Corals

(1849). XIII.—On some new genera and species of Palaeozoic corals and Foraminifera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 119-136.

@article{doi10108003745485909494606,
    author = "M‘Coy, Frederick",
    title = "XIII.— On some new genera and species of Palæozoic corals and Foraminifera",
    year = "1849",
    journal = "Annals and Magazine of Natural History",
    abstract = "(1849). XIII.—On some new genera and species of Palaeozoic corals and Foraminifera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 3, No. 14, pp. 119-136.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03745485909494606",
    doi = "10.1080/03745485909494606",
    openalex = "W2202757085"
}

Abstract The following account brings forward the most important contributions, zoological and palæontological, to the study of the origin, the microscopic structure, and morphology of the Madreporarian skeleton. The earlier writings in the first half of this century are neglected, since exhaustive accounts of those have been given by Bronn, and by Edwards and Haime. Dana’s brilliant researches on recent corals and their habits, introduced many fundamental changes in the systematic arrangement of corals. The large folio atlas published by him in connection with the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition in 1849, is in constant use in every large School of Zoology and Palæontology, and has made known the beauty and variety of the existing Madreporarian world to a wide circle of naturalists.

@article{doi101098rstb18960003,
    author = "Ogilvie, Maria M.",
    title = "III. Microscopic and systematic study of madreporarian types of corals",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Containing Papers of a Biological Character",
    abstract = "Abstract The following account brings forward the most important contributions, zoological and palæontological, to the study of the origin, the microscopic structure, and morphology of the Madreporarian skeleton. The earlier writings in the first half of this century are neglected, since exhaustive accounts of those have been given by Bronn, and by Edwards and Haime. Dana’s brilliant researches on recent corals and their habits, introduced many fundamental changes in the systematic arrangement of corals. The large folio atlas published by him in connection with the Wilkes’ Exploring Expedition in 1849, is in constant use in every large School of Zoology and Palæontology, and has made known the beauty and variety of the existing Madreporarian world to a wide circle of naturalists.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1896.0003",
    doi = "10.1098/rstb.1896.0003",
    openalex = "W2069249126"
}

@article{carruthers1910on1,
    author = "Carruthers, R. G",
    title = "On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carruthers, R. G., 1910, On the evolution of Zaphrentis delanouei in Lower Carboniferous times: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 66, p. 523-538.}"
}

@article{chandler1923geological2,
    author = "Chandler, M. E. J",
    title = "Geological history of the genus Stratiotes",
    year = "1923",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 79, p. 117-138",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chandler, M. E. J., 1923, Geological history of the genus Stratiotes: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 79, p. 117-138.}"
}

THE terminology used to-day by British writers on Rugose corals is founded on the first competent terminology ever formulated, that of Henri Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, which was published in 1848, and added to during the following twelve years. These eminent French workers evolved a general terminology for corals as a whole and a special one for the sub-order Madreporaria Edwards and Haime. Their researches were more exact than those of their predecessors and called for more exact terms. Dana also realized the need for an exact terminology and introduced one some two months later (1848, p. 723); but it was less complete, less coherent, and less precise than that of Edwards and Haime, and has not been generally adopted by later writers.

@article{doi101017s0016756800094577,
    author = "Hill, Dorothy",
    title = "British Terminology for Rugose Corals",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "THE terminology used to-day by British writers on Rugose corals is founded on the first competent terminology ever formulated, that of Henri Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, which was published in 1848, and added to during the following twelve years. These eminent French workers evolved a general terminology for corals as a whole and a special one for the sub-order Madreporaria Edwards and Haime. Their researches were more exact than those of their predecessors and called for more exact terms. Dana also realized the need for an exact terminology and introduced one some two months later (1848, p. 723); but it was less complete, less coherent, and less precise than that of Edwards and Haime, and has not been generally adopted by later writers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800094577",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800094577",
    openalex = "W2127653253",
    references = "andgregory1896catalogue, carruthers1910on, doi101017s0016756800137045, doi10108000222932608633383, doi10108000222932708655459, doi101080037454809495152, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb18960003, doi101126science26351541688a, doi101144gsljgs1910066010428, doi101144gsljgs1923079010411, doi105962bhltitle11574, doi105962bhltitle11691, doi105962bhltitle167592, doi105962bhltitle8768, openalexw2595471857"
}

I. Introduction Few names appear more frequently in the literature of Devonian palaeontology than “ Cyathophyllum cæspitosum Goldfuss”; yet the descriptions of that species are most unsatisfactory, partly because a lectotype had not been chosen until lately (Lang and Smith, 1934, p. 80), and partly because the internal characters of the type specimens have not yet been made known. Occurring in a faunal list, the name usually connotes no more than a phaceloid coral. Goldfuss described the coral in 1826, on page 60 of his classical work “Petrefacta Germanise”, and illustrated it by figures of four syntypes, from the Eifel and Bensberg, in pl. xix, figs. 2 a–d. He also described and figured, in the same work, Lithodendron coespitosum (p. 44, pl. xiii, fig. 4), which has been considered by many authors a synonym of Cyathophyllum cæspitosum; and Cyathophyllum hexagonum (p. 61, pi. xix, figs. 5 a–f; pl. xx, figs. 1 a, b), of which the examples illustrated on pl. xix, figs. 5 a–d, have also been cited as conspecific with C. cæspitosum. Through the courtesy of Professor Tilmann, who has very kindly lent us the types (preserved in Bonn University), we have been able to investigate the structures of these species, and to choose a lectotype of Cyathophyllum cæspitosum: namely, the specimen figured in Goldfuss, 1826, p. 60, pl. xix, fig. 2 b. Since Cyathophyllum cæspitosum and Lithodendron cæspitosum cannot be included in either Cyathophyllum or Lithodendron, we have investigated the genotypes of the various genera to which those two

@article{doi101144gsljgs1935091010419,
    author = "Lang, W. D. and Smith, Stanley G.",
    title = "Cyathophyllum Cæspitosum Goldfuss, and other Devonian Corals considered in a Revision of that Species",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "I. Introduction Few names appear more frequently in the literature of Devonian palaeontology than “ Cyathophyllum cæspitosum Goldfuss”; yet the descriptions of that species are most unsatisfactory, partly because a lectotype had not been chosen until lately (Lang and Smith, 1934, p. 80), and partly because the internal characters of the type specimens have not yet been made known. Occurring in a faunal list, the name usually connotes no more than a phaceloid coral. Goldfuss described the coral in 1826, on page 60 of his classical work “Petrefacta Germanise”, and illustrated it by figures of four syntypes, from the Eifel and Bensberg, in pl. xix, figs. 2 a–d. He also described and figured, in the same work, Lithodendron coespitosum (p. 44, pl. xiii, fig. 4), which has been considered by many authors a synonym of Cyathophyllum cæspitosum; and Cyathophyllum hexagonum (p. 61, pi. xix, figs. 5 a–f; pl. xx, figs. 1 a, b), of which the examples illustrated on pl. xix, figs. 5 a–d, have also been cited as conspecific with C. cæspitosum. Through the courtesy of Professor Tilmann, who has very kindly lent us the types (preserved in Bonn University), we have been able to investigate the structures of these species, and to choose a lectotype of Cyathophyllum cæspitosum: namely, the specimen figured in Goldfuss, 1826, p. 60, pl. xix, fig. 2 b. Since Cyathophyllum cæspitosum and Lithodendron cæspitosum cannot be included in either Cyathophyllum or Lithodendron, we have investigated the genotypes of the various genera to which those two",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1935.091.01-04.19",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1935.091.01-04.19",
    openalex = "W1994504255",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi101017s0016756800094577, doi10108003745485909494606"
}

@article{doi10108002693445193812035657,
    author = "Hill, Dorothy",
    title = "A Monograph on the Carboniferous Rugose Corals of Scotland. Part I. Pages 1–78; Plates I, II",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "Monographs of the Palaeontographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02693445.1938.12035657",
    doi = "10.1080/02693445.1938.12035657",
    openalex = "W4253633812"
}

Summary The monotypic Carboniferous coral genus Aulina was founded by one of the present authors (S. S.) in 1916 (Abs. Proc. G.S. No. 995) upon A. roliformis Smith, at that time known only from two localities, one in Northumberland and the other in Yorkshire. Since then the species has been recorded from Scotland and has been proved to be widely distributed in China. Other species have been added to the genus and several new forms are described in this paper. Here the genus is restricted to forms of these corals. The first, the plocoid group, evolved from the cerioid Lithostrotion maccoyanum, embraces Aulina rotiformis and species which closely parallel stages in its ontogeny. The second group includes phaceloid forms which have been developed more directly from diphymorphs of Lithostrotion through the production of the aulos from a column of superimposed convex axial tabulae. To this extent the genus is polyphyletic. The paper contains brief sections dealing with other derivatives of Lithostrotion and with aulate corals in general. I. Introduction This paper is a sequel to the one published in volume lxxii of the Quarterly Journal (Smith 1917) in which the Carboniferous genus Aulina and its genotype A. rotiformis were first fully described upon material from a very circumscribed area in the North of England. Aulina rotiformis has subsequently been recorded from Scotland (Hill 1937, p. 25) and has proved to be widely distributed in China (Yü 1933 [1934], p. 80, and present work). Since Aulina was founded in 1916 (Smith

@article{doi101144gsljgs1943099010406,
    author = "Smith, Stanley G. and Yü, Ohien Chang",
    title = "A Revision of the Coral Genus Aulina Smith and Descriptions of New Species from Britain and China 1",
    year = "1943",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "Summary The monotypic Carboniferous coral genus Aulina was founded by one of the present authors (S. S.) in 1916 (Abs. Proc. G.S. No. 995) upon A. roliformis Smith, at that time known only from two localities, one in Northumberland and the other in Yorkshire. Since then the species has been recorded from Scotland and has been proved to be widely distributed in China. Other species have been added to the genus and several new forms are described in this paper. Here the genus is restricted to forms of these corals. The first, the plocoid group, evolved from the cerioid Lithostrotion maccoyanum, embraces Aulina rotiformis and species which closely parallel stages in its ontogeny. The second group includes phaceloid forms which have been developed more directly from diphymorphs of Lithostrotion through the production of the aulos from a column of superimposed convex axial tabulae. To this extent the genus is polyphyletic. The paper contains brief sections dealing with other derivatives of Lithostrotion and with aulate corals in general. I. Introduction This paper is a sequel to the one published in volume lxxii of the Quarterly Journal (Smith 1917) in which the Carboniferous genus Aulina and its genotype A. rotiformis were first fully described upon material from a very circumscribed area in the North of England. Aulina rotiformis has subsequently been recorded from Scotland (Hill 1937, p. 25) and has proved to be widely distributed in China (Yü 1933 [1934], p. 80, and present work). Since Aulina was founded in 1916 (Smith",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1943.099.01-04.06",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1943.099.01-04.06",
    openalex = "W2157779249",
    references = "doi10108000222932608633383, doi101144gsljgs1923079010411"
}

Algal material has been known to exist in the Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian beds of Kansas for many years. Twenhofel described some in 1919, and later writers have repeatedly mentioned their occurrence. Moore (1935) and Elias (1937) pointed out that they occur quite consistently at certain positions in the depositional cyclothems. The algae were collected from 74 formations or named formation members which range in age from the top of the Lower Pennsylvanian up almost to the top of the Lower Permian. The algae described belong mainly to the green and blue-green algae (Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta) and include members of the families Dasycladaceae, Codiaceae, Porostroma and Spongiostroma. The Dasycladaceae are represented by six new species of the genus Epimastopora, the Codiaceae by a new genus Anchicodium represented by six species. Three species of Girvanella are present. The genera Ottonosia and Osagia named long ago by Twenhofel are discussed, and details of their microstructures are given. The Osagia colonies are shown to consist of an intimate intergrowth of several different algae often associated with Foraminifera belonging to the “Nubecularia.” Among the Spongiostroma described are the Somphospongia and several species of Cryptozoon. The importance of the algae as rock builders is considered. Locally they are very important. The relation of the algal deposits to the cyclothems of deposition is noted and discussed.

@article{doi101130001676061946571087laftpa20co2,
    author = "Johnson, J. Harlan",
    title = "LIME-SECRETING ALGAE FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN AND PERMIAN OF KANSAS",
    year = "1946",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Algal material has been known to exist in the Pennsylvanian and Lower Permian beds of Kansas for many years. Twenhofel described some in 1919, and later writers have repeatedly mentioned their occurrence. Moore (1935) and Elias (1937) pointed out that they occur quite consistently at certain positions in the depositional cyclothems. The algae were collected from 74 formations or named formation members which range in age from the top of the Lower Pennsylvanian up almost to the top of the Lower Permian. The algae described belong mainly to the green and blue-green algae (Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta) and include members of the families Dasycladaceae, Codiaceae, Porostroma and Spongiostroma. The Dasycladaceae are represented by six new species of the genus Epimastopora, the Codiaceae by a new genus Anchicodium represented by six species. Three species of Girvanella are present. The genera Ottonosia and Osagia named long ago by Twenhofel are discussed, and details of their microstructures are given. The Osagia colonies are shown to consist of an intimate intergrowth of several different algae often associated with Foraminifera belonging to the “Nubecularia.” Among the Spongiostroma described are the Somphospongia and several species of Cryptozoon. The importance of the algae as rock builders is considered. Locally they are very important. The relation of the algal deposits to the cyclothems of deposition is noted and discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[1087:laftpa]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1946)57[1087:laftpa]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2077784574"
}

@misc{wells1956scleractinia7,
    author = "Wells, J. W",
    title = "Scleractinia",
    year = "1956",
    howpublished = "p.F328-F444, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F: p. F1-F498",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wells, J. W., 1956, Scleractinia: p.F328-F444, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part F: p. F1-F498.}"
}

This paper discusses the stratigraphic distribution of some Upper Pennsylvanian fusulinids from the outcropping rocks of the Thrifty formation in Coleman, Brown, Eastland, and Stephens Counties, Texas. The area, about 100 miles from north to south, lies between the Brazos and Colorado Rivers about 90 miles west of Fort Worth. The Thrifty formation ranges in thickness from about 60 feet in the southern part of the area to about 100 feet in the northern part of the area. It consists mostly of shale, with lesser amounts of sandstone and limestone. The Thrifty formation includes three principal limestone units: the Speck Mountain limestone member at the base, the Breckenridge limestone member in the middle, and the Chaffin limestone member at the top. All three limestone members contain a characteristic fusulinid fauna which persists along the strike throughout the area. The Speck Mountain member contains a fusulinid fauna characterized by Triticites plummeri, Schubertella sp., and Dunbarinella sp. The fusulinid fauna of the Breckenridge is dominated by Triticites plummeri, and contains associated specimens of Triticites cf. T. moorei. The Chaffin contains large specimens of Triticites plummeri, Triticites cf. T. beedei, and rare specimens of Dunbarinella. Evolutionary trends in Triticites plummeri consist of an increase in size of the proloculus, increase in thickness of the spirotheca, slight increase in massiveness of chomata, and a slight increase in overall size. There is no significant change in the tunnel angle or form ratio. It is suggested that these evolutionary changes may be used for purposes of stratigraphic correlation.

@article{openalexw2342177010,
    author = "Myers, Donald A.",
    title = "Stratigraphic distribution of some fusulinids from the Thrifty Formation, Upper Pennsylvanian, central Texas",
    year = "1958",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "This paper discusses the stratigraphic distribution of some Upper Pennsylvanian fusulinids from the outcropping rocks of the Thrifty formation in Coleman, Brown, Eastland, and Stephens Counties, Texas. The area, about 100 miles from north to south, lies between the Brazos and Colorado Rivers about 90 miles west of Fort Worth. The Thrifty formation ranges in thickness from about 60 feet in the southern part of the area to about 100 feet in the northern part of the area. It consists mostly of shale, with lesser amounts of sandstone and limestone. The Thrifty formation includes three principal limestone units: the Speck Mountain limestone member at the base, the Breckenridge limestone member in the middle, and the Chaffin limestone member at the top. All three limestone members contain a characteristic fusulinid fauna which persists along the strike throughout the area. The Speck Mountain member contains a fusulinid fauna characterized by Triticites plummeri, Schubertella sp., and Dunbarinella sp. The fusulinid fauna of the Breckenridge is dominated by Triticites plummeri, and contains associated specimens of Triticites cf. T. moorei. The Chaffin contains large specimens of Triticites plummeri, Triticites cf. T. beedei, and rare specimens of Dunbarinella. Evolutionary trends in Triticites plummeri consist of an increase in size of the proloculus, increase in thickness of the spirotheca, slight increase in massiveness of chomata, and a slight increase in overall size. There is no significant change in the tunnel angle or form ratio. It is suggested that these evolutionary changes may be used for purposes of stratigraphic correlation.",
    openalex = "W2342177010"
}

1. A method is described for the accurate measurement of calcification rates in reef-building corals under various controlled conditions, using calcium-45 as tracer.2. At the temperatures of the experiments, there was a slow but appreciable isotopic exchange between the coral skeleton and sea water. There are indications that this is considerably less in living coral where the tissue forms a barrier against such exchange.3. In many of the reef-building corals tested so far, the calcification rate was significantly lowered by the exclusion of light.4. The calcification rate of reef corals grown in darkness for prolonged periods of time to remove the zooxanthellae is considerably reduced and seems independent of the light intensity.5. Variations in the growth rates of different parts of coral colonies were measured. The existence of growth gradients was demonstrated in a number of species.6. Calcium uptake was greatly reduced on the addition of Diamox, a specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. In those species tested, the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition and exclusion of light was in the same direction. In the presence of complete inhibition of carbonic anhydrase there was still an uptake, even in darkness.7. It was concluded that the effect of light on reef coral growth is in part mediated through the zooxanthellae. The decreased calcification rates of reef corals in darkness, in the absence of zooxanthellae or in the presence of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor suggest that the rapid calcification of these corals may be dependent on efficient removal of H2CO3.

@article{doi1023071539156,
    author = "Goreau, Thomas F.",
    title = "THE PHYSIOLOGY OF SKELETON FORMATION IN CORALS. I. A METHOD FOR MEASURING THE RATE OF CALCIUM DEPOSITION BY CORALS UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS",
    year = "1959",
    journal = "Biological Bulletin",
    abstract = "1. A method is described for the accurate measurement of calcification rates in reef-building corals under various controlled conditions, using calcium-45 as tracer.2. At the temperatures of the experiments, there was a slow but appreciable isotopic exchange between the coral skeleton and sea water. There are indications that this is considerably less in living coral where the tissue forms a barrier against such exchange.3. In many of the reef-building corals tested so far, the calcification rate was significantly lowered by the exclusion of light.4. The calcification rate of reef corals grown in darkness for prolonged periods of time to remove the zooxanthellae is considerably reduced and seems independent of the light intensity.5. Variations in the growth rates of different parts of coral colonies were measured. The existence of growth gradients was demonstrated in a number of species.6. Calcium uptake was greatly reduced on the addition of Diamox, a specific carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. In those species tested, the effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibition and exclusion of light was in the same direction. In the presence of complete inhibition of carbonic anhydrase there was still an uptake, even in darkness.7. It was concluded that the effect of light on reef coral growth is in part mediated through the zooxanthellae. The decreased calcification rates of reef corals in darkness, in the absence of zooxanthellae or in the presence of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor suggest that the rapid calcification of these corals may be dependent on efficient removal of H2CO3.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1539156",
    doi = "10.2307/1539156",
    openalex = "W2471464552"
}

Seven species of rugose corals are described from Permian (mostly Leonard series) strata in the Basin and Range province of Nevada and California. Caninia trojana, Lithostrotionella mokomokensis, Lithostrotionella dilatata, Diphyphyllum connorsensis, Thysanophyllum princeps, Lonsdaleia illipahensis, and Lonsdaleia cordillerensis are named. The corals occur in thick successions of commonly cyclical alternations of limestone and sandstone near the eastern margin of the Cordilleran geosyncline. Local distribution and biostromal development can be used in subdividing and mapping the Permian strata of E.-central Nevada.

@article{openalexw2727438241,
    author = "Easton, William Heyden",
    title = "Permian corals from Nevada and California",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Seven species of rugose corals are described from Permian (mostly Leonard series) strata in the Basin and Range province of Nevada and California. Caninia trojana, Lithostrotionella mokomokensis, Lithostrotionella dilatata, Diphyphyllum connorsensis, Thysanophyllum princeps, Lonsdaleia illipahensis, and Lonsdaleia cordillerensis are named. The corals occur in thick successions of commonly cyclical alternations of limestone and sandstone near the eastern margin of the Cordilleran geosyncline. Local distribution and biostromal development can be used in subdividing and mapping the Permian strata of E.-central Nevada.",
    openalex = "W2727438241",
    references = "openalexw2601167116"
}

ABSTRACT The environment of deposition and diagenetic changes of some of the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian limestones of the Glass Mountains, Texas, are closely reflected in their field relations and in their texture and particle composition as determined by thin section investigations. From analysis of stable carbon isotopes the fine grained, light colored, algal limestones indicative of an oxidizing environment have distinctly positive C13 values, whereas fine grained, dark colored, fetid limestones indicative of reducing environments have markedly negative C13 values. The coarse grained limestones having abundant sparry calcite cement have C13 values near zero, that is, a C13/C12 ratio near the standard, Chicago PDB, a belemnite. These C13 values suggest that the source of the sparry calcite cement is at least in part from CO2 produced by methane fermentation of organic material in the substrata.

@article{doi10130674d70b412b2111d78648000102c1865d,
    author = "Ross, Shinya Oana Charles A.",
    title = "Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian Limestone Petrology and Carbon Isotope Distribution, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The environment of deposition and diagenetic changes of some of the Late Pennsylvanian and Early Permian limestones of the Glass Mountains, Texas, are closely reflected in their field relations and in their texture and particle composition as determined by thin section investigations. From analysis of stable carbon isotopes the fine grained, light colored, algal limestones indicative of an oxidizing environment have distinctly positive C13 values, whereas fine grained, dark colored, fetid limestones indicative of reducing environments have markedly negative C13 values. The coarse grained limestones having abundant sparry calcite cement have C13 values near zero, that is, a C13/C12 ratio near the standard, Chicago PDB, a belemnite. These C13 values suggest that the source of the sparry calcite cement is at least in part from CO2 produced by methane fermentation of organic material in the substrata.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/74d70b41-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/74d70b41-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2113756983"
}

Permian rocks in the Ely No. 3 quadrangle include approximately 650 ft. of the uppermost Ely Limestone, about 1000 ft. of Riepetown Sandstone, as much as 4000 ft. of Arcturus Formation, and the basal part of the Kaibab Limestone. Wolfcampian to Leonardian fusulinids occur in the Ely Limestone, Riepetown Sandstone, and Lower Arcturus Limestone but are absent in the Upper Arcturus Formation and Kaibab Limestone. The following corals occur in the fusulinid-bearing rocks: Stereostylus sp., Diphyphyllum connorsensis Easton, Durhamina cordillerensis (Easton), n. gen., Orionastrea hudsoni, n. sp., Ptolemaia ftatateeta McCutcheon & Wilson, Caninia hanseni, n. sp, Heritschioides woodi, n. sp., H. hillae, n. sp., Eastonoides elyensis, n. gen. & n. sp., Lithostrotionella brokawi, n. sp., Sciophyllum mulleri, n. sp., Thysanophyllum princeps Easton, Cladochonus shawi, n. sp., and mccutcheonae, n. sp. The ranges of these corals define 4 zonules which are believed to be of regional extent, and the entire fauna appears to belong to an assemblage characteristic of the Cordilleran geosyncline, the Ural geosyncline, and the Moscow basin.

@article{openalexw2284789870,
    author = "Wilson, Ed and Langenheim, Ralph L.",
    title = "Rugose and tabulate corals from Permian rocks in the Ely Quadrangle, White Pine County, Nevada",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Permian rocks in the Ely No. 3 quadrangle include approximately 650 ft. of the uppermost Ely Limestone, about 1000 ft. of Riepetown Sandstone, as much as 4000 ft. of Arcturus Formation, and the basal part of the Kaibab Limestone. Wolfcampian to Leonardian fusulinids occur in the Ely Limestone, Riepetown Sandstone, and Lower Arcturus Limestone but are absent in the Upper Arcturus Formation and Kaibab Limestone. The following corals occur in the fusulinid-bearing rocks: Stereostylus sp., Diphyphyllum connorsensis Easton, Durhamina cordillerensis (Easton), n. gen., Orionastrea hudsoni, n. sp., Ptolemaia ftatateeta McCutcheon \& Wilson, Caninia hanseni, n. sp, Heritschioides woodi, n. sp., H. hillae, n. sp., Eastonoides elyensis, n. gen. \& n. sp., Lithostrotionella brokawi, n. sp., Sciophyllum mulleri, n. sp., Thysanophyllum princeps Easton, Cladochonus shawi, n. sp., and mccutcheonae, n. sp. The ranges of these corals define 4 zonules which are believed to be of regional extent, and the entire fauna appears to belong to an assemblage characteristic of the Cordilleran geosyncline, the Ural geosyncline, and the Moscow basin.",
    openalex = "W2284789870"
}

Rugose corals, only locally common in the Pennsylvanian Gaptank Formation, include Dibunophyllum moorei, Dibunophyllum sp. A, Neokoninckophyllum dunbari, n. sp., from Des Moinesian strata, and N. cooperi, n. sp., Pseudozaphrentoides ordinatus, n. sp., Lophopyllidium vallum, n. sp., L. solidum, n. sp., Leonadophyllum kingi, n. sp., Amplexizaphrentis sp, and Amplexocarinia sp., from Virgilian strata. The Permian (Wolfcampian) Neal Ranch Formation contains Neokoninckophyllum deciensis, n. sp., and Lophophyllidium cf. L. vidriensis, n. sp., and the Permian (Wolfcampian) Lenox Hills Formation has Amplexocarinia sp. A, Dibunophyllum hessensis, n. sp., Dibunophyllum sp. B, Lophophyllidium vidriensis, n. sp., L. skinneri, n. sp., Stereostylus tergidus, n. sp., and Amplexocarinia sp. The Gaptank Formation is equivalent to the upper part of the Des Moinesian Series, the upper part of the Missourian Series and the Virgilian Series of the U.S., and the Moscovian, Zhigulevian, and Orenburgian series of Russia, The lower part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Neal Ranch Formation, is equivalent to the Council Grove Group of Kansas and the Asselian Series of Russia; and the upper part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Lenox Hills Formation, is equivalent to the Chase Group of Kansas and the Sakmarian (restricted) of Russia.

@article{openalexw2596843697,
    author = "Ross, Charles A. and Ross, June Phillips",
    title = "Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Rugose corals, only locally common in the Pennsylvanian Gaptank Formation, include Dibunophyllum moorei, Dibunophyllum sp. A, Neokoninckophyllum dunbari, n. sp., from Des Moinesian strata, and N. cooperi, n. sp., Pseudozaphrentoides ordinatus, n. sp., Lophopyllidium vallum, n. sp., L. solidum, n. sp., Leonadophyllum kingi, n. sp., Amplexizaphrentis sp, and Amplexocarinia sp., from Virgilian strata. The Permian (Wolfcampian) Neal Ranch Formation contains Neokoninckophyllum deciensis, n. sp., and Lophophyllidium cf. L. vidriensis, n. sp., and the Permian (Wolfcampian) Lenox Hills Formation has Amplexocarinia sp. A, Dibunophyllum hessensis, n. sp., Dibunophyllum sp. B, Lophophyllidium vidriensis, n. sp., L. skinneri, n. sp., Stereostylus tergidus, n. sp., and Amplexocarinia sp. The Gaptank Formation is equivalent to the upper part of the Des Moinesian Series, the upper part of the Missourian Series and the Virgilian Series of the U.S., and the Moscovian, Zhigulevian, and Orenburgian series of Russia, The lower part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Neal Ranch Formation, is equivalent to the Council Grove Group of Kansas and the Asselian Series of Russia; and the upper part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Lenox Hills Formation, is equivalent to the Chase Group of Kansas and the Sakmarian (restricted) of Russia.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2596843697",
    openalex = "W2596843697",
    references = "doi101130spe26p1, doi10130674d70b412b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi103133pp187, openalexw1120443734, openalexw1577462563, openalexw2342177010, openalexw2611170882, openalexw2727438241, openalexw2728862360, openalexw632859326"
}

@article{ross1962pennsylvanian5,
    author = "Ross, C. A. and Ross, J. P",
    title = "Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1163-1188",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ross, C. A., and Ross, J. P., 1962, Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas: Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1163-1188.}"
}

From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.

@article{openalexw2165951665,
    author = "de Groot, G.E.",
    title = "Rugose corals from the carboniferous of Northern Palencia (Spain)",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Leidse Geologische Mededelingen",
    abstract = "From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.",
    openalex = "W2165951665"
}

The late Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) and early Permian (Wolfcampian) parts of the Naco Group include the upper 300 ft of the Horquilla Limestone and the Earp Formation, which is 2700 ft thick. The varied fusulinid faunas of this succession can be divided into 5 assemblage zones which contain the following new species: Schwagerina dunnensis, n. sp., S. silverensis, n. sp., Pseudoschwagerina portalensis, n. sp., and Waerigella chiricahuensis, n. sp. The lowest zone studied is characterized by Triticites cullomensis, and occurs in early Virgilian strata disconformably overlying middle Des Moinesian beds. This early Virgilian sequence is overlain by a zone of middle to late Virgilian fusulinids, Triticites ventricosus sacramentoensis and Triticites cf. T. plummeri, that occurs in the uppermost beds of the Horquilla Limestone and ranges into the lower 20 to 235 ft of the Earp Formation. From the fusulinid distribution and the transitional lithologies it appears that the top of the Horquilla Limestone and the base of the Earp intertongue laterally. The succeeding 540 ft of the Earp Formation contain a fusulinid assemblage of Triticites and Schwagerina characteristic of the Bursum Formation of New Mexico, the Admire Group of Kansas, and Pueblo Formation of N.-central Texas. Of particular interest is the nearly complete transition from Triticites into Schwagerina in the lower part of the Earp Formation. Overlying these beds are 1200 ft of limestone and shale having a Pseudoschwagerina and Triticites assemblage closely similar to that from the Neal Ranch Formation (early Wolfcampian) of the Glass Mountains, Texas. The succeeding 300 ft of limestone beneath the red shale and cross-bedded sandstone at the top of the Earp Formation have Pseudoschwagerina and advanced species of Schwagerina that are similar to the fusulinid fauna from the Lenox Hills Formation (late Wolfcampian), Glass Mountains, Texas. From the Empire Mountains the Concha Limestone has Parafusulina empirensis, n. sp., which, based on its stage of evolution, is probably of Leonardian age.

@article{openalexw2602367401,
    author = "Sabins, Floyd F. and Ross, Charles A.",
    title = "Late Pennsylvanian-Early Permian Fusulinids from Southeast Arizona",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The late Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) and early Permian (Wolfcampian) parts of the Naco Group include the upper 300 ft of the Horquilla Limestone and the Earp Formation, which is 2700 ft thick. The varied fusulinid faunas of this succession can be divided into 5 assemblage zones which contain the following new species: Schwagerina dunnensis, n. sp., S. silverensis, n. sp., Pseudoschwagerina portalensis, n. sp., and Waerigella chiricahuensis, n. sp. The lowest zone studied is characterized by Triticites cullomensis, and occurs in early Virgilian strata disconformably overlying middle Des Moinesian beds. This early Virgilian sequence is overlain by a zone of middle to late Virgilian fusulinids, Triticites ventricosus sacramentoensis and Triticites cf. T. plummeri, that occurs in the uppermost beds of the Horquilla Limestone and ranges into the lower 20 to 235 ft of the Earp Formation. From the fusulinid distribution and the transitional lithologies it appears that the top of the Horquilla Limestone and the base of the Earp intertongue laterally. The succeeding 540 ft of the Earp Formation contain a fusulinid assemblage of Triticites and Schwagerina characteristic of the Bursum Formation of New Mexico, the Admire Group of Kansas, and Pueblo Formation of N.-central Texas. Of particular interest is the nearly complete transition from Triticites into Schwagerina in the lower part of the Earp Formation. Overlying these beds are 1200 ft of limestone and shale having a Pseudoschwagerina and Triticites assemblage closely similar to that from the Neal Ranch Formation (early Wolfcampian) of the Glass Mountains, Texas. The succeeding 300 ft of limestone beneath the red shale and cross-bedded sandstone at the top of the Earp Formation have Pseudoschwagerina and advanced species of Schwagerina that are similar to the fusulinid fauna from the Lenox Hills Formation (late Wolfcampian), Glass Mountains, Texas. From the Empire Mountains the Concha Limestone has Parafusulina empirensis, n. sp., which, based on its stage of evolution, is probably of Leonardian age.",
    openalex = "W2602367401",
    references = "openalexw2596843697"
}

@misc{runcorn1966corals6,
    author = "Runcorn, S. K",
    title = "Corals as paleontological clocks",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 215, p. 26-33",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Runcorn, S. K., 1966, Corals as paleontological clocks: Scientific American, v. 215, p. 26-33.}"
}

@book{cocke1970dissepimental4,
    author = "Cocke, J. M",
    title = "Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cocke, J. M., 1970, Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-67.}"
}

@article{openalexw832759637,
    author = "Cocke, J. M.",
    title = "Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W832759637",
    openalex = "W832759637"
}

Variability of marine faunas in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks in central Colorado, as generally of modern marine faunas, increases with increasing depth and distance from shore in shallow water. Less than 3 genera of brachiopods lived nearshore, whereas 10 were present in water computed to have been 22 meters deep, about 5 kilometers offshore. Foraminifers increase from 1 or 2 irregularly formed types nearshore, to 6–8 types in offshore areas, and foraminiferal density increases sharply 3l/2 kilometers offshore at a depth of about 15 meters. Several genera of brachiopods, 3 types of foraminifers, and phylloid algae show a distribution closely related to depth of water and distance from shore. On the basis of significant changes in genera of brachiopods, types of foraminifers, general faunal diversity, and foraminiferal density, three distinct biotopes can be recognized. These biotopes were occupied by the euphemitid, dictyoclostid-Composita, and fusulinid fossil communities.

@article{doi101111j150239311971tb01863x,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIAN MARINE FAUNAS RELATIVE TO WATER DEPTH AND DISTANCE FROM SHORE",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Variability of marine faunas in Middle Pennsylvanian rocks in central Colorado, as generally of modern marine faunas, increases with increasing depth and distance from shore in shallow water. Less than 3 genera of brachiopods lived nearshore, whereas 10 were present in water computed to have been 22 meters deep, about 5 kilometers offshore. Foraminifers increase from 1 or 2 irregularly formed types nearshore, to 6–8 types in offshore areas, and foraminiferal density increases sharply 3l/2 kilometers offshore at a depth of about 15 meters. Several genera of brachiopods, 3 types of foraminifers, and phylloid algae show a distribution closely related to depth of water and distance from shore. On the basis of significant changes in genera of brachiopods, types of foraminifers, general faunal diversity, and foraminiferal density, three distinct biotopes can be recognized. These biotopes were occupied by the euphemitid, dictyoclostid-Composita, and fusulinid fossil communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1971.tb01863.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1971.tb01863.x",
    openalex = "W2164304304",
    references = "doi101130001676061966771121pioepf20co2"
}

@misc{armstrong1972pennsylvanian,
    author = "Armstrong, Augustus K.",
    title = "Pennsylvanian carbonates, paleoecology, and rugose colonial corals, north flank, eastern Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska",
    year = "1972",
    booktitle = "Professional Paper",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp747",
    doi = "10.3133/pp747"
}

Autoradiagraphs and x-radiographs have been made of vertical sections through the centers of reef corals from Eniwetok. Radioactivity bands in the coral structure are caused by strontium-90 and are related to specific series of nuclear tests, thus making possible calculation of long-term growth rates. These data indicate that the cyclic variations in radial density revealed by x-radiography are annual.

@article{doi101126science1774045270,
    author = "Knutson, D W and Buddemeier, Robert W. and Smith, Stephen V.",
    title = "Coral Chronometers: Seasonal Growth Bands in Reef Corals",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Autoradiagraphs and x-radiographs have been made of vertical sections through the centers of reef corals from Eniwetok. Radioactivity bands in the coral structure are caused by strontium-90 and are related to specific series of nuclear tests, thus making possible calculation of long-term growth rates. These data indicate that the cyclic variations in radial density revealed by x-radiography are annual.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4045.270",
    doi = "10.1126/science.177.4045.270",
    openalex = "W2004026365",
    references = "chave1972carbonate"
}

FIGURE 1-4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

@article{doi103133pp747,
    author = "Armstrong, Augustus K.",
    title = "Pennsylvanian carbonates, paleoecology, and rugose colonial corals, north flank, eastern Brooks Range, Arctic Alaska",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    abstract = "FIGURE 1-4. 5. 6. 7. 8.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp747",
    doi = "10.3133/pp747",
    openalex = "W91159068",
    references = "doi101086626965, doi101086627283, doi1011300016760619677821cacodd20co2, doi10113000167606196778805carsiv20co2, doi1013065ceae16616bb11d78645000102c1865d, doi10130674d708942b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi10130674d7191f2b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi101306bc74395d16be11d78645000102c1865d, openalexw2598808698, openalexw2761886851"
}

@techreport{chappell1976holocene3,
    author = "Chappell, J. and Polach, H. A",
    title = "Holocene sea-level changes and coral reef growth at Huon Peninsula, Papua, New Guinea",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 235-240",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chappell, J., and Polach, H. A., 1976, Holocene sea-level changes and coral reef growth at Huon Peninsula, Papua, New Guinea: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 235-240.}"
}

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.

@article{doi105281zenodo16255031,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy",
    title = "Some aspects of coloniality in rugose corals",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution)",
    abstract = "(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16255031",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.16255031",
    openalex = "W2745499535"
}

@article{doi103133ofr8479,
    author = "Sando, William J.",
    title = "Corals as guides to divisions of the Pennsylvanian system in the Western Interior region",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr8479",
    doi = "10.3133/ofr8479",
    openalex = "W1542084549"
}

Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Penn- sylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n. gen., which includes P. grandis n. sp. and P. complexa n. sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern Cali- fornia. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.

@article{openalexw77558167,
    author = "Sando, William J.",
    title = "Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Penn- sylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n. gen., which includes P. grandis n. sp. and P. complexa n. sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern Cali- fornia. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W77558167",
    openalex = "W77558167",
    references = "doi102183pjab1945262574, doi103133b1399, doi103133ofr8479, doi104095103960, openalexw196600814, openalexw2284789870, openalexw2589540818"
}

Analysis of the rugose coral fauna of the Carhoniferous/Permian transition strata is discussed, with special emphasis on corals from the Pseudoschwagerina Zone. Two distinct realms: the Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm were developed in the Carboniferous-Permian time. Recently introduced taxonomic, biostratigraphic and paleogeographic data and interpretations are evaluated in terms of their global and regional value. It is postulated that corals,have some importance as a supplementary group for establishing the lower limit of the Permian System.

@article{openalexw914759412,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy",
    title = "The rugose coral faunas of the Carboniferous/Permian boundary interval",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Analysis of the rugose coral fauna of the Carhoniferous/Permian transition strata is discussed, with special emphasis on corals from the Pseudoschwagerina Zone. Two distinct realms: the Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm were developed in the Carboniferous-Permian time. Recently introduced taxonomic, biostratigraphic and paleogeographic data and interpretations are evaluated in terms of their global and regional value. It is postulated that corals,have some importance as a supplementary group for establishing the lower limit of the Permian System.",
    openalex = "W914759412",
    references = "doi10100797894009562619, doi101017s0016756800053693, doi101086628416, doi101130001676061960711763cotpfo20co2, doi104095103960, doi105479si00810266321, openalexw1248671424, openalexw2165951665, openalexw2353442078, openalexw2596843697, openalexw385577933, openalexw832759637"
}

The Upper Chesterian Pitkin Formation of the Ozark Dome region contains a large and diverse, yet highly endemic, coral fauna consisting of 10 genera of rugose corals and three of tabulate corals. Coral distribution within the formation is affected by stratigraphic, paleoecologic, and possibly paleogeographic controls. Although it is impossible at this time to fully evaluate the importance of stratigraphic controls on the coral distribution, the occurrence of two types of carbonate bioherms within the formation provides substantial paleoecologic control on the distribution of certain corals. Despite the high endemism and facies restriction, the coral fauna has proven to be biostratigraphically sensitive, correlating with middle and upper Chesterian coral zones in the Western Interior Province of North America. Among the Pitkin corals herein described are the new genera: Lesliella n. gen. (L. amplexa n. sp., type species) and Parvaxon n. gen. (P. minutum n. sp., type species). Other newly described species are: Amplexizaphrentis browni n. sp., Barytichisma clubinei n. sp., B. ozarkana n. sp., and Leonardophyllum arkansanum n. sp., which represents the first reported occurrence of the genus in strata below the Pennsylvanian boundary.

@article{doi101017s002233600002864x,
    author = "Webb, Gregory E.",
    title = "The coral fauna of the Pitkin Formation (Chesterian), northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Upper Chesterian Pitkin Formation of the Ozark Dome region contains a large and diverse, yet highly endemic, coral fauna consisting of 10 genera of rugose corals and three of tabulate corals. Coral distribution within the formation is affected by stratigraphic, paleoecologic, and possibly paleogeographic controls. Although it is impossible at this time to fully evaluate the importance of stratigraphic controls on the coral distribution, the occurrence of two types of carbonate bioherms within the formation provides substantial paleoecologic control on the distribution of certain corals. Despite the high endemism and facies restriction, the coral fauna has proven to be biostratigraphically sensitive, correlating with middle and upper Chesterian coral zones in the Western Interior Province of North America. Among the Pitkin corals herein described are the new genera: Lesliella n. gen. (L. amplexa n. sp., type species) and Parvaxon n. gen. (P. minutum n. sp., type species). Other newly described species are: Amplexizaphrentis browni n. sp., Barytichisma clubinei n. sp., B. ozarkana n. sp., and Leonardophyllum arkansanum n. sp., which represents the first reported occurrence of the genus in strata below the Pennsylvanian boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s002233600002864x",
    doi = "10.1017/s002233600002864x",
    openalex = "W2117908591",
    references = "openalexw2596843697, sando1965revision"
}

Examination of some well-preserved specimens of Silurian rugose corals from Gotland reveals that the following categories of life strategies can be distinguished: ambitopic, liberosessile, fixosessile, rhizosessile and possibly limited vagile. Most solitary rugose corals appear to have been liberosessile and are characterized by initial attachment to a small sediment grain but subsequently becoming recumbent on a soft substrate. Detailed studies of Phaulactis angelini, Holophragma calceoloides, Laccophyllum lindstroemi, Rhegmaphyllum conulus and Rhabdocyclus ocksaroensis n. sp., and comparison with earlier described species, provide some new aspects on different life strategies for solitary corals.

@article{doi101111j150239311988tb02061x,
    author = "Neuman, Björn E. E.",
    title = "Some aspects of life strategies of Early Palaeozoic rugose corals",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Examination of some well-preserved specimens of Silurian rugose corals from Gotland reveals that the following categories of life strategies can be distinguished: ambitopic, liberosessile, fixosessile, rhizosessile and possibly limited vagile. Most solitary rugose corals appear to have been liberosessile and are characterized by initial attachment to a small sediment grain but subsequently becoming recumbent on a soft substrate. Detailed studies of Phaulactis angelini, Holophragma calceoloides, Laccophyllum lindstroemi, Rhegmaphyllum conulus and Rhabdocyclus ocksaroensis n. sp., and comparison with earlier described species, provide some new aspects on different life strategies for solitary corals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb02061.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1988.tb02061.x",
    openalex = "W2073209025"
}

Twenty-two species of Early Permian colonial rugose corals belonging to 12 genera from 10 locations in the Stikine River area in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, are described. These include three new species of Fomichevella (F. magna, F. southeri, F. bamberi); two species of Heintzella; five species of Heritschioides, of which three are new (H. bagleyae, H. garvinae, H. hoganae); two new species of Paraheritschioides (P. jennyi, P. wickenae); one new species questionably assigned to Kleopatrina (K.? stikinensis); two new species of Petalaxis (P. guaspariniae, P. neriae); and two new species of Lytvophyllum (L.? mongeri, L. wersoni). In addition, five new species assigned to five new genera are here named Eastonastraea complexa, Fedorowskiella simplex, Pararachnastraea lewisi, Stikineastraea thomasi, and Wilsonastraea rigbyi. These corals occur in rocks forming part of the Stikine terrane, the largest tectonostratigraphic unit in western Canada. This coral fauna shows a very close affinity with that of the Lower Permian McCloud Limestone of the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California, and there is some similarity to the Coyote Butte fauna of central Oregon. Several species compare most closely with species from Spitsbergen, but there are few similarities with any cratonal North American faunas and none with Tethyan faunas.

@article{doi101017s0022336000019193,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H. and Rycerski, Barbara A.",
    title = "Early Permian colonial rugose corals from the Stikine River area, British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Twenty-two species of Early Permian colonial rugose corals belonging to 12 genera from 10 locations in the Stikine River area in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, are described. These include three new species of Fomichevella (F. magna, F. southeri, F. bamberi); two species of Heintzella; five species of Heritschioides, of which three are new (H. bagleyae, H. garvinae, H. hoganae); two new species of Paraheritschioides (P. jennyi, P. wickenae); one new species questionably assigned to Kleopatrina (K.? stikinensis); two new species of Petalaxis (P. guaspariniae, P. neriae); and two new species of Lytvophyllum (L.? mongeri, L. wersoni). In addition, five new species assigned to five new genera are here named Eastonastraea complexa, Fedorowskiella simplex, Pararachnastraea lewisi, Stikineastraea thomasi, and Wilsonastraea rigbyi. These corals occur in rocks forming part of the Stikine terrane, the largest tectonostratigraphic unit in western Canada. This coral fauna shows a very close affinity with that of the Lower Permian McCloud Limestone of the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California, and there is some similarity to the Coyote Butte fauna of central Oregon. Several species compare most closely with species from Spitsbergen, but there are few similarities with any cratonal North American faunas and none with Tethyan faunas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000019193",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000019193",
    openalex = "W2176195693",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108003745485909494579, doi101098rstb19500002, doi1011300091761319821070taatoo20co2, doi101139e71026, doi101139e77156, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw2344004088, openalexw2595471857, openalexw77558167"
}

SUMMARY The history of research on British Dinantian corals is briefly outlined and the biostratigraphy of the Viséan rugose coral faunas reviewed. The distributions recorded are based only on the evidence of the author’s own determinations, made over a period of some 30 years, the results of which are published in numerous contributions to British Geological Survey memoirs and bulletins. The ranges of species are discussed using the regional stages (Chadian, Arundian, Holkerian, Asbian and Brigantian) proposed for the correlation of British Dinantian rocks. Systematic notes have been prepared, but are limited to the original designations and important revisions, sufficient to indicate the author’s understanding of the listed species; comments are added where necessary.

@article{doi101144pygs473233,
    author = "Mitchell, M.",
    title = "Biostratigraphy of Viséan (Dinantian) rugose coral faunas from Britain",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society",
    abstract = "SUMMARY The history of research on British Dinantian corals is briefly outlined and the biostratigraphy of the Viséan rugose coral faunas reviewed. The distributions recorded are based only on the evidence of the author’s own determinations, made over a period of some 30 years, the results of which are published in numerous contributions to British Geological Survey memoirs and bulletins. The ranges of species are discussed using the regional stages (Chadian, Arundian, Holkerian, Asbian and Brigantian) proposed for the correlation of British Dinantian rocks. Systematic notes have been prepared, but are limited to the original designations and important revisions, sufficient to indicate the author’s understanding of the listed species; comments are added where necessary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.47.3.233",
    doi = "10.1144/pygs.47.3.233",
    openalex = "W1999797829",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800137045, doi10108000222932608633383, doi10108002693445193812035657"
}

Permian corals of Bolivia are confined to the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian, Leonardian) Copacabana Limestone. The coral fauna of the formation in the Lake Titicaca to the central altiplano areas of the Department of La Paz consists of two solitary rugose coral species, two colonial rugose coral species (one each of fasciculate and cerioid), and two tabulate coral species. New taxa are Stylastraea branisai n. sp., Durhamina pandolfi n. sp., Michelinia escobari n. sp., and Cladochonus carrascoi n. sp. Lophophyllidium striatum (d'Orbigny, 1839), based on Bolivian specimens, is redescribed, a lectotype designated, and the range extended to North America. Although the fauna is small, its taxonomic composition shows clear affinity with faunas of similar age northward through South and Central America to Mexico and the USA Texas-Oklahoma-Midcontinent region. The Bolivian fauna thus is confirmed as belonging to the Cyathaxonid Coral Province, which is restricted to the above areas. A species of Durhamina previously erected for Guatemalan specimens occurs in the Copacabana Limestone of Peru and strengthens the province assignment of the formation.

@article{doi101017s0022336000042244,
    author = "Wilson, Ed",
    title = "Permian corals of Bolivia",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Permian corals of Bolivia are confined to the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian, Leonardian) Copacabana Limestone. The coral fauna of the formation in the Lake Titicaca to the central altiplano areas of the Department of La Paz consists of two solitary rugose coral species, two colonial rugose coral species (one each of fasciculate and cerioid), and two tabulate coral species. New taxa are Stylastraea branisai n. sp., Durhamina pandolfi n. sp., Michelinia escobari n. sp., and Cladochonus carrascoi n. sp. Lophophyllidium striatum (d'Orbigny, 1839), based on Bolivian specimens, is redescribed, a lectotype designated, and the range extended to North America. Although the fauna is small, its taxonomic composition shows clear affinity with faunas of similar age northward through South and Central America to Mexico and the USA Texas-Oklahoma-Midcontinent region. The Bolivian fauna thus is confirmed as belonging to the Cyathaxonid Coral Province, which is restricted to the above areas. A species of Durhamina previously erected for Guatemalan specimens occurs in the Copacabana Limestone of Peru and strengthens the province assignment of the formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000042244",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000042244",
    openalex = "W2485867423",
    references = "openalexw2313285153, openalexw2596843697, openalexw77558167"
}

Rugose and tabulate corals from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian, Leonardian) Bird Spring Group in the Lee Canyon section of the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, are referred to eight genera and ten species. New taxa are Fomichevella nevadensis n. sp., F. waltersi n. sp., Mccloudius parvus n. sp., and Paraheritschioides richi n. sp. The fauna is most similar to the shelf fauna in eastern Nevada, but there are significant similarities to corals from the Antler Highland embayments of central Nevada and southern Idaho and to faunas of the same age in northern California and northern British Columbia. The paleogeography is interpreted as shallow water near the east side of the mouth of a south-opening coastal sea, bordered on the east by the continent and on the west by the Antler Highland. Corals migrated south along the western shores of the Antler Highland and mixed with the shelf fauna, perhaps with some corals crossing from Tethys to the coast. The modern eastern Pacific tropical coral faunas, which have several hermatypic coral genera and species derived from the western Pacific in the Pleistocene, may occupy a somewhat similar geography near the mouth of the modern Gulf of California.

@article{doi101017s0022336000037732,
    author = "Wilson, Ed",
    title = "Permian corals from the Spring Mountains, Nevada",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Rugose and tabulate corals from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian, Leonardian) Bird Spring Group in the Lee Canyon section of the Spring Mountains, Clark County, Nevada, are referred to eight genera and ten species. New taxa are Fomichevella nevadensis n. sp., F. waltersi n. sp., Mccloudius parvus n. sp., and Paraheritschioides richi n. sp. The fauna is most similar to the shelf fauna in eastern Nevada, but there are significant similarities to corals from the Antler Highland embayments of central Nevada and southern Idaho and to faunas of the same age in northern California and northern British Columbia. The paleogeography is interpreted as shallow water near the east side of the mouth of a south-opening coastal sea, bordered on the east by the continent and on the west by the Antler Highland. Corals migrated south along the western shores of the Antler Highland and mixed with the shelf fauna, perhaps with some corals crossing from Tethys to the coast. The modern eastern Pacific tropical coral faunas, which have several hermatypic coral genera and species derived from the western Pacific in the Pleistocene, may occupy a somewhat similar geography near the mouth of the modern Gulf of California.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000037732",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000037732",
    openalex = "W2489362757",
    references = "openalexw77558167"
}

Three Indonesian species of Heterocyathus and two of Heteropsammia are briefly diagnosed.\nRemarks are given on their synonymy, phenotypic variation, and ecology. All five species are found on soft substrata in the proximity of coral reefs and live in association with a sipunculan worm. This interspecific assocation is discussed with regard to whether it is mutualistic or parasitic.

@article{openalexw1483721816,
    author = "Hoeksema, Bert W. and Best, M. Borel",
    title = "New observations on scleractinian corals from Indonesia: 2. Sipunculan-associated species belonging to the genera Heterocyathus and Heteropsammia",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)",
    abstract = "Three Indonesian species of Heterocyathus and two of Heteropsammia are briefly diagnosed.\nRemarks are given on their synonymy, phenotypic variation, and ecology. All five species are found on soft substrata in the proximity of coral reefs and live in association with a sipunculan worm. This interspecific assocation is discussed with regard to whether it is mutualistic or parasitic.",
    openalex = "W1483721816",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi10108000222936508679407"
}

This gorgeous reference was originally published in 1986 (North Ryde, NSW, Australia: Angus & Robertson) and received the Australian National Awards Whitley Medal for Best Natural History book in 1988. It provides a means of identifying some 1,000 species of coral in all areas of Oceania and Southea

@article{doi105860choice312102,
    title = "Corals of Australia and the Indo-Pacific",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "This gorgeous reference was originally published in 1986 (North Ryde, NSW, Australia: Angus \& Robertson) and received the Australian National Awards Whitley Medal for Best Natural History book in 1988. It provides a means of identifying some 1,000 species of coral in all areas of Oceania and Southea",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.31-2102",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.31-2102",
    openalex = "W1538365517"
}

Rugose and tabulate corals from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) part of the Bird Spring Group in the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, southeastern California, comprise eight species in eight genera. Heritschioides mckassoni n. sp. is the lowest stratigraphic record for this index genus on the undoubted shelf of western North America. Paraheritschioides applegatei n. sp. is the first record for the genus in southern California. Neomultithecopora providensis n. sp. is a second species for the genus in the southern Great Basin. The other five species provide close ties to previously described faunas from the Spring Mountains and the Arrow Canyon Range of southwestern and southeastern Nevada. The combined Wolfcampian coral faunas of these three areas are somewhat closer at the genus and species level to the McCloud Limestone Wolfcampian faunas of northern California than to the Wolfcampian shelf faunas in east-central Nevada. Additional species present in the combined faunas are known originally from the Wolfcampian of central Nevada and Kansas and a genus is not otherwise known south of British Columbia. The faunas suggest a subprovince of the Durhaminid Coral Province for the southern California and southern Nevada area and perhaps imply partial isolation from the more northerly parts of the province by land barriers such as the Antler Highlands.

@article{doi101017s0022336000026573,
    author = "Wilson, Ed",
    title = "Early Permian corals from the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, California",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Rugose and tabulate corals from the Lower Permian (Wolfcampian) part of the Bird Spring Group in the Providence Mountains, San Bernardino County, southeastern California, comprise eight species in eight genera. Heritschioides mckassoni n. sp. is the lowest stratigraphic record for this index genus on the undoubted shelf of western North America. Paraheritschioides applegatei n. sp. is the first record for the genus in southern California. Neomultithecopora providensis n. sp. is a second species for the genus in the southern Great Basin. The other five species provide close ties to previously described faunas from the Spring Mountains and the Arrow Canyon Range of southwestern and southeastern Nevada. The combined Wolfcampian coral faunas of these three areas are somewhat closer at the genus and species level to the McCloud Limestone Wolfcampian faunas of northern California than to the Wolfcampian shelf faunas in east-central Nevada. Additional species present in the combined faunas are known originally from the Wolfcampian of central Nevada and Kansas and a genus is not otherwise known south of British Columbia. The faunas suggest a subprovince of the Durhaminid Coral Province for the southern California and southern Nevada area and perhaps imply partial isolation from the more northerly parts of the province by land barriers such as the Antler Highlands.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000026573",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000026573",
    openalex = "W2175831248",
    references = "cocke1968classification, doi1010160012825272900724, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi101098rstb19500002, doi1011300091761319920200753etwnap23co2, doi102183pjab1945262574, doi1023071483846, doi105962bhltitle11691, doi105962bhltitle154975, openalexw1590468748, openalexw425386567, openalexw77558167, openalexw832759637"
}

SUMMARY The status, origins and relationships of the various groups of Palaeozoic corals are reviewed. Five orders are currently recognized: Rugosa, Tabulata, Heterocorallia, Cothoniida and Kilbuchophyllida, to which I add the Tabulaconida and Numidiaphyllida. The Rugosa and Tabulata are considered to be broadly monophyletic clades, and the Tabulata are confirmed as zoantharian corals. Morphological features, particularly aspects of septal insertion in both groups, are discussed as clues to their likely origins and relationships. They are not considered to have had a skeletonized common ancestor, but they may have arisen as separate skeletonization events from the same broad group of anemones, represented by the living Zoanthiniaria. The Rugosa are not considered to be ancestral to the Scleractinia. The latter, together with the Permian Numidiaphyllida, are considered to have evolved through skeletonization events among a group of anemones derived from the Actiniaria/Corallimorpharia, a member of which also gave rise to the Kilbuchophyllida in the Ordovician. The pattern of septal insertion in the Heterocorallia is controversial and the relationship of these corals to contemporary coral groups remains uncertain. The increasingly important record of Cambrian coralomorphs is assessed, and considered to include several genera of zoantharian corals. However, although similarities are apparent, none is regarded as directly ancestral to the post-Cambrian coral clades. The history of diversification and extinction of corals through the Palaeozoic is briefly reviewed.

@article{doi101144pygs513177,
    author = "Scrutton, Colin T.",
    title = "The Palaeozoic corals, I: origins and relationships",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society",
    abstract = "SUMMARY The status, origins and relationships of the various groups of Palaeozoic corals are reviewed. Five orders are currently recognized: Rugosa, Tabulata, Heterocorallia, Cothoniida and Kilbuchophyllida, to which I add the Tabulaconida and Numidiaphyllida. The Rugosa and Tabulata are considered to be broadly monophyletic clades, and the Tabulata are confirmed as zoantharian corals. Morphological features, particularly aspects of septal insertion in both groups, are discussed as clues to their likely origins and relationships. They are not considered to have had a skeletonized common ancestor, but they may have arisen as separate skeletonization events from the same broad group of anemones, represented by the living Zoanthiniaria. The Rugosa are not considered to be ancestral to the Scleractinia. The latter, together with the Permian Numidiaphyllida, are considered to have evolved through skeletonization events among a group of anemones derived from the Actiniaria/Corallimorpharia, a member of which also gave rise to the Kilbuchophyllida in the Ordovician. The pattern of septal insertion in the Heterocorallia is controversial and the relationship of these corals to contemporary coral groups remains uncertain. The increasingly important record of Cambrian coralomorphs is assessed, and considered to include several genera of zoantharian corals. However, although similarities are apparent, none is regarded as directly ancestral to the post-Cambrian coral clades. The history of diversification and extinction of corals through the Palaeozoic is briefly reviewed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.51.3.177",
    doi = "10.1144/pygs.51.3.177",
    openalex = "W1983309601",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800094577, doi101144pygs23268, openalexw1452154075, openalexw3157516218, openalexw607087370"
}

@article{doi101007bf02537010,
    author = "Jian-wei, Shen and Kawamura, Toshio and Yang, Wanrong",
    title = "Upper Permian coral reef and colonial rugose corals in northwest Hunan, South China",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Facies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02537010",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02537010",
    openalex = "W1982383495",
    references = "doi102183pjab1945262574, openalexw2595471857"
}

SUMMARY Palaeozoic coral faunas were dominated by two orders of Zoantharian corals, the Rugosa and the Tabulata. Almost all rugose and tabulate corals developed an epitheca or holotheca around the corallum and possessed small to minute attachment scars. A limited number had an encrusting life style and many others could facultatively encrust to some extent when settling by chance on a hard substrate. However, most were effectively free living on a soft substrate as mature coralla. A high percentage of rugose corals were solitary and of the colonial genera, few exhibited physical integration of modules within the colony. In contrast, most of the exclusively modular tabulate corals possessed some degree of integration. Colony formation in tabulate corals was, with doubtful exceptions, solely by non-parricidal increase, whereas both non-parricidal and parricidal increase, the latter in a minor role, occur in the Rugosa. The sources of variation in solitary and colonial Palaeozoic corals are reviewed and data on growth rates, measured on the basis of cyclomorphic variation expressed as density band couplets, are assessed. Growth-form variation in solitary corals and its relationship to stability on the substrate are explored. Growth strategies in colonial corals are described and their adaptive success under different environmental conditions is discussed. Colonial growth-forms were a function of the interaction between growth strategy and prevailing conditions during astogeny, although some species had genetically constrained, relatively invariate growth-forms. Factors controlling the distribution of Palaeozoic corals in the environment–substrate and turbidity, water energy, depth, light, temperature and variations in salinity and oxygenation - are reviewed. Palaeozoic coral diversity was much lower than that of Recent hermatypic scleractinian corals in comparable environments. Most Palaeozoic corals were adapted to soft substrates in warm, shelf seas, and made a limited contribution to reef frameworks. It is concluded that none of them developed a symbiosis with algae in contrast to zooxanthellate scleractinian corals.

@article{doi101144pygs5211,
    author = "Scrutton, Colin T.",
    title = "The Palaeozoic corals, II: structure, variation and palaeoecology",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society",
    abstract = "SUMMARY Palaeozoic coral faunas were dominated by two orders of Zoantharian corals, the Rugosa and the Tabulata. Almost all rugose and tabulate corals developed an epitheca or holotheca around the corallum and possessed small to minute attachment scars. A limited number had an encrusting life style and many others could facultatively encrust to some extent when settling by chance on a hard substrate. However, most were effectively free living on a soft substrate as mature coralla. A high percentage of rugose corals were solitary and of the colonial genera, few exhibited physical integration of modules within the colony. In contrast, most of the exclusively modular tabulate corals possessed some degree of integration. Colony formation in tabulate corals was, with doubtful exceptions, solely by non-parricidal increase, whereas both non-parricidal and parricidal increase, the latter in a minor role, occur in the Rugosa. The sources of variation in solitary and colonial Palaeozoic corals are reviewed and data on growth rates, measured on the basis of cyclomorphic variation expressed as density band couplets, are assessed. Growth-form variation in solitary corals and its relationship to stability on the substrate are explored. Growth strategies in colonial corals are described and their adaptive success under different environmental conditions is discussed. Colonial growth-forms were a function of the interaction between growth strategy and prevailing conditions during astogeny, although some species had genetically constrained, relatively invariate growth-forms. Factors controlling the distribution of Palaeozoic corals in the environment–substrate and turbidity, water energy, depth, light, temperature and variations in salinity and oxygenation - are reviewed. Palaeozoic coral diversity was much lower than that of Recent hermatypic scleractinian corals in comparable environments. Most Palaeozoic corals were adapted to soft substrates in warm, shelf seas, and made a limited contribution to reef frameworks. It is concluded that none of them developed a symbiosis with algae in contrast to zooxanthellate scleractinian corals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/pygs.52.1.1",
    doi = "10.1144/pygs.52.1.1",
    openalex = "W1986156921",
    references = "doi101016003101829390075t, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0016756800094577, doi10108000222933708655242, doi101126science1774045270, doi1011300091761319940220295baiefa23co2, doi1017161kgsbulletinno7622002, doi1023071539156, doi1023072412728, doi105860choice284524, doi105860choice312102, doi105860choice332723, openalexw3157516218, openalexw319663532, openalexw607087370"
}

The rugose coral genera Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia occur at several stratigraphic levels in Moscovian to Gzhelian strata of the Sverdrup Basin. They are found in shelf carbonates of the middle and upper Canyon Fiord, lower Nansen and lower Belcher Channel formations, and in correlative debris flow deposits and shallow water, reef-associated carbonates within the basinal Hare Fiord Formation. Lower to Upper Moscovian [Kashirian-lower(?) Podolskian] species include: Petalaxis crassicolumnus sp. nov., P. donbassicus Fomichev, P. ellesmerensis sp. nov., P. mcoyanus; (Milne Edwards and Haime), P. multilamellatus sp. nov., P. sp., and Cystolonsdaleia sp. Upper Moscovian (Podolskian-Myachkovian) strata have yielded the new species P. beauchampi, P. thorsteinssoni and C. arctica. These are succeeded by the Kasimovian species P. baculatus sp. nov. and P. parvus sp. nov., and the Kasimovian or lower Gzhelian species P. sp. cf. P. elyensis (Wilson and Langenheim), C. carteri sp. nov. and C. sp. aff. C. carteri. Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia have a broad geographic range in the Carboniferous of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. Several of the Ellesmere Island species are closely comparable to or identical with, corals of similar age from Spain (Cantabrian Mountains), Ukraine (Donets Basin), Russia (Moscow Basin and the northern Ural Mountains), Spitsbergen and western U.S.A. (Nevada and California). Skeletal features characterizing both Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia include four-layered corallite walls, biform tabularia, a variable, transeptal dissepimentarium, and variable axial structures containing median and lateral lamellae (new term) that originate as thickened, adaxial extensions of the cardinal septum. Cystolonsdaleia is further distinguished by the addition to its axial structure of short series of axial tabellae, accompanied by periaxial cones (new term) incorporating elongated axial tabellae and elevated, vertically extended axial parts of tabulae.

@book{doi104095209765,
    author = "Bamber, E W and Fedorowski, Jerzy",
    title = "Biostratigraphy and systematics of Upper Carboniferous cerioid rugose corals, Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada",
    year = "1998",
    abstract = "The rugose coral genera Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia occur at several stratigraphic levels in Moscovian to Gzhelian strata of the Sverdrup Basin. They are found in shelf carbonates of the middle and upper Canyon Fiord, lower Nansen and lower Belcher Channel formations, and in correlative debris flow deposits and shallow water, reef-associated carbonates within the basinal Hare Fiord Formation. Lower to Upper Moscovian [Kashirian-lower(?) Podolskian] species include: Petalaxis crassicolumnus sp. nov., P. donbassicus Fomichev, P. ellesmerensis sp. nov., P. mcoyanus; (Milne Edwards and Haime), P. multilamellatus sp. nov., P. sp., and Cystolonsdaleia sp. Upper Moscovian (Podolskian-Myachkovian) strata have yielded the new species P. beauchampi, P. thorsteinssoni and C. arctica. These are succeeded by the Kasimovian species P. baculatus sp. nov. and P. parvus sp. nov., and the Kasimovian or lower Gzhelian species P. sp. cf. P. elyensis (Wilson and Langenheim), C. carteri sp. nov. and C. sp. aff. C. carteri. Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia have a broad geographic range in the Carboniferous of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. Several of the Ellesmere Island species are closely comparable to or identical with, corals of similar age from Spain (Cantabrian Mountains), Ukraine (Donets Basin), Russia (Moscow Basin and the northern Ural Mountains), Spitsbergen and western U.S.A. (Nevada and California). Skeletal features characterizing both Petalaxis and Cystolonsdaleia include four-layered corallite walls, biform tabularia, a variable, transeptal dissepimentarium, and variable axial structures containing median and lateral lamellae (new term) that originate as thickened, adaxial extensions of the cardinal septum. Cystolonsdaleia is further distinguished by the addition to its axial structure of short series of axial tabellae, accompanied by periaxial cones (new term) incorporating elongated axial tabellae and elevated, vertically extended axial parts of tabulae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4095/209765",
    doi = "10.4095/209765",
    openalex = "W2910585540"
}

Permian rugose corals of the Cordilleran-Arctic-Uralian Realm are abundant in shallow-water carbonates along the northwestern and western margin of Pangaea, from the Ural Mountains, area in Russia, through the Svalbard Archipelago and arctic and western North America, to Bolivia and Peru. The colonial forms are of particular interest for the biostratigraphy and reconstruction of the paleogeography of this extensive region. A revision of the systematics of these corals has shown that, although important differences exist between the assemblages in the areas listed, the faunas are recognizable throughout the entire realm. Almost all of the faunas in the realm, on cratonal Pangaea, are Cisuralian (Asselian to Artinskian) in age although younger faunas occur in rocks of terranes subsequently accreted to North America. The cratonal faunas show a general trend from a predominance of relatively simple, fasciculate species with open axial areas or weakly developed axial structures in the lowest Permian, to younger, more complex fasciculate and massive species with a variety of morphological elements in their axial structures and dissepimentaria. Suppression of the walls occurs commonly in the youngest faunas. As a result of the northward movement of Pangaea into cooler waters, colonial rugose corals were exterminated from the more northerly areas by early to mid-Artinskian time, but persisted throughout the Artinskian and possibly into the Kungurian and early Guagalupian in the cratonic successions of the western U.S.A. Similarities between the coral faunas of cratonal North America and the western allochthonous terranes indicate that faunal interchange occurred between these various coral faunas during the Cisuralian. The only colonial corals recovered from Wordian to Lopingian rocks in this region are waagenophyllid corals of tethyan affinity from the Cache Creek and Quesnellia terranes of British Columbia and the Hayfork and Eastern Klamath terranes of California.

@article{openalexw1578225245,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Permian corals of the Cordilleran-Arctic-Uralian Realm",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Permian rugose corals of the Cordilleran-Arctic-Uralian Realm are abundant in shallow-water carbonates along the northwestern and western margin of Pangaea, from the Ural Mountains, area in Russia, through the Svalbard Archipelago and arctic and western North America, to Bolivia and Peru. The colonial forms are of particular interest for the biostratigraphy and reconstruction of the paleogeography of this extensive region. A revision of the systematics of these corals has shown that, although important differences exist between the assemblages in the areas listed, the faunas are recognizable throughout the entire realm. Almost all of the faunas in the realm, on cratonal Pangaea, are Cisuralian (Asselian to Artinskian) in age although younger faunas occur in rocks of terranes subsequently accreted to North America. The cratonal faunas show a general trend from a predominance of relatively simple, fasciculate species with open axial areas or weakly developed axial structures in the lowest Permian, to younger, more complex fasciculate and massive species with a variety of morphological elements in their axial structures and dissepimentaria. Suppression of the walls occurs commonly in the youngest faunas. As a result of the northward movement of Pangaea into cooler waters, colonial rugose corals were exterminated from the more northerly areas by early to mid-Artinskian time, but persisted throughout the Artinskian and possibly into the Kungurian and early Guagalupian in the cratonic successions of the western U.S.A. Similarities between the coral faunas of cratonal North America and the western allochthonous terranes indicate that faunal interchange occurred between these various coral faunas during the Cisuralian. The only colonial corals recovered from Wordian to Lopingian rocks in this region are waagenophyllid corals of tethyan affinity from the Cache Creek and Quesnellia terranes of British Columbia and the Hayfork and Eastern Klamath terranes of California.",
    openalex = "W1578225245",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000026573, openalexw2596843697"
}

The Early Carnian (Upper Triassic) phaceloid coral originally described by Volz (1896) as Hexastraea fritschi, type species of Quenstedtiphyllia Melnikova, 1975, reproduced asexually by “Taschenknospung” (pocket-budding), a process documented herein for the first time. This type of budding is recognized only in the Amphiastraeidae, a family thus far recorded only from Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Similar to amphiastraeids, Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi (Volz, 1896) has separate septal calcification centers and a mid-septal zone built of serially arranged trabeculae. The most important discriminating characters of the new amphiastraeid subfamily Quenstedtiphylliinae are one-zonalendotheca and radial symmetry of the corallite in the adult stage (in contrast to two-zonal and bilateral symmetry in the adult stage in Amphiastraeinae). Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi shares several primitive skeletal characters (plesiomorphies) with representatives of Triassic Zardinophyllidae and, possibly, Paleozoic plerophylline rugosans: e.g., thick epithecal wall and strongly bilateral early blastogenetic stages with the earliest corallite having one axial initial septum. To interpret the phylogenetic status of amphiastraeid corals, we performed two analyses using plerophylline rugosans and the solitary scleractinian Protoheterastraea, respectively, as the outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses support grouping the Zardinophyllidae with the Amphiastraeidae in the clade Pachythecaliina (synapomorphy: presence of pachytheca). Taschenknospung is considered an autapomorphy for the Amphiastraeidae. This study is the first attempt to analyze the relationships of the Triassic corals cladistically.

@article{doi101017s0022336000031899,
    author = "Roniewicz, Ewa and Stolarski, Jarosław",
    title = "Triassic roots of the amphiastraeid scleractinian corals",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Early Carnian (Upper Triassic) phaceloid coral originally described by Volz (1896) as Hexastraea fritschi, type species of Quenstedtiphyllia Melnikova, 1975, reproduced asexually by “Taschenknospung” (pocket-budding), a process documented herein for the first time. This type of budding is recognized only in the Amphiastraeidae, a family thus far recorded only from Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Similar to amphiastraeids, Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi (Volz, 1896) has separate septal calcification centers and a mid-septal zone built of serially arranged trabeculae. The most important discriminating characters of the new amphiastraeid subfamily Quenstedtiphylliinae are one-zonalendotheca and radial symmetry of the corallite in the adult stage (in contrast to two-zonal and bilateral symmetry in the adult stage in Amphiastraeinae). Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi shares several primitive skeletal characters (plesiomorphies) with representatives of Triassic Zardinophyllidae and, possibly, Paleozoic plerophylline rugosans: e.g., thick epithecal wall and strongly bilateral early blastogenetic stages with the earliest corallite having one axial initial septum. To interpret the phylogenetic status of amphiastraeid corals, we performed two analyses using plerophylline rugosans and the solitary scleractinian Protoheterastraea, respectively, as the outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses support grouping the Zardinophyllidae with the Amphiastraeidae in the clade Pachythecaliina (synapomorphy: presence of pachytheca). Taschenknospung is considered an autapomorphy for the Amphiastraeidae. This study is the first attempt to analyze the relationships of the Triassic corals cladistically.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000031899",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000031899",
    openalex = "W4234565340",
    references = "doi10108000222932608633383"
}

The Early Carnian (Upper Triassic) phaceloid coral originally described by Volz (1896) as Hexastraea fritschi, type species of Quenstedtiphyllia Melnikova, 1975, reproduced asexually by “Taschenknospung” (pocket-budding), a process documented herein for the first time. This type of budding is recognized only in the Amphiastraeidae, a family thus far recorded only from Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Similar to amphiastraeids, Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi (Volz, 1896) has separate septal calcification centers and a mid-septal zone built of serially arranged trabeculae. The most important discriminating characters of the new amphiastraeid subfamily Quenstedtiphylliinae are one-zonalendotheca and radial symmetry of the corallite in the adult stage (in contrast to two-zonal and bilateral symmetry in the adult stage in Amphiastraeinae). Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi shares several primitive skeletal characters (plesiomorphies) with representatives of Triassic Zardinophyllidae and, possibly, Paleozoic plerophylline rugosans: e.g., thick epithecal wall and strongly bilateral early blastogenetic stages with the earliest corallite having one axial initial septum. To interpret the phylogenetic status of amphiastraeid corals, we performed two analyses using plerophylline rugosans and the solitary scleractinian Protoheterastraea, respectively, as the outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses support grouping the Zardinophyllidae with the Amphiastraeidae in the clade Pachythecaliina (synapomorphy: presence of pachytheca). Taschenknospung is considered an autapomorphy for the Amphiastraeidae. This study is the first attempt to analyze the relationships of the Triassic corals cladistically.

@article{doi1016660022336020010750034trotas20co2,
    author = "Roniewicz, Ewa and Stolarski, Jarosław",
    title = "TRIASSIC ROOTS OF THE AMPHIASTRAEID SCLERACTINIAN CORALS",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Early Carnian (Upper Triassic) phaceloid coral originally described by Volz (1896) as Hexastraea fritschi, type species of Quenstedtiphyllia Melnikova, 1975, reproduced asexually by “Taschenknospung” (pocket-budding), a process documented herein for the first time. This type of budding is recognized only in the Amphiastraeidae, a family thus far recorded only from Jurassic-Cretaceous strata. Similar to amphiastraeids, Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi (Volz, 1896) has separate septal calcification centers and a mid-septal zone built of serially arranged trabeculae. The most important discriminating characters of the new amphiastraeid subfamily Quenstedtiphylliinae are one-zonalendotheca and radial symmetry of the corallite in the adult stage (in contrast to two-zonal and bilateral symmetry in the adult stage in Amphiastraeinae). Quenstedtiphyllia fritschi shares several primitive skeletal characters (plesiomorphies) with representatives of Triassic Zardinophyllidae and, possibly, Paleozoic plerophylline rugosans: e.g., thick epithecal wall and strongly bilateral early blastogenetic stages with the earliest corallite having one axial initial septum. To interpret the phylogenetic status of amphiastraeid corals, we performed two analyses using plerophylline rugosans and the solitary scleractinian Protoheterastraea, respectively, as the outgroups. The resulting phylogenetic hypotheses support grouping the Zardinophyllidae with the Amphiastraeidae in the clade Pachythecaliina (synapomorphy: presence of pachytheca). Taschenknospung is considered an autapomorphy for the Amphiastraeidae. This study is the first attempt to analyze the relationships of the Triassic corals cladistically.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0034:trotas>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0034:trotas>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2174274737",
    references = "doi10108000222932608633383"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios200411003,
    author = "Berkowski, Błażej",
    title = "Vent and mound rugose coral associations from the Middle Devonian of Hamar Laghdad (Anti-Atlas, Morocco)",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2004.11.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2004.11.003",
    openalex = "W1999230358",
    references = "doi10108002693445193812035657"
}

The radiation of early Carboniferous foraminifers and rugose corals following the Devonian–Carboniferous crisis offers the best tool for high-resolution correlations in the Mississippian, together with the conodonts in the Tournaisian, notably in the Namur–Dinant Basin. However, some of the guides are facies-controlled and an integrated approach combining biostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy is critical to identify delayed entries, potential stratigraphic gaps and to avoid diachronous correlations. The main difficulty is in correlating shallow and deeper water facies at any given time. In existing zonations, the Viséan part of the scheme is always more detailed, reflecting the widespread development of shallow-water platforms in the early Viséan which created conditions more suitable for foraminifers and rugose corals over large areas. In contrast, the Tournaisian zones, less well documented, reflect unfavourable environmental conditions in the lower ramp (Dinant Sedimentation Area) and pervasive dolomitization of the inner ramp (Condroz and Namur Sedimentation Areas). Recent progress in understanding the Belgian early Carboniferous sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and revision of the biostratigraphy of the key sections, strongly modify former biostratigraphic interpretations. Improvements mainly concern the latest Devonian, the late Tournaisian and the early Viséan. The late Devonian and the Tournaisian are equated with foraminifer zones DFZ1 to DFZ8 and MFZ1 to MFZ8 respectively. The Viséan correlates with zones MFZ9 to MFZ14. Zone MFZ15 straddles the Viséan–Namurian boundary and Zone MFZ16 is the youngest Mississippian zone. The rugose corals allow the recognition of ten zones, RC0 to RC9, covering the Strunian (late Famennian) to Serpukhovian interval. Discrepancies with former zonations are discussed. The Moliniacian Stage is emended to restore the coincidence between its base and that of the Viséan.

@article{doi101017s0016756806002457,
    author = "Poty, Édouard and Devuyst, François‐Xavier and Hance, Luc",
    title = "Upper Devonian and Mississippian foraminiferal and rugose coral zonations of Belgium and northern France: a tool for Eurasian correlations",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "The radiation of early Carboniferous foraminifers and rugose corals following the Devonian–Carboniferous crisis offers the best tool for high-resolution correlations in the Mississippian, together with the conodonts in the Tournaisian, notably in the Namur–Dinant Basin. However, some of the guides are facies-controlled and an integrated approach combining biostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy is critical to identify delayed entries, potential stratigraphic gaps and to avoid diachronous correlations. The main difficulty is in correlating shallow and deeper water facies at any given time. In existing zonations, the Viséan part of the scheme is always more detailed, reflecting the widespread development of shallow-water platforms in the early Viséan which created conditions more suitable for foraminifers and rugose corals over large areas. In contrast, the Tournaisian zones, less well documented, reflect unfavourable environmental conditions in the lower ramp (Dinant Sedimentation Area) and pervasive dolomitization of the inner ramp (Condroz and Namur Sedimentation Areas). Recent progress in understanding the Belgian early Carboniferous sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and revision of the biostratigraphy of the key sections, strongly modify former biostratigraphic interpretations. Improvements mainly concern the latest Devonian, the late Tournaisian and the early Viséan. The late Devonian and the Tournaisian are equated with foraminifer zones DFZ1 to DFZ8 and MFZ1 to MFZ8 respectively. The Viséan correlates with zones MFZ9 to MFZ14. Zone MFZ15 straddles the Viséan–Namurian boundary and Zone MFZ16 is the youngest Mississippian zone. The rugose corals allow the recognition of ten zones, RC0 to RC9, covering the Strunian (late Famennian) to Serpukhovian interval. Discrepancies with former zonations are discussed. The Moliniacian Stage is emended to restore the coincidence between its base and that of the Viséan.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756806002457",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756806002457",
    openalex = "W2103953123",
    references = "openalexw1452154075, openalexw3157516218"
}

The most comprehensive summary available on the stratigraphic occurrence, geographic distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Early Permian colonial rugose corals that occupied the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian (CAU) Realm, along the northwestern and western marine shelves and accreted terranes of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. It is based on all previous studies by other coral specialists, a thorough review of all published data, and on information from a very large number of new collections from new areas. This book contains a new classification and phylogenetic scheme, based on critical restudy of the entire coral fauna at all taxonomic levels

@book{doi1011399780660196640,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Lower Permian Colonial Rugose Corals, Western and Northwestern Pangaea Taxonomy and Distribution",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Canadian Science Publishing eBooks",
    abstract = "The most comprehensive summary available on the stratigraphic occurrence, geographic distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Early Permian colonial rugose corals that occupied the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian (CAU) Realm, along the northwestern and western marine shelves and accreted terranes of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. It is based on all previous studies by other coral specialists, a thorough review of all published data, and on information from a very large number of new collections from new areas. This book contains a new classification and phylogenetic scheme, based on critical restudy of the entire coral fauna at all taxonomic levels",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/9780660196640",
    doi = "10.1139/9780660196640",
    openalex = "W2488909531"
}

The Pennsylvanian fusulinid genus Profusulinella appeared in sub-Arctic North America in Medial Atokan (=Early Moscovian) time, roughly 4–5 My later than its oldest known occurrence in the Eurasian-Arctic province. The genus originated in the latter area in late Early Bashkirian time and then underwent significant diversification, so that by Early Moscovian time a range of shell morphologies existed. The first sub-Arctic North American species in the genus are interpreted as immigrants from Eurasia, with their migration through the Franklinian corridor having been facilitated by generally east-to-west currents during a glacio-eustatic flooding event. Previous work suggested that North American Profusulinella spp. may have derived from a local ancestor such as Eoschubertella. This possibility seems unlikely given that early North American species in Profusulinella are very similar to age-equivalent Eurasian forms, that they differ from North American Eoschubertella in a number of morphologic features, and that there are no known North American intermediates between Eoschubertella and Profusulinella. Fusulinoidean faunas apparently migrated from Eurasia to North America on multiple occasions during Pennsylvanian time. These migrations were an important source of North American diversity, and their recurrence is a dominant theme in fusulinoidean biogeography.

@article{doi10166600223360200781227daotpf20co2,
    author = "Groves, J. R. J. and Kulagina, Е. I. and Villa, Elisa",
    title = "DIACHRONOUS APPEARANCES OF THE PENNSYLVANIAN FUSULINID PROFUSULINELLA IN EURASIA AND NORTH AMERICA",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Pennsylvanian fusulinid genus Profusulinella appeared in sub-Arctic North America in Medial Atokan (=Early Moscovian) time, roughly 4–5 My later than its oldest known occurrence in the Eurasian-Arctic province. The genus originated in the latter area in late Early Bashkirian time and then underwent significant diversification, so that by Early Moscovian time a range of shell morphologies existed. The first sub-Arctic North American species in the genus are interpreted as immigrants from Eurasia, with their migration through the Franklinian corridor having been facilitated by generally east-to-west currents during a glacio-eustatic flooding event. Previous work suggested that North American Profusulinella spp. may have derived from a local ancestor such as Eoschubertella. This possibility seems unlikely given that early North American species in Profusulinella are very similar to age-equivalent Eurasian forms, that they differ from North American Eoschubertella in a number of morphologic features, and that there are no known North American intermediates between Eoschubertella and Profusulinella. Fusulinoidean faunas apparently migrated from Eurasia to North America on multiple occasions during Pennsylvanian time. These migrations were an important source of North American diversity, and their recurrence is a dominant theme in fusulinoidean biogeography.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[227:daotpf]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[227:daotpf]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2179203283",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200501004, doi102113gsjfr21167, doi102475ajs2406403, doi1037570bgsd20014803, openalexw2598883775"
}

The rugose corals from the topmost part of the Kapp Starostin Formation on the Treskelen Peninsula, South Spitsbergen, are described. The collection consists of 22 specimens, representing the genera Calophyllum, Allotropiochisma and Euryphyllum. These solitary and non-dissepimented taxa, considered to be cold-water forms, are representatives of the Calophyllum Province of the Cordilleran-Arctic- Uralian Realm, and confirm a biogeographical connection between Alaska, Ural Mts., Central European Basin, Sverdrup Basin, and Arctic Canada in the Middle Permian. In southern Spitsbergen the Kapp Starostin Formation yields apparently the latest representatives of the Rugosa in the whole Hornsund region, dated to the Guadalupian and probably to the Wordian.

@article{openalexw71042762,
    author = "Chwieduk, Edward",
    title = "Middle Permian rugose corals from the Kapp Starostin Formation, South Spitsbergen (Treskelen Peninsula)",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Polonica",
    abstract = "The rugose corals from the topmost part of the Kapp Starostin Formation on the Treskelen Peninsula, South Spitsbergen, are described. The collection consists of 22 specimens, representing the genera Calophyllum, Allotropiochisma and Euryphyllum. These solitary and non-dissepimented taxa, considered to be cold-water forms, are representatives of the Calophyllum Province of the Cordilleran-Arctic- Uralian Realm, and confirm a biogeographical connection between Alaska, Ural Mts., Central European Basin, Sverdrup Basin, and Arctic Canada in the Middle Permian. In southern Spitsbergen the Kapp Starostin Formation yields apparently the latest representatives of the Rugosa in the whole Hornsund region, dated to the Guadalupian and probably to the Wordian.",
    openalex = "W71042762",
    references = "doi1011399780660196640, openalexw914759412"
}

Combined analysis of microfacies and rugose coral features provides a useful tool for palaeoenvironmental studies in areas where outcrops are not appropriate for field observations. A detailed study of Serpukhovian rugose corals from La Cornuda section (Guadiato Area, SW Spain) by means of thin sections allowed the identification of environments where they lived. All corals were collected in unit 1 of the section where three different but intimately connected environments have been identified. Corals developed mainly in small mounds built jointly by microbial communities, algae and corals. Some corals also lived in calcareous shoals mainly composed of echinoderm plates. Finally, some corals occur in Oncoidal limestone that represents a shallow ramp, but they were mainly transported from shoals and mounds.

@article{doi101111j15023931200800106x,
    author = "Gómez‐Herguedas, Alberto and Rodríguez, Sergio",
    title = "Palaeoenvironmental analysis based on rugose corals and microfacies: a case study at La Cornuda section (early Serpukhovian, Guadiato Area, SW Spain)",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Combined analysis of microfacies and rugose coral features provides a useful tool for palaeoenvironmental studies in areas where outcrops are not appropriate for field observations. A detailed study of Serpukhovian rugose corals from La Cornuda section (Guadiato Area, SW Spain) by means of thin sections allowed the identification of environments where they lived. All corals were collected in unit 1 of the section where three different but intimately connected environments have been identified. Corals developed mainly in small mounds built jointly by microbial communities, algae and corals. Some corals also lived in calcareous shoals mainly composed of echinoderm plates. Finally, some corals occur in Oncoidal limestone that represents a shallow ramp, but they were mainly transported from shoals and mounds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00106.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00106.x",
    openalex = "W1971359200",
    references = "doi10108002693445193812035657"
}

Wrangellia was one of the first described and probably the most widely known of the North American Cordilleran terranes. On the basis of Triassic stratigraphy (Jones et al., 1977) and paleomagnetism (Hillhouse, 1977), the name Wrangellia was proposed for large areas of outcrop in Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon (Fig. 1).

@article{doi101666071011,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Permian colonial rugose corals from the Wrangellian Terrane in Alaska",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Wrangellia was one of the first described and probably the most widely known of the North American Cordilleran terranes. On the basis of Triassic stratigraphy (Jones et al., 1977) and paleomagnetism (Hillhouse, 1977), the name Wrangellia was proposed for large areas of outcrop in Alaska, British Columbia, and Oregon (Fig. 1).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/07-101.1",
    doi = "10.1666/07-101.1",
    openalex = "W2173766550",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000019193"
}

Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.

@article{doi101666071061,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Fasciculate rugose corals from Gzhelian and Lower Permian strata, Pequop Mountains, northeast Nevada",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/07-106.1",
    doi = "10.1666/07-106.1",
    openalex = "W2102985866",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101017s0022336000026573, doi1011399780660196640, openalexw77558167"
}

@article{doi101007s1254200900460,
    author = "Aretz, Markus",
    title = "Rugose corals from the upper Viséan (Carboniferous) of the Jerada Massif (NE Morocco): taxonomy, biostratigraphy, facies and palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-009-0046-0",
    doi = "10.1007/s12542-009-0046-0",
    openalex = "W2010070633",
    references = "doi101016s0016699599800047, doi101098rstb19500002, hudson1940on"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo200907004,
    author = "Zhang, Yongli and Gong, En-pu and Wilson, Mark A. and Guan, Changqing and Sun, Bao-liang and Chang, Honglun",
    title = "Paleoecology of a Pennsylvanian encrusting colonial rugose coral in south Guizhou, China",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.07.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.07.004",
    openalex = "W1991218742",
    references = "doi1010160031018287900393, doi101016jpalaeo200412016, doi101016jsedgeo200512015, doi101016s0012825202001319, doi101111j150239311982tb01696x, doi101111j150239311992tb01789x, doi101111j150239311999tb00550x, doi101144pygs5211, doi1016690883135120000150166acotsc20co2, doi1023073515091"
}

@article{doi101007s114300104091z,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Zhang, Yiqiang and Lin, Wei",
    title = "Carboniferous-Permian rugose coral Cyathaxonia faunas in China",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Science China Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-010-4091-z",
    doi = "10.1007/s11430-010-4091-z",
    openalex = "W1996378287"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor201009006,
    author = "Poty, Édouard",
    title = "Morphological limits to diversification of the rugose and tabulate corals",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2010.09.006",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2010.09.006",
    openalex = "W2023119837"
}

Aretz, M. 2010: Habitats of colonial rugose corals: the Mississippian of western Europe as example for a general classification. Lethaia, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00218.x. Colonial rugose corals are a major constituent of shallow-water marine benthic communities in Mississippian times. The study of western European rugose coral habitats from the base of the Tournaisian stage to the Serpukhovian stage allows the recognition of four basic habitat types, which can be divided into a total of 11 subtypes. The classification is mainly based on field data, and thus rapidly applicable. Level-bottom communities in which large colony distances are characteristic (type A) represent the most basic community type; polyspecific (subtype A1) and monospecific (subtype A2) subtypes occur. Reduced colony distances result in the formation of coral meadows (type B), which either show homogenous coral distribution (subtype B1) or the development of patches (subtype B2). Coral biostromes (type C) represent a spectrum between hydrodynamically controlled biostromes (nothing in place, subtype C1) and biologically constructed and controlled biostromes (subtype C2). The bulk of the biostromes represent mixtures of those two subtypes (subtype C3). Colonial rugose corals are widely encountered in Mississippian bioherms where they are dwellers (subtype D1), form capping beds (subtype D2), support framework building along with other organisms (subtype D3) and form coral framework (subtype D4). The latter is probably the most uncommon of all subtypes in Mississippian times. The classification is widely applicable to other groups. □Classification, habitats, Mississippian, palaeoecology, palaeoenvironment, rugose corals.

@article{doi101111j15023931201000218x,
    author = "Aretz, Markus",
    title = "Habitats of colonial rugose corals: the Mississippian of western Europe as example for a general classification",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Aretz, M. 2010: Habitats of colonial rugose corals: the Mississippian of western Europe as example for a general classification. Lethaia, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00218.x. Colonial rugose corals are a major constituent of shallow-water marine benthic communities in Mississippian times. The study of western European rugose coral habitats from the base of the Tournaisian stage to the Serpukhovian stage allows the recognition of four basic habitat types, which can be divided into a total of 11 subtypes. The classification is mainly based on field data, and thus rapidly applicable. Level-bottom communities in which large colony distances are characteristic (type A) represent the most basic community type; polyspecific (subtype A1) and monospecific (subtype A2) subtypes occur. Reduced colony distances result in the formation of coral meadows (type B), which either show homogenous coral distribution (subtype B1) or the development of patches (subtype B2). Coral biostromes (type C) represent a spectrum between hydrodynamically controlled biostromes (nothing in place, subtype C1) and biologically constructed and controlled biostromes (subtype C2). The bulk of the biostromes represent mixtures of those two subtypes (subtype C3). Colonial rugose corals are widely encountered in Mississippian bioherms where they are dwellers (subtype D1), form capping beds (subtype D2), support framework building along with other organisms (subtype D3) and form coral framework (subtype D4). The latter is probably the most uncommon of all subtypes in Mississippian times. The classification is widely applicable to other groups. □Classification, habitats, Mississippian, palaeoecology, palaeoenvironment, rugose corals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00218.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.2010.00218.x",
    openalex = "W1882959876",
    references = "doi10108002693445193812035657"
}

Unique among the Rugosa are specialized cyst-like structures in corals from an upper Carboniferous limestone within the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains, northern California. These structures, here referred to as septal cysts, occur mostly along the distal margins of the dark line extending along the axes of the major septa as seen in transverse section. However, they also commonly extend beyond the distal extent of those lines and may interrupt the fibrous coating in the more proximal parts of some septa. Their function is uncertain. Also present are small dissepiments which form a ring around the distal margins of the minor septa. These structures, however, do not appear to be related to the development of those septa. Some other taxa, including corals from the Bashkirian of Spain and the Kasimovian of Kansas, possess some specialized structures similar to those in the California specimens suggesting at least a remote relationship.

@article{doi101666101481,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H. and Fedorowski, Jerzy and Kawamura, Toshio",
    title = "New unusual skeletal structure in an upper Carboniferous rugose coral, Klamath Mountains, northern California",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Unique among the Rugosa are specialized cyst-like structures in corals from an upper Carboniferous limestone within the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains, northern California. These structures, here referred to as septal cysts, occur mostly along the distal margins of the dark line extending along the axes of the major septa as seen in transverse section. However, they also commonly extend beyond the distal extent of those lines and may interrupt the fibrous coating in the more proximal parts of some septa. Their function is uncertain. Also present are small dissepiments which form a ring around the distal margins of the minor septa. These structures, however, do not appear to be related to the development of those septa. Some other taxa, including corals from the Bashkirian of Spain and the Kasimovian of Kansas, possess some specialized structures similar to those in the California specimens suggesting at least a remote relationship.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/10-148.1",
    doi = "10.1666/10-148.1",
    openalex = "W2092349293",
    references = "doi101007bf02367177, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi101098rstb19500002, doi10130683d9104716c711d78645000102c1865d, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw2978213415, openalexw832759637"
}

Berkowski, Błażej (2012): Life strategies and function of dissepiments in rugose coral Catactotoechus instabilis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (2): 391-400, DOI: 10.4202/app.2010.0048, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0048

@article{doi104202app20100048,
    author = "Berkowski, Błaġej",
    title = "Life Strategies and Function of Dissepiments in Rugose Coral Catactotoechus instabilis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Berkowski, Błażej (2012): Life strategies and function of dissepiments in rugose coral Catactotoechus instabilis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (2): 391-400, DOI: 10.4202/app.2010.0048, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0048",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2010.0048",
    doi = "10.4202/app.2010.0048",
    openalex = "W2148837450",
    references = "doi101007bf01764537, doi101016jsedgeo200703002, doi101098rstb18960003, doi101111j150239311988tb02061x, doi101127pala284200817, doi1011300091761319980261123hoodcm23co2, doi101144pygs5211, doi102110jsr68368, doi102113502217, openalexw2751580477"
}

The collection “Marie Legrand-Blain” contains a diverse fauna of Carboniferous corals from the marine strata of the Algerian Sahara. Among 96 specimens, there are 34 rugose coral taxa and four tabulate coral taxa. Saharaphrentis tirechouminoidense n. gen., n. sp.,?Amplexizaphrentis illizidensis n. sp. and Haplolasma paraarciferum n. sp. are new. The supposed high coral diversity of the Sahara basins is confirmed by the present study. The interspecific and intraspecific variabilities are hardly known, because the number of specimens is limited; commonly a single or few specimens. Thus populations could not be studied and in some cases only an assignment at generic level is possible. Two main coral associations can be distinguished. Undissepimented solitary rugose corals (“zaphrentids”) and michelinid tabulate corals dominate the shaly environments. Larger and more complex solitary and colonial rugose corals occur mainly in carbonate environments. The Mid-Carboniferous Boundary is an important faunal break. It is characterized by the disappearance of typical Mississippian solitary and colonial taxa. “Colonial aulinid” corals have only been found below and above the boundary level. The new Bashkirian coral stock shows palaeobiogeographic connections to the western United States and the Donets Basin. The studied coral fauna does not support the assignment of a Bashkirian age for strata in the Iliizi Basin and the Ahnet and Reggane basins. The Marie Legrand-Blain collection is a good example of the utility of such old collections for the study of Carboniferous corals from the often remote and hardly accessible Algerian basins.

@article{doi105252g2011n4a3,
    author = "Aretz, Markus",
    title = "Corals from the Carboniferous of the central Sahara (Algeria): the collection “Marie Legrand-Blain”",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Geodiversitas",
    abstract = "The collection “Marie Legrand-Blain” contains a diverse fauna of Carboniferous corals from the marine strata of the Algerian Sahara. Among 96 specimens, there are 34 rugose coral taxa and four tabulate coral taxa. Saharaphrentis tirechouminoidense n. gen., n. sp.,?Amplexizaphrentis illizidensis n. sp. and Haplolasma paraarciferum n. sp. are new. The supposed high coral diversity of the Sahara basins is confirmed by the present study. The interspecific and intraspecific variabilities are hardly known, because the number of specimens is limited; commonly a single or few specimens. Thus populations could not be studied and in some cases only an assignment at generic level is possible. Two main coral associations can be distinguished. Undissepimented solitary rugose corals (“zaphrentids”) and michelinid tabulate corals dominate the shaly environments. Larger and more complex solitary and colonial rugose corals occur mainly in carbonate environments. The Mid-Carboniferous Boundary is an important faunal break. It is characterized by the disappearance of typical Mississippian solitary and colonial taxa. “Colonial aulinid” corals have only been found below and above the boundary level. The new Bashkirian coral stock shows palaeobiogeographic connections to the western United States and the Donets Basin. The studied coral fauna does not support the assignment of a Bashkirian age for strata in the Iliizi Basin and the Ahnet and Reggane basins. The Marie Legrand-Blain collection is a good example of the utility of such old collections for the study of Carboniferous corals from the often remote and hardly accessible Algerian basins.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5252/g2011n4a3",
    doi = "10.5252/g2011n4a3",
    openalex = "W2125130315",
    references = "doi101007s103470080176y, doi101007s1254200900460, doi101016jpalwor201009006, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi101017s0016756806002457, doi1011399780660196640, doi101144gsljgs1923079010411, doi101144pygs473233, openalexw1804061409, openalexw3157516218, openalexw651706851"
}

@article{doi101016jgr201208026,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Wang, Xiang-dong and Lin, Wei and Shen, Shu‐zhong and Chaodumrong, Pol and Shi, G.R. and Wang, Xiao-juan and Wang, Xiao-juan and Wang, Qiulai",
    title = "Early Permian rugose coral Cyathaxonia faunas from the Sibumasu Terrane (Southeast Asia) and the southern Sydney Basin (Southeast Australia): Paleontology and paleobiogeography",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Gondwana Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.08.026",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2012.08.026",
    openalex = "W2069801642",
    references = "doi10108002693445193812035657, doi105962p351626"
}

Abstract Pennsylvanian–Early Permian carbonate sedimentation in east-central British Columbia records a complex history of changing environments influenced by evolving palaeogeography and climate. Newly recognized tectonically controlled features affected the distribution and variability of carbonate associations, providing new interpretations for this portion of the NW coast of Pangea. Both a heterozoan (cool-water) and photozoan (warm-water) association were identified on either side of a palaeogeographical high. Cool-water carbonates were located outboard or to the west of this high, an area influenced by upwelling waters. Inboard of this high, a warm, protected sea developed at about 20°N palaeolatitude during the Asselian and Sakmarian. This configuration and palaeolatitude is similar to that of Baja California, Mexico and the Sea of Cortéz, providing a good modern analogue for these deposits where warm-water carbonates grow at latitudes otherwise dominated by cool-water deposits. The warm sea provided a place for a photozoan association to develop during the Early Permian when the low-latitude NW coast of Pangea was dominated by cool-water carbonates.

@article{doi101144sp3761,
    author = "Zubin-Stathopoulos, K. D. and Beauchamp, B. and Davydov, Vladimir I. and Henderson, Charles M.",
    title = "Variability of Pennsylvanian–Permian Carbonate Associations and implications for NW Pangea Palaeogeography, east-central British Columbia, Canada",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Pennsylvanian–Early Permian carbonate sedimentation in east-central British Columbia records a complex history of changing environments influenced by evolving palaeogeography and climate. Newly recognized tectonically controlled features affected the distribution and variability of carbonate associations, providing new interpretations for this portion of the NW coast of Pangea. Both a heterozoan (cool-water) and photozoan (warm-water) association were identified on either side of a palaeogeographical high. Cool-water carbonates were located outboard or to the west of this high, an area influenced by upwelling waters. Inboard of this high, a warm, protected sea developed at about 20°N palaeolatitude during the Asselian and Sakmarian. This configuration and palaeolatitude is similar to that of Baja California, Mexico and the Sea of Cortéz, providing a good modern analogue for these deposits where warm-water carbonates grow at latitudes otherwise dominated by cool-water deposits. The warm sea provided a place for a photozoan association to develop during the Early Permian when the low-latitude NW coast of Pangea was dominated by cool-water carbonates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp376.1",
    doi = "10.1144/sp376.1",
    openalex = "W2004500136",
    references = "davydov2011taxonomy, doi101016s0031018200001152, doi101016s0031018202002456, doi101016s0037073802000829, doi101016s1874599799800306, doi10113000917613198614330scfpem20co2, doi1011302008244119, doi101130gsab471177, doi1011399780660196640, doi101306e4fd4215173211d78645000102c1865d, doi102110pec97560001, openalexw1533729466"
}

Four new species of colonial corals, one previously described coral, and two other unidentified species of coral have been recovered from the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. The newly erected species are Heritschioides armstrongi n. sp., Pararachnastraea klamathensis n. sp., P. watkinsi n. sp., and P. kabyaiensis n. sp. These corals are associated with the fusulinids Millerella marblensis Thompson, 1944, Paramillerella Thompson, 1951, and Pseudostaffella Thompson, 1942, emend Groves, 1984, suggesting an early Atokan (Bashkirian) age. Both the coral and foraminiferal faunas bear a resemblance to those of similar age in the Brooks Range, Alaska, which could suggest geographic proximity between the two terranes at that time. These corals also represent the earliest known occurrence of the Family Durhamididae.

@article{doi101666111231,
    author = "Kawamura, Toshio and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Middle Pennsylvanian rugose corals from the Baird Formation, Klamath Mountains, northwestern California",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Four new species of colonial corals, one previously described coral, and two other unidentified species of coral have been recovered from the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. The newly erected species are Heritschioides armstrongi n. sp., Pararachnastraea klamathensis n. sp., P. watkinsi n. sp., and P. kabyaiensis n. sp. These corals are associated with the fusulinids Millerella marblensis Thompson, 1944, Paramillerella Thompson, 1951, and Pseudostaffella Thompson, 1942, emend Groves, 1984, suggesting an early Atokan (Bashkirian) age. Both the coral and foraminiferal faunas bear a resemblance to those of similar age in the Brooks Range, Alaska, which could suggest geographic proximity between the two terranes at that time. These corals also represent the earliest known occurrence of the Family Durhamididae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/11-123.1",
    doi = "10.1666/11-123.1",
    openalex = "W2150972765",
    references = "armstrong1972pennsylvanian, doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101029tc006i006p00807, doi10108000222932608633383, doi1011399780660196640, doi101144m3531, doi10130683d9104716c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101666101481, doi102183pjab1945262574, doi102475ajs2406403, doi103133pp747, openalexw2595471857, openalexw77558167"
}

The oldest known Carboniferous rugose coral fauna in the Canadian Arctic Islands was collected in the Yelverton Inlet area of northern Ellesmere Island, from Bashkirian carbonates of the lower Nansen and Otto Fiord formations. It includes the genera Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, Lonsdaleia McCoy, Palaeosmilia Milne-Edwards and Haime and Tizraia? Said and Rodríguez. Such a generic assemblage is unknown elsewhere above the Serpukhovian. An upper? Bashkirian specimen of Paraheritschioides Sando, collected above the main fauna, is the oldest known representative of that genus. Faunal comparisons suggest Novaya Zemlya or northern Timan as the most likely source areas for the Yelverton Inlet fauna.

@article{doi10166611144r11,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Baranova, Darya V.",
    title = "An Unusual Occurrence of Bashkirian (Pennsylvanian) Rugose Corals From the Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The oldest known Carboniferous rugose coral fauna in the Canadian Arctic Islands was collected in the Yelverton Inlet area of northern Ellesmere Island, from Bashkirian carbonates of the lower Nansen and Otto Fiord formations. It includes the genera Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, Lonsdaleia McCoy, Palaeosmilia Milne-Edwards and Haime and Tizraia? Said and Rodríguez. Such a generic assemblage is unknown elsewhere above the Serpukhovian. An upper? Bashkirian specimen of Paraheritschioides Sando, collected above the main fauna, is the oldest known representative of that genus. Faunal comparisons suggest Novaya Zemlya or northern Timan as the most likely source areas for the Yelverton Inlet fauna.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/11-144r1.1",
    doi = "10.1666/11-144r1.1",
    openalex = "W1834754973",
    references = "doi101016s0012825297834848, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb19500002, doi1011399780660196640, doi1023071483846, doi105962bhltitle119699, doi105962bhltitle154975, openalexw3157516218, openalexw658437845, openalexw77558167"
}

Colonial rugose corals are common in western cratonal North America and in some of the allochthonous terranes, now amalgamated against its western margin. Throughout the Late Paleozoic, the coral faunas in these two different settings were significantly different. Comparisons of these faunas suggest that during the Mississippian the Alexander terrane probably was southwest of Arctic Alaska and the Stikine terrane probably lay west of the southern part of the North American craton. The Cache Creek terrane lay far out in the Paleopacific Ocean. The Pennsylvanian faunas suggest that the Quesnellia and Eastern Klamath terranes were situated southwest of Arctic Alaska and the Alexander terrane was somewhat farther southwest and farther from cratonal North America. The Stikine terrane continued to be positioned west of the southern part of the North American craton. During the Early Permian, terranes with a cratonal faunal aspect may have lain 2000–3000 km west of cratonal North America and latitudinally generally southwest of their present positions. In the Middle Permian these terranes were carried southward relative to the North American craton. Simultaneously the Tethyan Realm expanded eastward.

@article{doi103390geosciences2020042,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Distribution and Diversity of Carboniferous and Permian Colonial Rugose Coral Faunas in Western North America: Clues for Placement of Allochthonous Terranes",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Geosciences",
    abstract = "Colonial rugose corals are common in western cratonal North America and in some of the allochthonous terranes, now amalgamated against its western margin. Throughout the Late Paleozoic, the coral faunas in these two different settings were significantly different. Comparisons of these faunas suggest that during the Mississippian the Alexander terrane probably was southwest of Arctic Alaska and the Stikine terrane probably lay west of the southern part of the North American craton. The Cache Creek terrane lay far out in the Paleopacific Ocean. The Pennsylvanian faunas suggest that the Quesnellia and Eastern Klamath terranes were situated southwest of Arctic Alaska and the Alexander terrane was somewhat farther southwest and farther from cratonal North America. The Stikine terrane continued to be positioned west of the southern part of the North American craton. During the Early Permian, terranes with a cratonal faunal aspect may have lain 2000–3000 km west of cratonal North America and latitudinally generally southwest of their present positions. In the Middle Permian these terranes were carried southward relative to the North American craton. Simultaneously the Tethyan Realm expanded eastward.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences2020042",
    doi = "10.3390/geosciences2020042",
    openalex = "W2011052161",
    references = "doi101029tc006i006p00807, doi1011300016760619971091372popsot23co2, doi1011300091761319880160967ppsowa23co2, doi101130b304391, doi101130g319101, doi101130g326791, doi1011399780660196640, doi101139e71026, doi101144gslmem19900120101, doi101144m3531, doi101666111231"
}

@article{doi101016jjseaes201310012,
    author = "Denayer, Julien and Hoşgör, İzzet",
    title = "Lower Carboniferous rugose corals from the Arabian Plate: An insight from the Hakkari area (SE Turkey)",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Asian Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.012",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.10.012",
    openalex = "W2035360888",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000032108, doi105252g2011n4a3, hudson1940on, openalexw1590468748"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201305020,
    author = "Jakubowicz, Michał and Berkowski, Błażej and Bełka, Zdzisław",
    title = "Devonian rugose coral ‘Amplexus’ and its relation to submarine fluid seepage",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.020",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.020",
    openalex = "W2082733542",
    references = "doi10108002693445193812035657, doi104202app20100048"
}

Colonial rugose corals ranging in age from Carboniferous to Late Triassic and Early Permian (Cisuralian) fusulinids have been recovered from cobbles in a conglomerate in the Upper Triassic Brisbois Member of the Vester Formation in the Izee terrane in central Oregon. Early Permian (late Sakmarian or early Artinskian) fusulinids typical of those present in the Coyote Butte Limestone in the nearby Grindstone terrane (part of the allochthonous McCloud Belt) include Eoparafusulina, Pseudofusulinella, Chalaroschwagerina, and Schwagerina. The presence of these fusulinid genera and the Pennsylvanian coral Heritschioides?, which is mostly restricted to the McCloud Belt, suggest these particular cobbles were derived from limestone in that belt. The Early Permian fusulinids Changmeia bostwicki new species and Changmeia bigflatensis new species, and the Early Permian corals Yokoyamaella? oregonensis new species and Yokoyamaella? sp. 1, all of which have Tethyan affinities, occur rarely in other cobbles. The presence of definitive fossils from the two different realms in a conglomerate associated with beds containing Late Triassic ammonoids indicates that by Late Triassic time a fragment of a Tethyan terrane was close to or had been amalgamated with a terrane belonging to the McCloud Belt.

@article{doi10166612138,
    author = "Nestell, Merlynd K. and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Mixed Tethyan and McCloud Belt rugose corals and fusulinids in an Upper Triassic conglomerate, central Oregon",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Colonial rugose corals ranging in age from Carboniferous to Late Triassic and Early Permian (Cisuralian) fusulinids have been recovered from cobbles in a conglomerate in the Upper Triassic Brisbois Member of the Vester Formation in the Izee terrane in central Oregon. Early Permian (late Sakmarian or early Artinskian) fusulinids typical of those present in the Coyote Butte Limestone in the nearby Grindstone terrane (part of the allochthonous McCloud Belt) include Eoparafusulina, Pseudofusulinella, Chalaroschwagerina, and Schwagerina. The presence of these fusulinid genera and the Pennsylvanian coral Heritschioides?, which is mostly restricted to the McCloud Belt, suggest these particular cobbles were derived from limestone in that belt. The Early Permian fusulinids Changmeia bostwicki new species and Changmeia bigflatensis new species, and the Early Permian corals Yokoyamaella? oregonensis new species and Yokoyamaella? sp. 1, all of which have Tethyan affinities, occur rarely in other cobbles. The presence of definitive fossils from the two different realms in a conglomerate associated with beds containing Late Triassic ammonoids indicates that by Late Triassic time a fragment of a Tethyan terrane was close to or had been amalgamated with a terrane belonging to the McCloud Belt.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/12-138",
    doi = "10.1666/12-138",
    openalex = "W2125396094",
    references = "doi101029tc006i006p00807, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb19500002, doi10113008137231671, doi101130b264931, doi101130b302601, doi101130b303271, doi101666111231, doi102183pjab1945262574, doi10247510200703, openalexw632859326"
}

Midcontinent North American Middle Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian (Desmoinesian-Wolfcampian) fusulinid foraminiferal species range charts were plotted and new fusulinid zones were defined. The species range charts were plotted together with lithostratigraphic columns and cyclothemic sea level curves in order to compare biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and glacio-eustatic patterns. The fusulinids Beedeina and Wedekindellina appeared during widespread early Desmoinesian transgressions and characterized that interval. The mid-Desmoinesian extinction of Wedekindellina and turnover of Beedeina species coincided with a lowstand followed by a widespread transgression, generally higher sea levels, and changing paleoclimatic patterns. Beedeina went to extinction near the Desmoinesian-Missourian sequence boundary. The earliest Missourian is barren of fusulinids in the Midcontinent, followed by a thin zone of Eowaeringella, and then the appearance of Triticites, which dominated fusulinid faunas through the remainder of the Upper Pennsylvanian. Lower and Middle Missourian Triticites have relatively small tests and plane septa. In the Upper Missourian, Triticites became medium-sized with more complex septal fluting, and Kansanella appeared. In the uppermost Missourian and lower Virgilian, most Triticites are medium-sized and evenly biconvex, and have weak septal fluting. Kansanella gradually declined through the lower Virgilian and disappeared in the lowest middle Virgilian. The middle Virgilian is dominated by medium to large Triticites with complex septal fluting, and Dunbarinella appeared and became locally common. The upper Virgilian has mostly large inflated Triticites and the first Leptotriticites. The uppermost Virgilian (‘Bursumian’) has large Triticites, diverse Leptotriticites, and the first primitive elongate Schwagerina. That fauna extends across the new conodont-based Pennsylvanian-Permian (Virgilian-Wolfcampian) boundary, and the first definitive Wolfcampian (Lower Permian) fusulinids did not appear until the Neva Limestone, which is a couple cycles above the new systemic boundary. Most significant fusulinid biostratigraphic changes correlate with major glacio-eustatic cyclothem boundaries, but not all major cyclothem boundaries have significant faunal turnovers. Fusulinid zonal boundaries that were based on only fusulinid species ranges were found to closely approximate maximum sea level lowstands. Most new genera and species appear in the regressive phases of the next cyclothem, probably because faunal migrations occurred during maximum flooding events, and subsequent highstand system tracts had more paleoenvironmental diversity and thus more niches to fill.

@article{doi1029041strat10105,
    author = "Wahlman, Gregory P.",
    title = "Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian (Desmoinesian-Wolfcampian) fusulinid biostratigraphy of Midcontinent North America",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Stratigraphy",
    abstract = "Midcontinent North American Middle Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian (Desmoinesian-Wolfcampian) fusulinid foraminiferal species range charts were plotted and new fusulinid zones were defined. The species range charts were plotted together with lithostratigraphic columns and cyclothemic sea level curves in order to compare biostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and glacio-eustatic patterns. The fusulinids Beedeina and Wedekindellina appeared during widespread early Desmoinesian transgressions and characterized that interval. The mid-Desmoinesian extinction of Wedekindellina and turnover of Beedeina species coincided with a lowstand followed by a widespread transgression, generally higher sea levels, and changing paleoclimatic patterns. Beedeina went to extinction near the Desmoinesian-Missourian sequence boundary. The earliest Missourian is barren of fusulinids in the Midcontinent, followed by a thin zone of Eowaeringella, and then the appearance of Triticites, which dominated fusulinid faunas through the remainder of the Upper Pennsylvanian. Lower and Middle Missourian Triticites have relatively small tests and plane septa. In the Upper Missourian, Triticites became medium-sized with more complex septal fluting, and Kansanella appeared. In the uppermost Missourian and lower Virgilian, most Triticites are medium-sized and evenly biconvex, and have weak septal fluting. Kansanella gradually declined through the lower Virgilian and disappeared in the lowest middle Virgilian. The middle Virgilian is dominated by medium to large Triticites with complex septal fluting, and Dunbarinella appeared and became locally common. The upper Virgilian has mostly large inflated Triticites and the first Leptotriticites. The uppermost Virgilian (‘Bursumian’) has large Triticites, diverse Leptotriticites, and the first primitive elongate Schwagerina. That fauna extends across the new conodont-based Pennsylvanian-Permian (Virgilian-Wolfcampian) boundary, and the first definitive Wolfcampian (Lower Permian) fusulinids did not appear until the Neva Limestone, which is a couple cycles above the new systemic boundary. Most significant fusulinid biostratigraphic changes correlate with major glacio-eustatic cyclothem boundaries, but not all major cyclothem boundaries have significant faunal turnovers. Fusulinid zonal boundaries that were based on only fusulinid species ranges were found to closely approximate maximum sea level lowstands. Most new genera and species appear in the regressive phases of the next cyclothem, probably because faunal migrations occurred during maximum flooding events, and subsequent highstand system tracts had more paleoenvironmental diversity and thus more niches to fill.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.29041/strat.10.1.05",
    doi = "10.29041/strat.10.1.05",
    openalex = "W2183562890",
    references = "doi102475ajs2406403, openalexw2598883775"
}

@article{doi103724spj1261201300014,
    author = "Somerville, Ian D. and Cózar, Pedro and Said, Ismail and Vachard, Daniel and Medina-Varea, Paula and Rodríguez, Sergio",
    title = "Palaeobiogeographical constraints on the distribution of foraminifers and rugose corals in the Carboniferous Tindouf Basin, South Morocco",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Library Open Repository (Universidad Complutense Madrid)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1261.2013.00014",
    doi = "10.3724/sp.j.1261.2013.00014",
    openalex = "W2177781816",
    references = "doi101016jjafrearsci200509002, doi101016jtecto200502006, doi10108000241160310004648, doi101130g326791, doi101144pygs394567, doi101306d42681e92b2611d78648000102c1865d, doi101306m33429, doi10166611144r11, doi105252g2011n4a3, doi105962bhltitle45546, openalexw1452154075, openalexw607087370"
}

@article{doi101016jjseaes201411008,
    author = "Denayer, Julien",
    title = "Rugose corals at the Tournaisian–Viséan transition in the Central Taurides (S Turkey) – Palaeobiogeography and palaeoceanography of the Asian Gondwana margin",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Asian Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.008",
    openalex = "W2038898848",
    references = "doi101017s0016756800137045, doi101098rstb19500002, doi105252g2011n4a3, hudson1940on, openalexw1590468748"
}

AbstractEighteen scleractinian coral species belonging to 13 genera, 8 families and 4 suborders have been identified from the lower and upper parts of the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Hanifa Formation at Jabal Al-Abakkayn, central Saudi Arabia. Actinastrea bernensis, A. crassoramosa, Coenastraea hyatti, Stylina kachensis, Cryptocoenia slovenica, C. wegeneri, Isastrea hemisphaerica, I. bernensis, Montlivaltia cornutiformis, M. frustriformis, Collignonastraea jumarensis, Ovalastrea michelini and Vallimeandropsis davidsoni are believed to be recorded for the first time from the Jurassic rocks of central Arabia. Most corals have massive hemispherical and globular forms, and few corals have dendroid and conical growth forms. They occur as small, isolated patches, about 0.5 m thick and about 10–30 m wide, in argillaceous reefal limestones. The identified corals show Africa, north America, northern, southern and western Europe, and southern or eastern Asia corals. The low diversity and abundance as well as the small size of colonies are attributed to inimical palaeoecological factors throughout the reefoids formation such as muddy substratum, water turbidity, high rate of sedimentation.Keywords:: scleractinian coralstaxonomyHanifa FormationUpper JurassicOxfordianSaudi Arabia AcknowledgementThis work was funded by King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research and College of Science Research Center.

@article{doi101080089129632013866950,
    author = "El‐Sorogy, Abdelbaset S. and Al‐Kahtany, Khaled",
    title = "Contribution to the scleractinian corals of Hanifa Formation, Upper Jurassic, Jabal Al-Abakkayn, central Saudi Arabia",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "AbstractEighteen scleractinian coral species belonging to 13 genera, 8 families and 4 suborders have been identified from the lower and upper parts of the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Hanifa Formation at Jabal Al-Abakkayn, central Saudi Arabia. Actinastrea bernensis, A. crassoramosa, Coenastraea hyatti, Stylina kachensis, Cryptocoenia slovenica, C. wegeneri, Isastrea hemisphaerica, I. bernensis, Montlivaltia cornutiformis, M. frustriformis, Collignonastraea jumarensis, Ovalastrea michelini and Vallimeandropsis davidsoni are believed to be recorded for the first time from the Jurassic rocks of central Arabia. Most corals have massive hemispherical and globular forms, and few corals have dendroid and conical growth forms. They occur as small, isolated patches, about 0.5 m thick and about 10–30 m wide, in argillaceous reefal limestones. The identified corals show Africa, north America, northern, southern and western Europe, and southern or eastern Asia corals. The low diversity and abundance as well as the small size of colonies are attributed to inimical palaeoecological factors throughout the reefoids formation such as muddy substratum, water turbidity, high rate of sedimentation.Keywords:: scleractinian coralstaxonomyHanifa FormationUpper JurassicOxfordianSaudi Arabia AcknowledgementThis work was funded by King Saud University, Deanship of Scientific Research and College of Science Research Center.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2013.866950",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2013.866950",
    openalex = "W2071964825",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316143445"
}

Modern coral taxonomy has begun to resolve many long-standing problems in traditional systematics stemming from its reliance on skeletal macromorphology. By integrating examinations of colony, corallite, and subcorallite morphology with the molecular sequence data that have proliferated in the last decade, many taxa spread across the scleractinian tree of life have been incorporated into a rigorous classification underpinned by greater phylogenetic understanding. This monograph focuses on one of the most challenging clades recovered to date – its disarray epitomized by the informal name ‘Bigmessidae’. This group of predominantly Indo-Pacific species previously comprised families Merulinidae, Faviidae, Pectiniidae, and Trachyphylliidae, but in a recent study these have been incorporated within Merulinidae. We studied 84 living merulinid species by examining morphological traits at three different scales of coral skeletal structure − macromorphology, micromorphology, and microstructure − to construct a morphological matrix comprising 44 characters. Data were analysed via maximum parsimony and also transformed onto a robust molecular phylogeny under the parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Comparisons amongst morphological character types suggest that although many characters at every scale are homoplastic, some to a greater extent than others, several can aid in distinguishing genus-level clades. Our resulting trees and character analyses form the basis of a revised classification that spans a total of 139 species contained within 24 genera. The tree topologies necessitate the synonymization of Barabattoia as Dipsastraea, and Phymastrea as Favites. Furthermore, Astrea and Coelastrea are resurrected, and one new genus, Paramontastraea Huang & Budd gen. nov., is described. All the genera in Merulinidae, along with the monotypic Montastraeidae and Diploastraeidae, are diagnosed based on the characters examined. The integrative classification system proposed here will form the framework for more accurate biodiversity estimates and guide the taxonomic placement of extinct species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London

@article{doi101111zoj12140,
    author = "Huang, Danwei and Benzoni, Francesca and Fukami, Hironobu and Knowlton­, Nancy­ and Smith, Nathan D. and Budd, Ann F.",
    title = "Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Modern coral taxonomy has begun to resolve many long-standing problems in traditional systematics stemming from its reliance on skeletal macromorphology. By integrating examinations of colony, corallite, and subcorallite morphology with the molecular sequence data that have proliferated in the last decade, many taxa spread across the scleractinian tree of life have been incorporated into a rigorous classification underpinned by greater phylogenetic understanding. This monograph focuses on one of the most challenging clades recovered to date – its disarray epitomized by the informal name ‘Bigmessidae’. This group of predominantly Indo-Pacific species previously comprised families Merulinidae, Faviidae, Pectiniidae, and Trachyphylliidae, but in a recent study these have been incorporated within Merulinidae. We studied 84 living merulinid species by examining morphological traits at three different scales of coral skeletal structure − macromorphology, micromorphology, and microstructure − to construct a morphological matrix comprising 44 characters. Data were analysed via maximum parsimony and also transformed onto a robust molecular phylogeny under the parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Comparisons amongst morphological character types suggest that although many characters at every scale are homoplastic, some to a greater extent than others, several can aid in distinguishing genus-level clades. Our resulting trees and character analyses form the basis of a revised classification that spans a total of 139 species contained within 24 genera. The tree topologies necessitate the synonymization of Barabattoia as Dipsastraea, and Phymastrea as Favites. Furthermore, Astrea and Coelastrea are resurrected, and one new genus, Paramontastraea Huang \& Budd gen. nov., is described. All the genera in Merulinidae, along with the monotypic Montastraeidae and Diploastraeidae, are diagnosed based on the characters examined. The integrative classification system proposed here will form the framework for more accurate biodiversity estimates and guide the taxonomic placement of extinct species. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12140",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12140",
    openalex = "W2131365716",
    references = "doi10108000222936508679407, doi101111zoj12092"
}

Recent advances in scleractinian systematics and taxonomy have been achieved through the integration of molecular and morphological data, as well as rigorous analysis using phylogenetic methods. In this study, we continue in our pursuit of a phylogenetic classification by examining the evolutionary relationships between the closely related reef coral genera M erulina, G oniastrea, P araclavarina and S capophyllia (Merulinidae). In particular, we address the extreme polyphyly of F avites and G oniastrea that was discovered a decade ago. We sampled 145 specimens belonging to 16 species from a wide geographic range in the I ndo‐ P acific, focusing especially on type localities, including the Red Sea, western Indian Ocean and central Pacific. Tree reconstructions based on both nuclear and mitochondrial markers reveal a novel lineage composed of three species previously placed in F avites and G oniastrea. Morphological analyses indicate that this clade, P aragoniastrea H uang, B enzoni & B udd, gen. n., has a unique combination of corallite and subcorallite features observable with scanning electron microscopy and thin sections. Molecular and morphological evidence furthermore indicates that the monotypic genus Paraclavarina is nested within Merulina, and the former is therefore synonymised.

@article{doi101111zsc12061,
    author = "Huang, Danwei and Benzoni, Francesca and Arrigoni, Roberto and Baird, Andrew H. and Berumen, Michael L. and Bouwmeester, Jessica and Chou, Loke Ming and Fukami, Hironobu and Licuanan, Wilfredo Y. and Lovell, Edward R. and Meier, Rudolf and Todd, Peter A. and Budd, Ann F.",
    title = "Towards a phylogenetic classification of reef corals: the I ndo‐ P acific genera M erulina, G oniastrea and S capophyllia (S cleractinia, M erulinidae)",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Zoologica Scripta",
    abstract = "Recent advances in scleractinian systematics and taxonomy have been achieved through the integration of molecular and morphological data, as well as rigorous analysis using phylogenetic methods. In this study, we continue in our pursuit of a phylogenetic classification by examining the evolutionary relationships between the closely related reef coral genera M erulina, G oniastrea, P araclavarina and S capophyllia (Merulinidae). In particular, we address the extreme polyphyly of F avites and G oniastrea that was discovered a decade ago. We sampled 145 specimens belonging to 16 species from a wide geographic range in the I ndo‐ P acific, focusing especially on type localities, including the Red Sea, western Indian Ocean and central Pacific. Tree reconstructions based on both nuclear and mitochondrial markers reveal a novel lineage composed of three species previously placed in F avites and G oniastrea. Morphological analyses indicate that this clade, P aragoniastrea H uang, B enzoni \& B udd, gen. n., has a unique combination of corallite and subcorallite features observable with scanning electron microscopy and thin sections. Molecular and morphological evidence furthermore indicates that the monotypic genus Paraclavarina is nested within Merulina, and the former is therefore synonymised.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12061",
    doi = "10.1111/zsc.12061",
    openalex = "W2166254116",
    references = "doi10108000222936508679407"
}

In the mid-nineteenth century, two outstanding French zoologists, Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–85) and Jules Haime (1824–56), carried out the most comprehensive study of coral taxonomy and classification that had yet been attempted. They covered all known examples, ranging from the oldest fossil corals to those living in modern oceans. Although many of the taxa have now been revised, and many forms since discovered, this integrated approach was not emulated until multi-author treatises appeared a century later. Originally published 1850–4, this monograph begins with an account of coral classification. The authors then deal with British corals, working stratigraphically downwards from the Crag (Plio–Pleistocene), through all the known coral-bearing strata of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic, continuing down to the 'Silurian', from which the Ordovician had not yet been separated. A magnificent achievement for its time, and still important for researchers, the work is embellished by 72 white-on-black engraved plates.

@book{doi101017cbo9781316143445,
    author = "Milne-Edwards, H. and Haime, Jules",
    title = "A Monograph of the British Fossil Corals",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "In the mid-nineteenth century, two outstanding French zoologists, Henri Milne-Edwards (1800–85) and Jules Haime (1824–56), carried out the most comprehensive study of coral taxonomy and classification that had yet been attempted. They covered all known examples, ranging from the oldest fossil corals to those living in modern oceans. Although many of the taxa have now been revised, and many forms since discovered, this integrated approach was not emulated until multi-author treatises appeared a century later. Originally published 1850–4, this monograph begins with an account of coral classification. The authors then deal with British corals, working stratigraphically downwards from the Crag (Plio–Pleistocene), through all the known coral-bearing strata of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic, continuing down to the 'Silurian', from which the Ordovician had not yet been separated. A magnificent achievement for its time, and still important for researchers, the work is embellished by 72 white-on-black engraved plates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781316143445",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9781316143445",
    openalex = "W562599453"
}

Abstract In Belgium, the Lower Kellwasser Event (LKW) corresponds to the relative sea-level maximum of the first (‘Aisemont sequence’ (AS)) of the two late Frasnian third-order sequences that are recognized here, but the Upper Kellwasser Event (UKW) may have been triggered by a series of tsunamites. The end of the middle Frasnian carbonate platform and reefs is caused by the sea-level drop and emersion of the last middle Frasnian third-order sequence (‘Lion sequence’) in the Lower rhenana Zone. The end of the ‘Petit-Mont’ mudmound growth during the transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) systems tracts of the AS was caused by sea-level fall and emersion at the top of this sequence. The coral and brachiopod extinction in the Upper rhenana Zone, during the second late Frasnian third-order sequence (‘Lambermont sequence’ (LS)), is progressive and due to the widespread development of the dysoxic and anoxic facies, before the UKW. Only the LS TST has been identified. No sea-level fall has been recognized in relation to the UKW or near the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. The late Frasnian extinctions are more likely to be related to the decrease in the atmospheric oxygen rate and its impact on marine environments and, to complete, the UKW.

@article{doi101144sp4236,
    author = "Mottequin, Bernard and Poty, Édouard",
    title = "Kellwasser horizons, sea-level changes and brachiopod–coral crises during the late Frasnian in the Namur–Dinant Basin (southern Belgium): a synopsis",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract In Belgium, the Lower Kellwasser Event (LKW) corresponds to the relative sea-level maximum of the first (‘Aisemont sequence’ (AS)) of the two late Frasnian third-order sequences that are recognized here, but the Upper Kellwasser Event (UKW) may have been triggered by a series of tsunamites. The end of the middle Frasnian carbonate platform and reefs is caused by the sea-level drop and emersion of the last middle Frasnian third-order sequence (‘Lion sequence’) in the Lower rhenana Zone. The end of the ‘Petit-Mont’ mudmound growth during the transgressive (TST) and highstand (HST) systems tracts of the AS was caused by sea-level fall and emersion at the top of this sequence. The coral and brachiopod extinction in the Upper rhenana Zone, during the second late Frasnian third-order sequence (‘Lambermont sequence’ (LS)), is progressive and due to the widespread development of the dysoxic and anoxic facies, before the UKW. Only the LS TST has been identified. No sea-level fall has been recognized in relation to the UKW or near the Frasnian–Famennian boundary. The late Frasnian extinctions are more likely to be related to the decrease in the atmospheric oxygen rate and its impact on marine environments and, to complete, the UKW.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp423.6",
    doi = "10.1144/sp423.6",
    openalex = "W2280084146",
    references = "openalexw607087370"
}

The boundary between the Lower and Upper Visby formations on Gotland (Sweden), which roughly correlates with the Llandovery–Wenlock boundary, is characterised by a mass occurrence of the large solitary rugose coral Phaulactis angusta. This coral-rich layer can be followed for some 50 km along the north-west coast of Gotland. The mass occurrence coincides with the onset of a pronounced, globally recognised δ13C and δ18O excursions in the lower Sheinwoodian. Altogether 31 specimens of P. angusta from eight localities were examined. We demonstrate that the corals preferred to grow in an upright position. Attachment structures were not observed, and therefore a liberosessile life strategy is suggested. Some corallites show an abrupt change in growth direction accompanied by a decrease in diameter. These features mostly occur in later growth stages and may be explained by disturbances in the growth due to toppling or tilting of the corals. Many specimens were able to change their growth axes, but finally died after such an event. Most specimens in the outcrops show a flattened upper surface, which is interpreted as a result of post-mortem abrasion. Epibiontic bryozoan encrustation took place mostly while the corals where alive, whereas stromatoporoid encrustation and Trypanites borings occurred post-mortem. The repeated growth, tilting and erosion of the corallites of P. angusta demonstrate that the Phaulactis layer represents a condensed interval, characterised by multiple pulses of sediment accumulation and erosion.

@article{doi1010801103589720151103780,
    author = "Adomat, Friederike and Munnecke, Axel and Kido, Erika",
    title = "Mass occurrence of the large solitary rugose coral Phaulactis angusta at the boundary Lower/Upper Visby Formation in the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden: palaeoecology and depositional implications",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "GFF",
    abstract = "The boundary between the Lower and Upper Visby formations on Gotland (Sweden), which roughly correlates with the Llandovery–Wenlock boundary, is characterised by a mass occurrence of the large solitary rugose coral Phaulactis angusta. This coral-rich layer can be followed for some 50 km along the north-west coast of Gotland. The mass occurrence coincides with the onset of a pronounced, globally recognised δ13C and δ18O excursions in the lower Sheinwoodian. Altogether 31 specimens of P. angusta from eight localities were examined. We demonstrate that the corals preferred to grow in an upright position. Attachment structures were not observed, and therefore a liberosessile life strategy is suggested. Some corallites show an abrupt change in growth direction accompanied by a decrease in diameter. These features mostly occur in later growth stages and may be explained by disturbances in the growth due to toppling or tilting of the corals. Many specimens were able to change their growth axes, but finally died after such an event. Most specimens in the outcrops show a flattened upper surface, which is interpreted as a result of post-mortem abrasion. Epibiontic bryozoan encrustation took place mostly while the corals where alive, whereas stromatoporoid encrustation and Trypanites borings occurred post-mortem. The repeated growth, tilting and erosion of the corallites of P. angusta demonstrate that the Phaulactis layer represents a condensed interval, characterised by multiple pulses of sediment accumulation and erosion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/11035897.2015.1103780",
    doi = "10.1080/11035897.2015.1103780",
    openalex = "W2281119642",
    references = "doi104202app20100048"
}

Lobophylliidae is a family-level clade of corals within the ‘robust’ lineage of Scleractinia. It comprises species traditionally classified as Indo-Pacific ‘mussids’, ‘faviids’, and ‘pectiniids’. Following detailed revisions of the closely related families Merulinidae, Mussidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae, this monograph focuses on the taxonomy of Lobophylliidae. Specifically, we studied 44 of a total of 54 living lobophylliid species from all 11 genera based on an integrative analysis of colony, corallite, and subcorallite morphology with molecular sequence data. By examining coral skeletal features at three distinct levels – macromorphology, micromorphology, and microstructure – we built a morphological matrix comprising 46 characters. Data were analysed via maximum parsimony and transformed onto a robust molecular phylogeny inferred using two nuclear (histone H3 and internal transcribed spacers) and one mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) DNA loci. The results suggest that micromorphological characters exhibit the lowest level of homoplasy within Lobophylliidae. Molecular and morphological trees show that Symphyllia, Parascolymia, and Australomussa should be considered junior synonyms of Lobophyllia, whereas Lobophyllia pachysepta needs to be transferred to Acanthastrea. Our analyses also lend strong support to recent revisions of Acanthastrea, which has been reorganized into five separate genera (Lobophyllia, Acanthastrea, Homophyllia, Sclerophyllia, and Micromussa), and to the establishment of Australophyllia. Cynarina and the monotypic Moseleya remain unchanged, and there are insufficient data to redefine Oxypora, Echinophyllia, and Echinomorpha. Finally, all lobophylliid genera are diagnosed under the phylogenetic classification system proposed here, which will facilitate the placement of extinct taxa on the scleractinian tree of life.

@article{doi101111zoj12391,
    author = "Huang, Danwei and Arrigoni, Roberto and Benzoni, Francesca and Fukami, Hironobu and Knowlton­, Nancy­ and Smith, Nathan D. and Stolarski, Jarosław and Chou, Loke Ming and Budd, Ann F.",
    title = "Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Lobophylliidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Lobophylliidae is a family-level clade of corals within the ‘robust’ lineage of Scleractinia. It comprises species traditionally classified as Indo-Pacific ‘mussids’, ‘faviids’, and ‘pectiniids’. Following detailed revisions of the closely related families Merulinidae, Mussidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae, this monograph focuses on the taxonomy of Lobophylliidae. Specifically, we studied 44 of a total of 54 living lobophylliid species from all 11 genera based on an integrative analysis of colony, corallite, and subcorallite morphology with molecular sequence data. By examining coral skeletal features at three distinct levels – macromorphology, micromorphology, and microstructure – we built a morphological matrix comprising 46 characters. Data were analysed via maximum parsimony and transformed onto a robust molecular phylogeny inferred using two nuclear (histone H3 and internal transcribed spacers) and one mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) DNA loci. The results suggest that micromorphological characters exhibit the lowest level of homoplasy within Lobophylliidae. Molecular and morphological trees show that Symphyllia, Parascolymia, and Australomussa should be considered junior synonyms of Lobophyllia, whereas Lobophyllia pachysepta needs to be transferred to Acanthastrea. Our analyses also lend strong support to recent revisions of Acanthastrea, which has been reorganized into five separate genera (Lobophyllia, Acanthastrea, Homophyllia, Sclerophyllia, and Micromussa), and to the establishment of Australophyllia. Cynarina and the monotypic Moseleya remain unchanged, and there are insufficient data to redefine Oxypora, Echinophyllia, and Echinomorpha. Finally, all lobophylliid genera are diagnosed under the phylogenetic classification system proposed here, which will facilitate the placement of extinct taxa on the scleractinian tree of life.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12391",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12391",
    openalex = "W2530447867",
    references = "doi10108000222936508679407"
}

The Djebel Arhlal is the southernmost outcrop of upper Serpukhovian strata in the Béchar Basin. Here the Djenien member of the Djenien Formation is three-folded and it contains a 10 m-thick coral biostrome in its middle unit formed by Siphonodendron, Diphyphyllum and Lithostrotion. Distances between in situ colonies are in the order of several decimetres and the space between them is filled with bioclastic limestone containing coral rubble. Few brachiopods and solitary corals are found as dwellers within the biostrome, but these groups are much more common in the strata below and above the coral biostrome. This is especially true for the brachiopods, which reach diversities of more than a dozen species in specific horizons. They mainly belong to the orders Productida, Spiriferida and Athyridida. Agitated open-marine platform interior or platform margin settings are the general facies encountered in the Djenien member at the Djebel Arhlal. The field data, including brachiopod coquinas and many fragmented brachiopods and corals, are confirmed by microfacies analysis. However, the coral biostrome records a quieter setting at the interface of middle and outer ramp settings, as seen in the co-existence of in situ coral growth, input of reworked material, deposition of carbonate mud, and sparitic textures. This autoparabiostrome at Djebel Arhlal is compared to other rather thick and of exceptional horizontal extension upper Serpukhovian biostromes (few kilometres).

@article{doi1021701bolgeomin12723004,
    author = "Atif, Khireddine Fayçal Tewfik and Aretz, Markus and Legrand‐Blain, Marie and Bouzid, Abderrezak and Aimouche, M.",
    title = "Brachiopods and rugose corals in an upper Serpukhovian (Mississippian) biostrome: preliminary results from the Djebel Arhlal (Béchar Basin, Algeria)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO",
    abstract = "The Djebel Arhlal is the southernmost outcrop of upper Serpukhovian strata in the Béchar Basin. Here the Djenien member of the Djenien Formation is three-folded and it contains a 10 m-thick coral biostrome in its middle unit formed by Siphonodendron, Diphyphyllum and Lithostrotion. Distances between in situ colonies are in the order of several decimetres and the space between them is filled with bioclastic limestone containing coral rubble. Few brachiopods and solitary corals are found as dwellers within the biostrome, but these groups are much more common in the strata below and above the coral biostrome. This is especially true for the brachiopods, which reach diversities of more than a dozen species in specific horizons. They mainly belong to the orders Productida, Spiriferida and Athyridida. Agitated open-marine platform interior or platform margin settings are the general facies encountered in the Djenien member at the Djebel Arhlal. The field data, including brachiopod coquinas and many fragmented brachiopods and corals, are confirmed by microfacies analysis. However, the coral biostrome records a quieter setting at the interface of middle and outer ramp settings, as seen in the co-existence of in situ coral growth, input of reworked material, deposition of carbonate mud, and sparitic textures. This autoparabiostrome at Djebel Arhlal is compared to other rather thick and of exceptional horizontal extension upper Serpukhovian biostromes (few kilometres).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.127.2-3.004",
    doi = "10.21701/bolgeomin.127.2-3.004",
    openalex = "W2568821670",
    references = "doi107203sjp28217858"
}

In the East-Central Iran, the Sardar Formation (upper Visean-Moscovian) consists of shallow-water limestone with intercalations of shale containing rugose corals, tabulate corals and brachiopods. Ten sections were sampled in the Ozbak-kuh Mountains, from north to south. Among the rugose corals, an assemblage of fasciculate Kleopatrinidae has been collected. The latter contains the species: Paraheritschioides antoni antoni, P. antoni minor, P. gracilis and two new species for the genera Fomichevella and Heintzella. Heintzella is described from Iran for the first time. However, its age, as determined by conodonts and foraminifers, is early to middle Bashkirian (early late Carboniferous). The most similar, time-equivalent faunal associations are that of the Ellesmere Island, Sverdrup Basin in Arctic Canada, Alexander terrane and Brooks Range in southeastern Alaska and eastern Klamath terrane in northern California, where similar tropical warm water conditions have been identified during the Bashkirian in the northern hemisphere. During these times central Iran block and Northern provinces, characterized by a dominant carbonate facies and more diversified colonial coral faunas.

@article{doi104072rbp2016201,
    author = "Badpa, Mahdi and Poty, Édouard and Ashouri, Ali Reza and Khaksar, Kaveh",
    title = "Fasciculate Kleopatrinid corals from the Bashkirian (late Carboniferous) of Sardar Formation (Ozbak-Kuh Mountains, East-Central Iran)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia",
    abstract = "In the East-Central Iran, the Sardar Formation (upper Visean-Moscovian) consists of shallow-water limestone with intercalations of shale containing rugose corals, tabulate corals and brachiopods. Ten sections were sampled in the Ozbak-kuh Mountains, from north to south. Among the rugose corals, an assemblage of fasciculate Kleopatrinidae has been collected. The latter contains the species: Paraheritschioides antoni antoni, P. antoni minor, P. gracilis and two new species for the genera Fomichevella and Heintzella. Heintzella is described from Iran for the first time. However, its age, as determined by conodonts and foraminifers, is early to middle Bashkirian (early late Carboniferous). The most similar, time-equivalent faunal associations are that of the Ellesmere Island, Sverdrup Basin in Arctic Canada, Alexander terrane and Brooks Range in southeastern Alaska and eastern Klamath terrane in northern California, where similar tropical warm water conditions have been identified during the Bashkirian in the northern hemisphere. During these times central Iran block and Northern provinces, characterized by a dominant carbonate facies and more diversified colonial coral faunas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2016.2.01",
    doi = "10.4072/rbp.2016.2.01",
    openalex = "W2514123017",
    references = "armstrong1972pennsylvanian, doi101344105000002074, doi101344geologicaacta20141236, doi103133pp747, doi103390geosciences2020042, openalexw77558167"
}

Abstract Permian rugose corals underwent evolutionary episodes of assemblage changeover, biogeographical separation and extinction, which are closely related to geological events during this time. Two coral realms were recognized, the Tethyan Realm and the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian Realm. These are characterized by the families Kepingophyllidae and Waagenophyllidae during the Cisuralian, Waagenophyllidae in the Guadalupian and the subfamily Waagenophyllinae in the Lopingian, and the families Durhaminidae and Kleopatrinidae during the Cisuralian and major disappearance of colonial and dissepimented solitary rugose corals from the Guadalupian to the Lopingian, respectively. The development of these coral realms is controlled by the geographical barrier resulting from the Pangaea formation. According to the changes in the composition and diversity of the Permian rugose corals, a changeover event might have occurred at the end-Sakmarian and is characterized by the mixed Pennsylvanian and Permian faunas to typical Permian faunas, probably related to a global regression. In addition, three extinction events are present at the end-Kungurian, the end-Guadalupian and the end-Permian, which are respectively triggered by the northward movement of Pangaea, the Emeishan volcanic eruptions and subsequent global regression, and the global climate warming induced by the Siberian Traps eruption.

@article{doi101144sp45013,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Yao, Le and Lin, Wei",
    title = "Permian rugose corals of the world",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Permian rugose corals underwent evolutionary episodes of assemblage changeover, biogeographical separation and extinction, which are closely related to geological events during this time. Two coral realms were recognized, the Tethyan Realm and the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian Realm. These are characterized by the families Kepingophyllidae and Waagenophyllidae during the Cisuralian, Waagenophyllidae in the Guadalupian and the subfamily Waagenophyllinae in the Lopingian, and the families Durhaminidae and Kleopatrinidae during the Cisuralian and major disappearance of colonial and dissepimented solitary rugose corals from the Guadalupian to the Lopingian, respectively. The development of these coral realms is controlled by the geographical barrier resulting from the Pangaea formation. According to the changes in the composition and diversity of the Permian rugose corals, a changeover event might have occurred at the end-Sakmarian and is characterized by the mixed Pennsylvanian and Permian faunas to typical Permian faunas, probably related to a global regression. In addition, three extinction events are present at the end-Kungurian, the end-Guadalupian and the end-Permian, which are respectively triggered by the northward movement of Pangaea, the Emeishan volcanic eruptions and subsequent global regression, and the global climate warming induced by the Siberian Traps eruption.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp450.13",
    doi = "10.1144/sp450.13",
    openalex = "W2621657731",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101017s0022336000026573, doi103390geosciences2020042, openalexw914759412"
}

The Silurian Period witnessed one of the most profound intervals of reef development in the history of the Earth, formed in large part by tabulate and rugose corals and stromatoporoid assemblages. One of the best-known examples of Silurian reefs (bioherms) is those exposed on the Baltic island of Gotland (Sweden). The stratigraphic sequence below these bioherms is represented by the Visby Beds (Lower Wenlock, ca. 430 Ma) that record in their lower sections (Lower Visby Beds) environments near the lower limit of the euphotic zone. Here, we describe platy tabulate coral assemblages from the uppermost Lower Visby Beds that represent a mesophotic coral ecosystem (MCE) potentially spread over 40 km. This MCE is dominated by platy tabulate corals, with accessory branching tabulates and solitary and phaceloid rugose corals. Algae are absent, likely as a result of taphonomic bias. It is possible that other MCEs of similar age are recorded on other Silurian tropical shelves: Anticosti Island (Laurentia, present Arctic Canada) and Hiiumaa (Baltica, present Estonia), in particular, may possess candidate early Silurian MCE assemblages. At a minimum, however, tabulate corals acquired photosymbionts during the early Silurian (Wenlock), which resulted in the development of both MCEs and shallow-water reef systems and contributed to the great expansion of the mid-Palaeozoic reef complexes.

@article{doi101007s0033801801761w,
    author = "Zapalski, Mikołaj K. and Berkowski, Błażej",
    title = "The Silurian mesophotic coral ecosystems: 430 million years of photosymbiosis",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Coral Reefs",
    abstract = "The Silurian Period witnessed one of the most profound intervals of reef development in the history of the Earth, formed in large part by tabulate and rugose corals and stromatoporoid assemblages. One of the best-known examples of Silurian reefs (bioherms) is those exposed on the Baltic island of Gotland (Sweden). The stratigraphic sequence below these bioherms is represented by the Visby Beds (Lower Wenlock, ca. 430 Ma) that record in their lower sections (Lower Visby Beds) environments near the lower limit of the euphotic zone. Here, we describe platy tabulate coral assemblages from the uppermost Lower Visby Beds that represent a mesophotic coral ecosystem (MCE) potentially spread over 40 km. This MCE is dominated by platy tabulate corals, with accessory branching tabulates and solitary and phaceloid rugose corals. Algae are absent, likely as a result of taphonomic bias. It is possible that other MCEs of similar age are recorded on other Silurian tropical shelves: Anticosti Island (Laurentia, present Arctic Canada) and Hiiumaa (Baltica, present Estonia), in particular, may possess candidate early Silurian MCE assemblages. At a minimum, however, tabulate corals acquired photosymbionts during the early Silurian (Wenlock), which resulted in the development of both MCEs and shallow-water reef systems and contributed to the great expansion of the mid-Palaeozoic reef complexes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-018-01761-w",
    doi = "10.1007/s00338-018-01761-w",
    openalex = "W2905597247",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201804015, doi104202app20100048"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios201811004,
    author = "Kora, Mahmoud and Herbig, Hans‐Georg and El-Desouky, Heba",
    title = "Late Moscovian (mid-Pennsylvanian) rugose corals from Wadi Araba (Egypt, Eastern Desert): Taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2018.11.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2018.11.004",
    openalex = "W2901799912",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201311023, doi1010179781316225523, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108002693445193812035657, doi101144pygs5211, doi101515agp20160001, doi101515agp20170013, doi103724spj1261201300014, doi104202app20100048, doi105252g2011n4a3, openalexw1452154075, openalexw1590468748, openalexw607087370"
}

Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.

@article{doi101111gcb14912,
    author = "Drake, Jeana L. and Mass, Tali and Stolarski, Jarosław and Euw, Stanislas Von and van de Schootbrugge, Bas and Falkowski, Paul G.",
    title = "How corals made rocks through the ages",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14912",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.14912",
    openalex = "W2989492430",
    references = "doi101130g459491, doi101144pygs5211"
}

Climate change is affecting reef-building corals worldwide, with little hope for recovery. However, coral fossils hint at the existence of environmental stress-triggered survival strategies unreported in extant colonial corals. We document the living evidence and long-term ecological role of such a survival strategy in which isolated polyps from coral colonies affected by warming adopt a transitory resistance phase, in turn expressing a high recovery capacity in dead colony areas. Such processes have been described in fossil corals as rejuvenescence but were previously unknown in extant reef-builder corals. Our results based on 16 years of monitoring show the significance of this process for unexpected recoveries of coral colonies severely affected by warming. These findings provide a link between rejuvenescence in fossil and extant corals and reveal that beyond adaptation and acclimatization processes, modern scleractinian corals show yet undiscovered and highly effective survival strategies that help them withstand and recover from rapid environmental changes.

@article{doi101126sciadvaax2950,
    author = "Kersting, Diego K. and Linares, Cristina",
    title = "Living evidence of a fossil survival strategy raises hope for warming-affected corals",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "Climate change is affecting reef-building corals worldwide, with little hope for recovery. However, coral fossils hint at the existence of environmental stress-triggered survival strategies unreported in extant colonial corals. We document the living evidence and long-term ecological role of such a survival strategy in which isolated polyps from coral colonies affected by warming adopt a transitory resistance phase, in turn expressing a high recovery capacity in dead colony areas. Such processes have been described in fossil corals as rejuvenescence but were previously unknown in extant reef-builder corals. Our results based on 16 years of monitoring show the significance of this process for unexpected recoveries of coral colonies severely affected by warming. These findings provide a link between rejuvenescence in fossil and extant corals and reveal that beyond adaptation and acclimatization processes, modern scleractinian corals show yet undiscovered and highly effective survival strategies that help them withstand and recover from rapid environmental changes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax2950",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.aax2950",
    openalex = "W2980146749",
    references = "doi101144pygs5211, doi104202app20100048"
}

Colonies of the rugose corals Nemistium liardense sp. nov. and Heritschioides simplex sp. nov. were collected from limestone in the upper member of the Mattson Formation in the Liard Range in the Northwest Territories and are the only known identifiable coral species from the Mattson Fm. The Mattson Fm., deposited in the Liard Basin west of the syndepositional Bovie reverse fault, comprises sandstone with subordinate shale and carbonates deposited during several delta cycles. The close morphological similarity and identical mode of offsetting in N. liardense colonies from the Mattson Fm. and the allochthonous Stikine Terrane of British Columbia indicate they belong in the same species. This and the morphological similarity between H. simplex and the late Serpukhovian to early Bashkirian H. columbicum allow assignment of the coral-bearing part of the upper Mattson Fm. to Bashkirian Foraminiferal Biozone 20. Widespread occurrence of the genus Nemistium confirms open communication between the Liard Basin region and the western European and northern African seas.

@article{doi104202app006362019,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Richards, B C",
    title = "Bashkirian Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Carboniferous Mattson Formation in the Liard Basin (northwest Canada) and their bearing on the age of the upper Mattson and rugose coral paleobiogeography",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Colonies of the rugose corals Nemistium liardense sp. nov. and Heritschioides simplex sp. nov. were collected from limestone in the upper member of the Mattson Formation in the Liard Range in the Northwest Territories and are the only known identifiable coral species from the Mattson Fm. The Mattson Fm., deposited in the Liard Basin west of the syndepositional Bovie reverse fault, comprises sandstone with subordinate shale and carbonates deposited during several delta cycles. The close morphological similarity and identical mode of offsetting in N. liardense colonies from the Mattson Fm. and the allochthonous Stikine Terrane of British Columbia indicate they belong in the same species. This and the morphological similarity between H. simplex and the late Serpukhovian to early Bashkirian H. columbicum allow assignment of the coral-bearing part of the upper Mattson Fm. to Bashkirian Foraminiferal Biozone 20. Widespread occurrence of the genus Nemistium confirms open communication between the Liard Basin region and the western European and northern African seas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.00636.2019",
    doi = "10.4202/app.00636.2019",
    openalex = "W2993427111",
    references = "doi101344105000002074"
}

, and microbialites. However, in Houchang (southern China), the Late Pennsylvanian carbonate platform records a large coral reef lacking any analogs in age (Gzhelian), size (80-100 m thick) and composition (high biodiversity). The large coral reef developed at the border of the Luodian intraplatform basin. The intraplatform basin is characterized by the deposition of green algal grainstone, coated grain grainstone and bioclastic packstone, grainstone, floatstone and rudstone in shallow-waters. In the deep-water shelf, lithofacies are composed of burrowed bioclastic wackestone, microbioclastic peloidal packstone, grainstone, and fine-grained burrowed wackestone and packstone. In this context, the coral reef developed on a deep-shelf margin, in a moderate to low energy depositional environment, below the FWWB. The scarcity of Pennsylvanian coral reefs suggests global unfavorable conditions, which can be attributed to a complex pattern of several environmental factors, including seawater chemistry (aragonite seas), paleoclimatic cooling related to continental glaciation, and the biological competition with the more opportunistic and adaptive phylloid algal community that occupied similar platform margin paleoenvironments. The existence of the large Bianping coral reef in southern China, as well as a few additional examples of Pennsylvanian coralliferous bioconstructions, provides evidence that coral communities were able to endure the Late Paleozoic fluctuating paleoenvironmental conditions in specific settings. One of such settings appears to have been the deep shelf margin, where low light levels decreased competition with the phylloid algal community.

@article{doi101007s1034702000613w,
    author = "Maillet, Marine and Huang, Wentao and Li, Xiao and Yang, Zhen-Yuan and Guan, Changqing and Zhang, Yongli and Gong, En-Pu and Ueno, Katsumi and Samankassou, Elias",
    title = "Late Pennsylvanian carbonate platform facies and coral reef: new insights from southern China (Guizhou Province)",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Facies",
    abstract = ", and microbialites. However, in Houchang (southern China), the Late Pennsylvanian carbonate platform records a large coral reef lacking any analogs in age (Gzhelian), size (80-100 m thick) and composition (high biodiversity). The large coral reef developed at the border of the Luodian intraplatform basin. The intraplatform basin is characterized by the deposition of green algal grainstone, coated grain grainstone and bioclastic packstone, grainstone, floatstone and rudstone in shallow-waters. In the deep-water shelf, lithofacies are composed of burrowed bioclastic wackestone, microbioclastic peloidal packstone, grainstone, and fine-grained burrowed wackestone and packstone. In this context, the coral reef developed on a deep-shelf margin, in a moderate to low energy depositional environment, below the FWWB. The scarcity of Pennsylvanian coral reefs suggests global unfavorable conditions, which can be attributed to a complex pattern of several environmental factors, including seawater chemistry (aragonite seas), paleoclimatic cooling related to continental glaciation, and the biological competition with the more opportunistic and adaptive phylloid algal community that occupied similar platform margin paleoenvironments. The existence of the large Bianping coral reef in southern China, as well as a few additional examples of Pennsylvanian coralliferous bioconstructions, provides evidence that coral communities were able to endure the Late Paleozoic fluctuating paleoenvironmental conditions in specific settings. One of such settings appears to have been the deep shelf margin, where low light levels decreased competition with the phylloid algal community.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10347-020-00613-w",
    doi = "10.1007/s10347-020-00613-w",
    openalex = "W3102893886",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200907004, doi101016jsedgeo2019105550"
}

@article{doi101007s12549020004316,
    author = "Zhang, Yongli and Gong, Enpu and Huang, Wentao and Wilson, Mark A. and Guan, Changqing and Li, Xiao and Wang, Lifu and Wang, Junjie and Miao, Zhuowei",
    title = "Factors controlling the development of Fomichevella coral bioconstructions in the Gzhelian-Asselian (Late Pennsylvanian-early Permian) of Houchang, southern Guizhou, South China",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12549-020-00431-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s12549-020-00431-6",
    openalex = "W3036295350",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo2019105550, doi1023073514786"
}

) spherulites, and because a comparative study of crystal structures across coral species has not been performed previously. We observed that all 12 diverse coral species analyzed here exhibit plumose spherulites in their skeletons, with well-defined centers of calcification (CoCs), and crystalline fibers radiating from them. In 7 of the 12 species, we observed a skeletal structural motif not observed previously: randomly oriented, equant crystals, which we termed "sprinkles". In Acropora pharaonis, these sprinkles are localized at the CoCs, while in 6 other species, sprinkles are either layered at the growth front (GF) of the spherulites, or randomly distributed. At the nano- and micro-scale, coral skeletons fill space as much as single crystals of aragonite. Based on these observations, we tentatively propose a spherulite formation mechanism in which growth front nucleation (GFN) of randomly oriented sprinkles, competition for space, and coarsening produce spherulites, rather than the previously assumed slightly misoriented nucleations termed "non-crystallographic branching". Phase-field simulations support this mechanism, and, using a minimal set of thermodynamic parameters, are able to reproduce all of the microstructural variation observed experimentally in all of the investigated coral skeletons. Beyond coral skeletons, other spherulitic systems, from aspirin to semicrystalline polymers and chocolate, may also form according to the mechanism for spherulite formation proposed here. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of spherulite nucleation and growth has broad ranging applications in the fields of metallurgy, polymers, food science, and pharmaceutical production. Using the skeletons of reef-building corals as a model system for investigating these processes, we propose a new spherulite growth mechanism that can not only explain the micro-structural diversity observed in distantly related coral species, but may point to a universal growth mechanism in a wide range of biologically and technologically relevant spherulitic materials systems.

@article{doi101016jactbio202006027,
    author = "Sun, Chang-Yu and Gránásy, László and Stifler, Cayla A. and Zaquin, Tal and Chopdekar, Rajesh V. and Tamura, Nobumichi and Weaver, James C. and Zhang, Jun A. and Goffredo, Stefano and Falini, Giuseppe and Marcus, Matthew A. and Pusztai, Tamás and Schoeppler, Vanessa and Mass, Tali and Gilbert, Pupa U.P.A.",
    title = "Crystal nucleation and growth of spherulites demonstrated by coral skeletons and phase-field simulations",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Acta Biomaterialia",
    abstract = {) spherulites, and because a comparative study of crystal structures across coral species has not been performed previously. We observed that all 12 diverse coral species analyzed here exhibit plumose spherulites in their skeletons, with well-defined centers of calcification (CoCs), and crystalline fibers radiating from them. In 7 of the 12 species, we observed a skeletal structural motif not observed previously: randomly oriented, equant crystals, which we termed "sprinkles". In Acropora pharaonis, these sprinkles are localized at the CoCs, while in 6 other species, sprinkles are either layered at the growth front (GF) of the spherulites, or randomly distributed. At the nano- and micro-scale, coral skeletons fill space as much as single crystals of aragonite. Based on these observations, we tentatively propose a spherulite formation mechanism in which growth front nucleation (GFN) of randomly oriented sprinkles, competition for space, and coarsening produce spherulites, rather than the previously assumed slightly misoriented nucleations termed "non-crystallographic branching". Phase-field simulations support this mechanism, and, using a minimal set of thermodynamic parameters, are able to reproduce all of the microstructural variation observed experimentally in all of the investigated coral skeletons. Beyond coral skeletons, other spherulitic systems, from aspirin to semicrystalline polymers and chocolate, may also form according to the mechanism for spherulite formation proposed here. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding the fundamental mechanisms of spherulite nucleation and growth has broad ranging applications in the fields of metallurgy, polymers, food science, and pharmaceutical production. Using the skeletons of reef-building corals as a model system for investigating these processes, we propose a new spherulite growth mechanism that can not only explain the micro-structural diversity observed in distantly related coral species, but may point to a universal growth mechanism in a wide range of biologically and technologically relevant spherulitic materials systems.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.027",
    doi = "10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.027",
    openalex = "W3037690515",
    references = "doi101098rstb19500002"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo2020109899,
    author = "Zatoń, Michał and Wrzołek, Tomasz",
    title = "Colonization of rugose corals by diverse epibionts: dominance and syn vivo encrustation in a Middle Devonian (Givetian) soft-bottom habitat of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109899",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109899",
    openalex = "W3041356630",
    references = "doi101007s0033801005936, doi101007s103470120319z, doi1010160031018287900393, doi101016jpalaeo201502021, doi101016jpalaeo201804015, doi101016s0012825202001319, doi101017pab20178, doi101038s41467020163323, doi10108008912969009386543, doi1016690883135120020170522antfmo20co2, doi104202app20100048, doi105281zenodo16300277, openalexw1901604059, openalexw2183707334, openalexw771818822"
}

A rich rugose coral assemblage has been recorded from a biostrome at the top of the Djebel Ouarkziz Fm. in the Tindouf Basin, S. Morocco. It is composed of 10 genera and 14 species, of which 5 are new: Dibunophyllum bipartitum, Arachnolasma sp., Palaeosmilia murchisoni, Palaeosmilia ressoti, Palastraea regia, Siphonodendron tindoufense sp. nov., Siphonodendron ouarkzizense sp. nov., Diphyphyllum maximum, Axophyllum moroccoense sp. nov., Gangamophyllum sp., Axoclisia sahariense sp. nov., Axoclisia cf. coronata, Actinocyathus sarytschevae and Actinocyathus mariae sp. nov. It represents essentially a Mississippian-type coral fauna but with some evolved species. However, its age, as determined by foraminifers, is early Bashkirian (Early Pennsylvanian). The presence of Mississippian-like corals in the Bashkirian indicates that the epicontinental basins in northern Gondwana (Saharan basins) were a refuge for coral faunas during the late Serpukhovian extinction event. The persistence of the Mississippian assemblages in the Bashkirian from northern Gondwana was probably due to a combination of warm waters and tectonic stability. The coral assemblage from the Tindouf biostrome is similar to those corals recorded from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia where similar tropical warm water conditions have been identified during the Bashkirian in the northern hemisphere

@article{doi107203sjp28217858,
    author = "Rodríguez, Sergio and Somerville, Ian D. and Said, Ismael and Cózar, Pedro",
    title = "Mississippian-like rugose corals from a Bashkirian biostrome in the Tindouf Basin, S. Morocco",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Spanish Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A rich rugose coral assemblage has been recorded from a biostrome at the top of the Djebel Ouarkziz Fm. in the Tindouf Basin, S. Morocco. It is composed of 10 genera and 14 species, of which 5 are new: Dibunophyllum bipartitum, Arachnolasma sp., Palaeosmilia murchisoni, Palaeosmilia ressoti, Palastraea regia, Siphonodendron tindoufense sp. nov., Siphonodendron ouarkzizense sp. nov., Diphyphyllum maximum, Axophyllum moroccoense sp. nov., Gangamophyllum sp., Axoclisia sahariense sp. nov., Axoclisia cf. coronata, Actinocyathus sarytschevae and Actinocyathus mariae sp. nov. It represents essentially a Mississippian-type coral fauna but with some evolved species. However, its age, as determined by foraminifers, is early Bashkirian (Early Pennsylvanian). The presence of Mississippian-like corals in the Bashkirian indicates that the epicontinental basins in northern Gondwana (Saharan basins) were a refuge for coral faunas during the late Serpukhovian extinction event. The persistence of the Mississippian assemblages in the Bashkirian from northern Gondwana was probably due to a combination of warm waters and tectonic stability. The coral assemblage from the Tindouf biostrome is similar to those corals recorded from Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada and Novaya Zemlya, Arctic Russia where similar tropical warm water conditions have been identified during the Bashkirian in the northern hemisphere",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7203/sjp.28.2.17858",
    doi = "10.7203/sjp.28.2.17858",
    openalex = "W1599919249",
    references = "doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi10108003745485909494606, doi1011302008244101, doi101130g326791, doi10166611144r11, doi105962bhltitle11559, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw1452154075, openalexw3157516218, openalexw607087370, openalexw658437845"
}

Abstract Rugose corals are one of the major fossil groups in shallow-water environments. They played an important role in dividing and correlating Carboniferous strata during the last century, when regional biostratigraphic schemes were established, and may be useful for long-distance correlation. Carboniferous rugose corals document two evolutionary events. One is the Tournaisian recovery event, with abundant occurrences of typical Carboniferous rugose corals such as columellate taxa and a significant diversification of large, dissepimented corals. The other is the changeover of rugose coral composition at the mid-Carboniferous boundary, which is represented by the disappearance of many large dissepimented taxa with complex axial structures and the appearance of typical Pennsylvanian taxa characterized by compound rugose taxa. The biostratigraphic scales for rugose corals show a finer temporal resolution in the Mississippian than in the Pennsylvanian, which was probably caused by the Late Paleozoic Ice Age that resulted in glacial–eustatic changes and a lack of continuous Pennsylvanian carbonate strata. The Pennsylvanian rugose corals are totally missing in the Cimmerian Continent. High-resolution biostratigraphy of rugose corals has so far only been achieved in few regions for the Mississippian timescale. In most regions, more detailed taxonomic work and precise correlations between different fossil groups are needed.

@article{doi101144sp512202179,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Yang, Sun-Rong and Yao, Le and Sugiyama, Tetsuo and Hu, Keyi",
    title = "Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Rugose corals are one of the major fossil groups in shallow-water environments. They played an important role in dividing and correlating Carboniferous strata during the last century, when regional biostratigraphic schemes were established, and may be useful for long-distance correlation. Carboniferous rugose corals document two evolutionary events. One is the Tournaisian recovery event, with abundant occurrences of typical Carboniferous rugose corals such as columellate taxa and a significant diversification of large, dissepimented corals. The other is the changeover of rugose coral composition at the mid-Carboniferous boundary, which is represented by the disappearance of many large dissepimented taxa with complex axial structures and the appearance of typical Pennsylvanian taxa characterized by compound rugose taxa. The biostratigraphic scales for rugose corals show a finer temporal resolution in the Mississippian than in the Pennsylvanian, which was probably caused by the Late Paleozoic Ice Age that resulted in glacial–eustatic changes and a lack of continuous Pennsylvanian carbonate strata. The Pennsylvanian rugose corals are totally missing in the Cimmerian Continent. High-resolution biostratigraphy of rugose corals has so far only been achieved in few regions for the Mississippian timescale. In most regions, more detailed taxonomic work and precise correlations between different fossil groups are needed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp512-2021-79",
    doi = "10.1144/sp512-2021-79",
    openalex = "W3204095023",
    references = "doi101007978364279634011, doi1010160012825272900724, doi101016jearscirev2019103060, doi101016jgeobios201811004, doi101016jpalaeo200803053, doi101016jpalaeo201108019, doi101016s0031018201002280, doi1010179781316225523, doi101017s0016756806002457, doi101130spe195p1, doi101146annurevearth031208100118, doi10166611144r11, doi103133pp613e, doi105252g2011n4a3, doi107203sjp28217858, openalexw1452154075, openalexw625509931, openalexw832759637"
}

Abstract The Carboniferous outcrops from Adarouch (central Morocco) are composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, and the latter have yielded abundant fossils. The upper part of the marine succession in the Idmarrach Formation and its laterally equivalent Tirhela Formation belong to the Bashkirian. More recent investigations of poorly preserved coral assemblages from the upper part of Idmarrach 2 section and the upper part of the Tirhela Formation are here described. The assemblage from the upper Idmarrach Formation comprises several typical Mississippian taxa, such as Aulophyllum fungites, Dibunophyllum bipartitum, Koninckophyllum interruptum, Siphonodendron scaleberense and Lithostrotion decipiens, and some highly evolved forms previously undescribed of Mississippian genera such as Haplolasma sp., Arachnolasma sp., Siphonodendron sp., Diphyphyllum sp., Solenodendron sp., Clisiophyllum sp. and a new species Corwenia tirhelensis sp. nov. In addition, an undetermined petalaxid has been also recorded. Similarly, the assemblage from near the top of the Tirhela Formation yielded some species regarded usually as Mississippian, such as Palaeosmilia murchisoni and Lithostrotion decipiens. We also identified the long-ranging tabulate Syringopora sp., Corwenia tirhelensis sp. nov., and a single species of the fasciculate rugosan, Siphonodendron tindoufense, previously described from Bashkirian rocks in the Tindouf Basin (southern Morocco). The presence of the latter taxon in both the Idmarrach and Tirhela sections implies a communication between the Adarouch region and the Saharan basins. The occurrence of S. tindoufense at the approximately same stratigraphic level in Tindouf, Taoudenni, Reggan-Ahnet and Adarouch, demonstrates its important regional stratigraphic value in North Africa.

@article{doi101007s12542021005863,
    author = "Rodríguez, Sergio and Said, Ismail and Somerville, Ian D. and Cózar, Pedro and Coronado, Ismael",
    title = "Coral assemblages of the Serpukhovian–Bashkirian transition from Adarouch (Morocco)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Paläontologische Zeitschrift",
    abstract = "Abstract The Carboniferous outcrops from Adarouch (central Morocco) are composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks, and the latter have yielded abundant fossils. The upper part of the marine succession in the Idmarrach Formation and its laterally equivalent Tirhela Formation belong to the Bashkirian. More recent investigations of poorly preserved coral assemblages from the upper part of Idmarrach 2 section and the upper part of the Tirhela Formation are here described. The assemblage from the upper Idmarrach Formation comprises several typical Mississippian taxa, such as Aulophyllum fungites, Dibunophyllum bipartitum, Koninckophyllum interruptum, Siphonodendron scaleberense and Lithostrotion decipiens, and some highly evolved forms previously undescribed of Mississippian genera such as Haplolasma sp., Arachnolasma sp., Siphonodendron sp., Diphyphyllum sp., Solenodendron sp., Clisiophyllum sp. and a new species Corwenia tirhelensis sp. nov. In addition, an undetermined petalaxid has been also recorded. Similarly, the assemblage from near the top of the Tirhela Formation yielded some species regarded usually as Mississippian, such as Palaeosmilia murchisoni and Lithostrotion decipiens. We also identified the long-ranging tabulate Syringopora sp., Corwenia tirhelensis sp. nov., and a single species of the fasciculate rugosan, Siphonodendron tindoufense, previously described from Bashkirian rocks in the Tindouf Basin (southern Morocco). The presence of the latter taxon in both the Idmarrach and Tirhela sections implies a communication between the Adarouch region and the Saharan basins. The occurrence of S. tindoufense at the approximately same stratigraphic level in Tindouf, Taoudenni, Reggan-Ahnet and Adarouch, demonstrates its important regional stratigraphic value in North Africa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-021-00586-3",
    doi = "10.1007/s12542-021-00586-3",
    openalex = "W4212975716",
    references = "doi10108000222932608633383"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor202212009,
    author = "Yang, Sun-Rong and Yao, Le and Hou, Zhangshuai and Ye, Xun-Yan and Li, Ying and Huang, Xing and Shen, Shu‐zhong and Wang, Xiangdong",
    title = "A Pennsylvanian rugose coral assemblage from eastern Junggar Basin, Northwest China",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2022.12.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2022.12.009",
    openalex = "W4313251762",
    references = "doi101007s114300104091z, doi101016jgloplacha2022103852, doi1010179781316225523, doi1010800020681420171335243, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144pygs513177, doi101144sp512202179, doi101306m1357, doi103133pp613e, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw1452154075, openalexw2596843697, openalexw3157516218"
}

Several Late Viséan-Serpukhovian coral reefs were identified in Langping, Tianlin. They provided an opportunity to investigate paleo-environments suitable for the development of reef-building communities and the construction of coral reefs in Langping. In this paper, part of the reef-building environmental and the ecological characteristics of coral reefs then were elaborated by analyzing the development settings, palaeogeography, sedimentation of reefs, the response to hydrodynamic conditions of reef-building corals, effects of disturbance and non-reef-building organism on reef communities, and the influence of coral morphology on reef development. It is considered that the sedimentary environment of Langping in Late Viséan-Serpukhovian is suitable for the development of benthic communities. The current appearance of reefs is determined by both coral populations ecological characteristics and reef-building environment.

@article{doi101038s41598022220818,
    author = "Yang, Dayong and Chang, Honglun and Liu, Xiao and Wan, Peng and Shen, Liming",
    title = "Analysis on ecological characteristics of Mississippian coral reefs in Langping, Guangxi",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Several Late Viséan-Serpukhovian coral reefs were identified in Langping, Tianlin. They provided an opportunity to investigate paleo-environments suitable for the development of reef-building communities and the construction of coral reefs in Langping. In this paper, part of the reef-building environmental and the ecological characteristics of coral reefs then were elaborated by analyzing the development settings, palaeogeography, sedimentation of reefs, the response to hydrodynamic conditions of reef-building corals, effects of disturbance and non-reef-building organism on reef communities, and the influence of coral morphology on reef development. It is considered that the sedimentary environment of Langping in Late Viséan-Serpukhovian is suitable for the development of benthic communities. The current appearance of reefs is determined by both coral populations ecological characteristics and reef-building environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22081-8",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-22081-8",
    openalex = "W4309332360",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo2019105550"
}

Abstract Several Late Viséan-Serpukhovian coral reefs were identified in Langping, Tianlin. To further understand of environment that was suitable for the development of reef-building communities and the construction of coral reefs in Langping, in this paper, part of the reef-building environmental and the ecological characteristics of coral reefs then were recovered by analyzing the development settings, palaeogeography, sedimentation of reefs, the response to hydrodynamic conditions of reef-building corals, effects of disturbance and non-reef-building organism on reef communities, and the influence of coral morphology on reef development. The sedimentary environment of Langping in Late Viséan-Serpukhovian is considered to be suitable for the development of benthic communities. The current appearance of reefs is determined by both coral populations ecological characteristics and reef-building environment.

@misc{doi1021203rs3rs1218212v1,
    author = "Yang, Dayong and Chang, Honglun and Liu, Xiao and Wan, Peng and Shen, Liming",
    title = "Analysis On Ecological Characteristics of Mississippian Coral Reefs in Langping, Guangxi",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Research Square",
    abstract = "Abstract Several Late Viséan-Serpukhovian coral reefs were identified in Langping, Tianlin. To further understand of environment that was suitable for the development of reef-building communities and the construction of coral reefs in Langping, in this paper, part of the reef-building environmental and the ecological characteristics of coral reefs then were recovered by analyzing the development settings, palaeogeography, sedimentation of reefs, the response to hydrodynamic conditions of reef-building corals, effects of disturbance and non-reef-building organism on reef communities, and the influence of coral morphology on reef development. The sedimentary environment of Langping in Late Viséan-Serpukhovian is considered to be suitable for the development of benthic communities. The current appearance of reefs is determined by both coral populations ecological characteristics and reef-building environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1218212/v1",
    doi = "10.21203/rs.3.rs-1218212/v1",
    openalex = "W4205920078",
    references = "doi101016jsedgeo2019105550"
}

A late Kasimovian (Pennsylvanian) coral reef is reported in the Yanbanzhai (YBZ) area, southern Guizhou Province, South China. The YBZ coral reef, with a thickness of approximately 5.5 m and a lateral exposure of nearly 50 m, is primarily composed of the colonial rugose coral Fomichevella. The fusulinids collected from the reef indicates a late Kasimovian age. Five microfacies types have been identified, including coated bioclastic grainstone, coral (Fomichevella) framestone, bioclastic wackestone, bioclastic grainstone, and peloidal grainstone. The vertical evolution of the microfacies in the YBZ coral reef indicates major sedimentary environmental changes associated with relative sea‐level changes. The growth of the reef‐builder Fomichevella was controlled by the transgression and regression. Deep water promoted the upward expansion of Fomichevella, while shallow water inhibited its growth. Published records of atmospheric p CO 2 estimation and sea‐surface temperatures, combined with geochemical proxies, confirm a warm climatic period during the late Kasimovian. This is an interglacial period conducive to the growth of the coral reef. Sea‐level and climate changes associated with the Late Palaeozoic ice age (LPIA) are interpreted as significant controls of the development of the YBZ coral reef. This research of the YBZ coral reef in South China provides practical palaeobiological evidence for global sea‐level rising during the late Kasimovian period caused by the high‐latitude Gondwana delaciation.

@article{doi101002gj4685,
    author = "Wang, Lifu and Gong, Enpu and Yang, Zhen-Yuan and Guan, Changqing and Zhang, Yongli and Huang, Wentao",
    title = "Controlling of the Late Palaeozoic glaciation on reef evolution: A case study of a late Kasimovian coral reef in southern Guizhou, South China",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Geological Journal",
    abstract = "A late Kasimovian (Pennsylvanian) coral reef is reported in the Yanbanzhai (YBZ) area, southern Guizhou Province, South China. The YBZ coral reef, with a thickness of approximately 5.5 m and a lateral exposure of nearly 50 m, is primarily composed of the colonial rugose coral Fomichevella. The fusulinids collected from the reef indicates a late Kasimovian age. Five microfacies types have been identified, including coated bioclastic grainstone, coral (Fomichevella) framestone, bioclastic wackestone, bioclastic grainstone, and peloidal grainstone. The vertical evolution of the microfacies in the YBZ coral reef indicates major sedimentary environmental changes associated with relative sea‐level changes. The growth of the reef‐builder Fomichevella was controlled by the transgression and regression. Deep water promoted the upward expansion of Fomichevella, while shallow water inhibited its growth. Published records of atmospheric p CO 2 estimation and sea‐surface temperatures, combined with geochemical proxies, confirm a warm climatic period during the late Kasimovian. This is an interglacial period conducive to the growth of the coral reef. Sea‐level and climate changes associated with the Late Palaeozoic ice age (LPIA) are interpreted as significant controls of the development of the YBZ coral reef. This research of the YBZ coral reef in South China provides practical palaeobiological evidence for global sea‐level rising during the late Kasimovian period caused by the high‐latitude Gondwana delaciation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4685",
    doi = "10.1002/gj.4685",
    openalex = "W4318823720",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200907004"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor202312002,
    author = "Wang, Hui and Yao, Le and Lin, Wei and Huang, Xing and Liao, Weihua",
    title = "Mid-Carboniferous rugose corals from Xinjiang, Northwest China: Evolutionary and palaeogeographical implications",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2023.12.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2023.12.002",
    openalex = "W4389819987",
    references = "carruthers1910on, doi101007s1143001792537, doi101016jearscirev201802004, doi101016jgsf201404002, doi101016jpalaeo201601002, doi101016jpalaeo2023111683, doi101016jpalwor202212009, doi101016s0016699599800047, doi101017s0016756806002457, doi101038ngeo2931, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144sp37611, doi101144sp512202179, doi101146annurevearth031208100118, doi105194bg1112732014, doi105252g2011n4a3, doi105962bhltitle11559, hudson1940on, openalexw3157516218"
}

Abstract The Late Pennsylvanian was a time of ice ages and climate dynamics that drove biotic changes in the marine and non-marine realms. The apex of late Paleozoic glaciation in southern Gondwana was during the Late Pennsylvanian, rather than the early Permian as inferred from more equatorial Pangaea. Waxing and waning of ice sheets drove cyclothemic sedimentation in the Pangaean tropics, providing an astrochronology tuned to Earth-orbital cycles, tied to climatic changes, reflected in aeolian loess and palaeosol archives. Vegetation change across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary was not a ‘Carboniferous rainforest collapse’, but instead a complex and drawn out step-wise change from one kind of rainforest to another. Changes in marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate animals occurred across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary, but these did not lead to substantive changes in the organization of those communities. The base of the Upper Pennsylvanian is the base of the Kasimovian Stage, and this boundary needs a GSSP to standardize and stabilize chronostratigraphic usage. To avoid further chronostratigraphic confusion, the Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned, and the traditional Westphalian–Stephanian boundary should be returned to and recognized as the time of major floristic change, the lycospore extinction event.

@article{doi101144sp5352022334,
    author = "Lucas, Spencer G. and DiMichele, William A. and Opluštil, Stanislav and Wang, Xiangdong",
    title = "An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract The Late Pennsylvanian was a time of ice ages and climate dynamics that drove biotic changes in the marine and non-marine realms. The apex of late Paleozoic glaciation in southern Gondwana was during the Late Pennsylvanian, rather than the early Permian as inferred from more equatorial Pangaea. Waxing and waning of ice sheets drove cyclothemic sedimentation in the Pangaean tropics, providing an astrochronology tuned to Earth-orbital cycles, tied to climatic changes, reflected in aeolian loess and palaeosol archives. Vegetation change across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary was not a ‘Carboniferous rainforest collapse’, but instead a complex and drawn out step-wise change from one kind of rainforest to another. Changes in marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate animals occurred across the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary, but these did not lead to substantive changes in the organization of those communities. The base of the Upper Pennsylvanian is the base of the Kasimovian Stage, and this boundary needs a GSSP to standardize and stabilize chronostratigraphic usage. To avoid further chronostratigraphic confusion, the Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned, and the traditional Westphalian–Stephanian boundary should be returned to and recognized as the time of major floristic change, the lycospore extinction event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp535-2022-334",
    doi = "10.1144/sp535-2022-334",
    openalex = "W4319594171",
    references = "doi101144sp5122020225, doi101144sp512202042, doi101144sp5122021107, doi101144sp512202179"
}

Abstract A strongly endemic Upper Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian) rugose coral association consisting of small, mostly non-dissepimented, simple structured and poorly diversified species is studied from the lower member of the Aheimer Formation (Western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt). The unit is composed of grey, silty mudstone intercalated with thin, ferruginous, silty dolostone–limestone and calcareous siltstone beds. Ten taxa from four families were identified. Four species of the Antiphyllinae are new; Actinophrentis crassithecata n. sp., Lytvolasma aheimerensis n. sp., L. paraaucta n. sp. and Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. Besides, Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963 and Bothrophyllum okense Kossovaya, 2001 were identified; four taxa remain in open nomenclature (Lytvolasma cf. canadense, Zaphrentites cf. parallela, Zaphrentites sp. and Ufimia sp.). Rejuvenation, encrustation and bioerosion phenomena are rare. Attachment structures during mature stages are not evident; attachment scars in the apical parts are also rare. Growth patterns and embedding in the muddy deposits indicates that the corals lived as mudstickers in soft substrate. Recrystallization, dolomitization and ferrugination of open pore spaces inside the corals are the most common diagenetic features. The corals from the lower Aheimer Formation represent a typical cyathaxonid fauna that was adapted to high clastic input and turbid waters in a restricted, sheltered, episodically storm-swept inner ramp environment in an embayment of the southern shelf of the Palaeotethys. A time-averaged ramp model shows a regressive development from a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic open inner ramp setting during the Moscovian to the restricted inner ramp of the lower Aheimer Formation (Kasimovian) and following peritidal to fluvial environments of the Gzhelian. General and local palaeoclimatic considerations indicate cooling. Besides relations to northern Spain that root Egypt in the western Palaeotethys, connections existed via the Donets Basin (and the southern Urals) to the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian realm which is a cool water province during the Lower and Middle Permian. The Egyptian fauna appears to be a precursor of the anti-tropical cyathaxonid fauna of the latter time slice and also of the Lower Permian cool-water faunas of the east Cimmerian peri-Gondwana terranes. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:708F049E-F27B-4DDA-B052-22B56D883CAE

@article{doi101186s13358023002960,
    author = "El-Desouky, Heba and Herbig, Hans‐Georg and Kora, Mahmoud",
    title = "Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Swiss Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract A strongly endemic Upper Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian) rugose coral association consisting of small, mostly non-dissepimented, simple structured and poorly diversified species is studied from the lower member of the Aheimer Formation (Western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt). The unit is composed of grey, silty mudstone intercalated with thin, ferruginous, silty dolostone–limestone and calcareous siltstone beds. Ten taxa from four families were identified. Four species of the Antiphyllinae are new; Actinophrentis crassithecata n. sp., Lytvolasma aheimerensis n. sp., L. paraaucta n. sp. and Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. Besides, Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963 and Bothrophyllum okense Kossovaya, 2001 were identified; four taxa remain in open nomenclature (Lytvolasma cf. canadense, Zaphrentites cf. parallela, Zaphrentites sp. and Ufimia sp.). Rejuvenation, encrustation and bioerosion phenomena are rare. Attachment structures during mature stages are not evident; attachment scars in the apical parts are also rare. Growth patterns and embedding in the muddy deposits indicates that the corals lived as mudstickers in soft substrate. Recrystallization, dolomitization and ferrugination of open pore spaces inside the corals are the most common diagenetic features. The corals from the lower Aheimer Formation represent a typical cyathaxonid fauna that was adapted to high clastic input and turbid waters in a restricted, sheltered, episodically storm-swept inner ramp environment in an embayment of the southern shelf of the Palaeotethys. A time-averaged ramp model shows a regressive development from a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic open inner ramp setting during the Moscovian to the restricted inner ramp of the lower Aheimer Formation (Kasimovian) and following peritidal to fluvial environments of the Gzhelian. General and local palaeoclimatic considerations indicate cooling. Besides relations to northern Spain that root Egypt in the western Palaeotethys, connections existed via the Donets Basin (and the southern Urals) to the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian realm which is a cool water province during the Lower and Middle Permian. The Egyptian fauna appears to be a precursor of the anti-tropical cyathaxonid fauna of the latter time slice and also of the Lower Permian cool-water faunas of the east Cimmerian peri-Gondwana terranes. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:708F049E-F27B-4DDA-B052-22B56D883CAE",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00296-0",
    doi = "10.1186/s13358-023-00296-0",
    openalex = "W4389057342",
    references = "doi1010079783662087268, doi101007s00531021020977, doi1010160040195182901299, doi101016jgeobios201811004, doi101016jjafrearsci2020103811, doi1010179781316225523, doi101038ngeo2822, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144sp3578, doi101144sp512202179, doi101306e4fd4215173211d78645000102c1865d, doi1024425agp2022140426, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw2751580477, openalexw2984174186, openalexw914759412"
}

@article{doi101007s41513024002639,
    author = "Rodríguez-Castro, Isabel and Rodríguez, Sergio",
    title = "Some facts on the evolution of rugose corals during the Mississippian",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of Iberian Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-024-00263-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s41513-024-00263-9",
    openalex = "W4404821918",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo2023111683, doi101515agp20170013"
}

N values of the Devonian tabulate and fasciculate rugose corals relative to the modern range suggest that Mid-Devonian reefs formed in biogeochemical regimes analogous to the modern oligotrophic subtropical gyres. Widespread oligotrophy during the Devonian may have promoted coral photosymbiosis, the occurrence of which may explain why Devonian reefs were the most productive reef ecosystems of the Phanerozoic.

@article{doi101038s41586024081019,
    author = "Jung, Jonathan and Zoppe, Simon Felix and Söte, Till and Moretti, Simone and Duprey, Nicolas and Foreman, Alan and Wald, Tanja and Vonhof, Hubert and Haug, Gerald H. and Sigman, Daniel M. and Mulch, Andreas and Schindler, Eberhard and Janussen, Dorte and Martínez‐García, Alfredo",
    title = "Coral photosymbiosis on Mid-Devonian reefs",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Nature",
    abstract = "N values of the Devonian tabulate and fasciculate rugose corals relative to the modern range suggest that Mid-Devonian reefs formed in biogeochemical regimes analogous to the modern oligotrophic subtropical gyres. Widespread oligotrophy during the Devonian may have promoted coral photosymbiosis, the occurrence of which may explain why Devonian reefs were the most productive reef ecosystems of the Phanerozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08101-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41586-024-08101-9",
    openalex = "W4403680402",
    references = "doi101126sciadvabl6529, doi101144pygs5211"
}

The Mississippian was an epoch of strong earth system changes, both tectonic and climatic. During the Mississippian, the marine faunas experienced a recovery after the late Devonian mass extinctions, and the rugose corals are a conspicuous example. This study tries to give a general view of the utility of rugose coral to reconstruct the palaeogeography in the Western Palaeotethys during the Mississippian. The methodology includes a database with the genera and species recorded in that area and time period, compiled using more than 700 articles and revisions of several collections in Europe. We worked with the six sub-provinces defined in previous studies for the Western Palaeotethys. A generic-level analysis was performed using paired group hierarchical clustering, building clusters for the Tournaisian, early Visean, late Visean and Serpukhovian. With that information, palaeomaps for those intervals have been illustrated and discussed. The rugose corals have some deficits for the reconstruction of the biogeography because of their strong palaeoecologic control and their insufficient and unequal record, but they provide important information that improves the knowledge on the palaeogeography of the studied region.

@article{doi103390geosciences14110282,
    author = "Rodríguez-Castro, Isabel and Rodríguez, Sergio",
    title = "Rugose Coral Biogeography of the Western Palaeotethys During the Mississippian",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geosciences",
    abstract = "The Mississippian was an epoch of strong earth system changes, both tectonic and climatic. During the Mississippian, the marine faunas experienced a recovery after the late Devonian mass extinctions, and the rugose corals are a conspicuous example. This study tries to give a general view of the utility of rugose coral to reconstruct the palaeogeography in the Western Palaeotethys during the Mississippian. The methodology includes a database with the genera and species recorded in that area and time period, compiled using more than 700 articles and revisions of several collections in Europe. We worked with the six sub-provinces defined in previous studies for the Western Palaeotethys. A generic-level analysis was performed using paired group hierarchical clustering, building clusters for the Tournaisian, early Visean, late Visean and Serpukhovian. With that information, palaeomaps for those intervals have been illustrated and discussed. The rugose corals have some deficits for the reconstruction of the biogeography because of their strong palaeoecologic control and their insufficient and unequal record, but they provide important information that improves the knowledge on the palaeogeography of the studied region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14110282",
    doi = "10.3390/geosciences14110282",
    openalex = "W4403638052",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo2023111683, doi1024425agp2022140426"
}

A small phyllocarid faunule comprising Dithyrocaris colei Portlock, 1843, D. cf. granulata Woodward & Etheridge, 1873 and Phyllocarida indet. is described from black shale beds within coal-bearing deposits of the Mospyne Formation (upper Bashkirian, Lower Pennsylvanian) in the central Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine. All records of Carboniferous phyllocarids from the Donets Basin, including those by previous researchers, are preserved in black shales formed under dysaerobic conditions. In the Carboniferous of the Donets Basin, phyllocarids are found predominantly in the Bashkirian interval. Significantly fewer taxa have been recorded from the Serpukhovian, the Serpukhovian/Bashkirian boundary interval and the Upper Pennsylvanian.

@article{doi1014746logos202531101,
    author = "Dernov, Vitaly",
    title = "New records of Pennsylvanian phyllocarid crustaceans (Phyllocarida, Archaeostraca) from the Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Geologos",
    abstract = "A small phyllocarid faunule comprising Dithyrocaris colei Portlock, 1843, D. cf. granulata Woodward \& Etheridge, 1873 and Phyllocarida indet. is described from black shale beds within coal-bearing deposits of the Mospyne Formation (upper Bashkirian, Lower Pennsylvanian) in the central Donets Basin, eastern Ukraine. All records of Carboniferous phyllocarids from the Donets Basin, including those by previous researchers, are preserved in black shales formed under dysaerobic conditions. In the Carboniferous of the Donets Basin, phyllocarids are found predominantly in the Bashkirian interval. Significantly fewer taxa have been recorded from the Serpukhovian, the Serpukhovian/Bashkirian boundary interval and the Upper Pennsylvanian.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.14746/logos.2025.31.1.01",
    doi = "10.14746/logos.2025.31.1.01",
    openalex = "W4410442407",
    references = "doi10108003745485909494606"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor2026201081,
    author = "Li, Lu and Wang, Xiang-Dong and Lin, Wei and Yao, Le",
    title = "Morphological variations of rugose coral Keyserlingophyllum from Baoshan, southwestern China and their palaeoecological implications",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2026.201081",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2026.201081",
    openalex = "W7125592570",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo2023111683"
}