Creationist tomes

@book{price1923the178,
    author = "Price, G. McR",
    title = "The New Geology",
    year = "1923",
    publisher = "Mountain View, California, Pacific Press, 706 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McR., 1923, The New Geology: Mountain View, California, Pacific Press, 706 p.}"
}

@misc{price1924the174,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "The Phantom of Organic Evolution",
    year = "1924",
    howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1924, The Phantom of Organic Evolution: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@misc{brewster1927creation19,
    author = "Brewster, E. T",
    title = "Creation; A History of Non-Evolutionary Theories",
    year = "1927",
    howpublished = "Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 295 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brewster, E. T., 1927, Creation; A History of Non-Evolutionary Theories: Indianapolis, Bobbs-Merrill, 295 p.}"
}

@misc{price1930a175,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "A History of Some Scientific Blunders",
    year = "1930",
    howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1930, A History of Some Scientific Blunders: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@misc{price1935the176,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "The Modern Flood Theory of Geology",
    year = "1935",
    howpublished = "New York, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1935, The Modern Flood Theory of Geology: New York, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@article{price1941genesis177,
    author = "Price, G. McC",
    title = "Genesis Vindicated",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "Takoma Park, Md. and Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Price, G. McC., 1941, Genesis Vindicated: Takoma Park, Md. and Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association.}"
}

@techreport{allen1942the5,
    author = "Allen, B. F",
    title = "The geologic age of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1942",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Deluge Society and Related Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 37-62",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Allen, B. F., 1942, The geologic age of the Mississippi River: Bulletin of the Deluge Society and Related Sciences, v. 2, no. 2, p. 37-62.}"
}

@article{openalexw2606966800,
    author = "Marsh, Frank Lewis",
    title = "Evolution, creation and science.",
    year = "1944",
    openalex = "W2606966800"
}

@article{marsh1947evolution96,
    author = "Marsh, F. L",
    title = "Evolution, Creation, and Science",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, F. L., 1947, Evolution, Creation, and Science: Washington, D.C., Review and Herald Publishing Association.}"
}

@book{morris1949that109,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "That You Might Believe",
    year = "1949",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation- Life Publishers; Revised edition, 1976",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1949, That You Might Believe: San Diego, California, Creation- Life Publishers; Revised edition, 1976.}"
}

@article{kulp1950flood88,
    author = "Kulp, J. L",
    title = "Flood Geology",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 2, p. 1-15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kulp, J. L., 1950, Flood Geology: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 2, p. 1-15.}"
}

@misc{mixter1950creation100,
    author = "Mixter, R",
    title = "Creation and Evolution",
    year = "1950",
    howpublished = "American Scientific Affiliation; Monograph 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mixter, R., 1950, Creation and Evolution: American Scientific Affiliation; Monograph 2.}"
}

@misc{ramm1954the179,
    author = "Ramm, B",
    title = "The Christian View of Science and Scripture",
    year = "1954",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Wm. B. Erdmans Publishing Co., 255 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ramm, B., 1954, The Christian View of Science and Scripture: Grand Rapids, Mi., Wm. B. Erdmans Publishing Co., 255 p.}"
}

@book{gardner1960organic40,
    author = "Gardner, E. J",
    title = "Organic Evolution and the Bible",
    year = "1960",
    publisher = "Logan, Utah, Utah State University Press, 45 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gardner, E. J., 1960, Organic Evolution and the Bible: Logan, Utah, Utah State University Press, 45 p.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1961the213,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C. and Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Genesis Flood",
    year = "1961",
    howpublished = "The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications: Philadelphia, PA., Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 518 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., 1961, The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications: Philadelphia, PA., Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co., 518 p.}"
}

@book{whitney1961genesis216,
    author = "Whitney, D. J",
    title = "Genesis Versus Evolution",
    year = "1961",
    publisher = "The Problem of Creation and Atheistic Science [1st ed.]: New York, Exposition Press, 61 p.; Foreword by H.S. Slusher",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitney, D. J., 1961, Genesis Versus Evolution: The Problem of Creation and Atheistic Science [1st ed.]: New York, Exposition Press, 61 p.; Foreword by H.S. Slusher.}"
}

@misc{morris1963the110,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Twilight of Evolution",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1963, The Twilight of Evolution: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1964origin210,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C",
    title = "Origin of the Solar System",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., 1964, Origin of the Solar System: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1964preface214,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C. and Morris, H. M",
    title = "Preface to the Sixth Printing, in Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., eds., The Genesis Flood",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications [6th ed.]: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, p. xxv- xxix",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., 1964, Preface to the Sixth Printing, in Whitcomb, J. C., and Morris, H. M., eds., The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications [6th ed.]: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House, p. xxv- xxix.}"
}

@misc{morris1966studies111,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Studies in the Bible and Science",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Philadelphia, Pa",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1966, Studies in the Bible and Science: Philadelphia, Pa.}"
}

@misc{morris1967evolution112,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Evolution and the Modern Christian",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1967, Evolution and the Modern Christian: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{nelson1967after168,
    author = "Nelson, B",
    title = "After Its Kind [Revised ed.]",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Minneapolis, Minn., Bethany Fellowships, Inc",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nelson, B., 1967, After Its Kind [Revised ed.]: Minneapolis, Minn., Bethany Fellowships, Inc.}"
}

@misc{cook1968do23,
    author = "Cook, M. A",
    title = "Do radiological clocks need repair?",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 5, p. 70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cook, M. A., 1968, Do radiological clocks need repair?: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 5, p. 70.}"
}

@inproceedings{morris1968science113,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Science versus Creationism, in Morris, H. M., and et al, eds., A Symposium on Creation",
    year = "1968",
    booktitle = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, p. 9-13",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1968, Science versus Creationism, in Morris, H. M., and et al, eds., A Symposium on Creation: Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, p. 9-13.}"
}

@misc{reid1968god180,
    author = "Reid, J",
    title = "God, the Atom, and the Universe",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan Publishing House, 240 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Reid, J., 1968, God, the Atom, and the Universe: Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan Publishing House, 240 p.}"
}

@misc{whitelaw1968radiocarbon215,
    author = "Whitelaw, R. L",
    title = "Radiocarbon confirms biblical creation",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 5, p. 80",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitelaw, R. L., 1968, Radiocarbon confirms biblical creation: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 5, p. 80.}"
}

@misc{cook1970william24,
    author = "Cook, M. A",
    title = "William J. Meister discovery of human footprint with trilobites in a Cambrian formation of western Utah, in Lammerts, W. E., ed., Why Not Creationism?",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Philadelphia, Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, p. 185-186",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cook, M. A., 1970, William J. Meister discovery of human footprint with trilobites in a Cambrian formation of western Utah, in Lammerts, W. E., ed., Why Not Creationism?: Philadelphia, Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, p. 185-186.}"
}

@misc{klotz1970genes82,
    author = "Klotz, J. W",
    title = "Genes, Genesis, and Evolution",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Klotz, J. W., 1970, Genes, Genesis, and Evolution: St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing Co.}"
}

@misc{klotz1970philosophical81,
    author = "Klotz, J. W",
    title = "Philosophical and Theological Background [to Creationism], in Lammerts, W. E., ed., Why Not Creation?",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, p. 5-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Klotz, J. W., 1970, Philosophical and Theological Background [to Creationism], in Lammerts, W. E., ed., Why Not Creation?: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Company, p. 5-24.}"
}

@misc{moore1970biology107,
    author = "Moore, J. N. and Slusher, H. B",
    title = "Biology",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "A Search for Order in Complexity: Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan Publishing House, 595 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., and Slusher, H. B., 1970, Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity: Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan Publishing House, 595 p.}"
}

@article{moore1970evolution102,
    author = "Moore, J. N",
    title = "Evolution - required or optional in a science course?",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 22, p. 82-87",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., 1970, Evolution - required or optional in a science course?: Journal of American Scientific Affiliations, v. 22, p. 82-87.}"
}

@misc{moore1970should103,
    author = "Moore, J. N",
    title = "Should Evolution Be Taught?",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "East Lansing, Mi., Privately published, 28 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., 1970, Should Evolution Be Taught?: East Lansing, Mi., Privately published, 28 p.}"
}

@book{morris1970biblical114,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Biblical Cosmology and Modern Science",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "Nutley, New Jersey, Craig Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1970, Biblical Cosmology and Modern Science: Nutley, New Jersey, Craig Press.}"
}

@book{wildersmith1970the217,
    author = "Wilder-Smith, A. E",
    title = "The Creation of Life",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilder-Smith, A. E., 1970, The Creation of Life: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{zimmerman1970rock223,
    author = "Zimmerman, P. A",
    title = "Rock Strata and the Bible Record",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Zimmerman, P. A., 1970, Rock Strata and the Bible Record: St. Louis, Concordia Publishing House.}"
}

@misc{lammerts1971scientific92,
    author = "Lammerts, W. E",
    title = "Scientific Studies in Special Creation",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lammerts, W. E., 1971, Scientific Studies in Special Creation: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co.}"
}

@misc{moore1971biology108,
    author = "Moore, J. N. and Slusher, H. S",
    title = "Biology",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "A Search for Order in Complexity [2nd ed.]: Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., and Slusher, H. S., 1971, Biology: A Search for Order in Complexity [2nd ed.]: Grand Rapids, Mi., Zondervan.}"
}

@misc{moore1971on104,
    author = "Moore, J. N",
    title = "On chromosomes, mutations and phylogeny",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "American Association for the Advancement of Science; 138th Annual Meeting, paper, 16 p. (mimeograph)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., 1971, On chromosomes, mutations and phylogeny: American Association for the Advancement of Science; 138th Annual Meeting, paper, 16 p. (mimeograph).}"
}

@misc{moore1971retrieval105,
    author = "Moore, J. N",
    title = "Retrieval system problems with articles in Evolution",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "American Institute of Biological Sciences; 22nd Annual Meeting, Paper 279, 13 p. (mimeograph)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., 1971, Retrieval system problems with articles in Evolution: American Institute of Biological Sciences; 22nd Annual Meeting, Paper 279, 13 p. (mimeograph).}"
}

@misc{allen1972the6,
    author = "Allen, B. F",
    title = "The geologic age of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 96-114",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Allen, B. F., 1972, The geologic age of the Mississippi River: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 96-114.}"
}

@misc{daly1972the30,
    author = "Daly, R",
    title = "The cause of the Ice Age",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 210-217",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Daly, R., 1972, The cause of the Ice Age: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 9, p. 210-217.}"
}

@book{gish1972evolution44,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Evolution? - The Fossils Say No!",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1972, Evolution? - The Fossils Say No!: San Diego, Ca., Creation-life Publishers.}"
}

@book{gish1972speculations43,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Speculations and Experiments Related to Theories on the Origin of Life",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "A Critique: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1972, Speculations and Experiments Related to Theories on the Origin of Life: A Critique: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{barnes1973origins11,
    author = "Barnes, T",
    title = "Origin's and Destiny of the Earth's Magnetic Field",
    year = "1973",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 64 p.; ICR Technical Monograph, no.4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T., 1973, Origin's and Destiny of the Earth's Magnetic Field: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 64 p.; ICR Technical Monograph, no.4.}"
}

@misc{boardman1973science18,
    author = "Boardman, W. and Koontz, R. F. and Morris, H. M",
    title = "Science and Creation",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Creation Science Research Center",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Boardman, W., Koontz, R. F., and Morris, H. M., 1973, Science and Creation: San Diego, California, Creation Science Research Center.}"
}

@misc{burdick1973discovery21,
    author = "Burdick, C. L",
    title = "Discovery of human skeletons in Cretaceous formations",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 10, p. 109-110",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Burdick, C. L., 1973, Discovery of human skeletons in Cretaceous formations: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 10, p. 109-110.}"
}

@misc{heinze1973creation71,
    author = "Heinze, T. F",
    title = "Creation vs. Evolution [2 rev. ed.]",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Heinze, T. F., 1973, Creation vs. Evolution [2 rev. ed.]: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{morris1973untitled158,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "(?), Evolution, thermodynamics, and entropy",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 3, p. (pages not numbered)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1973 (?), Evolution, thermodynamics, and entropy: ICR Impact Series, v. 3, p. (pages not numbered).}"
}

@book{slusher1973critique187,
    author = "Slusher, H",
    title = "Critique of Radiometric Dating",
    year = "1973",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H., 1973, Critique of Radiometric Dating: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1973the211,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C",
    title = "The World That Perished",
    year = "1973",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., 1973, The World That Perished: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{gish1974the45,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The solar system--new discoveries produce new mysteries",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 15, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1974, The solar system--new discoveries produce new mysteries: ICR Impact Series, v. 15, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{moore1974should101,
    author = "Moore, J",
    title = "Should Evolution Be Taught?",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J., 1974, Should Evolution Be Taught?: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{morris1974many115,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Many Infallible Proofs",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Practical and Useful Evidences of Christianity: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1974, Many Infallible Proofs: Practical and Useful Evidences of Christianity: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{morris1974scientific116,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Scientific Creationism [1st ed.]",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation- Life Publishers, Public School Edition, 217 pp.; General Edition, 277 pp. p.; Second Edition, Revised 1985",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1974, Scientific Creationism [1st ed.]: San Diego, California, Creation- Life Publishers, Public School Edition, 217 pp.; General Edition, 277 pp. p.; Second Edition, Revised 1985.}"
}

@book{morris1974the117,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Troubled Waters of Evolution",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1974, The Troubled Waters of Evolution: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{morris1974the118,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The young earth",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 17, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1974, The young earth: ICR Impact Series, v. 17, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{clark1975197622,
    author = "Clark, M. E",
    title = "-1976, Our Amazing Circulatory System...By Chance or Creation?",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clark, M. E., 1975-1976, Our Amazing Circulatory System...By Chance or Creation?: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{gallant1975how39,
    author = "Gallant, R. A",
    title = "How Life Began",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "Creation Versus Evolution: New York, Four Winds Press, 214 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gallant, R. A., 1975, How Life Began: Creation Versus Evolution: New York, Four Winds Press, 214 p.}"
}

@book{kofahl1975the87,
    author = "Kofahl, R. E. and Seagraves, K. L",
    title = "The Creation Explanation",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "Wheaton, Ill., Harold Shaw Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kofahl, R. E., and Seagraves, K. L., 1975, The Creation Explanation: Wheaton, Ill., Harold Shaw Publishers.}"
}

@book{lahaye1975introduction89,
    author = "LaHaye, T",
    title = "Introduction, in Morris, H. M., ed., The Troubled Waters of Evolution [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, p. 5- 6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {LaHaye, T., 1975, Introduction, in Morris, H. M., ed., The Troubled Waters of Evolution [2nd ed.]: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, p. 5- 6.}"
}

@book{morris1975introducing119,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Introducing Creationism in the Public Schools",
    year = "1975",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1975, Introducing Creationism in the Public Schools: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{morris1975language120,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Language, creation, and the inner man",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 28, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1975, Language, creation, and the inner man: ICR Impact Series, v. 28, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1976origin46,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "critique of early stage chemical evolution theories: ICR Impact Series, v. 31, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, Origin of life: critique of early stage chemical evolution theories: ICR Impact Series, v. 31, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1976origin47,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "The Fox thermal model of the origin of life: ICR Impact Series, v. 33, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, Origin of life: The Fox thermal model of the origin of life: ICR Impact Series, v. 33, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1976the48,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The origin of life",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Theories on the origin of biological order: ICR Impact Series, v. 37, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1976, The origin of life: Theories on the origin of biological order: ICR Impact Series, v. 37, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{lahaye1976the91,
    author = "LaHaye, T. and Morris, J",
    title = "The Ark on Ararat",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Thomas S. Nelson \& Creation-Life Publishers (Joint Publishers), 275 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {LaHaye, T., and Morris, J., 1976, The Ark on Ararat: San Diego, California, Thomas S. Nelson \& Creation-Life Publishers (Joint Publishers), 275 p.}"
}

@misc{moore1976questions106,
    author = "Moore, J. N",
    title = "Questions and Answers on Creation/Evolution",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Moore, J. N., 1976, Questions and Answers on Creation/Evolution: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{morris1976entropy121,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Entropy and Open Systems",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts; Impact \#40",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1976, Entropy and Open Systems: Acts and Facts; Impact \#40.}"
}

@misc{morris1976the160,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Paluxy River tracks",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 35, p. i- viii",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1976, The Paluxy River tracks: ICR Impact Series, v. 35, p. i- viii.}"
}

@book{morris1976tracking161,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "Tracking Those Incredible Dinosaurs and the People Who Knew Them",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = {San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 239 p.; See rebuttal: "Tracking those incredible creationists"...Satiricon},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1976, Tracking Those Incredible Dinosaurs and the People Who Knew Them: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 239 p.; See rebuttal: "Tracking those incredible creationists"...Satiricon.}}
}

@misc{morris1976up122,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Up with catastrophism!",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 38, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1976, Up with catastrophism!: ICR Impact Series, v. 38, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{nevins1976continental169,
    author = "Nevins, S. E",
    title = "Continental drift, plate tectonics, and the Bible",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 32; i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nevins, S. E., 1976, Continental drift, plate tectonics, and the Bible: ICR Impact Series, no. 32; i-iv.}"
}

@misc{nevins1976the170,
    author = "Nevins, S. E",
    title = "The origin of coal",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nevins, S. E., 1976, The origin of coal: ICR Impact Series, v. 41, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{slusher1976age188,
    author = "Slusher, H",
    title = "Age of the Cosmos",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H., 1976, Age of the Cosmos: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{slusher1976some189,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "Some Recent Developments Having to do With Time, in Morris, H. M., and Gish, D. T., eds., The Battle for Creation",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, p. 278-285",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1976, Some Recent Developments Having to do With Time, in Morris, H. M., and Gish, D. T., eds., The Battle for Creation: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, p. 278-285.}"
}

@book{watson1976the206,
    author = "Watson, D. C. C",
    title = "The Great Brain Robbery",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "Chicago, Ill., Moody Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watson, D. C. C., 1976, The Great Brain Robbery: Chicago, Ill., Moody Press.}"
}

@book{wysong1976the220,
    author = "Wysong, R. L",
    title = "The Creation-Evolution Controversy",
    year = "1976",
    publisher = "Midland, Mi., Inquiry Press, 455 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wysong, R. L., 1976, The Creation-Evolution Controversy: Midland, Mi., Inquiry Press, 455 p.}"
}

@misc{bergman1977albert16,
    author = "Bergman, J",
    title = "Albert Szent-Georgyi's theory of syntropy and creationism",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 54, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bergman, J., 1977, Albert Szent-Georgyi's theory of syntropy and creationism: ICR Impact Series, v. 54, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{gish1977dinosaurs49,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Dinosaurs",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "Those Terrible Lizards: El Cajon, California, Master Books [a.k.a. Creation-Life Publishers], 62 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1977, Dinosaurs: Those Terrible Lizards: El Cajon, California, Master Books [a.k.a. Creation-Life Publishers], 62 p.}"
}

@misc{kofahl1977handy85,
    author = "Kofahl, R. E",
    title = "Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Beta Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kofahl, R. E., 1977, Handy Dandy Evolution Refuter: San Diego, California, Beta Books.}"
}

@misc{morris1977circular124,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Circular reasoning in evolutionary geology",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 48, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1977, Circular reasoning in evolutionary geology: ICR Impact Series, v. 48, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{morris1977the123,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Scientific Case for Creationism",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Master Books [Creation-Life Publishers]",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1977, The Scientific Case for Creationism: San Diego, California, Master Books [Creation-Life Publishers].}"
}

@book{publishers19772128,
    author = "Publishers, Creation-Life",
    title = "21 Scientists Who Believe in Creation",
    year = "1977",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Creation-Life Publishers, 1977, 21 Scientists Who Believe in Creation: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{research19772175,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "21 Scientists Who Believe in Creation",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Institute for Creation Research",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1977, 21 Scientists Who Believe in Creation: San Diego, California, Institute for Creation Research.}"
}

@misc{young1977creation221,
    author = "Young, D. A",
    title = "Creation and the Flood",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, 217 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, D. A., 1977, Creation and the Flood: Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House, 217 p.}"
}

@misc{acton1978bone3,
    author = "Acton, R. K",
    title = {Bone disease simulating ancient age in "pre-human" fossils},
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 59, p. i-iv",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Acton, R. K., 1978, Bone disease simulating ancient age in "pre-human" fossils: ICR Impact Series, no. 59, p. i-iv.}}
}

@book{gish1978evolution50,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Evolution? The Fossils Say No! [Public School ed.]",
    year = "1978",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 189 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1978, Evolution? The Fossils Say No! [Public School ed.]: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 189 p.}"
}

@misc{gish1978thermodymanics51,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Thermodymanics and the origin of life (Part II)",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 58, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1978, Thermodymanics and the origin of life (Part II): ICR Impact Series, v. 58, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{marsh1978variation97,
    author = "Marsh, F. L",
    title = "Variation and fixity among living things. A new biological principle",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 15, p. 115-118",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Marsh, F. L., 1978, Variation and fixity among living things. A new biological principle: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 15, p. 115-118.}"
}

@book{morris1978scientific126,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Scientific Creationism [second printing] [Public School ed.]",
    year = "1978",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, Scientific Creationism [second printing] [Public School ed.]: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{morris1978the125,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Remarkable Birth of Planet Earth",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "Minneapolis, Minn., Bethany House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, The Remarkable Birth of Planet Earth: Minneapolis, Minn., Bethany House.}"
}

@misc{morris1978the127,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The day-age theory revisited",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 55, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, The day-age theory revisited: ICR Impact Series, v. 55, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris1978thermodynamics128,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Thermodynamics and the origin of life",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 57, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1978, Thermodynamics and the origin of life: ICR Impact Series, v. 57, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{slusher1978the190,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "The origin of the universe",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "an examination of the big-bang and steady-state cosmogenies: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 8; Institute for Creation Research, 50 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1978, The origin of the universe: an examination of the big-bang and steady-state cosmogenies: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 8; Institute for Creation Research, 50 pp.}"
}

@misc{slusher1978the193,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "The origin of the universe",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "an examination of the big-bang",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1978, The origin of the universe: an examination of the big-bang}"
}

@misc{davidheiser1979evolution31,
    author = "Davidheiser, B",
    title = "Evolution and Christian Faith",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davidheiser, B., 1979, Evolution and Christian Faith: Grand Rapids, Mi., Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{deyoung1979the32,
    author = "DeYoung, D. B",
    title = "The moon",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "A faithful witness in the sky: ICR Impact Series, v. 68, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {DeYoung, D. B., 1979, The moon: A faithful witness in the sky: ICR Impact Series, v. 68, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{eads1979let35,
    author = "Eads, B. R",
    title = "Let the Evidence Speak! Creation or Evolution?",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "Atlanta, Ga., Peachtree Publishers, 173 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Eads, B. R., 1979, Let the Evidence Speak! Creation or Evolution?: Atlanta, Ga., Peachtree Publishers, 173 p.}"
}

@book{gish1979evolution52,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Evolution? The Fossils Say No! [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1979",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation- Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1979, Evolution? The Fossils Say No! [3rd ed.]: San Diego, Ca., Creation- Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{hiebert1979evolution72,
    author = "Hiebert, H",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Its Collapse in View?: Alberta, Horizon Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hiebert, H., 1979, Evolution: Its Collapse in View?: Alberta, Horizon Books.}"
}

@misc{woodmorappe1979radiometric219,
    author = "Woodmorappe, J",
    title = "Radiometric geochronology reappraised",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 16, p. 102-129, 147",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodmorappe, J., 1979, Radiometric geochronology reappraised: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 16, p. 102-129, 147.}"
}

@misc{akridge1980the4,
    author = "Akridge, R",
    title = "The sun is shrinking",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 82, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Akridge, R., 1980, The sun is shrinking: ICR Impact Series, no. 82, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{austin1980origin7,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Origin of limestone caverns",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1980, Origin of limestone caverns: ICR Impact Series, no. 79, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{cumming1980extinction29,
    author = "Cumming, K. B",
    title = "Extinction",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 84, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cumming, K. B., 1980, Extinction: ICR Impact Series, no. 84, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1980the53,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The origin of mammals",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 87, p. i-viii",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1980, The origin of mammals: ICR Impact Series, v. 87, p. i-viii.}"
}

@book{hayes1980what70,
    author = "Hayes, Z",
    title = "What Are They Saying About Creation?",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "New York, Paulist Press, 120 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hayes, Z., 1980, What Are They Saying About Creation?: New York, Paulist Press, 120 p.}"
}

@misc{lahaye1980the90,
    author = "LaHaye, T",
    title = "The Battle for the Mind",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Old Tappen, New Jersey, Fleming H. Revell Co",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {LaHaye, T., 1980, The Battle for the Mind: Old Tappen, New Jersey, Fleming H. Revell Co.}"
}

@book{parker1980the172,
    author = "Parker, G. E",
    title = "The Facts of Life",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, G. E., 1980, The Facts of Life: San Diego, Ca., Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{slusher1980age191,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "Age of the cosmos",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "ICR Technical Monograph, v. 9; Institute for Creation Research, 76 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1980, Age of the cosmos: ICR Technical Monograph, v. 9; Institute for Creation Research, 76 pp.}"
}

@misc{barnes1981depletion12,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "Depletion of the Earth's magnetic field",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 100, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1981, Depletion of the Earth's magnetic field: ICR Impact Series, v. 100, p. i-iv.}"
}

@book{dillow1981the33,
    author = "Dillow, J. C",
    title = "The Waters Above",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "Moody Press, 479 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dillow, J. C., 1981, The Waters Above: Moody Press, 479 p.}"
}

@book{gish1981acts56,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Acts, Facts and Impacts",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "(December Issue) Creation-Life Publishers, San Diego, Ca",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1981, Acts, Facts and Impacts. (December Issue) Creation-Life Publishers, San Diego, Ca.}"
}

@misc{gish1981letter54,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Letter to the Editors",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Discover, v. 2, p. 6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1981, Letter to the Editors: Discover, v. 2, p. 6.}"
}

@misc{gish1981the55,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The Genesis War",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Science Digest, p. 82",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1981, The Genesis War: Science Digest, p. 82.}"
}

@misc{gish1981the57,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "The mammal-like reptiles",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 102, p. i-viii",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1981, The mammal-like reptiles: ICR Impact Series, v. 102, p. i-viii.}"
}

@misc{kofahl1981letter86,
    author = "Kofahl, R. E",
    title = "Letter to editor",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 212, p. 873",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kofahl, R. E., 1981, Letter to editor: Science, v. 212, p. 873.}"
}

@misc{research1981198276,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "-1982, Graduate School Catalog",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research, 48 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1981-1982, Graduate School Catalog: El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research, 48 p.}"
}

@misc{setterfield1981the182,
    author = "Setterfield, B",
    title = "The velocity of light and the age of the universe",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 4, no. 1, p. 38-48",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Setterfield, B., 1981, The velocity of light and the age of the universe: Ex Nihilo, v. 4, no. 1, p. 38-48.}"
}

@book{slusher1981critique192,
    author = "Slusher, H. S",
    title = "Critique of Radiometric Dating [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 58 p.; ICR Technical Monograph, No.2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Slusher, H. S., 1981, Critique of Radiometric Dating [2nd ed.]: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers, 58 p.; ICR Technical Monograph, No.2.}"
}

@book{wildersmith1981the218,
    author = "Wilder-Smith, A. E",
    title = "The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution",
    year = "1981",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilder-Smith, A. E., 1981, The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{austin1982did8,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Did the Earth have a reducing atmosphere?",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 109, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1982, Did the Earth have a reducing atmosphere?: ICR Impact Series, no. 109, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{barnes1982young13,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "Young age for the moon and earth",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 110, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1982, Young age for the moon and earth: ICR Impact Series, v. 110, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{gish1982letter58,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Letter to editor",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science 82, v. 3, no. 1, p. 16",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1982, Letter to editor: Science 82, v. 3, no. 1, p. 16.}"
}

@misc{habgood1982evolution64,
    author = "Habgood, J",
    title = "Evolution and the doctrine of creation",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Insight, v. 13, p. 1- 9; Wycliffe College, Toronto, Canada",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Habgood, J., 1982, Evolution and the doctrine of creation: Insight, v. 13, p. 1- 9; Wycliffe College, Toronto, Canada.}"
}

@misc{knaub1982molecular84,
    author = "Knaub, C. and Parker, G",
    title = "Molecular evolution?",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 114, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Knaub, C., and Parker, G., 1982, Molecular evolution?: ICR Impact Series, v. 114, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{matthews1982radiometric98,
    author = "Matthews, R. W",
    title = "Radiometric dating and the age of the earth",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 5, no. 1, p. 41-44",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthews, R. W., 1982, Radiometric dating and the age of the earth: Ex Nihilo, v. 5, no. 1, p. 41-44.}"
}

@book{morris1982creation129,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Creation and its Critics",
    year = "1982",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1982, Creation and its Critics: San Diego, California, Creation-Life Publishers.}"
}

@book{morris1982the130,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Troubled Waters of Evolution [2nd ed.]",
    year = "1982",
    publisher = "San Diego, California, Creation-life Publishers",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1982, The Troubled Waters of Evolution [2nd ed.]: San Diego, California, Creation-life Publishers.}"
}

@misc{rybka1982consequences181,
    author = "Rybka, T. W",
    title = "Consequences of time dependent nuclear decay indices on half lifes",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 106, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rybka, T. W., 1982, Consequences of time dependent nuclear decay indices on half lifes: ICR Impact Series, v. 106, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{setterfield1982the183,
    author = "Setterfield, B",
    title = "The velocity of light and the age of the universe",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 1, no. 1 (International Edition), p. 53-93",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Setterfield, B., 1982, The velocity of light and the age of the universe: Ex Nihilo, v. 1, no. 1 (International Edition), p. 53-93.}"
}

@misc{snelling1982the194,
    author = "Snelling, A",
    title = "The recent origin of Bass Strait oil and gas",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 5, no. 2, p. 43-46; International Edition, Vol. 1, No. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., 1982, The recent origin of Bass Strait oil and gas: Ex Nihilo, v. 5, no. 2, p. 43-46; International Edition, Vol. 1, No. 2.}"
}

@misc{sunderland1982evolution202,
    author = "Sunderland, L. D. and Parker, G. E",
    title = "Evolution? Prominent scientist reconsiders",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 108, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sunderland, L. D., and Parker, G. E., 1982, Evolution? Prominent scientist reconsiders: ICR Impact Series, v. 108, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{webber1982secular207,
    author = "Webber, R. E",
    title = "Secular Humanism",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Threat and Challenge: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zondervan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Webber, R. E., 1982, Secular Humanism: Threat and Challenge: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zondervan.}"
}

@misc{young1982christianity222,
    author = "Young, D. A",
    title = "Christianity and the Age of the Earth",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zondervan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Young, D. A., 1982, Christianity and the Age of the Earth: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zondervan.}"
}

@misc{austin1983did9,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Did landscapes evolve?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, no. 118, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1983, Did landscapes evolve?: ICR Impact Series, no. 118, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{barnes1983the14,
    author = "Barnes, T. G",
    title = "The earth's magnetic age",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "the Achilles Heel of evolution: ICR Impact Series, v. 122, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnes, T. G., 1983, The earth's magnetic age: the Achilles Heel of evolution: ICR Impact Series, v. 122, p. i-iv.}"
}

@incollection{brown1983the20,
    author = "Brown, W. T",
    editor = "Zetterberg, J. P.",
    title = "The Scientific Case for Creationism: 108 Catagories of Evidence",
    year = "1983",
    booktitle = "Evolution Versus Creationism",
    publisher = "The Public Education Controversy: Phoenix, AZ., Oryx Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brown, W. T., 1983, The Scientific Case for Creationism: 108 Catagories of Evidence, in Zetterberg, J. P., ed., Evolution Versus Creationism: The Public Education Controversy: Phoenix, AZ., Oryx Press.}"
}

@misc{cooper1983human25,
    author = "Cooper, B",
    title = "Human fossils from Noah's Flood",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 3, no. 3 (International), p. 6-9",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cooper, B., 1983, Human fossils from Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo, v. 3, no. 3 (International), p. 6-9.}"
}

@article{crossref1983scientific,
    title = "Scientific Creationism",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "National Council on Religion and Public Education. Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15507386.1983.11487750",
    doi = "10.1080/15507386.1983.11487750",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4300564316",
    pages = "8-8",
    volume = "10"
}

@misc{dillow1983the34,
    author = "Dillow, J. C",
    title = "The vertical temperature structure of the pre-flood vapor canopy",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 7-14",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dillow, J. C., 1983, The vertical temperature structure of the pre-flood vapor canopy: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 7-14.}"
}

@book{friar1983a38,
    author = "Friar, W. and Davis, P",
    title = "A Case for Creation [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1983",
    publisher = "Chicago, Illinois, Moody Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Friar, W., and Davis, P., 1983, A Case for Creation [3rd ed.]: Chicago, Illinois, Moody Press.}"
}

@misc{geisler1983a41,
    author = "Geisler, N. L",
    title = "A scientific basis for creation",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "the principle of uniformity: Creation/Evolution, v. 4, p. 1-6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Geisler, N. L., 1983, A scientific basis for creation: the principle of uniformity: Creation/Evolution, v. 4, p. 1-6.}"
}

@misc{gish1983creating59,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Creating a missing link",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "a tale about a whale: ICR Impact Series, v. 123, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1983, Creating a missing link: a tale about a whale: ICR Impact Series, v. 123, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{mackay1983mt94,
    author = "Mackay, J",
    title = "Mt. St. Helens",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Key to rapid coal formation?: Ex Nihilo, v. 2, no. 1 (International), p. 6-8",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mackay, J., 1983, Mt. St. Helens: Key to rapid coal formation?: Ex Nihilo, v. 2, no. 1 (International), p. 6-8.}"
}

@misc{morris1983science131,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Science, Scripture and the Young Earth",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Institute for Creation Research",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1983, Science, Scripture and the Young Earth: San Diego, California, Institute for Creation Research.}"
}

@misc{morris1983those132,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Those remarkable floating rock formations",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 119, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1983, Those remarkable floating rock formations: ICR Impact Series, v. 119, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{setterfield1983the184,
    author = "Setterfield, B",
    title = "The velocity of light and the age of the universe",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 1, no. 3 (International Edition), p. 41-46",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Setterfield, B., 1983, The velocity of light and the age of the universe: Ex Nihilo, v. 1, no. 3 (International Edition), p. 41-46.}"
}

@misc{snelling1983creationist196,
    author = "Snelling, A",
    title = "Creationist geology",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "the Precambrian: Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 2, p. 42- 46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 2",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., 1983, Creationist geology: the Precambrian: Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 2, p. 42- 46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 2.}"
}

@misc{snelling1983what195,
    author = "Snelling, A",
    title = "What about continental drift? Have the continents moved apart?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 2, no. 1, p. 14-16; International Edition",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., 1983, What about continental drift? Have the continents moved apart?: Ex Nihilo, v. 2, no. 1, p. 14-16; International Edition.}"
}

@misc{trop1983is203,
    author = "Trop, M",
    title = "Is the Archeopteryx a fake?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 120-121",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Trop, M., 1983, Is the Archeopteryx a fake?: Creation Research Society Quarterly, v. 20, p. 120-121.}"
}

@misc{austin1984catastrophes10,
    author = "Austin, S. A",
    title = "Catastrophes in Earth History",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "A Source Book of Geological Evidence, Speculation and Theory: El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research, 318 p.; ICR Technical Monograph 13",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Austin, S. A., 1984, Catastrophes in Earth History: A Source Book of Geological Evidence, Speculation and Theory: El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research, 318 p.; ICR Technical Monograph 13.}"
}

@article{crossref1984scientific,
    title = "Scientific Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Religion \& Public Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10567224.1984.11487776",
    doi = "10.1080/10567224.1984.11487776",
    number = "1-2",
    openalex = "W2806044466",
    pages = "15-16",
    volume = "11"
}

@article{fackerell1984the36,
    author = "Fackerell, E",
    title = "The age of the astronomical universe",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 87-94",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fackerell, E., 1984, The age of the astronomical universe: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 87-94.}"
}

@inproceedings{gentry1984radioactive42,
    author = "Gentry, R. V",
    title = "Radioactive Halos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective, in Awbery, F. T., and Thwaites, W. M., eds., Evolutionists Confront Creationists",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "San Francisco, Ca., American Association for the Advancement of Science, v. 1, Part 3, p. 38-65; Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gentry, R. V., 1984, Radioactive Halos in a Radiochronological and Cosmological Perspective, in Awbery, F. T., and Thwaites, W. M., eds., Evolutionists Confront Creationists: San Francisco, Ca., American Association for the Advancement of Science, v. 1, Part 3, p. 38-65; Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Pacific Division.}"
}

@misc{ham1984what65,
    author = "Ham, K",
    title = "What happened to the dinosaurs?",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 7, no. 2, p. 6-11",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ham, K., 1984, What happened to the dinosaurs?: Ex Nihilo, v. 7, no. 2, p. 6-11.}"
}

@misc{leslie1984mutation93,
    author = "Leslie, J. G",
    title = "Mutation and design in the genome",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 4, p. 38-45",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leslie, J. G., 1984, Mutation and design in the genome: Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 4, p. 38-45.}"
}

@misc{mackay1984the95,
    author = "Mackay, J",
    title = "The origin of races",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 4, p. 6-12",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Mackay, J., 1984, The origin of races: Ex Nihilo, v. 6, no. 4, p. 6-12.}"
}

@misc{morris1984a134,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "A History of Modern Creationism",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "San Diego, California, Master Books, 382 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1984, A History of Modern Creationism: San Diego, California, Master Books, 382 p.}"
}

@misc{morris1984evolution135,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Evolution Ex nihilo",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 135, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1984, Evolution Ex nihilo : ICR Impact Series, v. 135, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris1984the133,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Biblical Basis for Modern Science",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House (Zondervan)",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1984, The Biblical Basis for Modern Science: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House (Zondervan).}"
}

@misc{oller1984not171,
    author = "Oller, J. W",
    title = "Not according to Hoyle",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 138, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Oller, J. W., 1984, Not according to Hoyle: ICR Impact Series, v. 138, p. i-iv.}"
}

@article{setterfield1984c185,
    author = "Setterfield, B",
    title = "C decay and the red-shift",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 71- 86",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Setterfield, B., 1984, C decay and the red-shift: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 71- 86.}"
}

@article{setterfield1984the186,
    author = "Setterfield, B",
    title = "The age of the astronomical universe--a reply",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 95-104",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Setterfield, B., 1984, The age of the astronomical universe--a reply: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 95-104.}"
}

@article{snelling1984coal198,
    author = "Snelling, A. and Mackay, J",
    title = "Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., and Mackay, J., 1984, Coal volcanism and Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 1, p. 11-29.}"
}

@article{snelling1984the197,
    author = "Snelling, A",
    title = "The recent, rapid formation of the Mount Isa orebodies during Noah's Flood",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 40-46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 3",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Snelling, A., 1984, The recent, rapid formation of the Mount Isa orebodies during Noah's Flood: Ex Nihilo Technical Journal, v. 6, no. 3, p. 40-46; International Edition, Vol. 2, No. 3.}"
}

@misc{starr1984biology200,
    author = "Starr, C. and Taggart, R",
    title = "Biology",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "The Unity and Diversity of Life [3rd ed.]: Belmont, California, Wadsworth",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Starr, C., and Taggart, R., 1984, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life [3rd ed.]: Belmont, California, Wadsworth.}"
}

@article{staunton1984review201,
    author = "Staunton, L. P",
    title = "Review of The Origin of the Universe by Harold S. Slusher, in Weinberg, S., ed., Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Syosset, New York, National Center for Science Education, p. 52",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Staunton, L. P., 1984, Review of The Origin of the Universe by Harold S. Slusher, in Weinberg, S., ed., Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books: Syosset, New York, National Center for Science Education, p. 52.}"
}

@misc{vardiman1984the204,
    author = "Vardiman, L",
    title = "The sky has fallen",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 128, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Vardiman, L., 1984, The sky has fallen: ICR Impact Series, v. 128, p. i-iv.}"
}

@article{weinberg1984reviews208,
    author = "Weinberg, S",
    title = "Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Syosset, New York, National Center for Science Education",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weinberg, S., 1984, Reviews of Thirty Creationist Books: Syosset, New York, National Center for Science Education.}"
}

@misc{whitcomb1984the212,
    author = "Whitcomb, J. C",
    title = "The Bible and Astronomy",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Winona Lake, Indiana, BMH Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Whitcomb, J. C., 1984, The Bible and Astronomy: Winona Lake, Indiana, BMH Books.}"
}

@misc{beattie1985the15,
    author = "Beattie, P. H",
    title = "The Religion of Secular Humanism",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Free Inquiry, v. 6, no. 1, p. 12-17",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beattie, P. H., 1985, The Religion of Secular Humanism: Free Inquiry, v. 6, no. 1, p. 12-17.}"
}

@book{gish1985evolution60,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1985",
    publisher = "The Challenge of the Fossil Record: El Cajon, California, Creation-Life Publishers, Master Books Division, 278 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1985, Evolution: The Challenge of the Fossil Record: El Cajon, California, Creation-Life Publishers, Master Books Division, 278 p.}"
}

@article{hoyle1985archeopteryx73,
    author = "Hoyle, F. and Wichramasinghe, N. C. and Watkins, R. S",
    title = "Archeopteryx",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 693-694, 703",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Hoyle, F., Wichramasinghe, N. C., and Watkins, R. S., 1985, Archeopteryx: British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 693-694, 703.}"
}

@misc{klotz1985studies83,
    author = "Klotz, J. W",
    title = "Studies in Creation",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "A General Introduction to the Creation/Evolution Debate: St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Klotz, J. W., 1985, Studies in Creation: A General Introduction to the Creation/Evolution Debate: St. Louis, Mo., Concordia Publishing House.}"
}

@misc{morris1985scientific137,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Scientific Creationism [2nd gen. ed.]",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1985, Scientific Creationism [2nd gen. ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books.}"
}

@misc{morris1985the136,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Religion of Evolution",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1985, The Religion of Evolution: El Cajon, California, Institute for Creation Research.}"
}

@misc{resources1985january27,
    author = "Resources, Creationism",
    title = "[January ed.]",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Minneapolis, MN, Bible-Science Association",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Creationism Resources, 1985, [January ed.]: Minneapolis, MN, Bible-Science Association.}"
}

@article{spuhler1985anthropology,
    author = "Spuhler, J N",
    title = {Anthropology, Evolution, and "Scientific Creationism"},
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Annual Review of Anthropology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.000535",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.000535",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2106634924",
    pages = "103-133",
    volume = "14",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511701559, doi101038scientificamerican117998, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda105590, doi101111j155856461975tb00851x, doi101525aa198385102a00050, doi1023072016947, doi1023072298330, doi1023072965538, doi1023074444260, doi10432497802038753605, doi107312steb94536, overton1982creationism"
}

@article{watkins1985archeopteryxa205,
    author = "Watkins, R. S. and Hoyle, F. and Wickramsinghe, N. C. and Watkins, J. and Rabilizirof, R. and Spetner, L. M",
    title = "Archeopteryx--a photographic study",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 264-266, 358-359, 367, 469-470",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Watkins, R. S., Hoyle, F., Wickramsinghe, N. C., Watkins, J., Rabilizirof, R., and Spetner, L. M., 1985, Archeopteryx--a photographic study: British Journal of Photography, v. 132, p. 264-266, 358-359, 367, 469-470.}"
}

@misc{ackerman1986its2,
    author = "Ackerman, P. D",
    title = "It's a Young World After All",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ackerman, P. D., 1986, It's a Young World After All: Grand Rapids, Michigan, Baker Book House.}"
}

@misc{association1986footprints37,
    author = "for Christ Association, Films",
    title = "Footprints in stone",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = {The current situation: Origins Research, v. 9, no. 1, p. 15; ("Footprints in stone": Creationist 'Mantracks' Film)},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Films for Christ Association, 1986, Footprints in stone: The current situation: Origins Research, v. 9, no. 1, p. 15; ("Footprints in stone": Creationist 'Mantracks' Film).}}
}

The teaching of Darwin's theories has been a controversial issue in American high schools for over a century. Larson shows that the matter has still not been resolved today, although the issue is no longer whether evolution should be taught but whether the Biblical view of creation should have equal status in biology classrooms.

@article{doi1023071051008,
    author = "O’Neil, Robert M. and Larson, Edward J.",
    title = "Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Law and Religion",
    abstract = "The teaching of Darwin's theories has been a controversial issue in American high schools for over a century. Larson shows that the matter has still not been resolved today, although the issue is no longer whether evolution should be taught but whether the Biblical view of creation should have equal status in biology classrooms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1051008",
    doi = "10.2307/1051008",
    openalex = "W2053306662"
}

@misc{gish1986its61,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "It's Evolutionists, Not Creationists, Who Advocate Blind Dogmatism",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Miami Herald",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1986, It's Evolutionists, Not Creationists, Who Advocate Blind Dogmatism: Miami Herald.}"
}

@misc{morris1986follow164,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "Follow up on the Paluxy mystery",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Origins Research, v. 9, no. 1, p. 14",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1986, Follow up on the Paluxy mystery: Origins Research, v. 9, no. 1, p. 14.}"
}

@book{morris1986science138,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Science and the Bible [Rev. ed.]",
    year = "1986",
    publisher = "Chicago, Illinois, Moody Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1986, Science and the Bible [Rev. ed.]: Chicago, Illinois, Moody Press.}"
}

@misc{morris1986the162,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Paluxy River mystery",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 151, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1986, The Paluxy River mystery: ICR Impact Series, v. 151, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris1986the163,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Paluxy River mystery. Letter in",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 321, p. 722",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1986, The Paluxy River mystery. Letter in: Nature, v. 321, p. 722.}"
}

@article{singleton1986creationism,
    author = "Singleton, Rivers",
    title = "Creationism Is Not Dead Evolution versus Creationism: The Public Education Controversy J. Peter Zetterberg Science and Creationism Ashley Montagu Is God a Creationist? The Religious Case against Creation-Science Roland Mushat Frye",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "BioScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1310262",
    doi = "10.2307/1310262",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2322414976",
    pages = "390-391",
    volume = "36"
}

@misc{weinberg1986creationevolution209,
    author = "Weinberg, S. N",
    title = "Creation/Evolution Literature from Austraila",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Creation/ Evolution Newsletter, v. 6, p. 20-22",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Weinberg, S. N., 1986, Creation/Evolution Literature from Austraila: Creation/ Evolution Newsletter, v. 6, p. 20-22.}"
}

@misc{cornell1987abruptorigin26,
    author = "Cornell, G. W",
    title = "Abrupt-Origin Advocates Say Theories Scientific, Not Religious",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Gainesville (Fla) Sun",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cornell, G. W., 1987, Abrupt-Origin Advocates Say Theories Scientific, Not Religious: Gainesville (Fla) Sun.}"
}

@article{doi10230740249853,
    author = "Provine, William B. and Larson, Edward J.",
    title = "Trial and Error: The American Controversy over Creation and Evolution",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Academe",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/40249853",
    doi = "10.2307/40249853",
    openalex = "W2801744105"
}

@misc{gish1987startling62,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Startling Discoveries Support Creation",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 171, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1987, Startling Discoveries Support Creation: ICR Impact Series, v. 171, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{ham1987the66,
    author = "Ham, K",
    title = "The Lie; Evolution",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ham, K., 1987, The Lie; Evolution: El Cajon, California, Master Books.}"
}

@misc{morris1987is139,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Is Creationism Scientific?",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 12, p. 1,4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Is Creationism Scientific?: Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 12, p. 1,4.}"
}

@misc{morris1987letter141,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to the friends of the ICR",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "May",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Letter to the friends of the ICR. May.}"
}

@misc{morris1987letter142,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to the friends of the ICR",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "August",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Letter to the friends of the ICR. August.}"
}

@misc{morris1987letter143,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to the friends of the ICR",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "October",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Letter to the friends of the ICR. October.}"
}

@misc{morris1987letter144,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter (with Days of Praise) to friends of the ICR",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "December",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, Letter (with Days of Praise) to friends of the ICR. December.}"
}

@misc{morris1987the140,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Judging Spirit of God",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. Sept. Oct. Nov., no. 28 Oct",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, The Judging Spirit of God: Days of Praise, v. Sept. Oct. Nov., no. 28 Oct.}"
}

@misc{morris1987the145,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Physical Sciences, in Morris, H. M., and Parker, G. E., eds., What is Creation Science? [Rev. ed.]",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Master Books, p. 187-293",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1987, The Physical Sciences, in Morris, H. M., and Parker, G. E., eds., What is Creation Science? [Rev. ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books, p. 187-293.}"
}

@misc{morris1987what159,
    author = "Morris, H. M. and Parker, G. E",
    title = "What is Creation Science? [Rev. ed.]",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., and Parker, G. E., 1987, What is Creation Science? [Rev. ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books.}"
}

This study presents the results of a 19-item questionnaire distributed to all high school biology departments in the state of Ohio. The results indicated that Ohio high school biology teachers are far more likely to support the teaching of evolution, and far less likely to support the teaching of creationism than is the public at large. Most biology courses in the state include some evolutionary component. There is also reasonably strong sentiment against the teaching of creationism in the public schools. The amount and quality of that evolutionary teaching, however, are apparently well below the ideal. Teachers are not particularly sophisticated in their understanding of evolutionary theory; only a little over one-half of them feel that the theory itself is testable. Almost three-fourths of the teachers recognize, however, that creationism is not based on a solid scientific foundation. Approximately 10% of them have experienced pressure from pro-creationism forces either to remove evolution from the curriculum or to install a creation component. Pro-evolutionary forces are much less active. Teachers favoring religion and prayer in the public schools are significantly more likely to teach creationism in their biology courses than those opposed.

@article{openalexw2171740920,
    author = "Zimmerman, Michael J.",
    title = "The Evolution-Creation Controversy: Opinions of Ohio High School Biology Teachers",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "The Knowledge Bank (The Ohio State University)",
    abstract = "This study presents the results of a 19-item questionnaire distributed to all high school biology departments in the state of Ohio. The results indicated that Ohio high school biology teachers are far more likely to support the teaching of evolution, and far less likely to support the teaching of creationism than is the public at large. Most biology courses in the state include some evolutionary component. There is also reasonably strong sentiment against the teaching of creationism in the public schools. The amount and quality of that evolutionary teaching, however, are apparently well below the ideal. Teachers are not particularly sophisticated in their understanding of evolutionary theory; only a little over one-half of them feel that the theory itself is testable. Almost three-fourths of the teachers recognize, however, that creationism is not based on a solid scientific foundation. Approximately 10\% of them have experienced pressure from pro-creationism forces either to remove evolution from the curriculum or to install a creation component. Pro-evolutionary forces are much less active. Teachers favoring religion and prayer in the public schools are significantly more likely to teach creationism in their biology courses than those opposed.",
    openalex = "W2171740920",
    references = "doi101086414171, doi102307280358"
}

@misc{parker1987the173,
    author = "Parker, G. E",
    title = "The Life Sciences, in Morris, H. M., and Parker, G. E., eds., What Is Creation Science? [Revised ed.]",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "El Cajon, California, Master Books, p. 31-184",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parker, G. E., 1987, The Life Sciences, in Morris, H. M., and Parker, G. E., eds., What Is Creation Science? [Revised ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books, p. 31-184.}"
}

@misc{research1987creationism77,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "Creationism and the Supreme Court",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 8, p. 1,3",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1987, Creationism and the Supreme Court: Acts and Facts, v. 16, no. 8, p. 1,3.}"
}

@misc{research1987the78,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "The Supreme Court Decision and its Meaning",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 170",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1987, The Supreme Court Decision and its Meaning: ICR Impact Series, v. 170.}"
}

@misc{aardsma1988has1,
    author = "Aardsma, G. F",
    title = "Has the Speed of Light Decayed?",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Aardsma, G. F., 1988, Has the Speed of Light Decayed?: ICR Impact Series, v.}"
}

@misc{bliss1988good17,
    author = "Bliss, R. B",
    title = "Good Science",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "A K-6 plan for Excellence: ICR Impact Series, v. 182",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bliss, R. B., 1988, Good Science: A K-6 plan for Excellence: ICR Impact Series, v. 182.}"
}

@misc{gish1988debate63,
    author = "Gish, D. T",
    title = "Debate with Ian Plimer",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Videotape",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gish, D. T., 1988, Debate with Ian Plimer. Videotape.}"
}

@misc{mcqueen1988days99,
    author = "McQueen, D. R",
    title = "Days Of Noah",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 24 July",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {McQueen, D. R., 1988, Days Of Noah: Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 24 July.}"
}

@misc{morris1988a165,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "A Report on the ICR Ararat Expedition, 1987",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 175",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1988, A Report on the ICR Ararat Expedition, 1987: ICR Impact Series, v. 175.}"
}

@misc{morris1988godhardened147,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "God-Hardened Hearts",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 3 August",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, God-Hardened Hearts: Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 3 August.}"
}

@misc{morris1988harvest148,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Harvest is Past",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. Dec.-Jan.-Feb., no. 31 Dec",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, Harvest is Past: Days of Praise, v. Dec.-Jan.-Feb., no. 31 Dec.}"
}

@misc{morris1988letter150,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to the friends of the ICR",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "November",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, Letter to the friends of the ICR. November.}"
}

@misc{morris1988letter151,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to friends of the ICR",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "December",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, Letter to friends of the ICR. December.}"
}

@misc{morris1988men152,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Men of Science, Men of God",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Great Scientists of the Past who Believed in the Bible [Rev. ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, Men of Science, Men of God: Great Scientists of the Past who Believed in the Bible [Rev. ed.]: El Cajon, California, Master Books.}"
}

@misc{morris1988the146,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Compromise Road",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 177",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, The Compromise Road: ICR Impact Series, v. 177.}"
}

@misc{morris1988the149,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Heritage of the Recapitulation Theory",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 183",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1988, The Heritage of the Recapitulation Theory: ICR Impact Series, v. 183.}"
}

@misc{research1988radio79,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "Radio Debate on the Age of the Earth",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 17, no. 2, p. 2-3,7",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1988, Radio Debate on the Age of the Earth: Acts and Facts, v. 17, no. 2, p. 2-3,7.}"
}

@misc{research1988search80,
    author = "for Creation Research, Institute",
    title = "Search for Noah's Ark Continues",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 17, no. 11, p. 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Institute for Creation Research, 1988, Search for Noah's Ark Continues: Acts and Facts, v. 17, no. 11, p. 4.}"
}

In this comprehensive treatment of the ongoing conflict between creationists and evolutionary scientists, well-known geomorphologist Arthur Strahler carefully examines creationists' claims of scientific evidence for the six-day divine creation of the universe, followed by the catastrophic flood of Noah, as claimed in Genesis. The creationists' arguments are examined and evaluated against the findings of mainstream science in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, geophysics, geology, palaeontology, and evolutionary biology. Updated with a new preface and responses to recent attacks on evolutionary theory, Science and Earth History can serve as both a popular overview of earth history and as a scholarly anecdote to the fictions of creationism once again finding their way into classrooms and universities. Strahler illuminates the controversy by reviewing the philosophy, methodology, and sociology of empirical science, as contrasted with the belief systems of religion and pseudoscience. The author also includes lucid criteria for distinguishing science from pseudoscience, and reviews the great discoveries and developments in science that point to the evolution of life over the earth's three-billion-year history.

@article{doi102307635116,
    author = "Davies, Gordon L. Herries and Strahler, Arthur N.",
    title = "Science and Earth History-The Evolution/creation Controversy",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Geographical Journal",
    abstract = "In this comprehensive treatment of the ongoing conflict between creationists and evolutionary scientists, well-known geomorphologist Arthur Strahler carefully examines creationists' claims of scientific evidence for the six-day divine creation of the universe, followed by the catastrophic flood of Noah, as claimed in Genesis. The creationists' arguments are examined and evaluated against the findings of mainstream science in the fields of cosmology, astronomy, geophysics, geology, palaeontology, and evolutionary biology. Updated with a new preface and responses to recent attacks on evolutionary theory, Science and Earth History can serve as both a popular overview of earth history and as a scholarly anecdote to the fictions of creationism once again finding their way into classrooms and universities. Strahler illuminates the controversy by reviewing the philosophy, methodology, and sociology of empirical science, as contrasted with the belief systems of religion and pseudoscience. The author also includes lucid criteria for distinguishing science from pseudoscience, and reviews the great discoveries and developments in science that point to the evolution of life over the earth's three-billion-year history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/635116",
    doi = "10.2307/635116",
    openalex = "W1523318096"
}

@misc{ham1989bishop67,
    author = "Ham, K",
    title = "Bishop or Bible? A Question of Authority",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 1, p. 5-6",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ham, K., 1989, Bishop or Bible? A Question of Authority: Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 1, p. 5-6.}"
}

@misc{ham1989five68,
    author = "Ham, K",
    title = "Five Vital Questions to Ask Your Church or School",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 5, p. a-c",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ham, K., 1989, Five Vital Questions to Ask Your Church or School: Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 5, p. a-c.}"
}

@misc{ham1989is69,
    author = "Ham, K",
    title = "Is God an Evolutionist?",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 3, p. a-b",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ham, K., 1989, Is God an Evolutionist?: Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 3, p. a-b.}"
}

@misc{humphreys1989the74,
    author = "Humphreys, R",
    title = "The Mystery of the Earth's Magnetic Field",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 188, p. i-iv",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Humphreys, R., 1989, The Mystery of the Earth's Magnetic Field: ICR Impact Series, v. 188, p. i-iv.}"
}

@misc{morris19891988157,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "1988 a Great Year! Annual report of ICR Activities",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 1, p. 2,9",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, 1988 a Great Year! Annual report of ICR Activities: Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 1, p. 2,9.}"
}

@misc{morris1989evolution153,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Evolution",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "A House Divided: ICR Impact Series, v. 194",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, Evolution: A House Divided: ICR Impact Series, v. 194.}"
}

@misc{morris1989how155,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "How a Christian Dies",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 193",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, How a Christian Dies: ICR Impact Series, v. 193.}"
}

@misc{morris1989how167,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "How Do the Dinosaurs Fit In?",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 5, p. d",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1989, How Do the Dinosaurs Fit In?: Acts and Facts, v. 18, no. 5, p. d.}"
}

@misc{morris1989letter156,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "Letter to friends of the ICR",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "February",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, Letter to friends of the ICR. February.}"
}

@misc{morris1989the154,
    author = "Morris, H. M",
    title = "The Fire of God",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 7 June",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, H. M., 1989, The Fire of God: Days of Praise, v. June-July-August, no. 7 June.}"
}

@misc{morris1989the166,
    author = "Morris, J. D",
    title = "The Allure of the Crowd",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "Days of Praise, v. March-April-May, no. 19 March",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morris, J. D., 1989, The Allure of the Crowd: Days of Praise, v. March-April-May, no. 19 March.}"
}

@misc{stambaugh1989death199,
    author = "Stambaugh, J. S",
    title = "Death Before Sin?",
    year = "1989",
    howpublished = "ICR Impact Series, v. 191",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stambaugh, J. S., 1989, Death Before Sin?: ICR Impact Series, v. 191.}"
}

Introduction to the Expanded Edition Introduction 1. Creationism in the Age of Darwin 2. George Frederick Wright: From Christian Darwinist to Fundamentalist 3. Creationism in the Fundamentalist Controversy 4. Scientific Creationists in the Age of Bryan 5. George McCready Price and the New Catastrophism 6. The Religion and Science Association 7. The Deluge Geology Society 8. Evangelicals and Evolution in Great Britain 9. Evangelicals and Evolution in North America 10. John C. Whitcomb, Jr., Henry M. Morris, and The Genesis Flood 11. The Creation Research Society 12. Creation Science and Scientific Creationism 13. Deception and Discrimination 14. Creation Research Institutes 15. Creationism in the Churches 16. The Appeal of Creationism at Home and Abroad 17. Intelligent Design 18. Creationism Goes Global Notes Acknowledgments Index

@book{openalexw603845538,
    author = "Numbers, Ronald L.",
    title = "The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design",
    year = "1993",
    abstract = "Introduction to the Expanded Edition Introduction 1. Creationism in the Age of Darwin 2. George Frederick Wright: From Christian Darwinist to Fundamentalist 3. Creationism in the Fundamentalist Controversy 4. Scientific Creationists in the Age of Bryan 5. George McCready Price and the New Catastrophism 6. The Religion and Science Association 7. The Deluge Geology Society 8. Evangelicals and Evolution in Great Britain 9. Evangelicals and Evolution in North America 10. John C. Whitcomb, Jr., Henry M. Morris, and The Genesis Flood 11. The Creation Research Society 12. Creation Science and Scientific Creationism 13. Deception and Discrimination 14. Creation Research Institutes 15. Creationism in the Churches 16. The Appeal of Creationism at Home and Abroad 17. Intelligent Design 18. Creationism Goes Global Notes Acknowledgments Index",
    openalex = "W603845538"
}

@article{mathisen1994the,
    author = "Mathisen, James A. and Numbers, Ronald L. and Boyer, Paul",
    title = "The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Sociology of Religion",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3712184",
    doi = "10.2307/3712184",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2314449897",
    pages = "95",
    volume = "55"
}

@article{larson1995the,
    author = "Larson, Edward J. and Numbers, Ronald L.",
    title = "The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Journal of Interdisciplinary History",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/205746",
    doi = "10.2307/205746",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W1963715053",
    pages = "537",
    volume = "25"
}

Creationism is no longer the simple notion it once was taken to be. Its new advocates have become more sophisticated in how they present their views, speaking of intelligent design rather than creation and aiming their arguments against the naturalistic philosophical method that underlies science, proposing to replace it with a theistic science. The creationism controversy is not just about the status of Darwinian evolution--it is a clash of religious and philosophical worldviews, for a common underlying fear among Creationists is that evolution undermines both the basis of morality as they understand it and the possibility of purpose in life.In Tower of Babel, philosopher Robert T. Pennock compares the views of the new creationists with those of the old and reveals the insubstantiality of their arguments. One of Pennock's major innovations is to turn from biological evolution to the less charged subject of linguistic evolution, which has strong theoretical parallels with biological evolution, both in content and in the sort of evidence scientists use to draw conclusions about origins. Of course, an evolutionary view of language does conflict with the Bible, which says that God created the variety of languages at one time as punishment for the Tower of Babel.Several chapters deal with the work of Phillip Johnson, a highly influential leader of the new Creationists. Against his and other views, Pennock explains how science uses naturalism and discusses the relationship between factual and moral issues in the creationism-evolution controversy. The book also includes a discussion of Darwin's own shift from creationist to evolutionist and an extended argument for keeping private religious beliefs separate from public scientific knowledge.

@article{doi105860choice370278,
    title = "Tower of Babel: the evidence against the new creationism",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Creationism is no longer the simple notion it once was taken to be. Its new advocates have become more sophisticated in how they present their views, speaking of intelligent design rather than creation and aiming their arguments against the naturalistic philosophical method that underlies science, proposing to replace it with a theistic science. The creationism controversy is not just about the status of Darwinian evolution--it is a clash of religious and philosophical worldviews, for a common underlying fear among Creationists is that evolution undermines both the basis of morality as they understand it and the possibility of purpose in life.In Tower of Babel, philosopher Robert T. Pennock compares the views of the new creationists with those of the old and reveals the insubstantiality of their arguments. One of Pennock's major innovations is to turn from biological evolution to the less charged subject of linguistic evolution, which has strong theoretical parallels with biological evolution, both in content and in the sort of evidence scientists use to draw conclusions about origins. Of course, an evolutionary view of language does conflict with the Bible, which says that God created the variety of languages at one time as punishment for the Tower of Babel.Several chapters deal with the work of Phillip Johnson, a highly influential leader of the new Creationists. Against his and other views, Pennock explains how science uses naturalism and discusses the relationship between factual and moral issues in the creationism-evolution controversy. The book also includes a discussion of Darwin's own shift from creationist to evolutionist and an extended argument for keeping private religious beliefs separate from public scientific knowledge.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.37-0278",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.37-0278",
    openalex = "W1535451592"
}

@incollection{bonnette2001darwinian,
    author = "Bonnette, Dennis",
    title = "Darwinian Evolution Versus Scientific Creationism",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "Origin of the Human Species",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004493971\_005",
    doi = "10.1163/9789004493971\_005",
    openalex = "W4253857927",
    pages = "1-17"
}

@article{doi101006cogp20010749,
    author = "Evans, E. Margaret",
    title = "Cognitive and Contextual Factors in the Emergence of Diverse Belief Systems: Creation versus Evolution",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Cognitive Psychology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.2001.0749",
    doi = "10.1006/cogp.2001.0749",
    openalex = "W2172182392",
    references = "doi101016s0898122196900218, doi101017cbo9780511529863, doi101038315185a0, doi101093auk1002507, doi1043249781315006215, doi105860choice280612, doi105860choice295107, doi107551mitpress25240010001, larson1995the, openalexw1550375751, openalexw1594369375, openalexw2018528947, openalexw2074397232, robinson1995the"
}

The creationist Bible-based onslaught against science in general and evolution in particular has been reasonably effective in present-day America. Propaganda methods include partial truths and gross misstatements of fact. For scientific teaching and lecturing, many of these distortions can be exposed using a chart of creationists' Noah's flood-based, force-fitted version of geologic time, rates, and events. In addition, the creationist dichotomy of choice between their version of faith and their distorted cartoon of science can be countered by a diagram showing the large spectrum of possible religious beliefs about evolution.

@article{doi1054081089999549130,
    author = "Wise, Donald U.",
    title = "Creationism's Propaganda Assault on Deep Time and Evolution",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Geoscience Education",
    abstract = "The creationist Bible-based onslaught against science in general and evolution in particular has been reasonably effective in present-day America. Propaganda methods include partial truths and gross misstatements of fact. For scientific teaching and lecturing, many of these distortions can be exposed using a chart of creationists' Noah's flood-based, force-fitted version of geologic time, rates, and events. In addition, the creationist dichotomy of choice between their version of faith and their distorted cartoon of science can be countered by a diagram showing the large spectrum of possible religious beliefs about evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5408/1089-9995-49.1.30",
    doi = "10.5408/1089-9995-49.1.30",
    openalex = "W2523231631"
}

The last decade saw arrival of a new player in creation/evolution debate--the intelligent design creationism (IDC) movement, whose strategy is to act as the to overturn Darwinism and scientific naturalism. This anthology of writings by prominent creationists and their critics focuses on what is novel about new movement. It serves as a companion to Robert Pennock's Tower of Babel, in which he criticizes wedge movement, as well as other new varieties of creationism.The book contains articles previously published in specialized, hard-to-find journals, as well as new contributions. Each section contains introductory background information, articles by influential creationists and their critics, and in some cases responses by creationists. The discussions cover IDC as a political movement, IDC's philosophical attack on evolution, theological debate over apparent conflict between evolution and Bible, IDC's scientific claims, and philosopher Alvin Plantinga's critique of naturalism and evolution. The book concludes with Pennock's Why Creationism Should Not Be Taught in Public Schools.

@article{doi105860choice400857,
    title = "Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "The last decade saw arrival of a new player in creation/evolution debate--the intelligent design creationism (IDC) movement, whose strategy is to act as the to overturn Darwinism and scientific naturalism. This anthology of writings by prominent creationists and their critics focuses on what is novel about new movement. It serves as a companion to Robert Pennock's Tower of Babel, in which he criticizes wedge movement, as well as other new varieties of creationism.The book contains articles previously published in specialized, hard-to-find journals, as well as new contributions. Each section contains introductory background information, articles by influential creationists and their critics, and in some cases responses by creationists. The discussions cover IDC as a political movement, IDC's philosophical attack on evolution, theological debate over apparent conflict between evolution and Bible, IDC's scientific claims, and philosopher Alvin Plantinga's critique of naturalism and evolution. The book concludes with Pennock's Why Creationism Should Not Be Taught in Public Schools.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-0857",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.40-0857",
    openalex = "W370690743",
    references = "doi101016s0003046515308016, doi101093owc97801995546520030079, doi105860choice296276, doi105860choice383311, openalexw1569351806"
}

Creationism, the rejection of evolution in favor of supernatural design, comes in many varieties besides the common young-earth Genesis version. Creationist attacks on science education have been evolving in the last few years through the alliance of different varieties. Instead of calls to teach "creation science," one now finds lobbying for "intelligent design" (ID). Guided by the Discovery Institute's "Wedge strategy," the ID movement aims to overturn evolution and what it sees as a pernicious materialist worldview and to renew a theistic foundation to Western culture, in which human beings are recognized as being created in the image of God. Common ID arguments involving scientific naturalism, "irreducible complexity," "complex specified information," and "icons of evolution," have been thoroughly examined and refuted. Nevertheless, from Kansas to Ohio to the U.S. Congress, ID continues lobbying to teach the controversy, and scientists need to be ready to defend good evolution education.

@article{doi101146annurevgenom4070802110400,
    author = "Pennock, Robert T.",
    title = "Creationism and Intelligent Design",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics",
    abstract = {Creationism, the rejection of evolution in favor of supernatural design, comes in many varieties besides the common young-earth Genesis version. Creationist attacks on science education have been evolving in the last few years through the alliance of different varieties. Instead of calls to teach "creation science," one now finds lobbying for "intelligent design" (ID). Guided by the Discovery Institute's "Wedge strategy," the ID movement aims to overturn evolution and what it sees as a pernicious materialist worldview and to renew a theistic foundation to Western culture, in which human beings are recognized as being created in the image of God. Common ID arguments involving scientific naturalism, "irreducible complexity," "complex specified information," and "icons of evolution," have been thoroughly examined and refuted. Nevertheless, from Kansas to Ohio to the U.S. Congress, ID continues lobbying to teach the controversy, and scientists need to be ready to defend good evolution education.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110400",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev.genom.4.070802.110400",
    openalex = "W2127931101",
    references = "crossref1984scientific, doi1010070306472155, doi101017cbo9780511570643, doi101038nature01568, doi10106312915455, doi101093oso97801985498330010001, doi1023074444260, doi105860choice400857, openalexw1523652513, openalexw1557693421, openalexw1569351806"
}

@article{doi101016jcogpsych200510001,
    author = "Shtulman, Andrew",
    title = "Qualitative differences between naïve and scientific theories of evolution",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Cognitive Psychology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.001",
    openalex = "W2012532754",
    references = "doi101006cogp20010749, doi105962bhltitle104593"
}

@article{doi101002sce20158,
    author = "Catley, Kefyn M.",
    title = "Evolution vs. Creationism. An introduction",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Science Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/sce.20158",
    doi = "10.1002/sce.20158",
    openalex = "W2077598795"
}

@article{doi101007s1119101092685,
    author = "Losh, Susan Carol and Nzekwe, Brandon",
    title = "Creatures in the Classroom: Preservice Teacher Beliefs About Fantastic Beasts, Magic, Extraterrestrials, Evolution and Creationism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Science \& Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-010-9268-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s11191-010-9268-5",
    openalex = "W2086203727",
    references = "doi101126science235478419, doi102307280358"
}

Every discipline has its hazards, and for evolution scientists and educators, a major hazard consists of encounters with creationists, their rhetoric, and their attempts to insert antievolutionism into public education. Preparation for this hazard should be a standard part of the background of professional evolutionists. One important piece of this preparation involves understanding the historical origins of creationism within the wider history of western Christianity, especially evangelical Protestantism and its development in the United States. Here, I place the standard histories of “creation science” by Numbers and Larson (covering primarily the early 1900s to the 1980s) into this larger context (going back to the evangelical split over slavery before the Civil War and during), and then show how the “intelligent design” movement (from the 1980s until the present) fits squarely within the long history of primarily evangelical, biblicist opposition to evolution. The major creationist movements and slogans are identified and also placed into this historical picture. In summary, while creationism has evolved diverse labels and strategies for legal and rhetorical purposes, its fundamental essence remains unchanged. That essence is advocacy of miraculous divine intervention, i.e., special creation, in the history of life, and the claim that science must acknowledge special creation or dire consequences for society will follow.

@article{doi101007s1205201002331,
    author = "Matzke, Nicholas J.",
    title = "The Evolution of Creationist Movements",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Evolution Education and Outreach",
    abstract = "Every discipline has its hazards, and for evolution scientists and educators, a major hazard consists of encounters with creationists, their rhetoric, and their attempts to insert antievolutionism into public education. Preparation for this hazard should be a standard part of the background of professional evolutionists. One important piece of this preparation involves understanding the historical origins of creationism within the wider history of western Christianity, especially evangelical Protestantism and its development in the United States. Here, I place the standard histories of “creation science” by Numbers and Larson (covering primarily the early 1900s to the 1980s) into this larger context (going back to the evangelical split over slavery before the Civil War and during), and then show how the “intelligent design” movement (from the 1980s until the present) fits squarely within the long history of primarily evangelical, biblicist opposition to evolution. The major creationist movements and slogans are identified and also placed into this historical picture. In summary, while creationism has evolved diverse labels and strategies for legal and rhetorical purposes, its fundamental essence remains unchanged. That essence is advocacy of miraculous divine intervention, i.e., special creation, in the history of life, and the claim that science must acknowledge special creation or dire consequences for society will follow.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-010-0233-1",
    doi = "10.1007/s12052-010-0233-1",
    openalex = "W2021183727",
    references = "crossref1983scientific, doi101007s1334701301187, doi101073pnas0701505104, doi101093oso97801953005120010001, doi101126science1126746, doi1023071862561, doi1023072485224, doi102307jctvjsf433, doi10560219780801829321, doi105860choice322688, doi105860choice396411, openalexw603845538"
}

faculty=2.48 and students=1.65) than the students. Because attitudes toward evolution correlate (1) positively with understanding of science/evolution and (2) negatively with religiosity/political ideology, we conclude that science education combined with vigorous public debate should suffice to increase acceptance of naturalistic rationalism and decrease the negative impact of creationism and ID on society's evolution literacy.

@article{doi101007s120520100298x,
    author = "Paz‐y‐Miño‐C, Guillermo and Espinosa, Avelina",
    title = "New England Faculty and College Students Differ in Their Views About Evolution, Creationism, Intelligent Design, and Religiosity",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Evolution Education and Outreach",
    abstract = "faculty=2.48 and students=1.65) than the students. Because attitudes toward evolution correlate (1) positively with understanding of science/evolution and (2) negatively with religiosity/political ideology, we conclude that science education combined with vigorous public debate should suffice to increase acceptance of naturalistic rationalism and decrease the negative impact of creationism and ID on society's evolution literacy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12052-010-0298-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s12052-010-0298-x",
    openalex = "W2161636214",
    references = "apple2008evolution, crossref2007scientists, doi101002tea3660270503, doi101007s1097200790627, doi101007s1205200901757, doi101007s1205201002331, doi1010160016003257907664, doi10103828478, doi1010970000505319570700000032, doi101126science1126746, doi1023073498751, doi105860choice425849, doi105860choice473136, openalexw1582498952"
}

@article{doi101016jphysa201004039,
    author = "Galam, Serge",
    title = "Public debates driven by incomplete scientific data: The cases of evolution theory, global warming and H1N1 pandemic influenza",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Physica A Statistical Mechanics and its Applications",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2010.04.039",
    doi = "10.1016/j.physa.2010.04.039",
    openalex = "W1597192178",
    references = "doi101016jphysa200703034, doi101103physreve71046123, doi101103revmodphys81591, doi101140epjbe20020045, doi101142s0129183108012297, doi101142s0129183108012339, doi101142s0219525900000078, doi101146annurevgenom4070802110400, doi1011770093650209338911, openalexw1557693421, openalexw3099327166"
}

It is important to demonstrate evolutionary principles in such a way that they cannot be countered by creation science. One such way is to use creation science itself to demonstrate evolutionary principles. Some creation scientists use classic multidimensional scaling (CMDS) to quantify and visualize morphological gaps or continuity between taxa, accepting gaps as evidence of independent creation and accepting continuity as evidence of genetic relatedness. Here, I apply CMDS to a phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian dinosaurs and show that it reveals morphological continuity between Archaeopteryx, other early birds, and a wide range of nonavian coelurosaurs. Creation scientists who use CMDS must therefore accept that these animals are genetically related. Other uses of CMDS for evolutionary biologists include the identification of taxa with much missing evolutionary history and the tracing of the progressive filling of morphological gaps in the fossil record through successive years of discovery.

@article{doi101111j14209101201002039x,
    author = "Senter, Philip J.",
    title = "Using creation science to demonstrate evolution: application of a creationist method for visualizing gaps in the fossil record to a phylogenetic study of coelurosaurian dinosaurs",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "It is important to demonstrate evolutionary principles in such a way that they cannot be countered by creation science. One such way is to use creation science itself to demonstrate evolutionary principles. Some creation scientists use classic multidimensional scaling (CMDS) to quantify and visualize morphological gaps or continuity between taxa, accepting gaps as evidence of independent creation and accepting continuity as evidence of genetic relatedness. Here, I apply CMDS to a phylogenetic analysis of coelurosaurian dinosaurs and show that it reveals morphological continuity between Archaeopteryx, other early birds, and a wide range of nonavian coelurosaurs. Creation scientists who use CMDS must therefore accept that these animals are genetically related. Other uses of CMDS for evolutionary biologists include the identification of taxa with much missing evolutionary history and the tracing of the progressive filling of morphological gaps in the fossil record through successive years of discovery.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02039.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02039.x",
    openalex = "W1719567525",
    references = "crossref1983scientific, doi101038416816a, doi10103846965, doi101038nature04639, doi101038nature07533, doi101038nature07855, doi101038nature08322, doi101126science1090718, doi101126science1126746, doi1015259780520935433, openalexw1488067709"
}

Senter's strategy of arguing against creationism using their own methodology focused on demonstrating a morphological continuum between birds and nonavian dinosaurs using classical multidimensional scaling (CMDS), a method used by some creationists to assign species to assist in the detection of phylogenetic 'discontinuities.' Because creationists do not typically use CMDS in the manner Senter used it, his results were re-examined using 'distance correlation,' a method used to assign species to 'created kinds.' Distance correlation using Senter's set of taxa and characters supports his conclusion of morphological continuity, but other sets of taxa with more characters do not. These results lessen the potential impact that Senter's strategy might have on creationism; however, it is possible that future fossil discoveries will provide stronger support for morphological continuity between dinosaurs and birds.

@article{doi101111j14209101201002208x,
    author = "Wood, T C",
    title = "Using creation science to demonstrate evolution? Senter's strategy revisited.",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of evolutionary biology",
    abstract = "Senter's strategy of arguing against creationism using their own methodology focused on demonstrating a morphological continuum between birds and nonavian dinosaurs using classical multidimensional scaling (CMDS), a method used by some creationists to assign species to assist in the detection of phylogenetic 'discontinuities.' Because creationists do not typically use CMDS in the manner Senter used it, his results were re-examined using 'distance correlation,' a method used to assign species to 'created kinds.' Distance correlation using Senter's set of taxa and characters supports his conclusion of morphological continuity, but other sets of taxa with more characters do not. These results lessen the potential impact that Senter's strategy might have on creationism; however, it is possible that future fossil discoveries will provide stronger support for morphological continuity between dinosaurs and birds.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21401768/",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02208.x",
    pmid = "21401768"
}

Creationist literature claims that sufficient gaps in morphological continuity exist to classify dinosaurs into several distinct baramins ('created kinds'). Here, I apply the baraminological method called taxon correlation to test for morphological continuity within and between dinosaurian taxa. The results show enough morphological continuity within Dinosauria to consider most dinosaurs genetically related, even by this creationist standard. A continuous morphological spectrum unites the basal members of Saurischia, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia, Thyreophora, Marginocephalia, and Ornithopoda with Nodosauridae and Pachycephalosauria and with the basal ornithodirans Silesaurus and Marasuchus. Morphological gaps in the known fossil record separate only seven groups from the rest of Dinosauria. Those groups are Therizinosauroidea + Oviraptorosauria + Paraves, Tazoudasaurus + Eusauropoda, Ankylosauridae, Stegosauria, Neoceratopsia, basal Hadrosauriformes and Hadrosauridae. Each of these seven groups exhibits within-group morphological continuity, indicating common descent for all the group's members, even according to this creationist standard.

@article{doi101111j14209101201102349x,
    author = "Senter, Philip J.",
    title = "Using creation science to demonstrate evolution 2: morphological continuity within Dinosauria",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = "Creationist literature claims that sufficient gaps in morphological continuity exist to classify dinosaurs into several distinct baramins ('created kinds'). Here, I apply the baraminological method called taxon correlation to test for morphological continuity within and between dinosaurian taxa. The results show enough morphological continuity within Dinosauria to consider most dinosaurs genetically related, even by this creationist standard. A continuous morphological spectrum unites the basal members of Saurischia, Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia, Thyreophora, Marginocephalia, and Ornithopoda with Nodosauridae and Pachycephalosauria and with the basal ornithodirans Silesaurus and Marasuchus. Morphological gaps in the known fossil record separate only seven groups from the rest of Dinosauria. Those groups are Therizinosauroidea + Oviraptorosauria + Paraves, Tazoudasaurus + Eusauropoda, Ankylosauridae, Stegosauria, Neoceratopsia, basal Hadrosauriformes and Hadrosauridae. Each of these seven groups exhibits within-group morphological continuity, indicating common descent for all the group's members, even according to this creationist standard.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02349.x",
    openalex = "W2162456041",
    references = "doi101111j14209101201002039x"
}

Introduction 1. Who should decide what children are taught? 2. The public speaks: 'teach both' 3. A nation divided by religion, education, and place 4. Is evolution fit for polite company?: science standards in the American states 5. Teachers and what they teach 6. State standards meet street level bureaucracy 7. When the personal becomes pedagogical 8. Teachers in their schools and communities 9. The battle for America's classrooms.

@article{doi105860choice486571,
    author = "Berkman, Michael B. 1960- and Plutzer, Eric 1958-",
    title = "Evolution, creationism, and the battle to control America's classrooms",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Introduction 1. Who should decide what children are taught? 2. The public speaks: 'teach both' 3. A nation divided by religion, education, and place 4. Is evolution fit for polite company?: science standards in the American states 5. Teachers and what they teach 6. State standards meet street level bureaucracy 7. When the personal becomes pedagogical 8. Teachers in their schools and communities 9. The battle for America's classrooms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-6571",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.48-6571",
    openalex = "W1967884940",
    references = "doi101086257839, doi101371journalpbio0060124, doi1016620002768520050670457ttoeci20co2, doi1023072074664, doi1023072095325, doi1023072655098, doi1023074444260, doi1041599780674042971, doi104324978020350598410, doi10540800221368432102, doi105860choice274796, doi107312grau91070013, larson1995the, openalexw1507004422, openalexw1561945099, openalexw2920842814"
}

This position paper argues that students' understanding and acceptance of evolution may be supported, rather than hindered, by classroom discussion of creationism. Parallels are drawn between creationism and other scientific misconceptions, both of the scientific community in the past and of students in the present. Science teachers frequently handle their students' misconceptions as they arise by offering appropriate socio-cognitive conflict, which highlights reasons to disbelieve one idea and to believe another. It is argued that this way of working, rather than outlawing discussion, is more scientific and more honest. Scientific truth does not win the day by attempting to deny its opponents a voice but by engaging them with evidence. Teachers can be confident that evolution has nothing to fear from a free and frank discussion in which claims can be rebutted with evidence. Such an approach is accessible to children of all ages and is ultimately more likely to drive out pre-scientific superstitions. It also models the scientific process more authentically and develops students' ability to think critically.

@article{doi101080095006932012692102,
    author = "Foster, Colin",
    title = "Creationism as a Misconception: Socio-cognitive conflict in the teaching of evolution",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "International Journal of Science Education",
    abstract = "This position paper argues that students' understanding and acceptance of evolution may be supported, rather than hindered, by classroom discussion of creationism. Parallels are drawn between creationism and other scientific misconceptions, both of the scientific community in the past and of students in the present. Science teachers frequently handle their students' misconceptions as they arise by offering appropriate socio-cognitive conflict, which highlights reasons to disbelieve one idea and to believe another. It is argued that this way of working, rather than outlawing discussion, is more scientific and more honest. Scientific truth does not win the day by attempting to deny its opponents a voice but by engaging them with evidence. Teachers can be confident that evolution has nothing to fear from a free and frank discussion in which claims can be rebutted with evidence. Such an approach is accessible to children of all ages and is ultimately more likely to drive out pre-scientific superstitions. It also models the scientific process more authentically and develops students' ability to think critically.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2012.692102",
    doi = "10.1080/09500693.2012.692102",
    openalex = "W2028410225",
    references = "doi10100210982736200008376582aidtea530co2l, doi101002sce20065, doi101002sici1098237x200005843287aidsce130co2a, doi101021ed048p284, doi10108003057260208560187, doi101146annurevgenom4070802110400, doi101207s15324818ame15035, doi101207s15326985ep39012, doi1023072181652, doi1031020013189x023007013, doi1043249780203454220"
}

M.A.L.S.

@article{s207aca28d7b3d960bf020462c4e6707eccb927ece,
    author = "Marrapodi, Eric C.",
    title = "A PENGUIN IN THE GARDEN: THE THEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF YOUNG EARTH CREATIONISM - WHY THEY ARE WINNING",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Georgetown University-Graduate School of Arts \& Sciences",
    abstract = "M.A.L.S.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/07aca28d7b3d960bf020462c4e6707eccb927ece",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W45256363",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "07aca28d7b3d960bf020462c4e6707eccb927ece"
}

Creation myths are an integral part of every culture and religious tradition. To \nsome extent, creationist could refer to any adherent who recognizes their particular \ncreation story as true or finds the thesis that the world's structure and contents \ncan be adequately explained only by postulating at least one intelligent designer, a \ncreator god, to be compelling. However, how God created the universe is a point of \ncontention and mass division for Christians rife with theological, philosophical, and \nscientific concerns. Finding prominence in the latter half of the twentieth century, \nYoung Earth Creationism (YEC) is a powerful antievolutionary force speaking for \nsome half of Americans and on the rise in other parts of the world. The purpose of this \npaper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of YEC in the context of the relationship \nbetween religion and science. The centerpiece of the paper will be an in-depth review \nof the Answers in Genesis (AiG) Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky, including \ninterviews with the staff and founders.

@article{s23f3c4f92b3852040628a0b72cbf2b0bb389b0212,
    author = "Buskager, Kevin",
    title = "Young Earth Creationism: An Evolution of Myth",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Minds at UW (University of Wisconsin)",
    abstract = "Creation myths are an integral part of every culture and religious tradition. To \nsome extent, creationist could refer to any adherent who recognizes their particular \ncreation story as true or finds the thesis that the world's structure and contents \ncan be adequately explained only by postulating at least one intelligent designer, a \ncreator god, to be compelling. However, how God created the universe is a point of \ncontention and mass division for Christians rife with theological, philosophical, and \nscientific concerns. Finding prominence in the latter half of the twentieth century, \nYoung Earth Creationism (YEC) is a powerful antievolutionary force speaking for \nsome half of Americans and on the rise in other parts of the world. The purpose of this \npaper is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of YEC in the context of the relationship \nbetween religion and science. The centerpiece of the paper will be an in-depth review \nof the Answers in Genesis (AiG) Creation Museum in Petersburg, Kentucky, including \ninterviews with the staff and founders.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3f3c4f92b3852040628a0b72cbf2b0bb389b0212",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W2900344737",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "3f3c4f92b3852040628a0b72cbf2b0bb389b0212"
}

Since the mid-twentieth century there has been increasing concern among evangelical Christians over the depiction of human origins in American education. For young-Earth creationists, it has been a priority to replace scientific information which contradicts the six-day origin story reported in Genesis 1 with evidence they claim scientifically reinforces their narrative. As this has failed in public education, creationists have switched tactics, moving from “teach creationism” to “teach the controversy”. The struggle over evolution education in the classroom is well-documented, but less attention has been paid to how young-Earth creationists push their agenda in informal educational venues such as museums. Given the authoritative nature of museums and the ubiquity of these institutions in American life, museums have become targets for the creation message. This project was undertaken to critically analyze the use of the museum form as an authoritative source which facilitates the cultural reproduction of young-Earth creationism. I propose a tripartite model of authority and museums is the best way to understand the relationship between young-Earth creationism and American museums, with the creation, contestation, and subversion of authority all acting as critical components of the bid for cultural reproduction. Assessing the utility of this model requires visiting both creation museums alongside mainstream natural history, science, and anthropology museums. Drawing from staff interviews, survey data, museum visits, and the collection of creation-based literature for secular museums, these sources combine to create a comprehensive picture of the relationship between young-Earth creationism and museums in the United States today.

@article{s262d5e3587c15efd551e90d32bf0158771d022323,
    author = "Barone, Lindsay M.",
    title = "The New Pulpit: Museums, Authority, and the Cultural Reproduction of Young-Earth Creationism",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee)",
    abstract = "Since the mid-twentieth century there has been increasing concern among evangelical Christians over the depiction of human origins in American education. For young-Earth creationists, it has been a priority to replace scientific information which contradicts the six-day origin story reported in Genesis 1 with evidence they claim scientifically reinforces their narrative. As this has failed in public education, creationists have switched tactics, moving from “teach creationism” to “teach the controversy”. The struggle over evolution education in the classroom is well-documented, but less attention has been paid to how young-Earth creationists push their agenda in informal educational venues such as museums. Given the authoritative nature of museums and the ubiquity of these institutions in American life, museums have become targets for the creation message. This project was undertaken to critically analyze the use of the museum form as an authoritative source which facilitates the cultural reproduction of young-Earth creationism. I propose a tripartite model of authority and museums is the best way to understand the relationship between young-Earth creationism and American museums, with the creation, contestation, and subversion of authority all acting as critical components of the bid for cultural reproduction. Assessing the utility of this model requires visiting both creation museums alongside mainstream natural history, science, and anthropology museums. Drawing from staff interviews, survey data, museum visits, and the collection of creation-based literature for secular museums, these sources combine to create a comprehensive picture of the relationship between young-Earth creationism and museums in the United States today.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/62d5e3587c15efd551e90d32bf0158771d022323",
    is_oa = "true",
    openalex = "W919933074",
    semanticscholar_id = "62d5e3587c15efd551e90d32bf0158771d022323",
    references = "doi1010370022351437112098, doi101051parasite2012191003, doi1010800142569900110405, doi101126science1126746, doi1011300091761320010290987hsesat20co2, doi1023072080423, doi1023073034168, doi1043249781315002668, moore2014did, openalexw1569279396, openalexw297316154, openalexw603845538"
}

In a recent opinion paper, B.K. Shanta claims science leaves no room for the subjective aspect of consciousness, and in doing so, attacks both origin of life and evolutionary research. He claims Vêdanta, one of the 6 orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, offers an explanation: "the origin of everything material and nonmaterial is sentient and absolute." Here I discuss how the pseudoscience of these creationist views, which are aligned with Intelligent Design, are incompatible with scientific progress and should not be published in scientific journals.

@article{doi1010801942088920151123356,
    author = "Caetano‐Anollés, Gustavo",
    title = "Creationism and intelligent design are incompatible with scientific progress: A response to Shanta and Vêdanta",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Communicative \& Integrative Biology",
    abstract = {In a recent opinion paper, B.K. Shanta claims science leaves no room for the subjective aspect of consciousness, and in doing so, attacks both origin of life and evolutionary research. He claims Vêdanta, one of the 6 orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, offers an explanation: "the origin of everything material and nonmaterial is sentient and absolute." Here I discuss how the pseudoscience of these creationist views, which are aligned with Intelligent Design, are incompatible with scientific progress and should not be published in scientific journals.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/19420889.2015.1123356",
    doi = "10.1080/19420889.2015.1123356",
    openalex = "W2227126460",
    references = "doi101073pnas0701505104"
}

Many Christian students graduate from secondary schools and enter Christian colleges with worldviews that are unbiblical or contain unbiblical components, many of which stem from their beliefs regarding origins. Little research has been done to study the effect of gender on the role of a young-earth creationist (YEC) origins course in shaping students’ worldview. Research has shown that males and females respond differently to science and religion instruction; because the origins discussion is an intersection of science and religion, the study of gender’s effect in developing a Bible-based worldview is important so that Christian colleges might more effectively guide their students in developing that biblical worldview. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to determine whether students’ gender affected their YEC worldview components after enrollment in a YEC origins course while controlling for their pre-course worldviews. A sample of 315 residential students enrolled in a YEC origins course at a conservative Christian college in the Southeast completed the Creationist Worldview Scale before and after taking the course; the survey also contained a demographic questionnaire that collected information regarding students’ gender, major, classification, ethnicity, and secondary schooling. The data were analyzed using a one way ANCOVA. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female students’ posttest age scores or posttest science scores, but there was a significant difference between their posttest theology scores. Suggestions for further research are also included.

@incollection{openalexw2402906513,
    author = "Vinaja, Sean Stephen",
    title = "The effect of gender on the attitudes of undergraduates toward young-earth creationism after enrollment in an origins course",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "Scholars Crossing (Liberty University)",
    abstract = "Many Christian students graduate from secondary schools and enter Christian colleges with worldviews that are unbiblical or contain unbiblical components, many of which stem from their beliefs regarding origins. Little research has been done to study the effect of gender on the role of a young-earth creationist (YEC) origins course in shaping students’ worldview. Research has shown that males and females respond differently to science and religion instruction; because the origins discussion is an intersection of science and religion, the study of gender’s effect in developing a Bible-based worldview is important so that Christian colleges might more effectively guide their students in developing that biblical worldview. The purpose of this causal-comparative study was to determine whether students’ gender affected their YEC worldview components after enrollment in a YEC origins course while controlling for their pre-course worldviews. A sample of 315 residential students enrolled in a YEC origins course at a conservative Christian college in the Southeast completed the Creationist Worldview Scale before and after taking the course; the survey also contained a demographic questionnaire that collected information regarding students’ gender, major, classification, ethnicity, and secondary schooling. The data were analyzed using a one way ANCOVA. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female students’ posttest age scores or posttest science scores, but there was a significant difference between their posttest theology scores. Suggestions for further research are also included.",
    openalex = "W2402906513",
    references = "doi101007s1119100891626"
}

@misc{s285b33c2bb8111256ccd9ee538da4c59cf840624e,
    title = "Origin of Complex Cells : A Big Event for Evolution or Creation ?",
    year = "2016",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/85b33c2bb8111256ccd9ee538da4c59cf840624e",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "85b33c2bb8111256ccd9ee538da4c59cf840624e"
}

Researchers argue that white evangelical Christians are likely to support teaching creationism in public schools. Yet, less is known about the role religion may play in shaping attitudes toward evolution and teaching creationism among blacks and Latinos, who are overrepresented in U.S. conservative Protestant traditions. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining whether religious factors (e.g., religious affiliation and Biblical literalism) relate to differences in support for teaching creationism between blacks and Latinos compared to whites and other racial groups. Using a nationally representative survey (N = 9,425), we find that although black and Latino Americans support teaching creationism more than other groups, religion plays a stronger role among blacks in shaping support for teaching creationism instead of evolution. Results add an important racial dimension to scholarly discussions on religion and science and suggest further exploration of race alongside other factors that may contribute to support for teaching creationism.

@article{doi1011772378023119870376,
    author = "Salazar, Esmeralda Sánchez and Vaidyanathan, Brandon and Ecklund, Elaine Howard and Garcia, Adriana",
    title = "Challenging Evolution in Public Schools: Race, Religion, and Attitudes toward Teaching Creationism",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World",
    abstract = "Researchers argue that white evangelical Christians are likely to support teaching creationism in public schools. Yet, less is known about the role religion may play in shaping attitudes toward evolution and teaching creationism among blacks and Latinos, who are overrepresented in U.S. conservative Protestant traditions. This study fills a gap in the literature by examining whether religious factors (e.g., religious affiliation and Biblical literalism) relate to differences in support for teaching creationism between blacks and Latinos compared to whites and other racial groups. Using a nationally representative survey (N = 9,425), we find that although black and Latino Americans support teaching creationism more than other groups, religion plays a stronger role among blacks in shaping support for teaching creationism instead of evolution. Results add an important racial dimension to scholarly discussions on religion and science and suggest further exploration of race alongside other factors that may contribute to support for teaching creationism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023119870376",
    doi = "10.1177/2378023119870376",
    openalex = "W2972723526",
    references = "doi1010029781444320787ch13, doi10108000220670903383028"
}

The data-based study of long past events and processes is common throughout the sciences. Some examples are the astrophysical hypotheses that the universe began with a cosmic explosion ("big bang"), which is supported by measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation pervading the modern universe; the hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was caused by a meteorite impact, which is supported by an iridium anomaly and large quantities of shocked quartz in K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) boundary sediments; and the hypothesis that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor, which is supported by analyses of shared segments of ribosomal RNA found in contemporary organisms. My interest in the methodology of the historical sciences and how it differs from that of stereotypical or "classical" (as I later dubbed it) experimental science was first piqued in the 1990s by the writings of so-called "scientific [more accurately, biblical] creationists." Scientific creationists and their successors, members of the "Intelligent Design Network,"1 extol classical experimental research (the testing of hypotheses under controlled laboratory conditions) as the paradigm of good science, contending that historical scientific research is inferior because it uses "a form of abductive reasoning that produces competing historical hypotheses, that lead to an inference to the best current explanation rather than to an explanation that is logically compelled by experimental confirmation."2 Proponents of intelligent design are not alone, however, in denigrating the work of historical scientists. Articulating a view held by a surprising number of experimentalists, Henry Gee, at the time a senior editor of Nature, declared that no science can be historical because conjectures about the past cannot be tested by means of controlled laboratory experiments (Gee 1999).

@incollection{doi1010179781108648981011,
    author = "Cleland, Carol E.",
    title = "Is It Possible to Scientifically Reconstruct the History of Life on Earth?",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = {The data-based study of long past events and processes is common throughout the sciences. Some examples are the astrophysical hypotheses that the universe began with a cosmic explosion ("big bang"), which is supported by measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation pervading the modern universe; the hypothesis that the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was caused by a meteorite impact, which is supported by an iridium anomaly and large quantities of shocked quartz in K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) boundary sediments; and the hypothesis that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor, which is supported by analyses of shared segments of ribosomal RNA found in contemporary organisms. My interest in the methodology of the historical sciences and how it differs from that of stereotypical or "classical" (as I later dubbed it) experimental science was first piqued in the 1990s by the writings of so-called "scientific [more accurately, biblical] creationists." Scientific creationists and their successors, members of the "Intelligent Design Network,"1 extol classical experimental research (the testing of hypotheses under controlled laboratory conditions) as the paradigm of good science, contending that historical scientific research is inferior because it uses "a form of abductive reasoning that produces competing historical hypotheses, that lead to an inference to the best current explanation rather than to an explanation that is logically compelled by experimental confirmation."2 Proponents of intelligent design are not alone, however, in denigrating the work of historical scientists. Articulating a view held by a surprising number of experimentalists, Henry Gee, at the time a senior editor of Nature, declared that no science can be historical because conjectures about the past cannot be tested by means of controlled laboratory experiments (Gee 1999).},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108648981.011",
    doi = "10.1017/9781108648981.011",
    openalex = "W3084347786",
    references = "doi101007978940076537514, doi10100797894007653756, doi101007s1069901091787, doi101093bioscibiy084, doi1041599780674969025, doi1077659781526106476, openalexw2965328582, openalexw649908387"
}

As detailed in a Letter published in Science in 2017, the adherents of creationism and intelligent design are still active in promoting their biblical-literalist views of the origin and evolution of life on Earth. In this contribution, we take a look at this ideological phenomenon in the USA and analyze the philosophical roots of this ongoing movement. Specifically, we discuss Vernon Kellogg’s book entitled Headquarters Nights (1917) with reference to the German ‘Allmacht’ (English—omnipotence) and Darwinian evolution to demonstrate how this publication bolstered the development of active anti-evolutionism in the USA among American fundamentalist Christians, inclusive of the Intelligent Design (ID)-agenda. The current activities of creationist associations in the USA and Germany are summarized, with reference to a new pro-ID-group established in Austria in 2019 that is sponsored by the Discovery Institute in Seattle, Washington (USA).

@article{doi101007s1206402100341x,
    author = "Watts, Elizabeth and Kutschera, U.",
    title = "On the historical roots of creationism and intelligent design: German Allmacht and Darwinian evolution in context",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Theory in Biosciences",
    abstract = "As detailed in a Letter published in Science in 2017, the adherents of creationism and intelligent design are still active in promoting their biblical-literalist views of the origin and evolution of life on Earth. In this contribution, we take a look at this ideological phenomenon in the USA and analyze the philosophical roots of this ongoing movement. Specifically, we discuss Vernon Kellogg’s book entitled Headquarters Nights (1917) with reference to the German ‘Allmacht’ (English—omnipotence) and Darwinian evolution to demonstrate how this publication bolstered the development of active anti-evolutionism in the USA among American fundamentalist Christians, inclusive of the Intelligent Design (ID)-agenda. The current activities of creationist associations in the USA and Germany are summarized, with reference to a new pro-ID-group established in Austria in 2019 that is sponsored by the Discovery Institute in Seattle, Washington (USA).",
    url = "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12064-021-00341-x.pdf",
    doi = "10.1007/s12064-021-00341-x",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "157-168",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "9ef4d84d670bd64a223da364ae2cec13f9a129d1",
    volume = "140",
    references = "doi101007s1206401301872, doi102307494434"
}

This study explored the degree to which High School biology teachers in three Latin American countries embraced the religious concept of teleology or used it to motivate religious students to accept Darwinian evolution’s scientific theory. The countries were (in increasing religiosity order): Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina. We administered a one-item questionnaire to teachers in each country. It inquired how strongly teachers agreed or disagreed with the test statement: “The emergence of the human species (Homo sapiens) was the aim of the evolution of living species.” High School biology teachers’ acceptance and use of teleology was minimal in all three countries and related neither to their own religious beliefs nor to their country’s degree of religiosity. We followed up with interviews of a subsample of 10 participating teachers in each country. Interviews were interpreted using ‘Collective Subject Discourse’ (DSC) analysis. Teachers in Argentina and Uruguay reported difficulty overcoming students’ anti-science attitudes, especially their anti-evolution attitudes. We conclude that improvement of pedagogical strategies is needed to motivate student acceptance of Darwinian evolution. Such strategies must appeal especially to students with highly religious upbringing, who disproportionately repudiate evolution and other scientific theories that are unpopular among highly religious people.

@article{doi1026555bioedukatikav9i220715,
    author = "Silva, Heslley Machado and Peñaloza, Gonzalo and Michaels, Robert A. and de Carvalho, Graça Simões",
    title = "Teleological vs. Scientific views of evolution theory among high school biology teachers in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "JURNAL BIOEDUKATIKA",
    abstract = "This study explored the degree to which High School biology teachers in three Latin American countries embraced the religious concept of teleology or used it to motivate religious students to accept Darwinian evolution’s scientific theory. The countries were (in increasing religiosity order): Uruguay, Brazil, and Argentina. We administered a one-item questionnaire to teachers in each country. It inquired how strongly teachers agreed or disagreed with the test statement: “The emergence of the human species (Homo sapiens) was the aim of the evolution of living species.” High School biology teachers’ acceptance and use of teleology was minimal in all three countries and related neither to their own religious beliefs nor to their country’s degree of religiosity. We followed up with interviews of a subsample of 10 participating teachers in each country. Interviews were interpreted using ‘Collective Subject Discourse’ (DSC) analysis. Teachers in Argentina and Uruguay reported difficulty overcoming students’ anti-science attitudes, especially their anti-evolution attitudes. We conclude that improvement of pedagogical strategies is needed to motivate student acceptance of Darwinian evolution. Such strategies must appeal especially to students with highly religious upbringing, who disproportionately repudiate evolution and other scientific theories that are unpopular among highly religious people.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.26555/bioedukatika.v9i2.20715",
    doi = "10.26555/bioedukatika.v9i2.20715",
    openalex = "W3177612809",
    references = "doi101073pnas0701505104"
}

Abstract:The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) opened the Discovery Center for Science and Earth History in Dallas, Texas in September 2019. Through immersive exhibits and advanced technology, the museum communicates what ICR purports to be the truth of creation science. Informed by the rhetorical concept of copia, I argue that the Discovery Center deploys sensory evidence to support creationism through the rhetorical strategies of rotation, immersion, and interruption. These material strategies use the senses as vehicles to communicate multiple arguments simultaneously, direct museumgoers’ attention, and amplify lived experiences as valid ways of knowing and evaluating the science of human origins. I conclude by noting the role of sensory rhetorical strategies in other scientific controversies and encouraging additional scholarship into how sensory evidence offers convincing challenges to scientific knowledge.

@article{doi1014321rhetpublaffa2540065,
    author = "Bloomfield, E.",
    title = "Sensory Engagement with the Rhetoric of Science: Creationist Copia at the Discovery Center for Science and Earth History",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Rhetoric \& Public Affairs",
    abstract = "Abstract:The Institute for Creation Research (ICR) opened the Discovery Center for Science and Earth History in Dallas, Texas in September 2019. Through immersive exhibits and advanced technology, the museum communicates what ICR purports to be the truth of creation science. Informed by the rhetorical concept of copia, I argue that the Discovery Center deploys sensory evidence to support creationism through the rhetorical strategies of rotation, immersion, and interruption. These material strategies use the senses as vehicles to communicate multiple arguments simultaneously, direct museumgoers’ attention, and amplify lived experiences as valid ways of knowing and evaluating the science of human origins. I conclude by noting the role of sensory rhetorical strategies in other scientific controversies and encouraging additional scholarship into how sensory evidence offers convincing challenges to scientific knowledge.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d9693945ec16e03c2844cd3300d722d266ec4326",
    doi = "10.14321/rhetpublaffa.25.4.0065",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "65-93",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "2",
    semanticscholar_id = "d9693945ec16e03c2844cd3300d722d266ec4326",
    volume = "25"
}

CREATIONISM USA: Bridging the Impasse on Teaching Evolution by Adam Laats. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. 218 pages. Hardcover; $32.95. ISBN: 9780197516607. *Historian Adam Laats (a self-described noncreationist, nonscientist) has written a thorough and well-documented account of American creationism, past and present. His frequent use of primary literature and direct quotes assures the reader that s/he is being presented with accurate information. *Laats shows that most Americans don't know much about evolutionary theory and that they have taken the path of least resistance by carelessly embracing positions simply because of the persuasiveness of winsome idea champions. Latts argues that they should evaluate supporting evidence for those positions. He opposes the "missionary attitudes" on both sides of the controversy, pointing out that some creationists link views on origins with salvation, and some atheistic evolutionists wish to convince creationists to abandon religion for science. *Laats posits that the evolution/creation conflict is mostly between young earth creationists (YEC), whom he calls "radical creationists," and everyone else. He says that radical creationists incorrectly conflate the holding of "liberal" social positions on such things as sexuality, abortion, and politics with learning about evolution. In response, radical creationists have built systems and institutions to promulgate their views in competition with mainstream science. Sadly, his use of the harsh moniker "radical creationists" will not lead many YEC adherents to read his book. *Laats theorizes that creationists are such for many reasons, including seeking explanations of first cause, purpose, and the driving forces acting in the created order. He points out that they are also concerned about consciousness and morality. While he gives examples of the uncivil and fratricidal rhetoric between champions of various creationist positions, he also takes the time to describe the hermeneutical approach taken by a majority of YECers (famously promoted by Ken Ham and his ministry Answers in Genesis), that is, to understand the intended meaning of the biblical text under consideration. He then shows that while the old earth creationist perspective (championed by Hugh Ross and the ministry Reasons to Believe) is quite varied in the particulars, it agrees with the YEC view that speciation events were acts of divine intervention, not evolution. He continues to show that mainstream evolution gains the strongest support from creationists self-identified as evolutionary creationists (i.e., theistic evolutionists), who are represented by the "non-radical" umbrella organization BioLogos. He shows that intelligent design proponents hold diverse views on the age of the creation and on evolution, but that they share the belief that life is too complex to have arisen on its own. With keen insight he writes: "Radicals, non-radicals, old earthers, intelligent designers, evolutionary creationists all compete to have their creationist vision embraced by religious people who might or might not look askance at evolutionary theory" (p. 17). *While he thoroughly describes the main creationist viewpoints (young earth creation, old earth creation, evolutionary creation, intelligent design), and he quotes evolutionary creationist Kenneth Miller statement that "absolute materialism … cannot fully explain the nature of reality" early on (p. 21), for the rest of the book, Laats largely ignores how naturalism, materialism, and teleology affect theists' stances toward evolutionary theory. *Naturalism (ontological) is the view that the universe completely lacks supernatural or metaphysical elements.1 While many evolutionary creationists are methodological naturalists (science should not address metaphysics), they are not ontological naturalists. *Materialism, while similar to naturalism, posits that the universe consists only of matter and energy.2 Relating these propositions to science, David Griffin writes: "Science, it is widely agreed in scientific, philosophical, and liberal religious circles, necessarily presupposes naturalism … Most philosophers, theologians, and scientists, however, believe that scientific naturalism is incompatible with any religious view of reality."3 *Teleology (biological progress) is consistent with the theological view that God created the universe and life with purpose.4 Evolutionary creationists hold a variety of views on teleological evolution, and those who accept it in principle disagree on possible mechanisms of action. Many creationists conflate evolution, materialism, and ateleology. This strengthens their resolve to reject evolutionary theory of any kind. *To "bridge the impasse," Laats prescribes how evolution should be taught in public secondary schools: children should learn about evolution and religious ideas should be kept out of the classroom. Trust in educators should be fostered because Americans doubt mainstream evolutionary theory due to "our fundamental, divisive, enduring lack of trust" (p. 175). But this approach to gain trust of students through the presentation of convincing evidence and arguments has already been shown to be largely ineffective. Teachers who fail to consider religious presuppositions are likely to build intransigence among their religious students. On the other hand, culturally competent teaching methods have been shown to successfully engage both evolutionary theory and the learner's presuppositions and religious beliefs. A growing body of empirical studies shows that culturally competent evolution educators can gain the trust of their students, who are then less resistant to new or previously rejected propositions about evolution.5 *In summary, this fine book suffers from a failure to recognize naturalism/materialism as the core conflict between creationists and materialistic evolutionists,6 and it doesn't promote the building of trust and reconciliation in educational settings through culturally competent evolution instructional methods. *Notes *1David Papineau, "Naturalism," in E. N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/naturalism/. *2William Jaworski, "Why Materialism Is False, and Why It Has Nothing To Do with the Mind," Philosophy 91, no. 2 (2016): 183-213, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819116000036. *3David Ray Griffin, Religion and Scientific Naturalism: Overcoming the Conflicts (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2000), 11. *4Sy Garte, "Telelogy and the Origin of Evolution," Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 69, no. 1 (2017): 42-50, https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2017/PSCF3-17Garte.pdf. *5For example, M. Elizabeth Barnes and Sara E. Brownell, "A Call to Use Cultural Competence When Teaching Evolution to Religious College Students: Introducing Religious Cultural Competence in Evolution Education (ReCCEE)," CBE--Life Sciences Education 16, no. 4 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-04-0062. *6See M. Elizabeth Barnes et al., "'Accepting Evolution Means You Can't Believe in God': Atheistic Perceptions of Evolution among College Biology Students," CBE--Life Sciences Education 19, no. 2 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-05-0106. *Reviewed by Michael Tenneson, Department Chair and Professor of Biology at Evangel University, Springfield, MO 65802.

@article{doi1056315pscf323laats,
    author = "Laats, A.",
    title = "Creationism USA: Bridging the Impasse on Teaching Evolution",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith",
    abstract = {CREATIONISM USA: Bridging the Impasse on Teaching Evolution by Adam Laats. New York: Oxford University Press, 2021. 218 pages. Hardcover; $32.95. ISBN: 9780197516607. *Historian Adam Laats (a self-described noncreationist, nonscientist) has written a thorough and well-documented account of American creationism, past and present. His frequent use of primary literature and direct quotes assures the reader that s/he is being presented with accurate information. *Laats shows that most Americans don't know much about evolutionary theory and that they have taken the path of least resistance by carelessly embracing positions simply because of the persuasiveness of winsome idea champions. Latts argues that they should evaluate supporting evidence for those positions. He opposes the "missionary attitudes" on both sides of the controversy, pointing out that some creationists link views on origins with salvation, and some atheistic evolutionists wish to convince creationists to abandon religion for science. *Laats posits that the evolution/creation conflict is mostly between young earth creationists (YEC), whom he calls "radical creationists," and everyone else. He says that radical creationists incorrectly conflate the holding of "liberal" social positions on such things as sexuality, abortion, and politics with learning about evolution. In response, radical creationists have built systems and institutions to promulgate their views in competition with mainstream science. Sadly, his use of the harsh moniker "radical creationists" will not lead many YEC adherents to read his book. *Laats theorizes that creationists are such for many reasons, including seeking explanations of first cause, purpose, and the driving forces acting in the created order. He points out that they are also concerned about consciousness and morality. While he gives examples of the uncivil and fratricidal rhetoric between champions of various creationist positions, he also takes the time to describe the hermeneutical approach taken by a majority of YECers (famously promoted by Ken Ham and his ministry Answers in Genesis), that is, to understand the intended meaning of the biblical text under consideration. He then shows that while the old earth creationist perspective (championed by Hugh Ross and the ministry Reasons to Believe) is quite varied in the particulars, it agrees with the YEC view that speciation events were acts of divine intervention, not evolution. He continues to show that mainstream evolution gains the strongest support from creationists self-identified as evolutionary creationists (i.e., theistic evolutionists), who are represented by the "non-radical" umbrella organization BioLogos. He shows that intelligent design proponents hold diverse views on the age of the creation and on evolution, but that they share the belief that life is too complex to have arisen on its own. With keen insight he writes: "Radicals, non-radicals, old earthers, intelligent designers, evolutionary creationists all compete to have their creationist vision embraced by religious people who might or might not look askance at evolutionary theory" (p. 17). *While he thoroughly describes the main creationist viewpoints (young earth creation, old earth creation, evolutionary creation, intelligent design), and he quotes evolutionary creationist Kenneth Miller statement that "absolute materialism … cannot fully explain the nature of reality" early on (p. 21), for the rest of the book, Laats largely ignores how naturalism, materialism, and teleology affect theists' stances toward evolutionary theory. *Naturalism (ontological) is the view that the universe completely lacks supernatural or metaphysical elements.1 While many evolutionary creationists are methodological naturalists (science should not address metaphysics), they are not ontological naturalists. *Materialism, while similar to naturalism, posits that the universe consists only of matter and energy.2 Relating these propositions to science, David Griffin writes: "Science, it is widely agreed in scientific, philosophical, and liberal religious circles, necessarily presupposes naturalism … Most philosophers, theologians, and scientists, however, believe that scientific naturalism is incompatible with any religious view of reality."3 *Teleology (biological progress) is consistent with the theological view that God created the universe and life with purpose.4 Evolutionary creationists hold a variety of views on teleological evolution, and those who accept it in principle disagree on possible mechanisms of action. Many creationists conflate evolution, materialism, and ateleology. This strengthens their resolve to reject evolutionary theory of any kind. *To "bridge the impasse," Laats prescribes how evolution should be taught in public secondary schools: children should learn about evolution and religious ideas should be kept out of the classroom. Trust in educators should be fostered because Americans doubt mainstream evolutionary theory due to "our fundamental, divisive, enduring lack of trust" (p. 175). But this approach to gain trust of students through the presentation of convincing evidence and arguments has already been shown to be largely ineffective. Teachers who fail to consider religious presuppositions are likely to build intransigence among their religious students. On the other hand, culturally competent teaching methods have been shown to successfully engage both evolutionary theory and the learner's presuppositions and religious beliefs. A growing body of empirical studies shows that culturally competent evolution educators can gain the trust of their students, who are then less resistant to new or previously rejected propositions about evolution.5 *In summary, this fine book suffers from a failure to recognize naturalism/materialism as the core conflict between creationists and materialistic evolutionists,6 and it doesn't promote the building of trust and reconciliation in educational settings through culturally competent evolution instructional methods. *Notes *1David Papineau, "Naturalism," in E. N. Zalta, ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2021/entries/naturalism/. *2William Jaworski, "Why Materialism Is False, and Why It Has Nothing To Do with the Mind," Philosophy 91, no. 2 (2016): 183-213, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031819116000036. *3David Ray Griffin, Religion and Scientific Naturalism: Overcoming the Conflicts (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2000), 11. *4Sy Garte, "Telelogy and the Origin of Evolution," Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 69, no. 1 (2017): 42-50, https://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2017/PSCF3-17Garte.pdf. *5For example, M. Elizabeth Barnes and Sara E. Brownell, "A Call to Use Cultural Competence When Teaching Evolution to Religious College Students: Introducing Religious Cultural Competence in Evolution Education (ReCCEE)," CBE--Life Sciences Education 16, no. 4 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.17-04-0062. *6See M. Elizabeth Barnes et al., "'Accepting Evolution Means You Can't Believe in God': Atheistic Perceptions of Evolution among College Biology Students," CBE--Life Sciences Education 19, no. 2 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.19-05-0106. *Reviewed by Michael Tenneson, Department Chair and Professor of Biology at Evangel University, Springfield, MO 65802.},
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9d6927d51e5d133fa570b414fcd5321fe6485ecf",
    doi = "10.56315/pscf3-23laats",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "60-61",
    semanticscholar_id = "9d6927d51e5d133fa570b414fcd5321fe6485ecf",
    volume = "75"
}

The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of spiritual culture of Modern times - creationism. Authors analyze the causes of creationist teachings, as well as develop a classification of forms of creationism. As such, the following are distinguished and analyzed: biblical creationism, scientific creationism, theological evolutionism, teleological creationism, alterism, missionary creationism. Biblical creationism is a literal understanding of the texts of the Bible relating to the creation of the Earth and man. Scientific creationism is an attempt by individual scientists to combine scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. It gathers scientific evidence in favor of the biblical narrative, and, at the same time, rational arguments against the scientific theory of evolution. On the contrary, theological evolutionism, especially in the form of concordism, tries to reconcile the scientific and religious view of evolution. This is achieved through the interpretation of Biblical symbols through modern scientific concepts, or by the creation of a new pseudo-religion (for example, Teilhardism). Teleological creationism, in the modern form of Intelligent Design theory, popular in Western Protestantism, using the data of natural sciences, criticizes the foundations of the theory of biological evolution, thus demonstrating the gap of natural causality in order to justify the supernatural purposefulness of the Universe. Alterism asserts that the very nature of the world before original sin was different, therefore, the current knowledge of nature cannot correspond to the original plan of God reflected in the Bible. For the first time, highlighted and explored in this work, missionary creationism seeks to interpret the Bible from the point of view of concepts of modern science in order to bring a person with an already formed scientific picture of the world to faith. It is shown that most of the above forms demonstrate a pseudoscientific or pseudo-religious essence. The authors make an assumption about the origins of creationist teachings rooted in the introduction of elements of Neoplatonic philosophy into Christian teaching. The seeming contradiction between science and religion in understanding the evolution of nature finds its explanation through the disclosure of creationism's claim to understand the world as a "thing in itself".

@article{doi1022363231323022024281148167,
    author = "Lokhov, Sergei A. and Mamchenkov, D. V.",
    title = "Creationism - a Pseudoscience or Pseudoreligion",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "RUDN Journal of Philosophy",
    abstract = {The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of spiritual culture of Modern times - creationism. Authors analyze the causes of creationist teachings, as well as develop a classification of forms of creationism. As such, the following are distinguished and analyzed: biblical creationism, scientific creationism, theological evolutionism, teleological creationism, alterism, missionary creationism. Biblical creationism is a literal understanding of the texts of the Bible relating to the creation of the Earth and man. Scientific creationism is an attempt by individual scientists to combine scientific knowledge with religious beliefs. It gathers scientific evidence in favor of the biblical narrative, and, at the same time, rational arguments against the scientific theory of evolution. On the contrary, theological evolutionism, especially in the form of concordism, tries to reconcile the scientific and religious view of evolution. This is achieved through the interpretation of Biblical symbols through modern scientific concepts, or by the creation of a new pseudo-religion (for example, Teilhardism). Teleological creationism, in the modern form of Intelligent Design theory, popular in Western Protestantism, using the data of natural sciences, criticizes the foundations of the theory of biological evolution, thus demonstrating the gap of natural causality in order to justify the supernatural purposefulness of the Universe. Alterism asserts that the very nature of the world before original sin was different, therefore, the current knowledge of nature cannot correspond to the original plan of God reflected in the Bible. For the first time, highlighted and explored in this work, missionary creationism seeks to interpret the Bible from the point of view of concepts of modern science in order to bring a person with an already formed scientific picture of the world to faith. It is shown that most of the above forms demonstrate a pseudoscientific or pseudo-religious essence. The authors make an assumption about the origins of creationist teachings rooted in the introduction of elements of Neoplatonic philosophy into Christian teaching. The seeming contradiction between science and religion in understanding the evolution of nature finds its explanation through the disclosure of creationism's claim to understand the world as a "thing in itself".},
    url = "https://journals.rudn.ru/philosophy/article/download/38429/23253",
    doi = "10.22363/2313-2302-2024-28-1-148-167",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "148-167",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "a70207b90d3b9024105d90e7dcfbc43ca9b24c4b",
    volume = "28"
}

FRIGATEBIRDS, SEA LIONS, & DARWIN: Musings on Evolution, Creation, and Ecology by David B. Schreiner. Wipf & Stock, 2025. 140 pages. Paperback; $27.00. ISBN: 9798385203178. *According to the two books model of revelation, God can communicate theological truths through both scripture and the created world. Experiencing nature can therefore stimulate questions about biblical interpretation we might not otherwise have entertained. In Frigatebirds, Sea Lions, & Darwin, David B. Schreiner, Associate Professor of Old Testament and Inductive Biblical Studies at Asbury Theological Seminary, recounts several trips to the Galapagos with his wife, daughters, and biologist brother. His family's encounters with the beauty and savagery of nature challenged some of his presuppositions about evolution. The double-edged sword of ecotourism in the Galapagos as both a source of conservation revenue and pressing environmental destruction challenged his understanding of humans as stewards of a land in need of taming. Presented as a mix of travelogue, musings, and biblical hermeneutics, the author has sought to provide "reflections and thoughts...as an inroad to a conversation that remains very difficult" (p. 16). Rather than try to convince through systematic biblical analysis or persuasive rhetoric, his hope is to share his experiences to "possibly produce similar reflections in the minds of my readers" (p. 9). This book is therefore more conversational than many in the science-faith realm, akin to The Fool and the Heretic by Todd Charles Wood and Darrel R. Falk (Zondervan Academic, 2019), or How I Changed My Mind About Evolution, ed. Kathryn Applegate and J. B. Stump (IVP Academic, 2016) rather than to more systematic treatments of science and faith. Its success, therefore, depends on how thought provoking you find his experiences and reflections. *The author provides three major contributions to the science-faith conversation. First, questions about evolution naturally came to mind when he was confronted by the same species Darwin observed. Schreiner, therefore, spends some time reflecting on his own theological journey within a fundamentalist context, and how major findings in the Ancient Near East and a strong understanding of literary, linguistic, and cultural context create ways of reading the Genesis text that can reconcile scripture with Darwin. For example, reflecting on Genesis 1:24 ("God said, 'Let the earth produce living creatures ...'"), the text records a Hiphil stem (used in Hebrew to express causative action) to the verb translated "produce," implying that it is the earth causing the production of life. Schreiner writes, "I will never forget the moment when I realized the potential of these statements ... To put it bluntly, the semantic framework of the biblical text allows for the attribution of agency upon the created order. By implication, in my mind, the concept of evolution is something that need not be antagonistic to the Christian faith" (p. 62). *However, he is quick to add that God must be the source of Earth's creativity. Failing to recognize this is "one of the severe deficiencies of Darwin's ideas of natural selection" (p. 62). I would suggest the author take a closer look at the frontispiece of The Origin of Species, especially later editions, in which Darwin takes great pains to suggest natural selection is not in opposition to, but requires, divine agency. Nevertheless, such statements from a conservative theologian make space for more robust discussion around evolution and faith. *Schreiner's second contribution is a significant and strong rebuttal of young earth creationist rhetoric. He quotes in full, across several pages, a social media post written by Ken Ham of Answers in Genesis. He slowly and methodically exposes the rhetorical strategy Ham employs, and then he shows why a faithful conservative Christian could reject Ham's approach and still be faithful to scripture. *Evolution is only a small portion of this book. More space is given to ecological considerations, Schreiner's third contribution. The Galapagos revealed both the profound harm humans can bring when trying to do good (e.g., invasive species, climate change exacerbated by tourism) as well as the profoundly good (e.g., the success of Galapagos tortoise conservation). The author suggests that this tension can be explained theologically by the concept of the image of God (our capacity for good) and our fallen nature (thus, the brokenness in our solutions). He goes further than I am comfortable with, explaining all interspecies hostilities as a product of the fall. I found this position difficult to reconcile ecologically with scriptures that celebrate God's active participation in feeding the carnivore (e.g., Ps. 104:21). Nevertheless, I can celebrate Schreiner's conclusion "that Christians should not only be concerned with their ecological context, but they should advocate for policies and practices that curb the unnecessary degradation of their ecological contexts and unbridled consumerism" (p. 92). I wish he had engaged more with the negative outcomes of well-intentioned stewardship, but I am glad to hear another conservative voice add to the call for Christ-centered conservation. *Unfortunately, the value of this book is hampered by obvious errors and poor editing: "like" instead of "think" (p. 95), two separate uses of "that" instead of "than" (pp. 50, 51), "guilt" instead of "guilty" (p. 39) are but a few examples. One chapter is entitled "Seal Lions Bites and Frigatebirds"--I assume it should be "Sea Lion Bites" or "Sea Lions' Bites"; this mistake is replicated on the page headers. Furthermore, some of the language in the book is off-putting; for instance, at one point Schreiner says that scientists believe Christians are "ideologically retarded"--given the context, I cannot tell if he is using that term to mean "halted in growth" or as a pejorative that should be excised from his language. *Nevertheless, the conversational nature of this book may be a breath of fresh air for students who were raised in a fundamentalist household and who need to hear a conservative theologian offer the very questions they have been asking, without fear of undermining the inerrancy of scripture or losing one's salvation. I would be curious to hear where these thoughts take Schreiner in the next few decades. I just hope there is a better editor to help him articulate these important conversations. *Reviewed by Matthew Morris, associate professor of biology, Ambrose University, Calgary, AB T3H 0L5.

@article{doi1056315pscf326schreiner,
    author = "Schreiner, David",
    title = "Frigatebirds, Sea Lions, \& Darwin: Musings on Evolution, Creation, and Ecology",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith",
    abstract = {FRIGATEBIRDS, SEA LIONS, \& DARWIN: Musings on Evolution, Creation, and Ecology by David B. Schreiner. Wipf \& Stock, 2025. 140 pages. Paperback; $27.00. ISBN: 9798385203178. *According to the two books model of revelation, God can communicate theological truths through both scripture and the created world. Experiencing nature can therefore stimulate questions about biblical interpretation we might not otherwise have entertained. In Frigatebirds, Sea Lions, \& Darwin, David B. Schreiner, Associate Professor of Old Testament and Inductive Biblical Studies at Asbury Theological Seminary, recounts several trips to the Galapagos with his wife, daughters, and biologist brother. His family's encounters with the beauty and savagery of nature challenged some of his presuppositions about evolution. The double-edged sword of ecotourism in the Galapagos as both a source of conservation revenue and pressing environmental destruction challenged his understanding of humans as stewards of a land in need of taming. Presented as a mix of travelogue, musings, and biblical hermeneutics, the author has sought to provide "reflections and thoughts...as an inroad to a conversation that remains very difficult" (p. 16). Rather than try to convince through systematic biblical analysis or persuasive rhetoric, his hope is to share his experiences to "possibly produce similar reflections in the minds of my readers" (p. 9). This book is therefore more conversational than many in the science-faith realm, akin to The Fool and the Heretic by Todd Charles Wood and Darrel R. Falk (Zondervan Academic, 2019), or How I Changed My Mind About Evolution, ed. Kathryn Applegate and J. B. Stump (IVP Academic, 2016) rather than to more systematic treatments of science and faith. Its success, therefore, depends on how thought provoking you find his experiences and reflections. *The author provides three major contributions to the science-faith conversation. First, questions about evolution naturally came to mind when he was confronted by the same species Darwin observed. Schreiner, therefore, spends some time reflecting on his own theological journey within a fundamentalist context, and how major findings in the Ancient Near East and a strong understanding of literary, linguistic, and cultural context create ways of reading the Genesis text that can reconcile scripture with Darwin. For example, reflecting on Genesis 1:24 ("God said, 'Let the earth produce living creatures ...'"), the text records a Hiphil stem (used in Hebrew to express causative action) to the verb translated "produce," implying that it is the earth causing the production of life. Schreiner writes, "I will never forget the moment when I realized the potential of these statements ... To put it bluntly, the semantic framework of the biblical text allows for the attribution of agency upon the created order. By implication, in my mind, the concept of evolution is something that need not be antagonistic to the Christian faith" (p. 62). *However, he is quick to add that God must be the source of Earth's creativity. Failing to recognize this is "one of the severe deficiencies of Darwin's ideas of natural selection" (p. 62). I would suggest the author take a closer look at the frontispiece of The Origin of Species, especially later editions, in which Darwin takes great pains to suggest natural selection is not in opposition to, but requires, divine agency. Nevertheless, such statements from a conservative theologian make space for more robust discussion around evolution and faith. *Schreiner's second contribution is a significant and strong rebuttal of young earth creationist rhetoric. He quotes in full, across several pages, a social media post written by Ken Ham of Answers in Genesis. He slowly and methodically exposes the rhetorical strategy Ham employs, and then he shows why a faithful conservative Christian could reject Ham's approach and still be faithful to scripture. *Evolution is only a small portion of this book. More space is given to ecological considerations, Schreiner's third contribution. The Galapagos revealed both the profound harm humans can bring when trying to do good (e.g., invasive species, climate change exacerbated by tourism) as well as the profoundly good (e.g., the success of Galapagos tortoise conservation). The author suggests that this tension can be explained theologically by the concept of the image of God (our capacity for good) and our fallen nature (thus, the brokenness in our solutions). He goes further than I am comfortable with, explaining all interspecies hostilities as a product of the fall. I found this position difficult to reconcile ecologically with scriptures that celebrate God's active participation in feeding the carnivore (e.g., Ps. 104:21). Nevertheless, I can celebrate Schreiner's conclusion "that Christians should not only be concerned with their ecological context, but they should advocate for policies and practices that curb the unnecessary degradation of their ecological contexts and unbridled consumerism" (p. 92). I wish he had engaged more with the negative outcomes of well-intentioned stewardship, but I am glad to hear another conservative voice add to the call for Christ-centered conservation. *Unfortunately, the value of this book is hampered by obvious errors and poor editing: "like" instead of "think" (p. 95), two separate uses of "that" instead of "than" (pp. 50, 51), "guilt" instead of "guilty" (p. 39) are but a few examples. One chapter is entitled "Seal Lions Bites and Frigatebirds"--I assume it should be "Sea Lion Bites" or "Sea Lions' Bites"; this mistake is replicated on the page headers. Furthermore, some of the language in the book is off-putting; for instance, at one point Schreiner says that scientists believe Christians are "ideologically retarded"--given the context, I cannot tell if he is using that term to mean "halted in growth" or as a pejorative that should be excised from his language. *Nevertheless, the conversational nature of this book may be a breath of fresh air for students who were raised in a fundamentalist household and who need to hear a conservative theologian offer the very questions they have been asking, without fear of undermining the inerrancy of scripture or losing one's salvation. I would be curious to hear where these thoughts take Schreiner in the next few decades. I just hope there is a better editor to help him articulate these important conversations. *Reviewed by Matthew Morris, associate professor of biology, Ambrose University, Calgary, AB T3H 0L5.},
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/99416bcb7d8128422b738402a42701335ef12cb5",
    doi = "10.56315/pscf3-26schreiner",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "52-53",
    semanticscholar_id = "99416bcb7d8128422b738402a42701335ef12cb5",
    volume = "78"
}