Creationism

@misc{huxley1885the115,
    author = "Huxley, T. H",
    title = "The interpreters of Genesis and the interpreters of Nature",
    year = "1885",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, T. H., 1885, The interpreters of Genesis and the interpreters of Nature:}"
}

@misc{jevons1910the119,
    author = "Jevons, F. B",
    title = "The Idea of God in Early Religions",
    year = "1910",
    howpublished = "Cambridge, Cambridge",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jevons, F. B., 1910, The Idea of God in Early Religions: Cambridge, Cambridge}"
}

@misc{strachan1911encyclopedia201,
    author = "Strachan, J",
    title = "Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics",
    year = "1911",
    howpublished = "New York, Scribner's \& Sons, v. 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Strachan, J., 1911, Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics: New York, Scribner's \& Sons, v. 4.}"
}

@article{doi1023072420646,
    author = "Just, Th. and Опарин, А. И. and Morgulis, Sergius",
    title = "The Origin of Life.",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "The American Midland Naturalist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2420646",
    doi = "10.2307/2420646",
    openalex = "W2000676511"
}

@article{doi1010160016703751900014,
    author = "Urey, Harold C.",
    title = "The origin and development of the earth and other terrestrial planets",
    year = "1951",
    journal = "Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(51)90001-4",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-7037(51)90001-4",
    openalex = "W2067084128"
}

@article{rutten1957origin,
    author = "Rutten, M. G.",
    title = "ORIGIN OF LIFE ON EARTH, ITS EVOLUTION AND ACTUALISM",
    year = "1957",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02875.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1957.tb02875.x",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2316265085",
    pages = "56-59",
    volume = "11",
    references = "doi101038173612a0, doi10108803701298629301, doi101126science1193096606, doi101130spe62p155, doi101130spe62p609, doi101130spe62p651, doi1023072420646"
}

@misc{wright1960a214,
    author = "Wright, A. D",
    title = "A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in",
    year = "1960",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wright, A. D., 1960, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in}"
}

@article{doi101007bf00924231,
    author = "Ponnamperuma, Cyril and Gabel, Norman W.",
    title = "Current status of chemical studies on the origin of life",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00924231",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00924231",
    openalex = "W1994607313"
}

@misc{mayr1971evolution129,
    author = "Mayr, E",
    title = "Evolution vs. special creation",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "American Biology Teacher, v. 33",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mayr, E., 1971, Evolution vs. special creation: American Biology Teacher, v. 33,}"
}

Solar evolution implies, for contemporary albedos and atmospheric composition, global mean temperatures below the freezing point of seawater less than 2.3 aeons ago, contrary to geologic and paleontological evidence. Ammonia mixing ratios of the order of a few parts per million in the middle Precambrian atmosphere resolve this and other problems. Possible temperature evolutionary tracks for Earth and Mars are described. A runaway greenhouse efect will occur on Earth about 4.5 aeons from now, when clement conditions will prevail on Mars.

@article{doi101126science177404352,
    author = "Sagan, Carl and Mullen, George",
    title = "Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Solar evolution implies, for contemporary albedos and atmospheric composition, global mean temperatures below the freezing point of seawater less than 2.3 aeons ago, contrary to geologic and paleontological evidence. Ammonia mixing ratios of the order of a few parts per million in the middle Precambrian atmosphere resolve this and other problems. Possible temperature evolutionary tracks for Earth and Mars are described. A runaway greenhouse efect will occur on Earth about 4.5 aeons from now, when clement conditions will prevail on Mars.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.177.4043.52",
    doi = "10.1126/science.177.4043.52",
    openalex = "W1986601098",
    references = "doi101073pnas316153, doi101126science1603829729"
}

@misc{gish1972evolution73,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Evolution? - The Fossils Say No!",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1972, Evolution? - The Fossils Say No!: San Diego, Ca., Creation-}"
}

@misc{morris1972the138,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Remarkable Birth of the Planet Earth",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "San Diego",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1972, The Remarkable Birth of the Planet Earth: San Diego,}"
}

@misc{ferre1973design48,
    author = "Ferre, F",
    title = "Design Argument, in Weiner, P",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "P., ed., Dictionary of the",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ferre, F., 1973, Design Argument, in Weiner, P. P., ed., Dictionary of the}"
}

@misc{gish1973creation75,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Creation, Evolution and the Historical Evidence, in Ruse, M., ed",
    year = "1973",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1973, Creation, Evolution and the Historical Evidence, in Ruse, M., ed.,}"
}

@misc{morris1973untitled163,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "(?), Evolution, thermodynamics, and entropy",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 3",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1973 (?), Evolution, thermodynamics, and entropy: ICR Impact Series, v. 3,}"
}

@misc{york1973charles49,
    author = "of Ideas: New York, History",
    title = "Charles Scribner's Sons, v",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "1, p. 670-",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {History of Ideas: New York, 1973, Charles Scribner's Sons, v. 1, p. 670-}"
}

@misc{gish1974the78,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The solar system--new discoveries produce new mysteries",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1974, The solar system--new discoveries produce new mysteries: ICR Impact}"
}

@misc{morris1974the140,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The young earth",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 17, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1974, The young earth: ICR Impact Series, v. 17, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris1975language141,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Language, creation, and the inner man",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 28, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1975, Language, creation, and the inner man: ICR Impact Series, v. 28, p.}"
}

@misc{gish1976origin80,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "critique of early stage chemical evolution theories",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, Origin of life: critique of early stage chemical evolution theories:}"
}

@misc{gish1976origin82,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "The Fox thermal model of the origin of life: ICR",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, Origin of life: The Fox thermal model of the origin of life: ICR}"
}

@misc{gish1976the84,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Theories on the origin of biological order: ICR",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, The origin of life: Theories on the origin of biological order: ICR}"
}

@misc{morris1976entropy143,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Entropy and Open Systems",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts; Impact \#40",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1976, Entropy and Open Systems: Acts and Facts; Impact \#40.}"
}

@misc{morris1976the165,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Paluxy River tracks",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 35, p. i-",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1976, The Paluxy River tracks: ICR Impact Series, v. 35, p. i-}"
}

@misc{morris1976up144,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Up with catastrophism!",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 38, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1976, Up with catastrophism!: ICR Impact Series, v. 38, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{nevins1976continental176,
    author = "Nevins, S. E",
    title = "Continental drift, plate tectonics, and the Bible",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nevins, S. E., 1976, Continental drift, plate tectonics, and the Bible: ICR}"
}

@misc{nevins1976the178,
    author = "Nevins, S. E",
    title = "The origin of coal",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nevins, S. E., 1976, The origin of coal: ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{bergman1977albert23,
    author = "Bergman, J",
    title = "Albert Szent-Georgyi's theory of syntropy and creationism",
    year = "1977",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bergman, J., 1977, Albert Szent-Georgyi's theory of syntropy and creationism:}"
}

@misc{gish1977dinosaurs86,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Dinosaurs",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Those Terrible Lizards: El Cajon, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1977, Dinosaurs: Those Terrible Lizards: El Cajon, California, Master Books}"
}

@misc{morris1977circular145,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Circular reasoning in evolutionary geology",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 48",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1977, Circular reasoning in evolutionary geology: ICR Impact Series, v. 48,}"
}

@misc{acton1978bone5,
    author = "Acton, R. K",
    title = {Bone disease simulating ancient age in "pre-human" fossils},
    year = "1978",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Acton, R. K., 1978, Bone disease simulating ancient age in "pre-human" fossils:}}
}

@misc{gish1978thermodymanics88,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Thermodymanics and the origin of life (Part II)",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1978, Thermodymanics and the origin of life (Part II): ICR Impact Series,}"
}

@misc{morris1978the147,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The day-age theory revisited",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 55, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, The day-age theory revisited: ICR Impact Series, v. 55, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris1978thermodynamics148,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Thermodynamics and the origin of life",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 57, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, Thermodynamics and the origin of life: ICR Impact Series, v. 57, p.}"
}

@misc{slusher1978the193,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "The origin of the universe",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "an examination of the big-bang",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1978, The origin of the universe: an examination of the big-bang}"
}

@misc{deyoung1979the41,
    author = "DeYoung, D. B",
    title = "The moon",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "A faithful witness in the sky: ICR Impact",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {DeYoung, D. B., 1979, The moon: A faithful witness in the sky: ICR Impact}"
}

@misc{gillespie1979charles71,
    author = "Gillespie, N. C",
    title = "Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Chicago",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gillespie, N. C., 1979, Charles Darwin and the Problem of Creation: Chicago,}"
}

@misc{akridge1980the7,
    author = "Akridge, R",
    title = "The sun is shrinking",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 82, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Akridge, R., 1980, The sun is shrinking: ICR Impact Series, no. 82, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{austin1980origin9,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Origin of limestone caverns",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1980, Origin of limestone caverns: ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p.}"
}

@misc{cumming1980extinction38,
    author = "Cumming, K. B",
    title = "Extinction",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 84, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cumming, K. B., 1980, Extinction: ICR Impact Series, no. 84, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1980the90,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The origin of mammals",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 87, p. i-viii",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1980, The origin of mammals: ICR Impact Series, v. 87, p. i-viii.}"
}

@misc{parker1980the182,
    author = "Parker, G. E",
    title = "The Facts of Life",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, G. E., 1980, The Facts of Life: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life}"
}

@misc{slusher1980age196,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "Age of the cosmos",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Technical Monograph, v. 9; Institute for",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1980, Age of the cosmos: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 9; Institute for}"
}

@misc{weber1980common208,
    author = "Weber, C. G",
    title = "Common Creationist Attacks on Geology",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weber, C. G., 1980, Common Creationist Attacks on Geology: Creation/Evolution,}"
}

@misc{barnes1981depletion18,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "Depletion of the Earth's magnetic field",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1981, Depletion of the Earth's magnetic field: ICR Impact Series,}"
}

@misc{darnbrough1981creationism39,
    author = "Darnbrough, C. and Goddard, J. and Stevely, W. S",
    title = "Creationism",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Nature, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Darnbrough, C., Goddard, J., and Stevely, W. S., 1981, Creationism: Nature, v.}"
}

@phdthesis{fox1981creationism53,
    author = "Fox, S. W",
    title = "Creationism, the random hypothesis and experiments",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Science",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., 1981, Creationism, the random hypothesis and experiments: Science,}"
}

@misc{gish1981the91,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The mammal-like reptiles",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 102, p. i-viii",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1981, The mammal-like reptiles: ICR Impact Series, v. 102, p. i-viii.}"
}

@misc{hailman1981creation102,
    author = "Hailman, J. P",
    title = "Creation Stories",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "BioScience, v. 32, p. 120-130",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hailman, J. P., 1981, Creation Stories: BioScience, v. 32, p. 120-130.}"
}

@misc{austin1982did11,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Did the Earth have a reducing atmosphere?",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1982, Did the Earth have a reducing atmosphere?: ICR Impact Series, no.}"
}

@misc{barnes1982young20,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "Young age for the moon and earth",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 110, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1982, Young age for the moon and earth: ICR Impact Series, v. 110, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{flew1982darwin51,
    author = "Flew, A",
    title = "Darwin, Evolution and Creationism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Flew, A., 1982, Darwin, Evolution and Creationism: Free Inquiry, v. 2, no. 3, p.}"
}

@misc{knaub1982molecular121,
    author = "Knaub, C. and Parker, G",
    title = "Molecular evolution?",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Knaub, C., and Parker, G., 1982, Molecular evolution?: ICR Impact Series, v.}"
}

@misc{lewin1982creationism123,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "Creationism on the defensive in Arkansas",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 215, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1982, Creationism on the defensive in Arkansas: Science, v. 215, p.}"
}

@misc{mattill1982three127,
    author = "Mattill, A. J",
    title = "Three Cheers for the Creationists!",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Free Inquiry, v. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mattill, A. J., 1982, Three Cheers for the Creationists!: Free Inquiry, v. 2,}"
}

@misc{morrison1982astronomy170,
    author = "Morrison, D",
    title = "Astronomy and creationism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Mercury, no. September-October",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morrison, D., 1982, Astronomy and creationism: Mercury, no. September-October,}"
}

@misc{numbers1982creationism179,
    author = "Numbers, R",
    title = "Creationism in 20th-Century America",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 218, p. 538-",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Numbers, R., 1982, Creationism in 20th-Century America: Science, v. 218, p. 538-}"
}

@misc{rybka1982consequences187,
    author = "Rybka, T. W",
    title = "Consequences of time dependent nuclear decay indices on half",
    year = "1982",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rybka, T. W., 1982, Consequences of time dependent nuclear decay indices on half}"
}

@misc{sunderland1982evolution204,
    author = "Sunderland, L. D. and Parker, G. E",
    title = "Evolution? Prominent scientist",
    year = "1982",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sunderland, L. D., and Parker, G. E., 1982, Evolution? Prominent scientist}"
}

@misc{austin1983did13,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Did landscapes evolve?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 118, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1983, Did landscapes evolve?: ICR Impact Series, no. 118, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{barnes1983the21,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "The earth's magnetic age",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "the Achilles Heel of evolution: ICR Impact",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1983, The earth's magnetic age: the Achilles Heel of evolution: ICR Impact}"
}

@misc{brace1983humans30,
    author = "Brace, C. L",
    title = "Humans in Space and Time, in Godfrey, L",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "R., ed",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brace, C. L., 1983, Humans in Space and Time, in Godfrey, L. R., ed.,}"
}

@misc{brown1983the32,
    author = "Brown, W. T",
    title = "The Scientific Case for Creationism",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "108 Catagories of",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brown, W. T., 1983, The Scientific Case for Creationism: 108 Catagories of}"
}

@misc{cracraft1983systematics35,
    author = "Cracraft, J",
    title = "Systematics, comparative biology, and the case against",
    year = "1983",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cracraft, J., 1983, Systematics, comparative biology, and the case against}"
}

@misc{eldredge1983the45,
    author = "Eldredge, N",
    title = "The Monkey Business",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "A Scientist Looks at Creationism: New",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eldredge, N., 1983, The Monkey Business: A Scientist Looks at Creationism: New}"
}

@misc{friar1983a55,
    author = "Friar, W. and Davis, P",
    title = "A Case for Creation [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Chicago",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Friar, W., and Davis, P., 1983, A Case for Creation [3rd ed.]: Chicago,}"
}

@misc{frye1983creationscience59,
    author = "Frye, R. M",
    title = "Creation-Science Against the Religious Background, in Frye, R",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "M",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Frye, R. M., 1983, Creation-Science Against the Religious Background, in Frye, R. M.,}"
}

@misc{frye1983is57,
    author = "Frye, R. M",
    title = "Is God a Creationist? The Religious Case Against Creation-",
    year = "1983",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Frye, R. M., 1983, Is God a Creationist? The Religious Case Against Creation-}"
}

@misc{frye1983the62,
    author = "Frye, R. M",
    title = "The Two Books of God, in Frye, R",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "M., ed., Is God a Creationist?",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Frye, R. M., 1983, The Two Books of God, in Frye, R. M., ed., Is God a Creationist?}"
}

@misc{gish1983creating92,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Creating a missing link",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "a tale about a whale: ICR Impact Series, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1983, Creating a missing link: a tale about a whale: ICR Impact Series, v.}"
}

@misc{godfrey1983creationism96,
    author = "Godfrey, L. R",
    title = "Creationism and Gaps in the Fossil Record, in Godfrey",
    year = "1983",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Godfrey, L. R., 1983, Creationism and Gaps in the Fossil Record, in Godfrey,}"
}

@misc{mckean1983life133,
    author = "McKean, K",
    title = "Life on a Young Planet",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Discover, v. 4, p. 39-42",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McKean, K., 1983, Life on a Young Planet: Discover, v. 4, p. 39-42.}"
}

@misc{morris1983those150,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Those remarkable floating rock formations",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 119",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1983, Those remarkable floating rock formations: ICR Impact Series, v. 119,}"
}

The Description for this book, Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution, will be forthcoming.

@book{openalexw2026796374,
    author = "Schopf, J. William",
    title = "Earth's earliest biosphere: its origin and evolution",
    year = "1983",
    abstract = "The Description for this book, Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution, will be forthcoming.",
    openalex = "W2026796374"
}

@misc{raup1983the184,
    author = "Raup, D. M",
    title = "The Geological and Paleontological Arguments of Creationism",
    year = "1983",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raup, D. M., 1983, The Geological and Paleontological Arguments of Creationism,}"
}

@article{shea1983creationism191,
    author = "Shea, J. H",
    title = "Creationism, uniformitarianism, geology and science",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Shea, J. H., 1983, Creationism, uniformitarianism, geology and science: Journal}"
}

@misc{awbery1984evolutionists14,
    author = "Awbery, F. T. and Thwaites, W. M",
    title = "Evolutionists Confront Creationists",
    year = "1984",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Awbery, F. T., and Thwaites, W. M., 1984, Evolutionists Confront Creationists:}"
}

@misc{gallant1984to65,
    author = "Gallant, R. A",
    title = "To Hell With Evolution, in Montagu, A., ed., Science",
    year = "1984",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gallant, R. A., 1984, To Hell With Evolution, in Montagu, A., ed., Science}"
}

@misc{godfrey1984scientific99,
    author = "Godfrey, L. R",
    title = "Scientific Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "The Art of Distortion, in Montagu, A",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Godfrey, L. R., 1984, Scientific Creationism: The Art of Distortion, in Montagu, A.,}"
}

@misc{morris1984a152,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "A History of Modern Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1984, A History of Modern Creationism: San Diego, California, Master Books,}"
}

@misc{morris1984evolution154,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Evolution Ex nihilo",
    year = "1984",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1984, Evolution Ex nihilo}"
}

@misc{oller1984not181,
    author = "Oller, J. W",
    title = "Not according to Hoyle",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 138, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oller, J. W., 1984, Not according to Hoyle: ICR Impact Series, v. 138, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{vardiman1984the206,
    author = "Vardiman, L",
    title = "The sky has fallen",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 128, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Vardiman, L., 1984, The sky has fallen: ICR Impact Series, v. 128, p. i-iv.}"
}

@article{weinberg1984reviews210,
    author = "Weinberg, S",
    title = "Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Syosset, New York",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weinberg, S., 1984, Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books: Syosset, New York,}"
}

@misc{diamond1985if43,
    author = "Diamond, J",
    title = "If the Creationists Are Right, God is a Squid",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Discover, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Diamond, J., 1985, If the Creationists Are Right, God is a Squid: Discover, v.}"
}

@misc{gilkey1985creationism69,
    author = "Gilkey, L",
    title = "Creationism on Trial",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Evolution and God at Little Rock",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilkey, L., 1985, Creationism on Trial: Evolution and God at Little Rock:}"
}

@misc{wolf1985the212,
    author = "Wolf, J. and Mellett, J. S",
    title = "The Role of 'Nebraska Man' in the Creation-",
    year = "1985",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wolf, J., and Mellett, J. S., 1985, The Role of 'Nebraska Man' in the Creation-}"
}

@misc{ackerman1986its3,
    author = "Ackerman, P. D",
    title = "It's a Young World After All",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ackerman, P. D., 1986, It's a Young World After All: Grand Rapids, Michigan,}"
}

@misc{hechinger1986fundamentalists111,
    author = "Hechinger, F. M",
    title = "Fundamentalists Turn to Courts, Ballot Box for Control",
    year = "1986",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hechinger, F. M., 1986, Fundamentalists Turn to Courts, Ballot Box for Control}"
}

@misc{morris1986the167,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Paluxy River mystery",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 151, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1986, The Paluxy River mystery: ICR Impact Series, v. 151, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{moyer1986science172,
    author = "Moyer, W. A",
    title = "Science versus Revealed Truth",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Meeting the Challenge of",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moyer, W. A., 1986, Science versus Revealed Truth: Meeting the Challenge of}"
}

@inproceedings{schadewald1986the189,
    author = "Schadewald, R. J",
    title = "The 1896 International Conference on Creationism",
    year = "1986",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Schadewald, R. J., 1986, The 1896 International Conference on Creationism:}"
}

@misc{anderson1987creationism8,
    author = "Anderson, D. E",
    title = "Creationism Ruling Hailed, Denounced",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Tampa Tribune",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Anderson, D. E., 1987, Creationism Ruling Hailed, Denounced: Tampa Tribune.}"
}

@misc{bird1987evaluation25,
    author = "Bird, W",
    title = "Evaluation, in Impact",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Institute for",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bird, W., 1987, Evaluation, in Impact: El Cajon, California, Institute for}"
}

@misc{boxer1987will29,
    author = "Boxer, S",
    title = "Will Creationism Rise Again?",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Discover, v. 8, p. 80-85",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boxer, S., 1987, Will Creationism Rise Again?: Discover, v. 8, p. 80-85.}"
}

@misc{epstein1987court47,
    author = "Epstein, A",
    title = "Court Strikes Down Law on Creationism",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Miami Herald",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Epstein, A., 1987, Court Strikes Down Law on Creationism: Miami Herald.}"
}

@misc{geisler1987origin67,
    author = "Geisler, N. L. and Anderson, J. K",
    title = "Origin Science",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "A Proposal for the",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Geisler, N. L., and Anderson, J. K., 1987, Origin Science: A Proposal for the}"
}

@misc{gish1987startling94,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Startling Discoveries Support Creation",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 171, p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1987, Startling Discoveries Support Creation: ICR Impact Series, v. 171, p.}"
}

@misc{harrold1987cult103,
    author = "Harrold, F. B. and Eve, R. A",
    title = "Cult Archeology and Creationism",
    year = "1987",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Harrold, F. B., and Eve, R. A., 1987, Cult Archeology and Creationism:}"
}

@misc{hastings1987creationists106,
    author = "Hastings, R. J",
    title = "Creationists' Tooth Claims Evolve into a New 'Fish",
    year = "1987",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hastings, R. J., 1987, Creationists' Tooth Claims Evolve into a New 'Fish}"
}

@misc{lewin1987creationism125,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "Creationism Case Argued Before Supreme Court",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 235, p. 22-",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1987, Creationism Case Argued Before Supreme Court: Science, v. 235, p. 22-}"
}

@misc{mckinney1987court134,
    author = "McKinney, J",
    title = "Court Hears Creationism Arguments",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Creation/Evolution",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McKinney, J., 1987, Court Hears Creationism Arguments: Creation/Evolution}"
}

@article{monroe1987creationism136,
    author = "Monroe, J. S",
    title = "Creationism, human footprints, and flood geology",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Journal",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Monroe, J. S., 1987, Creationism, human footprints, and flood geology: Journal}"
}

@misc{morris1987is156,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Is Creationism Scientific?",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 12, p. 1,4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Is Creationism Scientific?: Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 12, p. 1,4.}"
}

@misc{morris1987the157,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Judging Spirit of God",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. Sept. Oct. Nov., no. 28",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, The Judging Spirit of God: Days of Praise, v. Sept. Oct. Nov., no. 28}"
}

@misc{research1987the117,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "The Supreme Court Decision and its",
    year = "1987",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1987, The Supreme Court Decision and its}"
}

@misc{stein1987implausibilities199,
    author = "Stein, G",
    title = "Implausibilities Shown to be Plausible",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Skeptical Inquirer, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stein, G., 1987, Implausibilities Shown to be Plausible: Skeptical Inquirer, v.}"
}

@misc{strahler1987science202,
    author = "Strahler, A. N",
    title = "Science and Earth History",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The Evolution/Creation",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Strahler, A. N., 1987, Science and Earth History: The Evolution/Creation}"
}

@misc{aardsma1988has1,
    author = "Aardsma, G. F",
    title = "Has the Speed of Light Decayed?",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Aardsma, G. F., 1988, Has the Speed of Light Decayed?: ICR Impact Series, v.}"
}

@misc{bliss1988good27,
    author = "Bliss, R. B",
    title = "Good Science",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "A K-6 plan for Excellence: ICR Impact Series",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bliss, R. B., 1988, Good Science: A K-6 plan for Excellence: ICR Impact Series,}"
}

@misc{mciver1988antievolution131,
    author = "McIver, T",
    title = "Anti-Evolution",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "An Annotated Bibliography: Jefferson, North",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McIver, T., 1988, Anti-Evolution: An Annotated Bibliography: Jefferson, North}"
}

@misc{morris1988a168,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "A Report on the ICR Ararat Expedition, 1987",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1988, A Report on the ICR Ararat Expedition, 1987: ICR Impact Series, v.}"
}

@misc{morris1988the159,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Compromise Road",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 177",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, The Compromise Road: ICR Impact Series, v. 177.}"
}

@misc{morris1988the160,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Heritage of the Recapitulation Theory",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 183",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, The Heritage of the Recapitulation Theory: ICR Impact Series, v. 183.}"
}

@misc{waldrop1988shroud207,
    author = "Waldrop, M. M",
    title = "Shroud of Turin is Medieval",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 242, p. 378",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Waldrop, M. M., 1988, Shroud of Turin is Medieval: Science, v. 242, p. 378.}"
}

@article{doi101038338217a0,
    author = "Joyce, Gerald F.",
    title = "RNA evolution and the origins of life",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/338217a0",
    doi = "10.1038/338217a0",
    openalex = "W1976379862",
    references = "doi101007bf01733901, doi1010160022283668903938, doi101016s0022283667800378, doi101016s0022519386800479, doi101016s0047248478800529, doi101038331612a0, openalexw2983085323, openalexw3038835020"
}

@misc{hastings1989creationists108,
    author = "Hastings, R. J",
    title = "Creationists' 'Glen Rose Man' Proves to be a Fish Tooth (as",
    year = "1989",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hastings, R. J., 1989, Creationists' 'Glen Rose Man' Proves to be a Fish Tooth (as}"
}

@misc{humphreys1989the113,
    author = "Humphreys, R",
    title = "The Mystery of the Earth's Magnetic Field",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Humphreys, R., 1989, The Mystery of the Earth's Magnetic Field: ICR Impact}"
}

@misc{morris1989evolution161,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "A House Divided: ICR Impact Series, v. 194",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, Evolution: A House Divided: ICR Impact Series, v. 194.}"
}

@misc{morris1989how162,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "How a Christian Dies",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 193",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, How a Christian Dies: ICR Impact Series, v. 193.}"
}

@misc{stambaugh1989death198,
    author = "Stambaugh, J. S",
    title = "Death Before Sin?",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 191",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stambaugh, J. S., 1989, Death Before Sin?: ICR Impact Series, v. 191.}"
}

@article{doi101007bf01808273,
    author = "Fleischaker, Gail Raney",
    title = "Origins of life: An operational definition",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01808273",
    doi = "10.1007/bf01808273",
    openalex = "W2036840933"
}

@article{oro1990the,
    author = "Oro, J. and Miller, Stanley L. and Lazcano, Antonio",
    title = "THE ORIGIN AND EARLY EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001533",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.ea.18.050190.001533",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2103212713",
    pages = "317-356",
    volume = "18",
    references = "doi1010160022283668903926, doi1010160022283668903938, doi1010160022519367900793, doi101016s0022519386800479, doi101038nature10201, doi101073pnas74115088, doi101103revmodphys2853, doi101111j155856461971tb01930x, openalexw2040525210, openalexw3041019241"
}

@article{doi101007bf02193624,
    author = "Salam, Abdus",
    title = "The role of chirality in the origin of life",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Journal of Molecular Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02193624",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02193624",
    openalex = "W1970504952",
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}

@article{doi101016009286749190082a,
    author = "Pace, Norman R.",
    title = "Origin of life-facing up to the physical setting",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Cell",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(91)90082-a",
    doi = "10.1016/0092-8674(91)90082-a",
    openalex = "W2019662242"
}

@article{doi101038355125a0,
    author = "Chyba, Christopher F. and Sagan, Carl",
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    journal = "Nature",
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}

The American Geophysical Union affirms the central importance of scientific theories of Earth history and organic evolution in science education. An educated citizenry must understand these theories in order to comprehend the dynamic world in which we live and nature's complex balance that sustains us. Science employs a logical and empirical methodology to understand the natural world. Scientific research entails observation of natural phenomena, formulation of hypotheses as tentative, testable statements to explain these phenomena, and experiments or observations to test these hypotheses. Scientific theories, like evolution and relativity and plate tectonics, are hypotheses that have survived extensive testing and repeated verification. Scientific theories are therefore the best substantiated statements that scientists can make to explain the organization and operation of the natural world.Thus, a scientific theory is not equal to a belief, a hunch, or an untested hypothesis. Our understanding of Earth's development over its 4.5 billion‐year history and of life's gradual evolution has achieved the status of scientific theory.

@article{anonymous2000earth,
    author = "Anonymous",
    title = "Earth history and the evolution of life must be taught: Creationism is not science",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union",
    abstract = "The American Geophysical Union affirms the central importance of scientific theories of Earth history and organic evolution in science education. An educated citizenry must understand these theories in order to comprehend the dynamic world in which we live and nature's complex balance that sustains us. Science employs a logical and empirical methodology to understand the natural world. Scientific research entails observation of natural phenomena, formulation of hypotheses as tentative, testable statements to explain these phenomena, and experiments or observations to test these hypotheses. Scientific theories, like evolution and relativity and plate tectonics, are hypotheses that have survived extensive testing and repeated verification. Scientific theories are therefore the best substantiated statements that scientists can make to explain the organization and operation of the natural world.Thus, a scientific theory is not equal to a belief, a hunch, or an untested hypothesis. Our understanding of Earth's development over its 4.5 billion‐year history and of life's gradual evolution has achieved the status of scientific theory.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/00eo00011",
    doi = "10.1029/00eo00011",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W4239509610",
    pages = "15-15",
    volume = "81"
}

Abstract— In the primordial solar system, the most plausible sources of the water accreted by the Earth were in the outer asteroid belt, in the giant planet regions, and in the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the implications on the origin of Earth's water of dynamical models of primordial evolution of solar system bodies and check them with respect to chemical constraints. We find that it is plausible that the Earth accreted water all along its formation, from the early phases when the solar nebula was still present to the late stages of gas‐free sweepup of scattered planetesimals. Asteroids and the comets from the Jupiter‐Saturn region were the first water deliverers, when the Earth was less than half its present mass. The bulk of the water presently on Earth was carried by a few planetary embryos, originally formed in the outer asteroid belt and accreted by the Earth at the final stage of its formation. Finally, a late veneer, accounting for at most 10% of the present water mass, occurred due to comets from the Uranus‐Neptune region and from the Kuiper Belt. The net result of accretion from these several reservoirs is that the water on Earth had essentially the D/H ratio typical of the water condensed in the outer asteroid belt. This is in agreement with the observation that the D/H ratio in the oceans is very close to the mean value of the D/H ratio of the water inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites.

@article{doi101111j194551002000tb01518x,
    author = "Morbidelli, Alessandro and Chambers, John and Lunine, J. I. and Petit, Jean-Marc and Robert, F. and Valsecchi, G. B. and Cyr, K. E.",
    title = "Source regions and timescales for the delivery of water to the Earth",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Meteoritics and Planetary Science",
    abstract = "Abstract— In the primordial solar system, the most plausible sources of the water accreted by the Earth were in the outer asteroid belt, in the giant planet regions, and in the Kuiper Belt. We investigate the implications on the origin of Earth's water of dynamical models of primordial evolution of solar system bodies and check them with respect to chemical constraints. We find that it is plausible that the Earth accreted water all along its formation, from the early phases when the solar nebula was still present to the late stages of gas‐free sweepup of scattered planetesimals. Asteroids and the comets from the Jupiter‐Saturn region were the first water deliverers, when the Earth was less than half its present mass. The bulk of the water presently on Earth was carried by a few planetary embryos, originally formed in the outer asteroid belt and accreted by the Earth at the final stage of its formation. Finally, a late veneer, accounting for at most 10\% of the present water mass, occurred due to comets from the Uranus‐Neptune region and from the Kuiper Belt. The net result of accretion from these several reservoirs is that the water on Earth had essentially the D/H ratio typical of the water condensed in the outer asteroid belt. This is in agreement with the observation that the D/H ratio in the oceans is very close to the mean value of the D/H ratio of the water inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1945-5100.2000.tb01518.x",
    openalex = "W2014359877",
    references = "doi101006icar19941039, doi101006icar19960190, doi101006icar19986007, doi101006icar19996299, doi1010079781461261674, doi101007bf00642464, doi1010160019103588900310, doi101016001910359190036s, doi101017cbo9780511545986, doi101126science25550501391, doi101126science27653191670"
}

@incollection{jones2004the,
    author = "Jones, Barrie W.",
    title = "The evolution and origin of life on Earth",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "Life in the Solar System and Beyond",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-85233-897-8\_3",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-85233-897-8\_3",
    openalex = "W336540693",
    pages = "53-76"
}

We present the results of an experimental study of aqueous corrosion of Fe-phosphide under conditions relevant to the early Earth. The results strongly suggest that iron meteorites were an important source of reactive phosphorus (P), a requirement for the formation of P-based life. We further demonstrate that iron meteorites were an abundant source of phosphide minerals early in Earth history. Phosphide corrosion was studied in five different solutions: deionized water, deionized water buffered with sodium bicarbonate, deionized water with dissolved magnesium and calcium chlorides, deionized water containing ethanol and acetic acid, and deionized water containing the chlorides, ethanol, and acetic acid. Experiments were performed in the presence of both air and pure Ar gas to evaluate the effect of atmospheric chemistry. Phosphide corrosion in deionized water results in a metastable mixture of mixed-valence, P-bearing ions including pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life. In a pH-buffered solution of NaHCO(3), the condensed and reduced species diphosphonate is an abundant corrosion product. Corrosion in ethanol- and acetic acid-containing solutions yields additional P-bearing organic molecules, including acetyl phosphonate and a cyclic triphosphorus molecule. Phosphonate is a major corrosion product of all experiments and is the only P-bearing molecule that persists in solutions with high concentrations of magnesium and calcium chlorides, which suggests that phosphonate may have been a primitive oceanic source of P. The stability and reactivity of phosphonate and hypophosphite in solution were investigated to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the role of mineral catalysts on P-solution chemistry. Phosphonate oxidation is rapid in the presence of Fe metal but negligible in the presence of magnetite and in the control sample. The rate of hypophosphite oxidation is independent of reaction substrate.

@article{doi101089ast20055515,
    author = "Pasek, Matthew A. and Lauretta, D. S.",
    title = "Aqueous Corrosion of Phosphide Minerals from Iron Meteorites: A Highly Reactive Source of Prebiotic Phosphorus on the Surface of the Early Earth",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Astrobiology",
    abstract = "We present the results of an experimental study of aqueous corrosion of Fe-phosphide under conditions relevant to the early Earth. The results strongly suggest that iron meteorites were an important source of reactive phosphorus (P), a requirement for the formation of P-based life. We further demonstrate that iron meteorites were an abundant source of phosphide minerals early in Earth history. Phosphide corrosion was studied in five different solutions: deionized water, deionized water buffered with sodium bicarbonate, deionized water with dissolved magnesium and calcium chlorides, deionized water containing ethanol and acetic acid, and deionized water containing the chlorides, ethanol, and acetic acid. Experiments were performed in the presence of both air and pure Ar gas to evaluate the effect of atmospheric chemistry. Phosphide corrosion in deionized water results in a metastable mixture of mixed-valence, P-bearing ions including pyrophosphate and triphosphate, key components for metabolism in modern life. In a pH-buffered solution of NaHCO(3), the condensed and reduced species diphosphonate is an abundant corrosion product. Corrosion in ethanol- and acetic acid-containing solutions yields additional P-bearing organic molecules, including acetyl phosphonate and a cyclic triphosphorus molecule. Phosphonate is a major corrosion product of all experiments and is the only P-bearing molecule that persists in solutions with high concentrations of magnesium and calcium chlorides, which suggests that phosphonate may have been a primitive oceanic source of P. The stability and reactivity of phosphonate and hypophosphite in solution were investigated to elucidate reaction mechanisms and the role of mineral catalysts on P-solution chemistry. Phosphonate oxidation is rapid in the presence of Fe metal but negligible in the presence of magnetite and in the control sample. The rate of hypophosphite oxidation is independent of reaction substrate.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1089/ast.2005.5.515",
    doi = "10.1089/ast.2005.5.515",
    openalex = "W2092970453"
}

@misc{crossref2008evolution,
    title = "Evolution, Creationism, and the Long History of the Earth",
    year = "2008",
    booktitle = "Earth Science and Human History 101",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400643149.ch-003",
    doi = "10.5040/9798400643149.ch-003",
    openalex = "W4391202600",
    pages = "89-118"
}

@article{doi101038nrmicro1991,
    author = "Martin, William and Baross, John A. and Kelley, Deborah S. and Russell, Michael J.",
    title = "Hydrothermal vents and the origin of life",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Microbiology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1991",
    doi = "10.1038/nrmicro1991",
    openalex = "W1993130196",
    references = "doi101007bf01808177, doi101038191144a0, doi101038319618a0, doi10103835036572, doi10103835084000, doi101038nature04617, doi101038nrmicro1931, doi10108010409230490460765, doi101098rstb20061881, doi101098rstb20061904, doi101111j157469762001tb00576x, doi101126science1102556, doi101126science1173046528, doi101126science20343851073, doi101144gsjgs15430377, miller1953a, openalexw3041019241"
}

@article{doi101016jepsl201110040,
    author = "Marty, Bernard",
    title = "The origins and concentrations of water, carbon, nitrogen and noble gases on Earth",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Earth and Planetary Science Letters",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.040",
    doi = "10.1016/j.epsl.2011.10.040",
    openalex = "W2095245998",
    references = "doi1010160009254194001404, doi101016001670378990286x, doi101017cbo9780511545986, doi1010292003gc000597, doi101038nature00995, doi101038nature01073, doi101038nature03676, doi101038nature10201, doi101111j194551002000tb01518x, doi101130001676061951621111ghosw20co2"
}

@article{doi101021cr2004844,
    author = "Ruiz‐Mirazo, Kepa and Briones, Carlos and de la Escosura, Andrés",
    title = "Prebiotic Systems Chemistry: New Perspectives for the Origins of Life",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Chemical Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/cr2004844",
    doi = "10.1021/cr2004844",
    openalex = "W2033873715",
    references = "doi1010023527607439, doi101002anie201204968, doi101006bbrc19990404, doi10100797836427811004, doi101007s1108400791132, doi1010160003269781902815, doi1010160006291x60901388, doi1010160022283668903926, doi1010160022283668903938, doi1010161074552195900314, doi101016s0022283675800830, doi101016s0022519386800479, doi101016s1389172301803224, doi101021cr020452p, doi101021ja8074506, doi101023a1006746807104, doi101038171737a0, doi101038225535b0, doi101038280445a0, doi101038343033a0, doi101038346818a0, doi101038355125a0, doi101038365566a0, doi101038381059a0, doi101038nature03959, doi101038nature04764, doi101038nature08013, doi101039c2cs35109a, doi101073pnas0912157107, doi101073pnas1106493108, doi101073pnas384351, doi101073pnas581217, doi101073pnas742560, doi101073pnas9784112, doi10108010409230490460765, doi101098rstb19520012, doi101126science1092464, doi101126science1161527, doi101126science2200121, doi101126science2705235467, doi101128mr5244524841988, doi1011861759220832, fox1958thermal"
}

In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines how a growing knowledge of the vast range of animal-bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed our thinking about five questions: how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other's genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts; and how can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of animal-bacterial interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged to broaden their appreciation of these interactions and to include investigations of the relationships between and among bacteria and their animal partners as we seek a better understanding of the natural world.

@article{doi101073pnas1218525110,
    author = "McFall‐Ngai, Margaret and Hadfield, Michael G.‏ and Bosch, Thomas C. G. and Carey, Hannah V. and Domazet‐Lošo, Tomislav and Douglas, Angela E. and Dubilier, Nicole and Eberl, Gérard and Fukami, Tadashi and Gilbert, Scott F. and Hentschel, Ute and King, Nicole and Kjelleberg, Staffan and Knoll, Andrew H. and Kremer, Natacha and Mazmanian, Sarkis K. and Metcalf, Jessica L. and Nealson, Kenneth H. and Pierce, Naomi E. and Rawls, John F. and Reid, Ann and Ruby, Edward G. and Rumpho, Mary E. and Sanders, Jon G. and Tautz, Diethard and Wernegreen, Jennifer J.",
    title = "Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "In the last two decades, the widespread application of genetic and genomic approaches has revealed a bacterial world astonishing in its ubiquity and diversity. This review examines how a growing knowledge of the vast range of animal-bacterial interactions, whether in shared ecosystems or intimate symbioses, is fundamentally altering our understanding of animal biology. Specifically, we highlight recent technological and intellectual advances that have changed our thinking about five questions: how have bacteria facilitated the origin and evolution of animals; how do animals and bacteria affect each other's genomes; how does normal animal development depend on bacterial partners; how is homeostasis maintained between animals and their symbionts; and how can ecological approaches deepen our understanding of the multiple levels of animal-bacterial interaction. As answers to these fundamental questions emerge, all biologists will be challenged to broaden their appreciation of these interactions and to include investigations of the relationships between and among bacteria and their animal partners as we seek a better understanding of the natural world.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218525110",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1218525110",
    openalex = "W1964306176",
    references = "doi1010384441022a, doi101038nature09922, doi101038nature11053, doi101038nature11234, doi101038nature11550, doi101038nri2515, doi101073pnas0407076101, doi101073pnas1002601107, doi101073pnas87124576, doi101126science1223813, doi101146annurevecolsys36102403114735, doi101146annurevmarine010908163834, doi1023073515363"
}

@article{doi101038nrg3841,
    author = "Higgs, Paul G. and Lehman, Niles",
    title = "The RNA World: molecular cooperation at the origins of life",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Nature Reviews Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3841",
    doi = "10.1038/nrg3841",
    openalex = "W1970977492",
    references = "doi101007bf00420631, doi101016jchembiol201303012, doi101016jplrev201206001, doi101038nature08013, doi101126science1092464, doi101126science1241888, doi101128mmbr6122392611997"
}

@misc{long2014life,
    author = "Long, John",
    title = "Life on Earth still favours evolution over creationism",
    year = "2014",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.64628/aa.khwh4qmmv",
    doi = "10.64628/aa.khwh4qmmv",
    openalex = "W4413699251"
}

Abstract How and where did life on Earth originate? To date, various environments have been proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a limited stage of chemical evolution, or emergence of a specific chemical function of proto-biological systems. It remains unclear what geochemical situations could drive all the stages of chemical evolution, ranging from condensation of simple inorganic compounds to the emergence of self-sustaining systems that were evolvable into modern biological ones. In this review, we summarize reported experimental and theoretical findings for prebiotic chemistry relevant to this topic, including availability of biologically essential elements (N and P) on the Hadean Earth, abiotic synthesis of life's building blocks (amino acids, peptides, ribose, nucleobases, fatty acids, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides), their polymerizations to bio-macromolecules (peptides and oligonucleotides), and emergence of biological functions of replication and compartmentalization. It is indicated from the overviews that completion of the chemical evolution requires at least eight reaction conditions of (1) reductive gas phase, (2) alkaline pH, (3) freezing temperature, (4) fresh water, (5) dry/dry-wet cycle, (6) coupling with high energy reactions, (7) heating-cooling cycle in water, and (8) extraterrestrial input of life's building blocks and reactive nutrients. The necessity of these mutually exclusive conditions clearly indicates that life's origin did not occur at a single setting; rather, it required highly diverse and dynamic environments that were connected with each other to allow intra-transportation of reaction products and reactants through fluid circulation. Future experimental research that mimics the conditions of the proposed model are expected to provide further constraints on the processes and mechanisms for the origin of life.

@article{doi101016jgsf201707007,
    author = "Kitadai, N. and Maruyama, S.",
    title = "Origins of building blocks of life: A review",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "Abstract How and where did life on Earth originate? To date, various environments have been proposed as plausible sites for the origin of life. However, discussions have focused on a limited stage of chemical evolution, or emergence of a specific chemical function of proto-biological systems. It remains unclear what geochemical situations could drive all the stages of chemical evolution, ranging from condensation of simple inorganic compounds to the emergence of self-sustaining systems that were evolvable into modern biological ones. In this review, we summarize reported experimental and theoretical findings for prebiotic chemistry relevant to this topic, including availability of biologically essential elements (N and P) on the Hadean Earth, abiotic synthesis of life's building blocks (amino acids, peptides, ribose, nucleobases, fatty acids, nucleotides, and oligonucleotides), their polymerizations to bio-macromolecules (peptides and oligonucleotides), and emergence of biological functions of replication and compartmentalization. It is indicated from the overviews that completion of the chemical evolution requires at least eight reaction conditions of (1) reductive gas phase, (2) alkaline pH, (3) freezing temperature, (4) fresh water, (5) dry/dry-wet cycle, (6) coupling with high energy reactions, (7) heating-cooling cycle in water, and (8) extraterrestrial input of life's building blocks and reactive nutrients. The necessity of these mutually exclusive conditions clearly indicates that life's origin did not occur at a single setting; rather, it required highly diverse and dynamic environments that were connected with each other to allow intra-transportation of reaction products and reactants through fluid circulation. Future experimental research that mimics the conditions of the proposed model are expected to provide further constraints on the processes and mechanisms for the origin of life.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007",
    doi = "10.1016/J.GSF.2017.07.007",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "1117-1153",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "349",
    semanticscholar_id = "b0926c65e24d5418043226bdf1055eaf2178a79e",
    volume = "9"
}

Significance Phosphate is crucial for the origin of life because it is ubiquitous in key biomolecules. A major issue is that prebiotic syntheses use concentrated phosphate to incorporate phosphate into biomolecules, whereas natural waters are generally phosphate-poor because phosphate reacts with calcium to form low-solubility apatite minerals. Here we show that carbonate-rich lakes can concentrate phosphate to >1 molal levels by locking up calcium in carbonate minerals, which prevents phosphate removal by apatite precipitation. Phosphate-rich lakes may have preferentially formed on the prebiotic Earth because of carbonic acid weathering under CO 2 -rich atmospheres and the absence of microbial phosphate consumption. This specifically points to an origin of life in carbonate-rich lakes, and so defines aqueous conditions that prebiotic chemists should consider.

@article{doi101073pnas1916109117,
    author = "Toner, J. D. and Catling, David C.",
    title = "A carbonate-rich lake solution to the phosphate problem of the origin of life",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Significance Phosphate is crucial for the origin of life because it is ubiquitous in key biomolecules. A major issue is that prebiotic syntheses use concentrated phosphate to incorporate phosphate into biomolecules, whereas natural waters are generally phosphate-poor because phosphate reacts with calcium to form low-solubility apatite minerals. Here we show that carbonate-rich lakes can concentrate phosphate to >1 molal levels by locking up calcium in carbonate minerals, which prevents phosphate removal by apatite precipitation. Phosphate-rich lakes may have preferentially formed on the prebiotic Earth because of carbonic acid weathering under CO 2 -rich atmospheres and the absence of microbial phosphate consumption. This specifically points to an origin of life in carbonate-rich lakes, and so defines aqueous conditions that prebiotic chemists should consider.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1916109117",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1916109117",
    openalex = "W2996847227",
    references = "doi101002iroh19650500307, doi101038nature08013, doi101038nchem2202, doi101038nchem2878, doi101073pnas1117774109, doi101073pnas1721296115, doi101126science1092464, doi101126science2434996, doi1012019781439833544, doi102138rmg2002486, doi103133pp135, openalexw1509310308"
}

Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving to occupy virtually all available environmental niches. Extremophiles, especially those thriving under multiple extremes, represent a key area of research for multiple disciplines, spanning from the study of adaptations to harsh conditions, to the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Extremophile research also has implications for origin of life studies and the search for life on other planetary and celestial bodies. In this article, we will review the current state of knowledge for the biospace in which life operates on Earth and will discuss it in a planetary context, highlighting knowledge gaps and areas of opportunity.

@article{doi103389fmicb201900780,
    author = "Merino, Nancy and Aronson, Heidi S. and Bojanova, Diana P. and Feyhl‐Buska, Jayme and Wong, Michael L. and Zhang, Shu and Giovannelli, Donato",
    title = "Living at the Extremes: Extremophiles and the Limits of Life in a Planetary Context",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Frontiers in Microbiology",
    abstract = "Prokaryotic life has dominated most of the evolutionary history of our planet, evolving to occupy virtually all available environmental niches. Extremophiles, especially those thriving under multiple extremes, represent a key area of research for multiple disciplines, spanning from the study of adaptations to harsh conditions, to the biogeochemical cycling of elements. Extremophile research also has implications for origin of life studies and the search for life on other planetary and celestial bodies. In this article, we will review the current state of knowledge for the biospace in which life operates on Earth and will discuss it in a planetary context, highlighting knowledge gaps and areas of opportunity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00780",
    doi = "10.3389/fmicb.2019.00780",
    openalex = "W2936282025",
    references = "colman2018geobiological, doi101002bies200900131, doi10100797894007648801, doi101007s0025300314487, doi1010160009254194001404, doi1010160016703771900196, doi1010160016703795000382, doi101016s016864960300028x, doi1010292006je002784, doi10103835059215, doi101038ismej201058, doi101038nmicrobiol201648, doi101073pnas0400522101, doi101073pnas0611525104, doi101126science1172466, doi101128aem0033509"
}

@incollection{buccheri2020the,
    author = "Buccheri, Rosolino",
    title = "The Origin of Life and Its Evolution on Earth",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Myth, Chaos, and Certainty",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003088691-3",
    doi = "10.1201/9781003088691-3",
    openalex = "W3103597097",
    pages = "17-33"
}

The fundamental roles that peptides and proteins play in today's biology makes it almost indisputable that peptides were key players in the origin of life. Insofar as it is appropriate to extrapolate back from extant biology to the prebiotic world, one must acknowledge the critical importance that interconnected molecular networks, likely with peptides as key components, would have played in life's origin. In this review, we summarize chemical processes involving peptides that could have contributed to early chemical evolution, with an emphasis on molecular interactions between peptides and other classes of organic molecules. We first summarize mechanisms by which amino acids and similar building blocks could have been produced and elaborated into proto-peptides. Next, non-covalent interactions of peptides with other peptides as well as with nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, metal ions, and aromatic molecules are discussed in relation to the possible roles of such interactions in chemical evolution of structure and function. Finally, we describe research involving structural alternatives to peptides and covalent adducts between amino acids/peptides and other classes of molecules. We propose that ample future breakthroughs in origin-of-life chemistry will stem from investigations of interconnected chemical systems in which synergistic interactions between different classes of molecules emerge.

@article{doi101021acschemrev9b00664,
    author = "Frenkel‐Pinter, Moran and Samanta, Mousumi and Ashkenasy, Gonen and Leman, Luke J.",
    title = "Prebiotic Peptides: Molecular Hubs in the Origin of Life",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Chemical Reviews",
    abstract = "The fundamental roles that peptides and proteins play in today's biology makes it almost indisputable that peptides were key players in the origin of life. Insofar as it is appropriate to extrapolate back from extant biology to the prebiotic world, one must acknowledge the critical importance that interconnected molecular networks, likely with peptides as key components, would have played in life's origin. In this review, we summarize chemical processes involving peptides that could have contributed to early chemical evolution, with an emphasis on molecular interactions between peptides and other classes of organic molecules. We first summarize mechanisms by which amino acids and similar building blocks could have been produced and elaborated into proto-peptides. Next, non-covalent interactions of peptides with other peptides as well as with nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, metal ions, and aromatic molecules are discussed in relation to the possible roles of such interactions in chemical evolution of structure and function. Finally, we describe research involving structural alternatives to peptides and covalent adducts between amino acids/peptides and other classes of molecules. We propose that ample future breakthroughs in origin-of-life chemistry will stem from investigations of interconnected chemical systems in which synergistic interactions between different classes of molecules emerge.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00664",
    doi = "10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00664",
    openalex = "W3008483803",
    references = "doi101002anie201208397, doi101007pl00006565, doi101021cr2004844, doi101021ja01499a069, doi101038nchem2878, doi101038s415700160012, doi101073pnas9784112, doi101098rsob130156, doi101101cshperspecta034801, doi101126science1161527, doi1011861759220832, fox1958thermal"
}