trees communicate by sharing soil resources with the help of a fungal network with the tree roots termed mycorrhizae. Above ground, the trees give off volatile compounds if they are attacked by pathogens and these stimulate neighboring trees to synthesize protective compounds like polyphenols. Some deeper-rooted trees can bring up water from great depths and exude it at shallower depths permitting other organisms to take it up. Tree roots also exude a variety of chemicals into the surrounding soil. Some of these attract beneficial soil microorganisms and create a special environment around the roots termed the rhizosphere. Other exudates given off by the roots of one species inhibit other species in a process called allelopathy. This gives a competitive advantage to the excreting species over other species in the competition for scarce resources. In the initial stage of forest formation from seedlings the tree stems are very dense, but as the forest develops the number of trees per hectare decreases as there is not enough space and resources for all the trees to grow large. This competition is especially evident at higher elevations when tree density decreases with",
    url = "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10549811.2023.2204788?needAccess=true",
    doi = "10.1080/10549811.2023.2204788",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "10",
    pages = "961-966",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "4",
    semanticscholar_id = "eb3d15884c29222358378b883b6a5c6769886b51",
    volume = "42"
}

Tackling land degradation, particularly soil erosion, remains a challenge due to the gap between science, policy, and practice which hampers the adoption of control measures by farmers. Bridging this gap requires understanding land degradation as an assemblage of the natural/biophysical and anthropogenic aspects; but also, rethinking epistemologies that level the grounds between scientists, policymakers, and farmers whose farm livelihoods are at-risk due to soil erosion. This study aimed to clarify how these requirements can be met through the lens of the recently proposed hylomorphic framework. This framework structures, in three steps, the procedure of bridging real-life experiences of farmers at risk of soil erosion with the knowledge of scientists and policymakers through the embracement of diversity in ontological realities and values, self-critiques, and coalescing overlaps in theorizations. We selected a qualitative design as most appropriate using one of the cases—the Rwenzori region—where soil erosion is high. We conducted nine focus group discussions with participants selected purposefully from three stakeholder groups including scientists, policymakers, and farmers. Following the hylomorphic framework procedure, we carried out the content analysis. Drawing on insights from this study, we elaborate on how the hylomorphic framework supports deconstructing land degradation and soil erosion, and also further offers insights into a more nature-society-inclusive soil erosion management strategy.

@article{doi103389fsufs20231146222,
    author = "Tibasiima, Thaddeo and Bwambale, Bosco and Ekyaligonza, Deous Mary and Dietrich, Phillipp and Jumba, Francis and Kagorora, John Patrick Kanahe and Freyer, Bernard",
    title = "Re-assembling land degradation: toward a nature-society-inclusive soil erosion management strategy. A case of the Rwenzori region, Uganda",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems",
    abstract = "Tackling land degradation, particularly soil erosion, remains a challenge due to the gap between science, policy, and practice which hampers the adoption of control measures by farmers. Bridging this gap requires understanding land degradation as an assemblage of the natural/biophysical and anthropogenic aspects; but also, rethinking epistemologies that level the grounds between scientists, policymakers, and farmers whose farm livelihoods are at-risk due to soil erosion. This study aimed to clarify how these requirements can be met through the lens of the recently proposed hylomorphic framework. This framework structures, in three steps, the procedure of bridging real-life experiences of farmers at risk of soil erosion with the knowledge of scientists and policymakers through the embracement of diversity in ontological realities and values, self-critiques, and coalescing overlaps in theorizations. We selected a qualitative design as most appropriate using one of the cases—the Rwenzori region—where soil erosion is high. We conducted nine focus group discussions with participants selected purposefully from three stakeholder groups including scientists, policymakers, and farmers. Following the hylomorphic framework procedure, we carried out the content analysis. Drawing on insights from this study, we elaborate on how the hylomorphic framework supports deconstructing land degradation and soil erosion, and also further offers insights into a more nature-society-inclusive soil erosion management strategy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1146222",
    doi = "10.3389/fsufs.2023.1146222",
    openalex = "W4367852698",
    references = "doi103390land9100352"
}

• Discloses water erosion dynamics across diverse ecosystems. • Evaluates traditional and modern erosion control methods. • Innovative use of nanotech and biotech in soil stabilization. • Links effective policy with successful erosion management. This study rigorously explores water erosion, a critical environmental challenge diminishing land productivity and ecosystem stability worldwide. Addressing a notable gap in comprehensive, region-specific erosion assessments, this research underscores innovative strategies integrating traditional practices with modern technologies. It assesses the interplay between splash erosion, surface runoff, and subsurface flow, which collectively drive significant landscape changes and soil fertility loss. The influence of key factors such as rainfall intensity, soil type, topography, and vegetation is analyzed through case studies from the Loess Plateau, the Mississippi River Basin, and the Ethiopian Highlands, illustrating varying erosion dynamics. Importantly, this work evaluates the implementation of nanotechnology and biotechnological advances in soil stabilization, supported by robust policy frameworks, and demonstrates these technologies in context, ensuring relevancy to the observed erosion processes. By combining empirical research with cutting-edge science and active community participation, this paper champions adaptive and inclusive strategies to effectively manage water erosion, aiming to bolster environmental sustainability and resilience globally.

@article{doi101016jrineng2024103237,
    author = "Firoozi, Ali Akbar and Firoozi, Ali Asghar and Firoozi, Ali Asghar and Firoozi, Ali Asghar",
    title = "Water erosion processes: Mechanisms, impact, and management strategies",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Results in Engineering",
    abstract = "• Discloses water erosion dynamics across diverse ecosystems. • Evaluates traditional and modern erosion control methods. • Innovative use of nanotech and biotech in soil stabilization. • Links effective policy with successful erosion management. This study rigorously explores water erosion, a critical environmental challenge diminishing land productivity and ecosystem stability worldwide. Addressing a notable gap in comprehensive, region-specific erosion assessments, this research underscores innovative strategies integrating traditional practices with modern technologies. It assesses the interplay between splash erosion, surface runoff, and subsurface flow, which collectively drive significant landscape changes and soil fertility loss. The influence of key factors such as rainfall intensity, soil type, topography, and vegetation is analyzed through case studies from the Loess Plateau, the Mississippi River Basin, and the Ethiopian Highlands, illustrating varying erosion dynamics. Importantly, this work evaluates the implementation of nanotechnology and biotechnological advances in soil stabilization, supported by robust policy frameworks, and demonstrates these technologies in context, ensuring relevancy to the observed erosion processes. By combining empirical research with cutting-edge science and active community participation, this paper champions adaptive and inclusive strategies to effectively manage water erosion, aiming to bolster environmental sustainability and resilience globally.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103237",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rineng.2024.103237",
    openalex = "W4403902210",
    references = "doi101002ldr3791, doi101038s41579023009805"
}

ABSTRACTSoil erosion, a major factor contributing to land degradation, poses significant environmental challenges across sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This study identifies erosion-prone sub-watersheds in southern Ethiopia's middle Omo-Gibe River basin using digital elevation model data, analyzed using a geomorphometric and statistically weighted sum priority approach in a Geographic Information System environment. Additionally, hypsometric analysis, lithology, land use/cover analysis, and field observations were integrated to enhance methodological reliability in assessing soil erosion patterns and subsequent land degradation in the basin. Results highlight sub-watersheds with varying degrees of erosion sensitivity, emphasizing morphometric parameters and landscape characteristics. Furthermore, hypsometric analysis confirms a moderate to high susceptibility of sub-watersheds to soil erosion. Moreover, half of the river basin consists of shrubland, encompassing scrubs, range lands, and small wooded areas. These are less efficient in mitigating erosion compared to forests, especially in the face of significant summer rainfall and ensuing runoff. Statistical prioritization identified 19 sub-watersheds, covering 43% of the basin's total area, as highly prone to soil erosion and land degradation. The study's findings are valuable for Ethiopian watershed management decision-makers, enabling informed resource allocation and targeted interventions to control soil erosion and protect water resources by utilizing the outputs of this study.

@article{doi1010801753894720242350198,
    author = "Dofee, Abera Abiyo and Chand, Pritam and Kumar, Rinku",
    title = "Prioritization of soil erosion-prone sub-watersheds using geomorphometric and statistical-based weighted sum priority approach in the middle Omo-Gibe River basin, Southern Ethiopia",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "International Journal of Digital Earth",
    abstract = "ABSTRACTSoil erosion, a major factor contributing to land degradation, poses significant environmental challenges across sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. This study identifies erosion-prone sub-watersheds in southern Ethiopia's middle Omo-Gibe River basin using digital elevation model data, analyzed using a geomorphometric and statistically weighted sum priority approach in a Geographic Information System environment. Additionally, hypsometric analysis, lithology, land use/cover analysis, and field observations were integrated to enhance methodological reliability in assessing soil erosion patterns and subsequent land degradation in the basin. Results highlight sub-watersheds with varying degrees of erosion sensitivity, emphasizing morphometric parameters and landscape characteristics. Furthermore, hypsometric analysis confirms a moderate to high susceptibility of sub-watersheds to soil erosion. Moreover, half of the river basin consists of shrubland, encompassing scrubs, range lands, and small wooded areas. These are less efficient in mitigating erosion compared to forests, especially in the face of significant summer rainfall and ensuing runoff. Statistical prioritization identified 19 sub-watersheds, covering 43\% of the basin's total area, as highly prone to soil erosion and land degradation. The study's findings are valuable for Ethiopian watershed management decision-makers, enabling informed resource allocation and targeted interventions to control soil erosion and protect water resources by utilizing the outputs of this study.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2024.2350198",
    doi = "10.1080/17538947.2024.2350198",
    openalex = "W4396705736",
    references = "doi101007s4245202104314z"
}

As in the current topic of discussion, namely climate change, where long-term climate change is one of the major environmental concerns. If we look ahead to what is happening in our surroundings, both in terms of weather and temperature, as well as the water we consume, we will notice changes over time. Higher wildfires have resulted from these changes, which have resulted in losses to living creatures on Earth, ranging from increased heat, drought, and insect outbreaks, all linked to climate change. Additional worries include dwindling water supplies, lower agricultural yields, heat-related health effects in cities, and coastal flooding and erosion. As a result, it provides renewable energy that can help mitigate the worst effects of climate change. Objectives: When discussing climate change, we are addressing alterations in weather patterns. Climate change denotes a protracted modification in climate conditions extending over decades, or even longer periods. It emerges as a consequence of global warming, which ensues from both natural phenomena such as fluctuations in solar radiation, volcanic activities, or intrinsic variability within the climate system, and anthropogenic factors including alterations in atmospheric composition or land use. Climate change is contingent upon meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, wind patterns, precipitation, drought occurrences, aridity levels, and solar radiation impacting the Earth. Method and results: The sources utilized for this composition encompass articles and journals sourced from online social media platforms, alongside a comprehensive review of articles and journals published by international and national agencies, focusing on pertinent issues related to the subject matter. Renewable energy emerges as a formidable tool in combatting climate change, exhibiting promising potential for success. Conclusion: After we investigate and learn about renewable energy in order to discuss the impact of climate change, we can learn about the advantages it offers, such as the advantages of using renewable energy in the environmental and economic sectors, such as generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil firing and reduces some types of air pollution, as well as the advantages of diversifying energy supply and reducing reliance on imported firing.

@article{doi1061511paccv1i12024621,
    author = "Maulida, Afina and Masjud, Yunita Ismail",
    title = "The Impact of Renewable Energy on Climate Change: A Literature Review",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Peatland Agriculture and Climate Change Journal",
    abstract = "As in the current topic of discussion, namely climate change, where long-term climate change is one of the major environmental concerns. If we look ahead to what is happening in our surroundings, both in terms of weather and temperature, as well as the water we consume, we will notice changes over time. Higher wildfires have resulted from these changes, which have resulted in losses to living creatures on Earth, ranging from increased heat, drought, and insect outbreaks, all linked to climate change. Additional worries include dwindling water supplies, lower agricultural yields, heat-related health effects in cities, and coastal flooding and erosion. As a result, it provides renewable energy that can help mitigate the worst effects of climate change. Objectives: When discussing climate change, we are addressing alterations in weather patterns. Climate change denotes a protracted modification in climate conditions extending over decades, or even longer periods. It emerges as a consequence of global warming, which ensues from both natural phenomena such as fluctuations in solar radiation, volcanic activities, or intrinsic variability within the climate system, and anthropogenic factors including alterations in atmospheric composition or land use. Climate change is contingent upon meteorological variables such as temperature, humidity, wind patterns, precipitation, drought occurrences, aridity levels, and solar radiation impacting the Earth. Method and results: The sources utilized for this composition encompass articles and journals sourced from online social media platforms, alongside a comprehensive review of articles and journals published by international and national agencies, focusing on pertinent issues related to the subject matter. Renewable energy emerges as a formidable tool in combatting climate change, exhibiting promising potential for success. Conclusion: After we investigate and learn about renewable energy in order to discuss the impact of climate change, we can learn about the advantages it offers, such as the advantages of using renewable energy in the environmental and economic sectors, such as generating energy that produces no greenhouse gas emissions from fossil firing and reduces some types of air pollution, as well as the advantages of diversifying energy supply and reducing reliance on imported firing.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f7176cead575e126b33bf68fafe3667db71ff63c",
    doi = "10.61511/pacc.v1i1.2024.621",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "3",
    semanticscholar_id = "f7176cead575e126b33bf68fafe3667db71ff63c",
    volume = "1"
}

@article{doi101016jcatena2025109581,
    author = "Hu, Wenmin and Li, Can and Yin, Ziqiang and Guo, Li",
    title = "Uncertainty in soil erosion assessment induced by land use classification systems: An evaluation based on the USLE model",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "CATENA",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2025.109581",
    doi = "10.1016/j.catena.2025.109581",
    openalex = "W4415655169",
    references = "doi101002esp5218"
}

Soil erosion affects land productivity, water quality, and ecosystem resilience. Traditional monitoring methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and resource-demanding, while unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide high-resolution, near-real-time data, improving accuracy. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of UAV-based soil erosion research to explore trends, technologies, and challenges. A systematic review of Web of Science and Scopus articles identified 473 relevant studies after filtering for terms that refer to types of soil erosion. Analysis using R’s bibliometrix package shows research is concentrated in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with 304 publications following a surge. Multi-rotor UAVs with RGB sensors are the most common. Gully erosion is the most studied form of the issue, followed by landslides, rills, and interrill and piping erosion. Significant gaps remain in rill and interrill erosion research. The integration of UAVs with satellite data, laser surveys, and soil properties is limited but crucial. While challenges such as data accuracy and integration persist, UAVs offer cost-effective, near-real-time monitoring capabilities, enabling rapid responses to erosion changes. Future work should focus on multi-source data fusion to enhance conservation strategies.

@article{doi103390drones9040305,
    author = "Medeiros, Beatriz Macêdo and Cândido, Bernardo Moreira and Jiménez, Paúl Andrés Jiménez and Avanzi, Junior César and Silva, Marx Leandro Naves",
    title = "UAV-Based Soil Water Erosion Monitoring: Current Status and Trends",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Drones",
    abstract = "Soil erosion affects land productivity, water quality, and ecosystem resilience. Traditional monitoring methods are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and resource-demanding, while unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) provide high-resolution, near-real-time data, improving accuracy. This study conducts a bibliometric analysis of UAV-based soil erosion research to explore trends, technologies, and challenges. A systematic review of Web of Science and Scopus articles identified 473 relevant studies after filtering for terms that refer to types of soil erosion. Analysis using R’s bibliometrix package shows research is concentrated in Asia, Europe, and the Americas, with 304 publications following a surge. Multi-rotor UAVs with RGB sensors are the most common. Gully erosion is the most studied form of the issue, followed by landslides, rills, and interrill and piping erosion. Significant gaps remain in rill and interrill erosion research. The integration of UAVs with satellite data, laser surveys, and soil properties is limited but crucial. While challenges such as data accuracy and integration persist, UAVs offer cost-effective, near-real-time monitoring capabilities, enabling rapid responses to erosion changes. Future work should focus on multi-source data fusion to enhance conservation strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9040305",
    doi = "10.3390/drones9040305",
    openalex = "W4409409920",
    references = "doi101002ldr3791"
}

@misc{wynants2026tanzania,
    author = "Wynants, Maarten",
    title = "Tanzania is losing fertile land to soil erosion: what’s happening and what can be done",
    year = "2026",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.64628/aaj.nerr3a5tt",
    doi = "10.64628/aaj.nerr3a5tt",
    openalex = "W7125922406",
    references = "doi101002esp5218, doi101002ldr3791, doi101007s10113019015209, doi101007s4245202104314z, doi101016b9780443140822001587, doi101016jjag201805008, doi101016jscitotenv2020137266, doi10108817489326aaea8b, doi10108817489326ac8300, doi103390land9100352"
}