Cretaceous

@techreport{osborn1905tyrannosaurus42,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1905",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 21, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1905, Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 21, p. 259-265.}"
}

@techreport{osborn1906tyrannosaurus43,
    author = "Osborn, H. F",
    title = "Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication)",
    year = "1906",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 22, p. 281-296",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osborn, H. F., 1906, Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur (second communication): Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 22, p. 281-296.}"
}

@misc{lambe1917the31,
    author = "Lambe, L. M",
    title = "The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus",
    year = "1917",
    howpublished = "Geological Survey of Canada, Memoirs, v. 100, p. 1-84",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lambe, L. M., 1917, The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus: Geological Survey of Canada, Memoirs, v. 100, p. 1-84.}"
}

@misc{lang1921192232,
    author = "Lang, W. D",
    title = "-1922, Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa (Polyzoa) - The Cretaceous Bryozoa (Polyzoa)",
    year = "1921",
    howpublished = "London, British Museum (Natural History), v. 3 \& 4",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lang, W. D., 1921-1922, Catalogue of the Fossil Bryozoa (Polyzoa) - The Cretaceous Bryozoa (Polyzoa): London, British Museum (Natural History), v. 3 \& 4.}"
}

@techreport{matthew1922the36,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1922",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., and Brown, B., 1922, The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385.}"
}

@techreport{gilmore1924a21,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1924",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the Canadian Geological Survey Department of Mines, v. 38, p. 1-12",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1924, A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta: Bulletin of the Canadian Geological Survey Department of Mines, v. 38, p. 1-12.}"
}

@misc{huene1926the25,
    author = "Huene, F. R. von",
    title = "The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe",
    year = "1926",
    howpublished = "Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huene, F. R. von, 1926, The carnivorous saurischia in the Jura and Cretaceous formations principally in Europe: Rev. Museum La Plata, v. 29, p. 35-167.}"
}

@article{parks1926struthiomimus49,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Struthiomimus brevitertius- a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1926",
    journal = "Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, v. 20, p. 65-70",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1926, Struthiomimus brevitertius- a new species of dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta: Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 3, v. 20, p. 65-70.}"
}

@book{parks1928albertosaurus50,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1928",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1928, Albertosaurus arctunguis, a new species of theropodous dinosaur from the Edmonton Formation of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 25, p. 1-42.}"
}

@book{parks1928struthiomimus51,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta",
    year = "1928",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 26, p. 1-24",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1928, Struthiomimus samueli, a new species of Ornithomimidae from the Belly River Formation of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 26, p. 1-24.}"
}

@misc{sternberg1932two61,
    author = "Sternberg, C. M",
    title = "Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Canada",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 46, p. 99-105",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sternberg, C. M., 1932, Two new theropod dinosaurs from the Belly River Formation of Canada: Canadian Field-Naturalist, v. 46, p. 99-105.}"
}

@book{parks1933new52,
    author = "Parks, W. A",
    title = "New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Formations of Alberta",
    year = "1933",
    publisher = "University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 34, p. 1-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parks, W. A., 1933, New species of dinosaurs and turtles from the Upper Cretaceous Formations of Alberta: University of Toronto Studies, Geological Series, v. 34, p. 1-19.}"
}

@article{sternberg1940a62,
    author = "Sternberg, C. M",
    title = "A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1940",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 14, p. 81-85",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sternberg, C. M., 1940, A toothless bird from the Cretaceous of Alberta: Journal of Paleontology, v. 14, p. 81-85.}"
}

@misc{gilmore1946a22,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana",
    year = "1946",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 106, p. 1-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1946, A new carnivorous dinosaur from the Lance Formation of Montana: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 106, p. 1-19.}"
}

@article{wright1949the65,
    author = "Wright, C. W. and Wright, E. V",
    title = "The Cretaceous ammonite genera Discohoplites and Hyphoplites Spath",
    year = "1949",
    journal = "Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 104, p. 477-497",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wright, C. W., and Wright, E. V., 1949, The Cretaceous ammonite genera Discohoplites and Hyphoplites Spath: Geological Society of London Quarterly Journal, v. 104, p. 477-497.}"
}

@misc{stovall1950acrocanthosaurus63,
    author = "Stovall, J. W. and Langston, W",
    title = "Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma",
    year = "1950",
    howpublished = "American Midland Naturalist, v. 43, p. 696-728",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Stovall, J. W., and Langston, W., 1950, Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma: American Midland Naturalist, v. 43, p. 696-728.}"
}

@techreport{cobban1952correlation13,
    author = "Cobban, W. A. and Reeside, J. B. and Jr",
    title = "Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the western interior of the United States",
    year = "1952",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1011-1044",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cobban, W. A., and Reeside, J. B., Jr., 1952, Correlation of the Cretaceous formations of the western interior of the United States: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 63, p. 1011-1044.}"
}

@inproceedings{cobban1958late10,
    author = "Cobban, W. A",
    title = "Late Cretaecous fossil zones of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, 13th Annual Field Conference Guidebook of Wyoming Geological Association",
    year = "1958",
    booktitle = "p.114-119",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cobban, W. A., 1958, Late Cretaecous fossil zones of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, 13th Annual Field Conference Guidebook of Wyoming Geological Association: p.114-119.}"
}

@article{nichols1959changes40,
    author = "Nichols, D",
    title = "Changes in the Chalk heart-urchin Micraster interpreted in relation to living forms",
    year = "1959",
    journal = "Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series B, v. 242, p. 347-437",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Nichols, D., 1959, Changes in the Chalk heart-urchin Micraster interpreted in relation to living forms: Royal Society of London, Philosophical Transactions, Series B, v. 242, p. 347-437.}"
}

@misc{berggren1962stratigraphic2,
    author = "Berggren, W. A",
    title = "Stratigraphic and taxonomic-phylogenetic studies of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene planktonic Foraminifera",
    year = "1962",
    howpublished = "Stockholm Contributions to Geology, v. 9, p. 107-129",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Berggren, W. A., 1962, Stratigraphic and taxonomic-phylogenetic studies of Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene planktonic Foraminifera: Stockholm Contributions to Geology, v. 9, p. 107-129.}"
}

@article{gimbrede1962evolution23,
    author = "Gimbrede, L. D. A",
    title = "Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey)",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gimbrede, L. D. A., 1962, Evolution of the Cretaceous foraminifer Kyphopyxa chrisneri (Carsey): Journal of Paleontology, v. 36, p. 1121-1123.}"
}

@book{citasironi1963tendances9,
    author = "Cita-Sironi, M. B",
    title = "Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera",
    year = "1963",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cita-Sironi, M. B., 1963, Tendances volutives des foraminifres planctiques (Globotruncanae) du Crtac suprior, in von Koenigswald, G. H. R., ed., Evolutionary Trends in Foraminifera: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 112-138; 355 p.}"
}

@misc{cobban1964the11,
    author = "Cobban, W. A",
    title = "The Late Cretaceous cephalopod Haresiceras Reeside and its possible origin, 454-I of United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "p. I1-I21",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cobban, W. A., 1964, The Late Cretaceous cephalopod Haresiceras Reeside and its possible origin, 454-I of United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper: p. I1-I21.}"
}

@book{openalexw337536883,
    author = "Estes, Richard",
    title = "Fossil vertebrates from the late Cretaceous Lance formation, eastern Wyoming",
    year = "1964",
    booktitle = "University of California Press eBooks",
    openalex = "W337536883"
}

@article{lerman1965evolution35,
    author = "Lerman, A",
    title = "Evolution of Exogyra in the Late Cretaceous of the southeastern United States",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 39, p. 414-435",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lerman, A., 1965, Evolution of Exogyra in the Late Cretaceous of the southeastern United States: Journal of Paleontology, v. 39, p. 414-435.}"
}

@misc{kauffman1967cretaceous27,
    author = "Kauffman, E. G",
    title = "Cretaceous Thyasira from the western interior of North America",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 152, no. 1, p. 1- 159",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kauffman, E. G., 1967, Cretaceous Thyasira from the western interior of North America: Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, v. 152, no. 1, p. 1- 159.}"
}

@misc{sohl1967upper60,
    author = "Sohl, N. F",
    title = "Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 393- B, p. B1-B46",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sohl, N. F., 1967, Upper Cretaceous gastropods from the Pierre Shale at Red Bird, Wyoming: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 393- B, p. B1-B46.}"
}

@misc{cobban1969the12,
    author = "Cobban, W. A",
    title = "The Late Cretaceous ammonites Scaphites leei Reeside and Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) in the western interior of the United States, 619 of United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper",
    year = "1969",
    howpublished = "p. 1-29",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cobban, W. A., 1969, The Late Cretaceous ammonites Scaphites leei Reeside and Scaphites hippocrepis (DeKay) in the western interior of the United States, 619 of United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper: p. 1-29.}"
}

@article{russell1969a55,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 595-612",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1969, A new specimen of Stenonychosaurus from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 6, p. 595-612.}"
}

@article{cracraft1971caenagnathiformes14,
    author = "Cracraft, J",
    title = "Caenagnathiformes",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 805- 809",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cracraft, J., 1971, Caenagnathiformes: Cretaceous birds convergent in jaw mechanism to dicynodont reptiles: Journal of Paleontology, v. 45, p. 805- 809.}"
}

A fragment of the proximal phalanx of a wing finger (IV) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta probably represents the first record of a pterosaur from Canada. The animal from which it was derived had a wingspan of about 3.5 m.

@article{doi101139e72119,
    author = "Russell, Dale A.",
    title = "A Pterosaur from the Oldman Formation (Cretaceous) of Alberta",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A fragment of the proximal phalanx of a wing finger (IV) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta probably represents the first record of a pterosaur from Canada. The animal from which it was derived had a wingspan of about 3.5 m.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e72-119",
    doi = "10.1139/e72-119",
    openalex = "W2070864237"
}

@misc{osmolska1972a47,
    author = "Osmolska, H. and Roniewicz, E. and Barsbold, R",
    title = "A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen. n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "Palaeont. Polonica, v. 27, p. 103-143",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., Roniewicz, E., and Barsbold, R., 1972, A new dinosaur, Gallimimus bullatus n. gen. n. sp. (Ornithomimidae) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia: Palaeont. Polonica, v. 27, p. 103-143.}"
}

@article{russell1972ostrich56,
    author = "Russell, D. A",
    title = "Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 375-402",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., 1972, Ostrich dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 9, p. 375-402.}"
}

@article{galton1973a20,
    author = "Galton, P. M",
    title = "A femur of a small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 47, p. 996-1001",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Galton, P. M., 1973, A femur of a small theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of England: Journal of Paleontology, v. 47, p. 996-1001.}"
}

@misc{langston1974nonmammalian33,
    author = "Langston, W. and Jr",
    title = "Nonmammalian Comanchian tetrapods",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Geoscience and Man, v. 8, p. 39-55",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Langston, W., Jr., 1974, Nonmammalian Comanchian tetrapods: Geoscience and Man, v. 8, p. 39-55.}"
}

@article{molnar1974a38,
    author = "Molnar, R. E",
    title = "A distinctive theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 1009-1017",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Molnar, R. E., 1974, A distinctive theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Baja California: Journal of Paleontology, v. 48, p. 1009-1017.}"
}

Palynological data emphasize the presence of two distinctive provinces during the Late Cretaceous, one including eastern North America and Europe and a second including the major part of Asia and western North America.The distinction between these two provinces became increasingly blurred during the Paleogene.During the Eocene, the rain forests of both Europe and western North America shared numerous genera, both extinct and extant.The great majority of the latter and most of the closest extant relatives of the former now occur in the Indomalayan region.It is thus clear that much of the present Indomalayan flora represents a relict of a once widespread Northern Hemisphere tropical (s.l.) flora, one that has largely (but not entirely) been eliminated from the New World.Among the possible New World survivors of this boreotropical flora are some of the dry Caribbean genera, which could have been derived from lineages of the dry tropical vegetation of the Gulf Coast Eocene; only a handful of present Neotropical lowland rain forest genera appear to be boreotropical relicts.Much has been postulated concerning the historical biogeography of the floras of the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous and Tertiary (e.g.Chaney, 1940;Takhtajan, 1969), but many of the suggested migrations and many of the suggested relationships have either turned out to be based on serious misinterpretations of the ages of various fossil floras or on invalid determinations.

@article{doi1023072395198,
    author = "Wolfe, Jack A.",
    title = "Some Aspects of Plant Geography of the Northern Hemisphere During the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden",
    abstract = "Palynological data emphasize the presence of two distinctive provinces during the Late Cretaceous, one including eastern North America and Europe and a second including the major part of Asia and western North America.The distinction between these two provinces became increasingly blurred during the Paleogene.During the Eocene, the rain forests of both Europe and western North America shared numerous genera, both extinct and extant.The great majority of the latter and most of the closest extant relatives of the former now occur in the Indomalayan region.It is thus clear that much of the present Indomalayan flora represents a relict of a once widespread Northern Hemisphere tropical (s.l.) flora, one that has largely (but not entirely) been eliminated from the New World.Among the possible New World survivors of this boreotropical flora are some of the dry Caribbean genera, which could have been derived from lineages of the dry tropical vegetation of the Gulf Coast Eocene; only a handful of present Neotropical lowland rain forest genera appear to be boreotropical relicts.Much has been postulated concerning the historical biogeography of the floras of the Northern Hemisphere during the Cretaceous and Tertiary (e.g.Chaney, 1940;Takhtajan, 1969), but many of the suggested migrations and many of the suggested relationships have either turned out to be based on serious misinterpretations of the ages of various fossil floras or on invalid determinations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2395198",
    doi = "10.2307/2395198",
    openalex = "W2028886007",
    references = "doi1023071484763"
}

@misc{harrison1975the24,
    author = "Harrison, C. J. O. and Walker, C. A",
    title = "The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Palaeontology, v. 18, p. 563- 570",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Harrison, C. J. O., and Walker, C. A., 1975, The Bradycnemidae, a new family of owls from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania: Palaeontology, v. 18, p. 563- 570.}"
}

@article{kurzanov1976new29,
    author = "Kurzanov, S. M",
    title = "New carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia",
    year = "1976",
    journal = "Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 3, p. 93-104; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kurzanov, S. M., 1976, New carnosaur from the Late Cretaceous Nogon-Tsav, Mongolia: Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 3, p. 93-104; In Russian.}"
}

@misc{ostrom1976on48,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Breviora, v. 439, p. 1-21",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1976, On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus: Breviora, v. 439, p. 1-21.}"
}

@article{chatterjee1978indosuchus7,
    author = "Chatterjee, S",
    title = "Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 570-580",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chatterjee, S., 1978, Indosuchus and Indosaurus, Cretaceous carnosaurs from India: Journal of Paleontology, v. 52, p. 570-580.}"
}

@article{seimers1978submarine59,
    author = "Seimers, C. T",
    title = "Submarine fan deposition of the Woodbine-Eagleford interval (Upper Creatceous), Tyler County, Texas",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 493-533",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Seimers, C. T., 1978, Submarine fan deposition of the Woodbine-Eagleford interval (Upper Creatceous), Tyler County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 28, p. 493-533.}"
}

@article{christina1979the8,
    author = "Christina, C. C. and Martin, K. G",
    title = "The Lower Tuscaloosa trend of south- central Louisiana",
    year = "1979",
    journal = {You ain't seen nothing till you've seen the Tuscaloosa": Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 37-41},
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Christina, C. C., and Martin, K. G., 1979, The Lower Tuscaloosa trend of south- central Louisiana: "You ain't seen nothing till you've seen the Tuscaloosa": Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 37-41.}}
}

@article{foss1979depositional19,
    author = "Foss, D. C",
    title = "Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Foss, D. C., 1979, Depositional environment of Woodbine sandstones, Polk County, Texas: Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 29, p. 83-94.}"
}

@misc{bonaparte1980a5,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. F. and Powell, J. E",
    title = "A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwest Argentina",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., v. 139, p. 19-28",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., and Powell, J. E., 1980, A continental assemblage of tetrapods from the Upper Cretaceous beds of El Brete, northwest Argentina: Mem. Soc. Geol. Fr., v. 139, p. 19-28.}"
}

@article{molnar1980an39,
    author = "Molnar, R. E",
    title = "An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 54, p. 102-108",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Molnar, R. E., 1980, An albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana: Journal of Paleontology, v. 54, p. 102-108.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1980the44,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "The Late Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Memoirs of the Geological Society of France, v. 139, p. 145-150",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1980, The Late Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia: Memoirs of the Geological Society of France, v. 139, p. 145-150.}"
}

@book{carpenter1982baby6,
    author = "Carpenter, K",
    title = "Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek Formations, and a description of a new species of theropod",
    year = "1982",
    publisher = "University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology, v. 20, p. 123-134",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Carpenter, K., 1982, Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek Formations, and a description of a new species of theropod: University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology, v. 20, p. 123-134.}"
}

@misc{douglas1982southern17,
    author = "Douglas, J. G. and Williams, G. W",
    title = "Southern polar forests, the early Cretaceous floras of Victoria and their paleoclimatic significance",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 39, p. 171-185",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Douglas, J. G., and Williams, G. W., 1982, Southern polar forests, the early Cretaceous floras of Victoria and their paleoclimatic significance: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 39, p. 171-185.}"
}

@book{leipzig1982stratigraphy34,
    author = "Leipzig, M. R",
    title = "Stratigraphy, Sedimentation and Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, Fruitland Formation, Kirtland Shale and Early Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone; Eastern San Juan Basin, New Mexico [MS dissert.]",
    year = "1982",
    publisher = "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 555 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Leipzig, M. R., 1982, Stratigraphy, Sedimentation and Depositional Environments of the Late Cretaceous Pictured Cliffs Sandstone, Fruitland Formation, Kirtland Shale and Early Tertiary Ojo Alamo Sandstone; Eastern San Juan Basin, New Mexico [MS dissert.]: University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 555 p.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1982hulsanpes45,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "Hulsanpes perlei n.g. n.sp. (Deinonychosauria, Saurischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Neues Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Mh., p. 440-448",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1982, Hulsanpes perlei n.g. n.sp. (Deinonychosauria, Saurischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia: Neues Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Mh., p. 440-448.}"
}

@misc{russell1982reconstruction57,
    author = "Russell, D. A. and Sequin, R",
    title = "Reconstruction of the small Cretaceous theropod Stenonychosaurus inequalis and a hypothetical dinosauroid",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Syllogeous, v. 37, p. 1-43",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Russell, D. A., and Sequin, R., 1982, Reconstruction of the small Cretaceous theropod Stenonychosaurus inequalis and a hypothetical dinosauroid: Syllogeous, v. 37, p. 1-43.}"
}

@article{milne1983dinosaur37,
    author = "Milne, D. H. and Schafersman, S. D",
    title = "Dinosaur tracks, erosion marks and midnight chisel work (but no human footprints) in the Cretaceous limestone of the Paluxy River bed, Texas",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 111-123",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Milne, D. H., and Schafersman, S. D., 1983, Dinosaur tracks, erosion marks and midnight chisel work (but no human footprints) in the Cretaceous limestone of the Paluxy River bed, Texas: Journal of Geological Education, v. 31, p. 111-123.}"
}

@article{barsbold1984the1,
    author = "Barsbold, R. and Perle, A",
    title = "The first record of a primitive ornithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia",
    year = "1984",
    journal = "Palaeontological Journal, v. 2, p. 118-120",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barsbold, R., and Perle, A., 1984, The first record of a primitive ornithomimosaur from the Cretaceous of Mongolia: Palaeontological Journal, v. 2, p. 118-120.}"
}

@inproceedings{kesler1984lower28,
    author = "Kesler, E",
    title = "Lower Cretaceous Birds from Cornet (Roumania), in Reif, W. E., and Westphal, F., eds., Third Symposium on Terrestrial Mesozoic Ecosystems",
    year = "1984",
    booktitle = "Tbingen, ATTEMPTO-Verlag, p. 119-121",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kesler, E., 1984, Lower Cretaceous Birds from Cornet (Roumania), in Reif, W. E., and Westphal, F., eds., Third Symposium on Terrestrial Mesozoic Ecosystems: Tbingen, ATTEMPTO-Verlag, p. 119-121.}"
}

@misc{taquet1984a64,
    author = "Taquet, P",
    title = "A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Taquet, P., 1984, A curious specialization of the skull of some Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs: The long and narrow snout of spinosaurids: C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris II, v. 299, p. 217-222; In French.}"
}

@misc{bonaparte1985a3,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. F",
    title = "A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Natl. Geog. Res., p. 149-151",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., 1985, A horned Cretaceous carnosaur from Patagonia: Natl. Geog. Res., p. 149-151.}"
}

@misc{bonaparte1985abelisaurus4,
    author = "Bonaparte, J. F. and Novas, F. E",
    title = "Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., carnosauria del Cretacico Tardio de Patagonia",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Ameghiniana, v. 21, no. 2-4, p. 259-265",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bonaparte, J. F., and Novas, F. E., 1985, Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., carnosauria del Cretacico Tardio de Patagonia: Ameghiniana, v. 21, no. 2-4, p. 259-265.}"
}

@article{decourten1985a16,
    author = "DeCourten, F. L. and Russell, D. A",
    title = "A specimen of Ornithomimus velox (Theropoda, Ornithomimidae) from the terminal Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Southern Utah",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 1091-1099",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {DeCourten, F. L., and Russell, D. A., 1985, A specimen of Ornithomimus velox (Theropoda, Ornithomimidae) from the terminal Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Southern Utah: Journal of Paleontology, v. 59, p. 1091-1099.}"
}

@inproceedings{currie1987theropods15,
    author = "Currie, P. J",
    title = "Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 52-59",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Currie, P. J., 1987, Theropods of the Judith River Formation of Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 52-59.}"
}

@book{farlow1987a18,
    author = "Farlow, J. O",
    title = "A Guide to the Lower Cretaceous Dinosaur Footprints and Trackways of the Paluxy River Valley, Somervell County, Texas",
    year = "1987",
    publisher = "Waco, Texas, Baylor University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farlow, J. O., 1987, A Guide to the Lower Cretaceous Dinosaur Footprints and Trackways of the Paluxy River Valley, Somervell County, Texas: Waco, Texas, Baylor University Press.}"
}

@incollection{jerzykiewicz1987semiarid26,
    author = "Jerzykiewicz, T. and Sweet, A. R",
    editor = "Currie, P. J. and Koster, E.",
    title = "Semiarid Floodplain as a Paleoenvironmental Setting of the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaurs: Sedimentological Evidence from Mongolia and Alberta",
    year = "1987",
    booktitle = "Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems",
    publisher = "Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 120-124",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jerzykiewicz, T., and Sweet, A. R., 1987, Semiarid Floodplain as a Paleoenvironmental Setting of the Upper Cretaceous Dinosaurs: Sedimentological Evidence from Mongolia and Alberta, in Currie, P. J., and Koster, E., eds., Fourth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems: Drumheller, Canada, Tyrrell Museum, p. 120-124.}"
}

@misc{laferriere1987effects30,
    author = "Laferriere, A. P. and Hattin, D. E. and Archer, A. W",
    title = "Effects of climate, tectonics, and sea-level changes on rhymthmic bedding patterns in the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous), U.S. Western Interior",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Geology, v. 15, p. 233-236",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Laferriere, A. P., Hattin, D. E., and Archer, A. W., 1987, Effects of climate, tectonics, and sea-level changes on rhymthmic bedding patterns in the Niobrara Formation (Upper Cretaceous), U.S. Western Interior: Geology, v. 15, p. 233-236.}"
}

@misc{officer1987late41,
    author = "Officer, C. B. et al",
    title = "Late Cretaceous and paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 326, p. 143-149",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Officer, C. B. et al., 1987, Late Cretaceous and paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions: Nature, v. 326, p. 143-149.}"
}

@misc{osmolska1987borogovia46,
    author = "Osmolska, H",
    title = "Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 32, p. 133-150",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Osmolska, H., 1987, Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, v. 32, p. 133-150.}"
}

@misc{parrish1987cretaceous53,
    author = "Parrish, J. T. et al",
    title = "Cretaceous vertebrates from Alaska - implications for dinosaur ecology",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 5, p. 326; Abstracts, 40th Annual Meeting, Rocky Mountain Section, GSA",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Parrish, J. T. et al., 1987, Cretaceous vertebrates from Alaska - implications for dinosaur ecology: Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 5, p. 326; Abstracts, 40th Annual Meeting, Rocky Mountain Section, GSA.}"
}

@misc{rigby1987the54,
    author = "Rigby, J. K",
    title = "The Last of the North American Dinosaurs, in Czerkas, S. J., and Olson, E. C., eds., Dinosaurs Past and Present, II",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "Los Angeles, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, p. 119-135",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rigby, J. K., 1987, The Last of the North American Dinosaurs, in Czerkas, S. J., and Olson, E. C., eds., Dinosaurs Past and Present, II: Los Angeles, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, p. 119-135.}"
}

@misc{sanz1988unusual58,
    author = "Sanz, J. L. and Bonaparte, J. F. and Lacasa, A",
    title = "Unusual Early Cretaceous birds from Spain",
    year = "1988",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 331, p. 433-435",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Sanz, J. L., Bonaparte, J. F., and Lacasa, A., 1988, Unusual Early Cretaceous birds from Spain: Nature, v. 331, p. 433-435.}"
}

@article{doi101017cbo9780511608377011,
    author = "Currie, P. and Rigby, J. and Sloan, R. E.",
    title = "Dinosaur Systematics: Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada",
    year = "1990",
    booktitle = "Dinosaur Systematics",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fedead3cc1ae0ec35f3954946391d9906ed25ae7",
    doi = "10.1017/CBO9780511608377.011",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "107-126",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "246",
    semanticscholar_id = "fedead3cc1ae0ec35f3954946391d9906ed25ae7"
}

We have constructed a magnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic based on an analysis of marine magnetic profiles from the world's ocean basins. This is the first time, since Heirtzler et al. (1968) published their time scale, that the relative widths of the magnetic polarity intervals for the entire Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic have been systematically determined from magnetic profiles. A composite geomagnetic polarity sequence was derived based primarily on data from the South Atlantic. Anomaly spacings in the South Atlantic were constrained by a combination of finite rotation poles and averages of stacked profiles. Fine‐scale information was derived from magnetic profiles on faster spreading ridges in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and inserted into the South Atlantic sequence. Based on the assumption that spreading rates in the South Atlantic were smoothly varying but not necessarily constant, a time scale was generated by using a spline function to fit a set of nine age calibration points plus the zero‐age ridge axis to the composite polarity sequence. The derived spreading history of the South Atlantic shows a regular variation in spreading rate, decreasing in the Late Cretaceous from a high of almost 70 mm/yr (full rate) at around anomaly 33–34 time to a low of about 30 mm/yr by anomaly 27 time in the early Paleocene, increasing to about 55 mm/yr by about anomaly 15 time in the late Eocene, and then gradually decreasing over the Oligocene and the Neogene to the recent rate of about 32 mm/yr. The new time scale has several significant differences from previous time scales. For example, chron C5n is ∼0.5 m.y. older and chrons C9 through C24 are 2–3 m.y. younger than in the chronologies of Berggren et al. (1985b) and Harland et al. (1990). Additional small‐scale anomalies (tiny wiggles) that represent either very short polarity intervals or intensity fluctuations of the dipole field have been identified from several intervals in the Cenozoic including a large number of tiny wiggles between anomalies 24 and 27. Spreading rates on several other ridges, including the Southeast Indian Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge, the Chile Ridge, the North Pacific, and the Central Atlantic, were analyzed in order to evaluate the accuracy of the new time scale. Globally synchronous variations in spreading rate that were previously observed around anomalies 20, 6C, and in the late Neogene have been eliminated. The new time scale helps to resolve events at the times of major plate reorganizations. For example, anomaly 3A (5.6 Ma) is now seen to be a time of sudden spreading rate changes in the Southeast Indian, Pacific‐Antarctic, and Chile ridges and may correspond to the time of the change in Pacific absolute plate motion proposed by others. Spreading rates in the North Pacific became increasingly irregular in the Oligocene, culminating in a precipitous drop at anomaly 6C time.

@article{doi10102992jb01202,
    author = "Cande, S. C. and Kent, Dennis V.",
    title = "A new geomagnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "We have constructed a magnetic polarity time scale for the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic based on an analysis of marine magnetic profiles from the world's ocean basins. This is the first time, since Heirtzler et al. (1968) published their time scale, that the relative widths of the magnetic polarity intervals for the entire Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic have been systematically determined from magnetic profiles. A composite geomagnetic polarity sequence was derived based primarily on data from the South Atlantic. Anomaly spacings in the South Atlantic were constrained by a combination of finite rotation poles and averages of stacked profiles. Fine‐scale information was derived from magnetic profiles on faster spreading ridges in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and inserted into the South Atlantic sequence. Based on the assumption that spreading rates in the South Atlantic were smoothly varying but not necessarily constant, a time scale was generated by using a spline function to fit a set of nine age calibration points plus the zero‐age ridge axis to the composite polarity sequence. The derived spreading history of the South Atlantic shows a regular variation in spreading rate, decreasing in the Late Cretaceous from a high of almost 70 mm/yr (full rate) at around anomaly 33–34 time to a low of about 30 mm/yr by anomaly 27 time in the early Paleocene, increasing to about 55 mm/yr by about anomaly 15 time in the late Eocene, and then gradually decreasing over the Oligocene and the Neogene to the recent rate of about 32 mm/yr. The new time scale has several significant differences from previous time scales. For example, chron C5n is ∼0.5 m.y. older and chrons C9 through C24 are 2–3 m.y. younger than in the chronologies of Berggren et al. (1985b) and Harland et al. (1990). Additional small‐scale anomalies (tiny wiggles) that represent either very short polarity intervals or intensity fluctuations of the dipole field have been identified from several intervals in the Cenozoic including a large number of tiny wiggles between anomalies 24 and 27. Spreading rates on several other ridges, including the Southeast Indian Ridge, the East Pacific Rise, the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge, the Chile Ridge, the North Pacific, and the Central Atlantic, were analyzed in order to evaluate the accuracy of the new time scale. Globally synchronous variations in spreading rate that were previously observed around anomalies 20, 6C, and in the late Neogene have been eliminated. The new time scale helps to resolve events at the times of major plate reorganizations. For example, anomaly 3A (5.6 Ma) is now seen to be a time of sudden spreading rate changes in the Southeast Indian, Pacific‐Antarctic, and Chile ridges and may correspond to the time of the change in Pacific absolute plate motion proposed by others. Spreading rates in the North Pacific became increasingly irregular in the Oligocene, culminating in a precipitous drop at anomaly 6C time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/92jb01202",
    doi = "10.1029/92jb01202",
    openalex = "W2096557357",
    references = "doi1010160012821x9190206w, doi101017s0263593300020782, doi101029jb073i006p02119, doi101029jb083ib11p05331, doi101029jb084ib02p00615, doi101038199947a0, doi101126science15437531164, doi10113000167606197788367ucmsag20co2, doi10113000167606197788374ucmsag20co2, doi10113000167606197788383ucmsag20co2, doi101130001676061985961407cg20co2, doi101130dnaggnam351, doi101144gslmem19850100115, doi1015159781400862924, doi102110pec88010071, openalexw2989049194, openalexw638747108"
}

ABSTRACT The Terlingua local fauna is a rich assemblage of predominantly terrestrial micro vertebrates from the Upper Cretaceous Aguja Formation of Trans-Pecos Texas. Marine invertebrates (which include elements of both Cretaceous Western Interior and Gulf Coast zoogeographic provinces) from conformably underlying strata suggest that the fauna is of late Campanian age, probably correlative with Judithian assemblages of the Western Interior. A Judithian “age” for the fauna is further supported by its mammal and theropod assemblages, and by the faunas of overlying deposits. The previously reported diversity of the Aguja Formation, which we summarize, is significantly enriched by this new fauna. The fauna also fills a major gap in the biogeography of Campanian terrestrial vertebrates. Notable occurrences in the Terlingua local fauna include the therian mammal Gallolestes, previously known only from Baja California, and a hitherto unrecorded type of primitive ‘tribothere.’ At least 4 marsupial and 6 multituberculate taxa are present, several of which represent new taxa. Squamates comprise at least 10 taxa, including xenosaurs, necrosaurs, glyptosaurines, scincids, teiids, and a snake, several of which represent new taxa. In addition, the fauna includes at least 7 dinosaurs, 1 pterosaur, 2 crocodylomorphs, 3 turtles, 3 lissamphibians, 3 actinopterygians, and 8 chondrichthyans. Wood, amber, leaves, seeds, pollen, molluscs, and dinoflagellates are also preserved. The fauna is not strictly comparable to others from the Western Interior. It includes taxa that are either endemic or otherwise known only from relatively low latitudes, indicating an appreciable degree of latitudinal differentiation among Campanian terrestrial faunas bordering the Western Interior seaway.

@article{doi10108002724634199210011475,
    author = "Rowe, Timothy B. and Cifelli, Richard L. and Lehman, Thomas M. and Weil, Anne",
    title = "The Campanian Terlingua local fauna, with a summary of other vertebrates from the Aguja Formation, Trans-Pecos Texas",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The Terlingua local fauna is a rich assemblage of predominantly terrestrial micro vertebrates from the Upper Cretaceous Aguja Formation of Trans-Pecos Texas. Marine invertebrates (which include elements of both Cretaceous Western Interior and Gulf Coast zoogeographic provinces) from conformably underlying strata suggest that the fauna is of late Campanian age, probably correlative with Judithian assemblages of the Western Interior. A Judithian “age” for the fauna is further supported by its mammal and theropod assemblages, and by the faunas of overlying deposits. The previously reported diversity of the Aguja Formation, which we summarize, is significantly enriched by this new fauna. The fauna also fills a major gap in the biogeography of Campanian terrestrial vertebrates. Notable occurrences in the Terlingua local fauna include the therian mammal Gallolestes, previously known only from Baja California, and a hitherto unrecorded type of primitive ‘tribothere.’ At least 4 marsupial and 6 multituberculate taxa are present, several of which represent new taxa. Squamates comprise at least 10 taxa, including xenosaurs, necrosaurs, glyptosaurines, scincids, teiids, and a snake, several of which represent new taxa. In addition, the fauna includes at least 7 dinosaurs, 1 pterosaur, 2 crocodylomorphs, 3 turtles, 3 lissamphibians, 3 actinopterygians, and 8 chondrichthyans. Wood, amber, leaves, seeds, pollen, molluscs, and dinoflagellates are also preserved. The fauna is not strictly comparable to others from the Western Interior. It includes taxa that are either endemic or otherwise known only from relatively low latitudes, indicating an appreciable degree of latitudinal differentiation among Campanian terrestrial faunas bordering the Western Interior seaway.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1992.10011475",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1992.10011475",
    openalex = "W2085184837",
    references = "doi101016003101828790040x, doi101016003101829090110s, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101126science11282807, doi1023071443203, doi1023071484559, doi103133pp151, doi105281zenodo16226902, openalexw1539913220, openalexw1826760900, openalexw2474977981, openalexw337536883"
}

The lithostratigraphic interval between the Taber and Lethbridge coal zones in the upper portion of the nonmarine Judith River Group of southeastern Alberta is divisible into two lithostratigraphic units separated by a regionally extensive and diachronous discontinuity. The lower unit, referred to here as the Oldman Formation, is characterized by very fine grained to fine-grained sandstones that contain fewer than 2% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies with numerous sets of horizontally stratified sandstone, showing little or no evidence of lateral accretion; siliceous paleosols (ganisters); and a relatively high gamma-ray signal in the upper half of the formation. The Oldman Formation comprises deposits of a low-sinuosity, perhaps ephemeral fluvial system that originated in the southern Cordillera of Canada and northern Montana and flowed northeastward, perpendicular to the axis of the Alberta Basin.The upper unit is assigned to a new formation, the Dinosaur Park Formation, and is characterized by fine- to medium-grained sandstones with up to 10% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies that exhibit lateral-accretion surfaces in the form of inclined heterolithic stratification; numerous articulated dinosaurs and dinosaur bone beds; and a relatively low gamma-ray signal in the lower half of the formation. The Dinosaur Park Formation comprises deposits of a high-sinuosity, fluvial-to-estuarine system that originated in the north and central Cordillera and flowed southeastward, subparallel to the axis of the Alberta Basin. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and K–Ar dating of Judith River Group bentonites shows that the contact between the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations becomes younger toward the south and southeast. These data also demonstrate that the Dinosaur Park Formation clastics migrated southeastward at a rate of approximately 130–140 km/Ma, gradually overstepping the Oldman Formation elastics.The widely recognized north-to-south increase in intensity of overthrust loading along the western margin of the Alberta Basin during the Late Cretaceous is thought to be responsible for (i) differences in accommodation space for the proximal portions of the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations, and (ii) the establishment of a southerly tilt in the Alberta Basin leading to the southeastward migration of the Dinosaur Park Formation elastics. In the northern portion of the basin, relatively lower rates of subsidence, combined with periods of isostatic rebound in the foredeep, resulted in the southeastward migration of Dinosaur Park Formation elastics as sediment input exceeded accommodation space. In the southern portion of the basin, relatively higher rates of subsidence and little isostatic rebound acted to trap coarse-grained Oldman Formation elastics in the foredeep and may have led to periods of sediment starvation in more distal portions of the basin. An inferred lower depositional slope associated with the Dinosaur Park Formation (relative to the Oldman Formation) is thought to have resulted from gradual loading of the basin as Dinosaur Park Formation elastics migrated southeastward or some form of tectonically induced subsidence.

@article{doi101139e93016,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Hamblin, A P",
    title = "Tectonic, stratigraphic, and sedimentologic significance of a regional discontinuity in the upper Judith River Group (Belly River wedge) of southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and northern Montana",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The lithostratigraphic interval between the Taber and Lethbridge coal zones in the upper portion of the nonmarine Judith River Group of southeastern Alberta is divisible into two lithostratigraphic units separated by a regionally extensive and diachronous discontinuity. The lower unit, referred to here as the Oldman Formation, is characterized by very fine grained to fine-grained sandstones that contain fewer than 2\% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies with numerous sets of horizontally stratified sandstone, showing little or no evidence of lateral accretion; siliceous paleosols (ganisters); and a relatively high gamma-ray signal in the upper half of the formation. The Oldman Formation comprises deposits of a low-sinuosity, perhaps ephemeral fluvial system that originated in the southern Cordillera of Canada and northern Montana and flowed northeastward, perpendicular to the axis of the Alberta Basin.The upper unit is assigned to a new formation, the Dinosaur Park Formation, and is characterized by fine- to medium-grained sandstones with up to 10\% volcanic rock fragments; sandstone bodies that exhibit lateral-accretion surfaces in the form of inclined heterolithic stratification; numerous articulated dinosaurs and dinosaur bone beds; and a relatively low gamma-ray signal in the lower half of the formation. The Dinosaur Park Formation comprises deposits of a high-sinuosity, fluvial-to-estuarine system that originated in the north and central Cordillera and flowed southeastward, subparallel to the axis of the Alberta Basin. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar and K–Ar dating of Judith River Group bentonites shows that the contact between the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations becomes younger toward the south and southeast. These data also demonstrate that the Dinosaur Park Formation clastics migrated southeastward at a rate of approximately 130–140 km/Ma, gradually overstepping the Oldman Formation elastics.The widely recognized north-to-south increase in intensity of overthrust loading along the western margin of the Alberta Basin during the Late Cretaceous is thought to be responsible for (i) differences in accommodation space for the proximal portions of the Oldman and Dinosaur Park formations, and (ii) the establishment of a southerly tilt in the Alberta Basin leading to the southeastward migration of the Dinosaur Park Formation elastics. In the northern portion of the basin, relatively lower rates of subsidence, combined with periods of isostatic rebound in the foredeep, resulted in the southeastward migration of Dinosaur Park Formation elastics as sediment input exceeded accommodation space. In the southern portion of the basin, relatively higher rates of subsidence and little isostatic rebound acted to trap coarse-grained Oldman Formation elastics in the foredeep and may have led to periods of sediment starvation in more distal portions of the basin. An inferred lower depositional slope associated with the Dinosaur Park Formation (relative to the Oldman Formation) is thought to have resulted from gradual loading of the basin as Dinosaur Park Formation elastics migrated southeastward or some form of tectonically induced subsidence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-016",
    doi = "10.1139/e93-016",
    openalex = "W2037483301"
}

The age of the nonmarine Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana is currently based upon correlations with K–Ar-dated Western Interior ammonite zones. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of biotite and plagioclase separated from four bentonites and one crystal-rich tuff permits for the first time direct determination of the age of Two Medicine strata. Biotite and plagioclase from a bentonite 10 m below the top of the Two Medicine Formation yield concordant 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of 74 Ma, while biotite and plagioclase from two bentonites and a crystal-rich tuff from approximately 100 m above the base of the formation cluster in age around 80 Ma. The total duration of Two Medicine deposition is estimated using these new radio-isotopic ages via extrapolation of an average rock accumulation rate.The new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages facilitate regional correlation of the dinosaur-dominated paleofauna recovered from the Two Medicine Formation, and help constrain the timing of the Claggett and Bearpaw transgressions. The ages support correlation of the richly fossiliferous upper lithofacies suite of the Two Medicine Formation with exposures of the Judith River Formation in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Radioisotopically dated exposures of the Judith River Formation within Montana that include important Judithian "age" mammal localities correlate approximately with middle and lower parts of the middle lithofacies suite of the Two Medicine Formation. The new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages further indicate that the transgressions of the Claggett and Bearpaw seas culminated within northwestern Montana at ca. 79.6 and 74.0 Ma, respectively.

@article{doi101139e93090,
    author = "Rogers, Raymond R. and Swisher, Carl C. and Horner, John R.",
    title = "40 Ar/ 39 Ar age and correlation of the nonmarine Two Medicine Formation (Upper Cretaceous), northwestern Montana, U.S.A.",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = {The age of the nonmarine Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana is currently based upon correlations with K–Ar-dated Western Interior ammonite zones. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of biotite and plagioclase separated from four bentonites and one crystal-rich tuff permits for the first time direct determination of the age of Two Medicine strata. Biotite and plagioclase from a bentonite 10 m below the top of the Two Medicine Formation yield concordant 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of 74 Ma, while biotite and plagioclase from two bentonites and a crystal-rich tuff from approximately 100 m above the base of the formation cluster in age around 80 Ma. The total duration of Two Medicine deposition is estimated using these new radio-isotopic ages via extrapolation of an average rock accumulation rate.The new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages facilitate regional correlation of the dinosaur-dominated paleofauna recovered from the Two Medicine Formation, and help constrain the timing of the Claggett and Bearpaw transgressions. The ages support correlation of the richly fossiliferous upper lithofacies suite of the Two Medicine Formation with exposures of the Judith River Formation in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada. Radioisotopically dated exposures of the Judith River Formation within Montana that include important Judithian "age" mammal localities correlate approximately with middle and lower parts of the middle lithofacies suite of the Two Medicine Formation. The new 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages further indicate that the transgressions of the Claggett and Bearpaw seas culminated within northwestern Montana at ca. 79.6 and 74.0 Ma, respectively.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-090",
    doi = "10.1139/e93-090",
    openalex = "W2168522550",
    references = "doi101016s0195667105800308, openalexw3198721165"
}

Remains of pterosaurs, the dominant aerial vertebrate throughout much of the Mesozoic were, until relatively recently, almost exclusively known from marine and marginal marine sediments of western Europe and North America. Prior to the 1960s Mesozoic deposits in the former Soviet Union and Mongolia had produced very few pterosaurs, but, in the last thirty years, many remains, including some from continental environments, have been found. Most important among these are Sordes and Batrachognathus from the Late Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan, Azhdarcho from the Late Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum desert in Uzbekistan, and a number of new Mongolian pterosaurs, including a possible anurognathid from the Mid Jurassic of Bakhar, a dsungaripterid from the early Early Cretaceous of Tatal and an ornithocheirid from the late Early Cretaceous of Khuren‐Dukh. Although already documented to some extent, the significance of these discoveries remains underappreciated. The discovery and collection of these pterosaurs is described and the bearing of some of the more important material on current problems of pterosaur biology is discussed. We confirm Sharov's observation that the hind limbs of Sordes form an integral part of the flight apparatus, attached externally to the cheiropatagium and internally to the uropatagium, which is supported and manipulated by the fifth toe. The former Soviet and Mongolian pterosaurs also help to fill a number of important morphological and temporal gaps in the pterosaur fossil record and provide the best available evidence of pterosaurs from continental environments. With the exception of insectivores, these and other continental pterosaurs appear to have pursued lifestyles similar to those of their marine counterparts, leading us to suspect that pterosaurs largely failed to exploit terrestrial habitats.

@article{doi10108010292389509380522,
    author = "Bakhurina, Natalia N. and Unwin, David M.",
    title = "A survey of pterosaurs from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of the former soviet union and Mongolia",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Remains of pterosaurs, the dominant aerial vertebrate throughout much of the Mesozoic were, until relatively recently, almost exclusively known from marine and marginal marine sediments of western Europe and North America. Prior to the 1960s Mesozoic deposits in the former Soviet Union and Mongolia had produced very few pterosaurs, but, in the last thirty years, many remains, including some from continental environments, have been found. Most important among these are Sordes and Batrachognathus from the Late Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan, Azhdarcho from the Late Cretaceous of the Kyzylkum desert in Uzbekistan, and a number of new Mongolian pterosaurs, including a possible anurognathid from the Mid Jurassic of Bakhar, a dsungaripterid from the early Early Cretaceous of Tatal and an ornithocheirid from the late Early Cretaceous of Khuren‐Dukh. Although already documented to some extent, the significance of these discoveries remains underappreciated. The discovery and collection of these pterosaurs is described and the bearing of some of the more important material on current problems of pterosaur biology is discussed. We confirm Sharov's observation that the hind limbs of Sordes form an integral part of the flight apparatus, attached externally to the cheiropatagium and internally to the uropatagium, which is supported and manipulated by the fifth toe. The former Soviet and Mongolian pterosaurs also help to fill a number of important morphological and temporal gaps in the pterosaur fossil record and provide the best available evidence of pterosaurs from continental environments. With the exception of insectivores, these and other continental pterosaurs appear to have pursued lifestyles similar to those of their marine counterparts, leading us to suspect that pterosaurs largely failed to exploit terrestrial habitats.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10292389509380522",
    doi = "10.1080/10292389509380522",
    openalex = "W2043286184",
    references = "doi101038scientificamerican047558, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science1874180947, openalexw1504554173"
}

Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.

@article{doi105860choice353642,
    title = "Encyclopedia of dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Thematic Table of Contents. Contributors. A Guide to Using the Encyclopedia. Michael Crichton, Foreword. Preface. Dedication. F.E. Novas, Abelisauridae. L.L. Jacobs, African Dinosaurs. G. Erickson, Age Determination. A. Chinsamy, Albany K. Padian and J.R. Hutchinson, Allosauroidea. P. Dodson, American Dinosaurs. L. Dingus, American Museum of Natural History. K. Carpenter, Ankylosauria. J.M. Parrish, Archosauria. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padain, Arctometatarsalia. R.E. Molnar, Australasian Dinosaurs. L.M. Chiappe, Aves. The Editors, Avetheropoda. K. Padian, Avialae. H. Osmolska, Barun Goyot Formation. J.L. Sanz, Bastus Nesting Site. The Editors, Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Historical Geology. P. Currie, Bayan Mandahu. H. Osmolska, Bayn Dzak. J.R. Horner, Behavior. A. Chinsamy, Bernard Price Institute for Paleontological Research. J. Le Loeuff, Biogeography. R.M. Alexander, Biomechanics. R. Chapman, Biometrics. C. Trueman, Biomineralization. S.G. Lucas, Biostratigraphy. K. Padian, Bipedality. K. Padian, Bird Origins. B. Breithaupt, Bone Cabin Quarry. P. Currie, Braincase Anatomy. K. Padain and J.R. Hutchinson, Bullatosauria. M. Lockley, Cabo Espichel. J.S. Moratalla and J.L. Sanz, Cameros Basin Megatracksite. C. Coy, Canadian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Canon City. M. Lockley, Carenque. J.S. McIntosh, Carnegie Museum of Natural History. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Carnosauria. J. Kirkland, Cedar Mountain Formation. M. Norell, Central Asiatic Expeditions. The Editors, Cerapoda. P. Dodson, Ceratopsia. T. Rowe, R. Tykoski, and J.R. Hutchinson, Ceratosauria. H. Bocherens, Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils. D. Zhiming, Chinese Dinosaurs. J.M. Parrish, Chinle Formation. J.B. Smith, Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. D. Maxwell, Cloverly Formation. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Coelurosauria. M.J. Ryan and A.P. Russell, Color. B. Breithaupt, Como Bluff. R.E. Chapman and D.B. Weishampel, Computers and Related Technology. J. Wright, Connecticut River Valley. D.B. Weishampel, Constructional Morphology. K. Chin, Coprolites. L.M. Witmer, Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems. E-B. Koppelhus, Cretaceous Period. J.M. Clark, Crocodylia. W.A.S. Sarjeant, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. B. Britt and K.L. Stadtman, Dalton Wells Quarry. A. Sahni, Deccan Basalt. The Editors, Deinonychosauria. K. Carpenter, Denver Museum of Natural History. C. Coy, Devil's Coulee Dinosaur Egg Historic Site. M.J. Ryan and M.K. Vickaryous, Diet. K. Padian, Dinosauria: Definition. D. Chure, Dinosaur National Monument. A.B. Arcucci, Dinosauromorpha. C. Coy, Dinosaur Provincial Park. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Ridge. Don Lesson, Dinosaur Society. M. Lockley, Dinosaur Valley. M. Lockley, Dinoturbation. P. Dodson, Distribution and Diversity. T. Jerzykiewicz, Djadokhta Formation. P.A. Murry and R.A. Long, Dockum Group. P. Currie, Dromaeosaridae. B. Britt and B.I. Curtice, Dry Mesa Quarry. M.J. Ryan, Dryosauridae. D.A. Eberth, Edmonton Group. J.R. Horner, Egg Mountain. K.E. Mikhailov, Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests. P. Currie, Elmisauridae. The Editors, Enantiornithes. P. Currie, Erenhot Dinosaur The Editors, Euornithopoda. E. Buffetaut, European Dinosaurs. J.D. Archibald, Evolution. J.D. Archibald, Extinction, Cretaceous. M.J. Benton, Extinction, Triassic. P. Guangzhao, Fabrosauridae. M. Lockley, Fatima. P. Currie, Feathered Dinosaurs. M. Lockley, Footprints and Trackways. Per Christiansen, Forelimbs and Hands. J.I. Kirkland, Fruita Paleontological Area. M.J. Ryan, Fruitland Formation. X-C. Wu, Functional Morphology. L. Claessens, Gastralia. D.D. Gillette, Gastroliths. The Editors, Genasauria. J.M. Parrish, Genetics. C.C. Swisher, Geologic Time. C. Coy, Ghost Ranch. K. Padian, Glen Canyon Group. D.A. Winkler, Glen Rose, Texas. P. Currie, Graduate Studies. D.J. Varricchio, Growth and Embryology. K. Padian, Growth Lines. C.A. Forster, Hadrosauridae. K.R. Johnson, Hell Creek Flora. D.F. Lofgren, Hell Creek Formation. F.E. Novas, Herrerasauridae. J.A. Long and K.J. McNamara, Heterochrony. J.B. Smith, Heterodontosauridae. Per Christiansen, Hind Limbs and Feet. R.E.H. Reid, Histology of Bones and Teeth. W.A.S. Sarjeant, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Early Discoveries. B. Breithaupt, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period. E. Buffetaut, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Quiet Times. L. Psihoyos, History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Research Today. B. Breithaupt, Howe Quarry. H-D. Sues, Hypsilophodontidae. C.A. Forster, Iguanodontidae. A. Sahni, Indian Dinosaurs. The Editors, Institute de Paleontologie, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. D. Zhiming, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China. D.A. Russell, Intelligence. R.R. Rogers, Ischigualasto Formation. Y. Azuma and Y. Tamida, Japanese Dinosaurs. D.A. Eberth, Judith River Wedge. D. Lessem and M. Schweitzer, Jurassic Park. P. Dodson, Jurassic Period. H. Haubold, Keuper Formation. M. Lockley, Khodja-Pil-Ata. M.J. Ryan, Kirtland Formation. A. Sahni, Lameta Formation. B. Breithaupt, Lance Formation. S.G. Lucas, Land-Mammal Ages. B.P. Perez-Moreno and J.L. Sanz, Las Hoyas. V.L. Santucci, Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils. D.B. Weishampel, Life History. M. Lockley, Lommiswil. E. Frey and J. Martin, Long Necks of Sauropods. D. Zhiming, Lufeng. K. Padian, Maniraptora. K. Padian, Maniraptoriformes. The Editors, Marginocephalia. K. Padian, Megalosaurus. M. Lockley, Megatracksites. K. Padian, Mesozoic Era. H-D. Sues, Mesozoic Faunas. J. Basinger, Mesozoic Floras. R. Hernandez-Rivera, Mexican Dinosaurs. J.A. Schiebout, Microvertebrate Sites. M.J. Ryan, Middle Asian Dinosaurs. G.S. Paul, Migration. R. Barsbold, Mongolian Dinosaurs. K. Carpenter, Morrison Formation. J.M. Parrish, Musculature. J. Le Loeuff, Musee des Dinosaures, Esperaza, Aude, France. The Editors, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University. D.K. Smith, Museum of Earth Science, Brigham Young University. M. Schweitzer, Museum of the Rockies. D. Chure, Museums and Displays. A. Chinsamy, National Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa. P. Davis, Natual History Museum, London. H. Osmolska, Nemegt Formation. P. Dodson, Neoceratopsia. The Editors, Neotetanurae. H-D. Sues, Newark Supergroup. K. Padian, Origin of Dinosaurs. L.B. Tatarinov, Orlov Museum of Paleontology. M.K. Vickaryous and M.J. Ryan, Ornamentation. K. Padian, Ornithischia. K. Padian, Ornithodira. H. Osmolska, Ornithomimosauria. The Editors, Ornithopoda. K. Padian, Ornithosuchia. R. Barsbold, Oviraptorosauria. J.B. Smith, Oxford Clay. H-D. Sues, Pachycephalosauria. H. Haubold, Paleoclimatology. P. Dodson, Paleoecology. J.F. Lerbekmo, Paleomagnetic Correlation. E.A. Buchholtz, Paleoneurology. P.J. Currie, Paleontogical Museum, Ulaan Baatar. P. Davis, Paleontology. D.H. Tanke and B.M. Rothschild, Paleopathology. K. Padian, Pectoral Girdle. D. Rasskin-Gutman, Pelvis, Comparative Anatomy. C. Trueman, Permineralization. J.M. Parrish, Petrified Forest. K. Padian, Phylogenetic System. K. Padian, Phylogeny of Dinosaurs. K. Padian, Physiology. B. Tiffney, Plants and Dinosaurs. E. Hoch, Plate Tectonics. T.H. Rich, R.A. Gangloff, and W.R. Hammer, Polar Dinosaurs. H. Osmolska, Polish-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. D.F. Glut, Popular Culture, Literature. P. Makovicky, Postcranial Axial Skeleton. B. Britt, Postcranial Pneumaticity. R.E. Molnar, Problems with the Fossil Record. P. Upchurch, Prosauropoda. P. Davis, Pseudofossils. K. Padian, Pseudosuchia. P. Sereno, Psittacosauridae. K. Padian, Pterosauria. K. Padian, Pterosauromopha. M. Lockney, Purgatoire. K. Padian, Quadrupedality. D.A. Eberth, Radiometric Dating. P. Currie, Raptors. S.J. Czerkas, Reconstruction and Restoration. G.S. Paul, Reproductive Behavior and Rates. M.J. Benton, Reptiles. J. Wright, Rocky Hill Dinosaur Park. H-D. Sues, Royal Ontario B.G. Naylor, Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology. M. Lockley, Samcheonpo. K. Padian, Saurischia. J.S. McIntosh, Sauropoda. P. Upchurch, Sauropodomorpha. P. Currie, Sino-Canadian Dinosaur Project. P. Currie, Sino-Soviet Expeditions. N.J. Mateer, Sino-Swedish Expeditions. E.H. Colbert, Size. R.M. Alexander, Size and Scaling. K. Padian, Skeletal Structures. S.A. Czerkas, Skin. The Editors, Skull, Comparative Anatomy. M.K. Brett-Surman, Smithsonian Institution. H. Haubold, Solnhofen Formation. A. Chinsamy, South African F.E. Novas, South American Dinosaurs. E. Buffetaut, Southeast Asian Dinosaurs. C. Coy, Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expeditions. J.D. Archibald, Speciation. J.D. Archibald, Species. A. Milner, Spinosauridae and Baryonychidae. The Editors, State Museum for Natural History, Stuttgart, Germany. K. Padian, Staurikosauridae. P. Galton, Stegosauria. X-C. Wu and A.P. Russell, Systematics. A.R. Fiorillo, Taphonomy. P.M. Sander, Teeth and Jaws. G. Maier, Tendaguru. J.R. Hutchinson and K. Padian, Tetanurae. K. Padian, Thecodontia. D.A. Russell, Therizinosauria. P.J. Currie, Theropoda. K. Carpenter, Thyreophora. A.R. Jacobsen, Tooth Marks. G.M. Erickson, Tooth Replacement Patterns. W.L. Abler, Tooth Serrations in Carnivorous Dinosaurs. A.R. Fiorillo and D.B. Weishampel, Tooth Wear. K. Padian, Trace Fossils. J.M. Parrish, Triassic Period. D.J. Varricchio, Troodontidae. J.O. Farlow, Trophic Groups. D.B. Weishampel, Trossingen. R.R. Rogers, Two Medicine Formation. K. Carpenter, Tyrannosauridae. M. Norell, Ukhaa Tolgod. The Editors, University of California Museum of Paleontology. S.D. Sampson and M.J. Ryan, Variation. M.J. Benton, Vertebrata. P. Davis, Vertebrate Paleontology. G.M. Erickson, Von Ebner Incremental Growth Lines. D. Norman, Wealden Group. J.R. Horner, Willow Creek Anticline. M.A. Turner, Yale Peabody D. Zhiming, Zigong Museum. Resources. Index.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.35-3642",
    openalex = "W647458292"
}

Angiosperm woods occur throughout Upper Cretaceous (84–66 million years old) continental strata of Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA. Vertebrate remains occur along the same stratigraphic levels, providing a rare opportunity to reconstruct associations of sedimentary facies, wood remains, and vertebrate remains. The wood collection sites span a vertical stratigraphic succession that corresponds to an environmental transect from poorly-drained coastal salt- or brackish water swamps to progressively better drained freshwater flood-plains lying at increasingly greater distance from the shoreline of the inland Cretaceous sea and at higher elevations. The eight dicot wood types of the Aguja Formation differ from the five types of the Javelina Formation, paralleling a change from a fauna dominated by duckbill and horned dinosaurs to a fauna dominated by the large sauropod, Alamosaurus. These woods increase the known diversity of Cretaceous woods, and include the earliest example of wood with characteristics of the Malvales. The lower part of the upper shale member of the Aguja contains numerous narrow axes, some seemingly in growth position, of the platanoid/ icacinoid type, and of another wood that has a suite of features considered primitive in the Baileyan sense. Duckbill dinosaur remains are common in the facies with these woods. In contrast to other Cretaceous localities with dicot wood, Paraphyllanthoxylon is not common. Dicotyledonous trees are most abundant at the top of the Aguja and the lower part of the Javelina Formations in sediments indicating well-drained inland fluvial flood-plain environments. One locality has logs and insitu stumps, with an average spacing of 12–13 metres between each tree, and trees nearly 1 metre in diameter. To our knowledge this is the first report of anatomically preserved in situ Cretaceous dicot trees. Javelinoxylon wood occurs at all levels where remains of the giant sauropod Alamosaurus occur. The vertebrate faunas of the late Cretaceous of New Mexico and Texas are said to comprise a ʻsouthernʼ fauna distinct from the ʻnorthern faunaʼ of Alberta and Montana. The wood remains are consistent with such provincialism. It has been suggested that dicots were not commonly trees in the late Cretaceous of the northern part of the western interior of North America. The Big Bend woods provide direct evidence for dicot trees having more than a subordinate role in Cretaceous vegetation at lower latitudes. Most of the dicot wood types of Big Bend are characterized by high proportions of parenchyma, over 50% in one type. Whether these high proportions of parenchyma are correlated with the higher CO 2 levels of the Cretaceous and /or the pressures exerted by aggressive browsing by large dinosaur herbivores is unknown.

@article{doi1011632294193290000239,
    author = "Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Lehman, Thomas M.",
    title = "LATE CRETACEOUS WOODY DICOTS FROM THE AGUJA AND JAVELINA FORMATIONS, BIG BEND NATIONAL PARK, TEXAS, USA",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "IAWA Journal - KU Leuven/IAWA Journal",
    abstract = "Angiosperm woods occur throughout Upper Cretaceous (84–66 million years old) continental strata of Big Bend National Park, Texas, USA. Vertebrate remains occur along the same stratigraphic levels, providing a rare opportunity to reconstruct associations of sedimentary facies, wood remains, and vertebrate remains. The wood collection sites span a vertical stratigraphic succession that corresponds to an environmental transect from poorly-drained coastal salt- or brackish water swamps to progressively better drained freshwater flood-plains lying at increasingly greater distance from the shoreline of the inland Cretaceous sea and at higher elevations. The eight dicot wood types of the Aguja Formation differ from the five types of the Javelina Formation, paralleling a change from a fauna dominated by duckbill and horned dinosaurs to a fauna dominated by the large sauropod, Alamosaurus. These woods increase the known diversity of Cretaceous woods, and include the earliest example of wood with characteristics of the Malvales. The lower part of the upper shale member of the Aguja contains numerous narrow axes, some seemingly in growth position, of the platanoid/ icacinoid type, and of another wood that has a suite of features considered primitive in the Baileyan sense. Duckbill dinosaur remains are common in the facies with these woods. In contrast to other Cretaceous localities with dicot wood, Paraphyllanthoxylon is not common. Dicotyledonous trees are most abundant at the top of the Aguja and the lower part of the Javelina Formations in sediments indicating well-drained inland fluvial flood-plain environments. One locality has logs and insitu stumps, with an average spacing of 12–13 metres between each tree, and trees nearly 1 metre in diameter. To our knowledge this is the first report of anatomically preserved in situ Cretaceous dicot trees. Javelinoxylon wood occurs at all levels where remains of the giant sauropod Alamosaurus occur. The vertebrate faunas of the late Cretaceous of New Mexico and Texas are said to comprise a ʻsouthernʼ fauna distinct from the ʻnorthern faunaʼ of Alberta and Montana. The wood remains are consistent with such provincialism. It has been suggested that dicots were not commonly trees in the late Cretaceous of the northern part of the western interior of North America. The Big Bend woods provide direct evidence for dicot trees having more than a subordinate role in Cretaceous vegetation at lower latitudes. Most of the dicot wood types of Big Bend are characterized by high proportions of parenchyma, over 50\% in one type. Whether these high proportions of parenchyma are correlated with the higher CO 2 levels of the Cretaceous and /or the pressures exerted by aggressive browsing by large dinosaur herbivores is unknown.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000239",
    doi = "10.1163/22941932-90000239",
    openalex = "W2006413241",
    references = "doi101007bf02806171, doi101007bf02860537, doi101017s009483730001410x, doi101038363342a0, doi101126science1874180947, doi101146annurevearth261379, doi1023071223183, doi1023072996362, doi102475ajs2914377, lehman1987late"
}

@article{doi1017161pcns18083761,
    author = "Burnham, David A. and Derstler, Kraig L. and Currie, Philip J. and Bakker, Robert T. and Zhou, Zhonghe and Ostrom, John H.",
    title = "Remarkable New Birdlike Dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Paleontological Contributions New Series (1992-2009)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17161/pcns.1808.3761",
    doi = "10.17161/pcns.1808.3761",
    openalex = "W1576151226"
}

Angiosperms first appeared in northern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, approximately 135 million years ago. Several authors have hypothesised that the origin of angiosperms, and the tempo and pattern of their subsequent radiation, was mediated by changes in the browsing behaviour of large herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropods and ornithischians). Moreover, the taxonomic and ecological radiation of angiosperms has been associated with the evolution of complex jaw mechanisms among ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we review critically the evidence for dinosaur-angiosperm interactions during the Cretaceous Period, providing explicit spatiotemporal comparisons between evolutionary and palaeoecological events in both the dinosaur and angiosperm fossil records and an assessment of the direct and indirect evidence for dinosaur diets. We conclude that there are no strong spatiotemporal correlations in support of the hypothesis that dinosaurs were causative agents in the origin of angiosperms; however, dinosaur-angiosperm interactions in the Late Cretaceous may have resulted in some coevolutionary interactions, although direct evidence of such interactions is scanty at present. It is likely that other animal groups (insects, arboreal mammals) had a greater impact on angiosperm diversity during the Cretaceous than herbivorous dinosaurs. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 might have played a critical role in the initial stages of the angiosperm radiation.

@article{doi101017s1464793101005735,
    author = "Barrett, Paul M. and Willis, Katherine J.",
    title = "Did dinosaurs invent flowers? Dinosaur—angiosperm coevolution revisited",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Angiosperms first appeared in northern Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous, approximately 135 million years ago. Several authors have hypothesised that the origin of angiosperms, and the tempo and pattern of their subsequent radiation, was mediated by changes in the browsing behaviour of large herbivorous dinosaurs (sauropods and ornithischians). Moreover, the taxonomic and ecological radiation of angiosperms has been associated with the evolution of complex jaw mechanisms among ornithischian dinosaurs. Here, we review critically the evidence for dinosaur-angiosperm interactions during the Cretaceous Period, providing explicit spatiotemporal comparisons between evolutionary and palaeoecological events in both the dinosaur and angiosperm fossil records and an assessment of the direct and indirect evidence for dinosaur diets. We conclude that there are no strong spatiotemporal correlations in support of the hypothesis that dinosaurs were causative agents in the origin of angiosperms; however, dinosaur-angiosperm interactions in the Late Cretaceous may have resulted in some coevolutionary interactions, although direct evidence of such interactions is scanty at present. It is likely that other animal groups (insects, arboreal mammals) had a greater impact on angiosperm diversity during the Cretaceous than herbivorous dinosaurs. Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 might have played a critical role in the initial stages of the angiosperm radiation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1464793101005735",
    doi = "10.1017/s1464793101005735",
    openalex = "W2139189634",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018275900279, doi1010160031018291900605, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s009483730001410x, doi101038277560a0, doi101038374027a0, doi10103846528, doi10103846536, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi101086284406, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j155856461966tb03367x, doi101126science2815376555, doi1011300091761319910190547lpoeef23co2, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101163156853974x00345, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1023072258301, doi1023072412923, doi1023073243920, lehman1987late, openalexw2603335639"
}

One of the southernmost North American late Campanian microvertebrate assemblages was collected from the upper Aguja Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas. The dinosaurs provide additional evidence that distinct southern and northern terrestrial vertebrate provinces occurred contemporaneously during this time due to latitudinal differences in temperature and rainfall. Southern areas, such as west Texas, were warm dry, with non-seasonal climates, and with open-canopy woodlands; they appear to be less fossil-rich and less diverse than northern areas. Nine dinosaurs are present, based on isolated teeth: pachycephalosaurid; hadrosaurid; ceratopsian; tyrannosaurid; Saurornitholestes cf. langstoni (Sues, 1978); Richardoestesia cf. gilmorei (Currie et al., 1990); a new species of Richardoestesia, which is named here; and a undetermined theropod unlike any previously described. Previous reports of Troodon sp. from the Talley Mt. and Terlingua microsites are mistaken; they are a pachycephalosaurid. Many of the dinosaur teeth are small, and are probably from juveniles or younger individuals, evidence that dinosaurs nested in the area. Paleoecologically, the upper Aguja was probably more similar to the lower and more inland faunas of the Scollard Formation (~66 Ma) of Alberta than to contemporaneous northern faunas: both had drier, open environments and lower dinosaur abundance. This connection between climate and dinosaur abundance suggests that climatic factors were important in the Late Cretaceous dinosaur extinctions.

@article{doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2,
    author = "Sankey, Julia",
    title = "LATE CAMPANIAN SOUTHERN DINOSAURS, AGUJA FORMATION, BIG BEND, TEXAS",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "One of the southernmost North American late Campanian microvertebrate assemblages was collected from the upper Aguja Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas. The dinosaurs provide additional evidence that distinct southern and northern terrestrial vertebrate provinces occurred contemporaneously during this time due to latitudinal differences in temperature and rainfall. Southern areas, such as west Texas, were warm dry, with non-seasonal climates, and with open-canopy woodlands; they appear to be less fossil-rich and less diverse than northern areas. Nine dinosaurs are present, based on isolated teeth: pachycephalosaurid; hadrosaurid; ceratopsian; tyrannosaurid; Saurornitholestes cf. langstoni (Sues, 1978); Richardoestesia cf. gilmorei (Currie et al., 1990); a new species of Richardoestesia, which is named here; and a undetermined theropod unlike any previously described. Previous reports of Troodon sp. from the Talley Mt. and Terlingua microsites are mistaken; they are a pachycephalosaurid. Many of the dinosaur teeth are small, and are probably from juveniles or younger individuals, evidence that dinosaurs nested in the area. Paleoecologically, the upper Aguja was probably more similar to the lower and more inland faunas of the Scollard Formation (\textasciitilde 66 Ma) of Alberta than to contemporaneous northern faunas: both had drier, open environments and lower dinosaur abundance. This connection between climate and dinosaur abundance suggests that climatic factors were important in the Late Cretaceous dinosaur extinctions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0208:lcsdaf>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<0208:lcsdaf>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2176166003",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science13234331023, doi1023071005355, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice353642, openalexw337536883"
}

@article{doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2,
    author = "Ryan, Michael J. and Russell, Anthony P. and Eberth, David A. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "The Taphonomy of a Centrosaurus (Ornithischia: Certopsidae) Bone Bed from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian), Alberta, Canada, with Comments on Cranial Ontogeny",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Palaios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0482:ttoaco>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0482:ttoaco>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2179225693",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010160031018288900855, doi101016003101829090202i, doi101017s0094837300005820, doi101038114085a0, doi101038282296a0, doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101126science11282807, doi101139e93016, doi101306c1ea47bb16c911d78645000102c1865d, doi102113gsrocky8specialpaper11, doi1023071296618, doi1023072531613, doi1023075209, doi105962bhlpart22969, eberth1990stratigraphy, openalexw2259418280, openalexw2591879035, openalexw568618627, parrish1987late"
}

Synopsis The dinosaurs of the Hateg Basin of Transylvania (late Maastrichtian; western Romania) include Theropoda, Sauropoda, Ornithopoda and Ankylosauria. Of these, one of the most enigmatic taxa is the ornithopod that Franz Baron Nopcsa originally described as Mochlodon suessi and M. robustus in 1902. These two species have come to be regarded as a single species of Rhabdodon, R. robustus, which is distinct from R. priscus from the Late Cretaceous of southern France and northern Spain. This study provides a detailed anatomical revision of the Rhabdodon material that was described originally by Nopcsa during the early decades of the 20th century. It also adds information on material discovered in the Hateg area of Romania since the 1930s. A phylogenetic analysis of basal euornithopods indicates that the non‐hadrosaurid material from Hateg comprises two distinct, but congeneric, species. These two species can be distinguished unambiguously from R. priscus. A new genus Zalmoxes is established for the Romanian ornithopod, comprising Z. robustus comb. nov. (the type‐species of the genus) and Z. shqiperorum sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two species of Zalmoxes and R. priscus are united in the monophyletic clade Rhabdodontidae (nov.). Rhabdodontidae constitutes the sibling clade to Iguanodontia. R. septimanicus, M. suessi, and the Villeveyrac Rhabdodon also appear to be members of Rhabdodontidae. The evolutionary implications of this phylogenetic analysis include the recognition of a ghost lineage, extending from the most recent common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae and Iguanodontia, which extends for 73 million years. This extraordinarily long ghost lineage duration may reflect considerable gaps in the history of this group or the geographical isolation of Rhabdodontidae in Europe during much of the Cretaceous period. The area of origin of the Rhabdodontidae + Iguanodontia clade may be North America, while the common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae dispersed to Europe, at that time a marine‐dominated region with tectonically‐active terrestrial habitats. Adult individuals of Z. robustus are smaller than either of its two closest relatives, Z. shqiperorum and R. priscus, within the Rhabdodontidae, or with many species of Iguanodontia and, therefore, is considered a possible paedomorphic dwarf.

@article{doi101017s1477201903001032,
    author = "Weishampel, David B. and Jianu, Coralia‐Maria and Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán and Norman, David",
    title = "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual Euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis The dinosaurs of the Hateg Basin of Transylvania (late Maastrichtian; western Romania) include Theropoda, Sauropoda, Ornithopoda and Ankylosauria. Of these, one of the most enigmatic taxa is the ornithopod that Franz Baron Nopcsa originally described as Mochlodon suessi and M. robustus in 1902. These two species have come to be regarded as a single species of Rhabdodon, R. robustus, which is distinct from R. priscus from the Late Cretaceous of southern France and northern Spain. This study provides a detailed anatomical revision of the Rhabdodon material that was described originally by Nopcsa during the early decades of the 20th century. It also adds information on material discovered in the Hateg area of Romania since the 1930s. A phylogenetic analysis of basal euornithopods indicates that the non‐hadrosaurid material from Hateg comprises two distinct, but congeneric, species. These two species can be distinguished unambiguously from R. priscus. A new genus Zalmoxes is established for the Romanian ornithopod, comprising Z. robustus comb. nov. (the type‐species of the genus) and Z. shqiperorum sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two species of Zalmoxes and R. priscus are united in the monophyletic clade Rhabdodontidae (nov.). Rhabdodontidae constitutes the sibling clade to Iguanodontia. R. septimanicus, M. suessi, and the Villeveyrac Rhabdodon also appear to be members of Rhabdodontidae. The evolutionary implications of this phylogenetic analysis include the recognition of a ghost lineage, extending from the most recent common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae and Iguanodontia, which extends for 73 million years. This extraordinarily long ghost lineage duration may reflect considerable gaps in the history of this group or the geographical isolation of Rhabdodontidae in Europe during much of the Cretaceous period. The area of origin of the Rhabdodontidae + Iguanodontia clade may be North America, while the common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae dispersed to Europe, at that time a marine‐dominated region with tectonically‐active terrestrial habitats. Adult individuals of Z. robustus are smaller than either of its two closest relatives, Z. shqiperorum and R. priscus, within the Rhabdodontidae, or with many species of Iguanodontia and, therefore, is considered a possible paedomorphic dwarf.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001032",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001032",
    openalex = "W2167550757",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi10103835059070, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101086284406, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101126science27352791204, doi102307jctvxkn7tk, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105479si00963801361666197, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759"
}

Exceptionally detailed soft tissues have been identified within the fossilized feces of a large Cretaceous tyrannosaurid. Microscopic cord-like structures in the coprolitic ground mass are visible in thin section and with scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, organization, and context of these structures indicate that they are the fossilized remains of undigested muscle tissue. This unusual discovery indicates specific digestive and taphonomic conditions, including a relatively short gut-residence time, rapid lithification, and minimal diagenetic recrystallization. Rapid burial of the feces probably was facilitated by a flood event on the ancient coastal lowland plain on which the fecal mass was deposited.

@article{doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2,
    author = "Chin, Karen and Eberth, David A. and Schweitzer, Mary H. and Rando, Thomas A. and SLOBODA, W. J. and Horner, Jack",
    title = "Remarkable Preservation of Undigested Muscle Tissue Within a Late Cretaceous Tyrannosaurid Coprolite from Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Exceptionally detailed soft tissues have been identified within the fossilized feces of a large Cretaceous tyrannosaurid. Microscopic cord-like structures in the coprolitic ground mass are visible in thin section and with scanning electron microscopy. The morphology, organization, and context of these structures indicate that they are the fossilized remains of undigested muscle tissue. This unusual discovery indicates specific digestive and taphonomic conditions, including a relatively short gut-residence time, rapid lithification, and minimal diagenetic recrystallization. Rapid burial of the feces probably was facilitated by a flood event on the ancient coastal lowland plain on which the fecal mass was deposited.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0286:rpoumt>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1669/0883-1351(2003)018<0286:rpoumt>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2173652276",
    references = "briggs1994decay, doi1010029781118697214, doi101007bf00292180, doi101016s0016703799000873, doi101017cbo9780511610561, doi101017s0094837300012082, doi10103832884, doi101126science25951001439, doi101139e93016, doi102527199977193x, doi103998mpub9690664, openalexw2983381470"
}

Contributors Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction: Dinosaurs Acting Like Birds, and Vice Versa - Robert T. Bakker Section I. The Setting 1. The Dinosaurian Setting of Primitive Asian Birds - Dale A. Russell 2. End-Cretaceous Acid Rain as a Selective Extinction Mechanism Between Birds and Dinosaurs - Gregory J. Retallack Section II. Osteology and Ichnology 3. New information on Bambiraptor feinbergi (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Montana - David Burnham 4. A New Dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada - Philip J. Currie and David J. Varricchio 5. The Braincase of Velociraptor - Mark A. Norell, Peter J. Makovicky and James M. Clark 6. A Theropod (Dromaeosauridae, Dinosauria) Sternal Plate from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada - Stephen J. Godfrey and Philip J. Currie 7. Avian traits in the ilium of Unenlagia comahuensis (Maniraptora: Avialae) - Fernando E. Novas 8. Bird-Like Features of Dinosaur Footprints - Joanna L. Wright Section III. Eggs, Nests, Feathers and Flight 9. Dinosaur Eggs and Nesting: Implications for Understanding the Origin of Birds - Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Luis M. Chiappe 10. Two Eggs Sunny-Side Up: Reproductive Physiology in the Dinosaur Troodon formosus- David J. Varricchio and Frankie K. Jackson 11. Dinosaur Brooding Behaviour and the Origin of Flight Feathers - Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen 12. Feathered Coelurosaurs from China: New Light on the Arboreal Origin of Avian Flight - Sankar Chatterjee and R. J. Templin 13. The Plumage of Archaeopteryx - Feathers of a Dinosaur? - Peter Wellnhofer 14. Dinosaur Crime-Scene Investigations: Theropod Behavior at Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the Evolution of Birdness - Robert T. Bakker and Gary Bir Index

@article{doi105860choice421568,
    title = "Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Contributors Foreword Acknowledgments Introduction: Dinosaurs Acting Like Birds, and Vice Versa - Robert T. Bakker Section I. The Setting 1. The Dinosaurian Setting of Primitive Asian Birds - Dale A. Russell 2. End-Cretaceous Acid Rain as a Selective Extinction Mechanism Between Birds and Dinosaurs - Gregory J. Retallack Section II. Osteology and Ichnology 3. New information on Bambiraptor feinbergi (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of Montana - David Burnham 4. A New Dromaeosaurid from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada - Philip J. Currie and David J. Varricchio 5. The Braincase of Velociraptor - Mark A. Norell, Peter J. Makovicky and James M. Clark 6. A Theropod (Dromaeosauridae, Dinosauria) Sternal Plate from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Upper Cretaceous) of Alberta, Canada - Stephen J. Godfrey and Philip J. Currie 7. Avian traits in the ilium of Unenlagia comahuensis (Maniraptora: Avialae) - Fernando E. Novas 8. Bird-Like Features of Dinosaur Footprints - Joanna L. Wright Section III. Eggs, Nests, Feathers and Flight 9. Dinosaur Eggs and Nesting: Implications for Understanding the Origin of Birds - Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Luis M. Chiappe 10. Two Eggs Sunny-Side Up: Reproductive Physiology in the Dinosaur Troodon formosus- David J. Varricchio and Frankie K. Jackson 11. Dinosaur Brooding Behaviour and the Origin of Flight Feathers - Thomas P. Hopp and Mark J. Orsen 12. Feathered Coelurosaurs from China: New Light on the Arboreal Origin of Avian Flight - Sankar Chatterjee and R. J. Templin 13. The Plumage of Archaeopteryx - Feathers of a Dinosaur? - Peter Wellnhofer 14. Dinosaur Crime-Scene Investigations: Theropod Behavior at Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the Evolution of Birdness - Robert T. Bakker and Gary Bir Index",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.42-1568",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.42-1568",
    openalex = "W618498591",
    references = "doi101007s001140030448x, doi101016s0003347287801690, doi101111j143903101985tb01391x, doi1017161pcns18083761, openalexw1509668171"
}

@article{doi101016jsedgeo200610001,
    author = "Roberts, Eric M.",
    title = "Facies architecture and depositional environments of the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Sedimentary Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.10.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.10.001",
    openalex = "W2122503603",
    references = "doi1010029781444303773, doi1010079783662032374, doi1010160012825277900551, doi101016001282527990059x, doi101016003101829090110s, doi1010160037073888901339, doi101016jcretres200501002, doi101016s0037073887800064, doi101111j136530911963tb01204x, doi101139e93016, doi10130683d923ed16c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101306c1ea47bb16c911d78645000102c1865d, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1912927042"
}

Synopsis Early dinosaur evolution has been the subject of several phylogenetic studies and the position of certain basal forms is currently debated. This is the case for the oldest known members of the group, excavated from the Late Triassic Ischigualastian beds of South America, such as Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor, Pisanosaurus, Saturnalia and Staurikosaurus. A new cladistic analysis of the early dinosaur radiation was performed to assess the relationships among the three major clades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda) and to define the phylogenetic position of the basal members of the group. The most parsimonious hypothesis has Silesaurus opolensis as the sister taxon to a dichotomy including monophyletic Saurischia and Ornithischia. The latter includes Pisanosaurus mertii, and the former all other well‐known Triassic dinosaurs. Saurischia is composed of two major monophyletic groups: Herrerasauridae (including Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei) and Eusaurischia (including the theropod and sauropodomorph lineages), while Eoraptor lunensis appears to represent the sister taxon to Eusaurischia. Saturnalia tupiniquim is a stem‐taxon to Sauropodomorpha and Guaibasaurus candelariensis might belong to the theropod branch. Some of these hypotheses are, however, not strongly supported. Especially uncertain are the affinities of Silesaurus and Guaibasaurus. The latter can only be safely regarded as a saurischian, while the former might belong to the ornithischian lineage. The dinosaurian affinities of Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are strongly supported. Yet, the possibility that they (especially Eoraptor) represent basal theropods, rather than basal saurischians, cannot be dismissed. In fact, basal saurischian evolution is still too poorly understood for a definitive hypothesis of relationships to be presented.

@article{doi101017s1477201906001970,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Early dinosaurs: A phylogenetic study",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Early dinosaur evolution has been the subject of several phylogenetic studies and the position of certain basal forms is currently debated. This is the case for the oldest known members of the group, excavated from the Late Triassic Ischigualastian beds of South America, such as Herrerasaurus, Eoraptor, Pisanosaurus, Saturnalia and Staurikosaurus. A new cladistic analysis of the early dinosaur radiation was performed to assess the relationships among the three major clades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda) and to define the phylogenetic position of the basal members of the group. The most parsimonious hypothesis has Silesaurus opolensis as the sister taxon to a dichotomy including monophyletic Saurischia and Ornithischia. The latter includes Pisanosaurus mertii, and the former all other well‐known Triassic dinosaurs. Saurischia is composed of two major monophyletic groups: Herrerasauridae (including Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei) and Eusaurischia (including the theropod and sauropodomorph lineages), while Eoraptor lunensis appears to represent the sister taxon to Eusaurischia. Saturnalia tupiniquim is a stem‐taxon to Sauropodomorpha and Guaibasaurus candelariensis might belong to the theropod branch. Some of these hypotheses are, however, not strongly supported. Especially uncertain are the affinities of Silesaurus and Guaibasaurus. The latter can only be safely regarded as a saurischian, while the former might belong to the ornithischian lineage. The dinosaurian affinities of Eoraptor and Herrerasauridae are strongly supported. Yet, the possibility that they (especially Eoraptor) represent basal theropods, rather than basal saurischians, cannot be dismissed. In fact, basal saurischian evolution is still too poorly understood for a definitive hypothesis of relationships to be presented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201906001970",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201906001970",
    openalex = "W2106077668",
    references = "cuny1993revision, doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02985709, doi101007bf02986571, doi101007bf02988144, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101017cbo9780511608377010, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199310011511, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19850092, doi101111j00310239200300301x, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j109636422001tb01313x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101126science2562999, doi101671a1097, doi1023072408678, doi1023073889334, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16651680, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice392183, doi105962bhlpart22965, galton1977onstaurikosaums, openalexw2261909166, openalexw2560671010, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3190253505, openalexw606525048, openalexw638862129, smith1990osteology"
}

Contributors Preface Acknowledgments I. Beaked Dinosaurs: The Ornithopods 1. Callovosaurus leedsi, the Earliest Dryosaurid Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England Jose Ignacio Ruiz-Omenaca, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, and Peter M. Galton 2. Teeth of Ornithischian Dinosaurs (Mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the Western United States Peter M. Galton 3. A Description of a New Ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a Reassessment of the Skull of Camptosaurus Kathleen Brill and Kenneth Carpenter 4. Turning the Old into the New: A Separate Genus for the Gracile Iguanodont from the Wealden of England Gregory S. Paul 5. A Possible New Basal Hadrosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Eastern Utah David Gilpin, Tony DiCroce, and Kenneth Carpenter 6. Postcranial Osteology of the Hadrosaurid Dinosaur Brachylophosaurus canadensis from the Late Cretaceous of Montana Albert Prieto-Marquez 7. Leonardo, a Mummified Brachylophosaurus (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Judith River Formation of Montana Nate L. Murphy, David Trexler, and Mark Thompson 8. Discussion of Character Analysis of the Appendicular Anatomy in Campanian and Maastrichtian North American Hadrosaurids-Variation and Ontogeny Michael K. Brett-Surman and Jonathan R. Wagner 9. Osteochondrosis in Late Cretaceous Hadrosauria: A Manifestation of Ontologic Failure Bruce Rothschild and Darren H. Tanke 10. Deciphering Duckbills: A History in Nomenclature Benjamin S. Creisler II. Horned Dinosaurs: Ceratopsians 11. Cranial Anatomy and Biogeography of the First Leptoceratops gracilis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) Specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, Southeast Montana Christopher J. Ott 12. Cranial Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Torosaurus latus Andrew A. Farke 13. Growth and Population Age Structure in the Horned Dinosaur Chasmosaurus Thomas M. Lehman 14. Bone Resorption, Bone Lesions, and Extracranial Fenestrae in Ceratopsid Dinosaurs: A Preliminary Assessment Darren H. Tanke and Andrew A. Farke 15. Bison alticornis and O. C. Marsh's Early Views on Ceratopsians Kenneth Carpenter Index

@book{openalexw597685939,
    author = "Carpenter, Kenneth",
    title = "Horns and Beaks: Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs",
    year = "2006",
    booktitle = "Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)",
    abstract = "Contributors Preface Acknowledgments I. Beaked Dinosaurs: The Ornithopods 1. Callovosaurus leedsi, the Earliest Dryosaurid Dinosaur (Ornithischia: Euornithopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England Jose Ignacio Ruiz-Omenaca, Xabier Pereda Suberbiola, and Peter M. Galton 2. Teeth of Ornithischian Dinosaurs (Mostly Ornithopoda) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of the Western United States Peter M. Galton 3. A Description of a New Ornithopod from the Lytle Member of the Purgatoire Formation (Lower Cretaceous) and a Reassessment of the Skull of Camptosaurus Kathleen Brill and Kenneth Carpenter 4. Turning the Old into the New: A Separate Genus for the Gracile Iguanodont from the Wealden of England Gregory S. Paul 5. A Possible New Basal Hadrosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation of Eastern Utah David Gilpin, Tony DiCroce, and Kenneth Carpenter 6. Postcranial Osteology of the Hadrosaurid Dinosaur Brachylophosaurus canadensis from the Late Cretaceous of Montana Albert Prieto-Marquez 7. Leonardo, a Mummified Brachylophosaurus (Ornithischia: Hadrosauridae) from the Judith River Formation of Montana Nate L. Murphy, David Trexler, and Mark Thompson 8. Discussion of Character Analysis of the Appendicular Anatomy in Campanian and Maastrichtian North American Hadrosaurids-Variation and Ontogeny Michael K. Brett-Surman and Jonathan R. Wagner 9. Osteochondrosis in Late Cretaceous Hadrosauria: A Manifestation of Ontologic Failure Bruce Rothschild and Darren H. Tanke 10. Deciphering Duckbills: A History in Nomenclature Benjamin S. Creisler II. Horned Dinosaurs: Ceratopsians 11. Cranial Anatomy and Biogeography of the First Leptoceratops gracilis (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) Specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, Southeast Montana Christopher J. Ott 12. Cranial Osteology and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Chasmosaurine Ceratopsid Torosaurus latus Andrew A. Farke 13. Growth and Population Age Structure in the Horned Dinosaur Chasmosaurus Thomas M. Lehman 14. Bone Resorption, Bone Lesions, and Extracranial Fenestrae in Ceratopsid Dinosaurs: A Preliminary Assessment Darren H. Tanke and Andrew A. Farke 15. Bison alticornis and O. C. Marsh's Early Views on Ceratopsians Kenneth Carpenter Index",
    openalex = "W597685939"
}

Two new insect-related ichnogenera are reported in fossil dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous continental strata in Madagascar and Utah. Cubiculum ornatus n. igen. and isp. is described from numerous fossil bones in the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar, and consists of hollow, ovoid chambers with concave flanks excavated into both spongy and compact bone. Traces similar in morphology to Cubiculum ornatus have been reported elsewhere in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa in bones ranging in age from Jurassic to Pleistocene, and have been interpreted as pupal chambers constructed by carrion beetle larvae. Osteocallis mandibulus n. igen. and isp. is described in dinosaur bones from continental deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar and the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. O. mandibulus consists of shallow, meandering surface trails, composed of numerous arcuate grooves, bored into compact (cortical) bone surfaces, and is tentatively interpreted as a feeding trace. Based on similar patterns of bioglyph preserved in both Cubiculum ornatus and Osteocallis mandibulus, the tracemaker is interpreted to be the same or similar for both borings. Given the recurrent association with animal remains, the tracemaker is furthermore presumed to be a necrophagous or osteophagous insect that used bone as a substrate for both reproduction (C. ornatus) and feeding (O. mandibulus).

@article{doi10166600223360200781201cibidb20co2,
    author = "Roberts, Eric M. and Rogers, Raymond R. and Foreman, Brady Z.",
    title = "CONTINENTAL INSECT BORINGS IN DINOSAUR BONE: EXAMPLES FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR AND UTAH",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Two new insect-related ichnogenera are reported in fossil dinosaur bones from Upper Cretaceous continental strata in Madagascar and Utah. Cubiculum ornatus n. igen. and isp. is described from numerous fossil bones in the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar, and consists of hollow, ovoid chambers with concave flanks excavated into both spongy and compact bone. Traces similar in morphology to Cubiculum ornatus have been reported elsewhere in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa in bones ranging in age from Jurassic to Pleistocene, and have been interpreted as pupal chambers constructed by carrion beetle larvae. Osteocallis mandibulus n. igen. and isp. is described in dinosaur bones from continental deposits of the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of Madagascar and the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah. O. mandibulus consists of shallow, meandering surface trails, composed of numerous arcuate grooves, bored into compact (cortical) bone surfaces, and is tentatively interpreted as a feeding trace. Based on similar patterns of bioglyph preserved in both Cubiculum ornatus and Osteocallis mandibulus, the tracemaker is interpreted to be the same or similar for both borings. Given the recurrent association with animal remains, the tracemaker is furthermore presumed to be a necrophagous or osteophagous insect that used bone as a substrate for both reproduction (C. ornatus) and feeding (O. mandibulus).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[201:cibidb]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[201:cibidb]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2174590801",
    references = "doi101016jcretres200501002, jacobsen1998feeding"
}

Abstract Recent fieldwork in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation, northwest Madagascar, has yielded important new skull material of the abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. One of these specimens in particular—a virtually complete, disarticulated, and well preserved skull—greatly elucidates the craniofacial osteology of abelisaurids. Herein we describe the skull and lower jaws of this mid-sized theropod dinosaur. A number of features of the facial skeleton and cranium (as well as the postcranium) appear to result from increased levels of mineralization and ossification, which, at least in some instances, can be related directly to specific soft-tissue structures; examples include lacrimal-postorbital contact dorsal to the orbit, suborbital processes of the lacrimal and postorbital, presence of a mineralized interorbital septum, fused interdental plates, and mineralization of the overlying integument. Autapomorphic features include a highly derived nasal—greatly thickened and fused to its counterpart, with a large interior pneumatic chamber—and a median, ‘dome’-like thickening of the frontals, which appear to have been variably pneumatized by a paranasal air sac. Majungasaurus also possesses a derived suite of skull morphologies, including: a rostrocaudally abbreviated, dorsoventrally deep, and transversely broad skull; an expanded occiput, likely associated with expanded cervical musculature; short-crowned dentition; and an enlarged external mandibular fenestra consistent with a moderate degree of intramandibular movement or accommodation. A number of characters, present on both the skull and postcranial skeleton, suggest a divergent mode of predation relative to other, non-abelisaurid theropods. MALAGASY ABSTRACT (FAMINTINANA)—Ireo asa fikarohana natao tao amin'ny Fiforonanana Maevarano tamin'ny vanim-potoana Cretaceous Ambony (Maastrichtian) tany amin'ny faritra avaratr'andrefan'i Madagasikara dia nahitana taolan-karan-doha vaovao tena sarobidy tokoa izay an'ny abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. Iray tamin'ireo taolana ireo dia nisongadina satria saika feno tanteraka na tsy nitambatra tsara intsony aza dia tena voatahiry tsara io taolan-doha io, ka nahahana nampiseho mazava tsara ny fiforonan'ny taolan'ny loha sy ny tavan'ny abelisaurids. Koa eto izahay dia manazava ny taolan-doha sy ny valan-dranon'ny theropod dia ireo theropod dinozaoro izay manana vatana tsy lehibe nefa tsy kely koa. Maro amin'ireo toetran'ny taolan'ny endrika sy ny loha (sy ny aorinan'ny loha) dia ohatry ny vokatry ny fitombon'ny fivontoan'ny mineraly sy ny taolana, izay, farafahakeliny ho an'reo karazany sasany, dia azo heverina ho misy fifandraisany amin'ny firafitr'ireo rakotra malefaka miavaka; ohatra ny fifandraisan'ny lacrimal-postorbital aoriana amin'ny lavaky ny maso, ny vohitry ny suborbital-n'ny lacrimal sy ny postorbital, ny fisian'ny fvontosan'ny mineraly interorbital septum, fitambaran'ny taolam-pisaka manelana ny nify, ary fivontosan'ny mineraly tegument anatiny mipetraka ambony. Ireo toetra autapomorphic dia ahitana ireo taolan'orona nisy fivoarana be, izay manome endrika matevina sy mitambatra amin'ny lafiny mifanila aminy, ka ny endrika anatiny dia malalaka afaka hitoeran'ny rivotra, sy mitondra vohitra afovoany toa mampitombo ny fahatevenan'ny taolan'andrina, izay toa milaza fa toa afaka nitoeran'ny rivotra noho ny paranasal izay kitapon-drivotra. Majungasaurus koa dia manana endriky ny fivoaran'ny karan-doha, ka anisan'izany ny fihenan'ny rostro aoriana, lalina ny faritra afovoany-aoriana, sy mivelatra ny sisin'ny karan-doha, mivelatra ny occiput, izay mampiseho ny toetra mafonja ny hozatry ny loha; boribory-fohy ny nify; ary mivelatra ny mandibular fenestra ivelany mifanaraka amin'ny fahafahan'ny fihetsehana na fandraisana ihany koa ny intramandibular. Maro amin'ireo toetra hita amin'ny karan-doha sy ny taolan'ny vatana dia afahana mamantatra ireo karazana fomba fihazana raha ampitahaina amin'ieo hafa dia ireo tsy abelisaurid theropods.

@article{doi1016710272463420072732caomct20co2,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Witmer, Lawrence M.",
    title = "CRANIOFACIAL ANATOMY OF MAJUNGASAURUS CRENATISSIMUS (THEROPODA: ABELISAURIDAE) FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF MADAGASCAR",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Recent fieldwork in the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Maevarano Formation, northwest Madagascar, has yielded important new skull material of the abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. One of these specimens in particular—a virtually complete, disarticulated, and well preserved skull—greatly elucidates the craniofacial osteology of abelisaurids. Herein we describe the skull and lower jaws of this mid-sized theropod dinosaur. A number of features of the facial skeleton and cranium (as well as the postcranium) appear to result from increased levels of mineralization and ossification, which, at least in some instances, can be related directly to specific soft-tissue structures; examples include lacrimal-postorbital contact dorsal to the orbit, suborbital processes of the lacrimal and postorbital, presence of a mineralized interorbital septum, fused interdental plates, and mineralization of the overlying integument. Autapomorphic features include a highly derived nasal—greatly thickened and fused to its counterpart, with a large interior pneumatic chamber—and a median, ‘dome’-like thickening of the frontals, which appear to have been variably pneumatized by a paranasal air sac. Majungasaurus also possesses a derived suite of skull morphologies, including: a rostrocaudally abbreviated, dorsoventrally deep, and transversely broad skull; an expanded occiput, likely associated with expanded cervical musculature; short-crowned dentition; and an enlarged external mandibular fenestra consistent with a moderate degree of intramandibular movement or accommodation. A number of characters, present on both the skull and postcranial skeleton, suggest a divergent mode of predation relative to other, non-abelisaurid theropods. MALAGASY ABSTRACT (FAMINTINANA)—Ireo asa fikarohana natao tao amin'ny Fiforonanana Maevarano tamin'ny vanim-potoana Cretaceous Ambony (Maastrichtian) tany amin'ny faritra avaratr'andrefan'i Madagasikara dia nahitana taolan-karan-doha vaovao tena sarobidy tokoa izay an'ny abelisaurid theropod, Majungasaurus crenatissimus. Iray tamin'ireo taolana ireo dia nisongadina satria saika feno tanteraka na tsy nitambatra tsara intsony aza dia tena voatahiry tsara io taolan-doha io, ka nahahana nampiseho mazava tsara ny fiforonan'ny taolan'ny loha sy ny tavan'ny abelisaurids. Koa eto izahay dia manazava ny taolan-doha sy ny valan-dranon'ny theropod dia ireo theropod dinozaoro izay manana vatana tsy lehibe nefa tsy kely koa. Maro amin'ireo toetran'ny taolan'ny endrika sy ny loha (sy ny aorinan'ny loha) dia ohatry ny vokatry ny fitombon'ny fivontoan'ny mineraly sy ny taolana, izay, farafahakeliny ho an'reo karazany sasany, dia azo heverina ho misy fifandraisany amin'ny firafitr'ireo rakotra malefaka miavaka; ohatra ny fifandraisan'ny lacrimal-postorbital aoriana amin'ny lavaky ny maso, ny vohitry ny suborbital-n'ny lacrimal sy ny postorbital, ny fisian'ny fvontosan'ny mineraly interorbital septum, fitambaran'ny taolam-pisaka manelana ny nify, ary fivontosan'ny mineraly tegument anatiny mipetraka ambony. Ireo toetra autapomorphic dia ahitana ireo taolan'orona nisy fivoarana be, izay manome endrika matevina sy mitambatra amin'ny lafiny mifanila aminy, ka ny endrika anatiny dia malalaka afaka hitoeran'ny rivotra, sy mitondra vohitra afovoany toa mampitombo ny fahatevenan'ny taolan'andrina, izay toa milaza fa toa afaka nitoeran'ny rivotra noho ny paranasal izay kitapon-drivotra. Majungasaurus koa dia manana endriky ny fivoaran'ny karan-doha, ka anisan'izany ny fihenan'ny rostro aoriana, lalina ny faritra afovoany-aoriana, sy mivelatra ny sisin'ny karan-doha, mivelatra ny occiput, izay mampiseho ny toetra mafonja ny hozatry ny loha; boribory-fohy ny nify; ary mivelatra ny mandibular fenestra ivelany mifanaraka amin'ny fahafahan'ny fihetsehana na fandraisana ihany koa ny intramandibular. Maro amin'ireo toetra hita amin'ny karan-doha sy ny taolan'ny vatana dia afahana mamantatra ireo karazana fomba fihazana raha ampitahaina amin'ieo hafa dia ireo tsy abelisaurid theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:caomct]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[32:caomct]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2014255071",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi10100797814684392981, doi101007978148995740520, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038063003a0, doi101038142004a0, doi101038172240b0, doi10103835059070, doi101038nature02048, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rstb19610007, doi101098rstb19830079, doi101098rstb19910056, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e93179, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220460ancroc20co2, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889334, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105479si03629236110i, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice421568, doi105860choice434677, doi105962bhltitle82144, doi105962p226819, madsen1976a, openalexw2527820321, openalexw2603028126, openalexw3114518543, openalexw575222456"
}

The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

Three new wood types from the Late Cretaceous and one from the Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas, U.S.A. add to our knowledge of North American Late Cretaceous and Paleocene plants. Sabinoxylon wicki sp. nov. provides further evidence of similarities in late Campanian-early Maastrichtian vegetation of Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. This species is characterized by mostly solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, vasicentric tracheids, and two size classes of rays. Storage tissue accounts for close to 50% of its wood volume. Another of the new Cretaceous wood types, referred to as Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I, has more than 40% ray parenchyma. Both Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I and Sabinoxylon have a combination of characters that occurs in the order Ericales (sensu APGII). The third new Cretaceous wood type is from a small axis (less than 3 cm diameter), and has a combination of features that is the most common pattern in extant eudicots (vessels solitary and in radial multiples randomly arranged, simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits, and heterocellular rays). The Paleocene wood (cf. Cunonioxylon sensu Gottwald) differs from all other North American Paleocene woods and has characteristics found in the predominantly Southern Hemisphere family Cunoniaceae. The characteristics of these new Big Bend woods contribute to a database for fossil angiosperm woods, and allow for comparison of incidences of selected wood anatomical features in Northern Hemisphere Cretaceous woods from Albian to Maastrichtian time as well as comparison with extant woods. Cretaceous woods as a whole differ from Recent woods in having higher incidences of exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, and wide rays (>10-seriate), and lower incidences of ring porosity, wide vessels (>200 μm), vessels in groups, non-random arrangements of vessels, and marginal parenchyma. The occurrence of relatively high percentages of storage cells (>40%) in some Cretaceous trees is noteworthy; the ability to produce wood with varying amounts and arrangements of parenchyma is likely to be a contributing factor to the success of angiosperm trees in a wide variety of environments.

@article{doi1011632294193290000220,
    author = "Wheeler, Elisabeth A. and Lehman, Thomas M.",
    title = "New Late Cretaceous and Paleocene Dicot Woods of Big Bend National Park, Texas and Review of Cretacous Wood Characteristics",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "IAWA Journal - KU Leuven/IAWA Journal",
    abstract = "Three new wood types from the Late Cretaceous and one from the Paleocene of Big Bend National Park, Texas, U.S.A. add to our knowledge of North American Late Cretaceous and Paleocene plants. Sabinoxylon wicki sp. nov. provides further evidence of similarities in late Campanian-early Maastrichtian vegetation of Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico. This species is characterized by mostly solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar to intervessel pits, vasicentric tracheids, and two size classes of rays. Storage tissue accounts for close to 50\% of its wood volume. Another of the new Cretaceous wood types, referred to as Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I, has more than 40\% ray parenchyma. Both Big Bend Ericalean Wood Type I and Sabinoxylon have a combination of characters that occurs in the order Ericales (sensu APGII). The third new Cretaceous wood type is from a small axis (less than 3 cm diameter), and has a combination of features that is the most common pattern in extant eudicots (vessels solitary and in radial multiples randomly arranged, simple perforation plates and alternate intervessel pits, and heterocellular rays). The Paleocene wood (cf. Cunonioxylon sensu Gottwald) differs from all other North American Paleocene woods and has characteristics found in the predominantly Southern Hemisphere family Cunoniaceae. The characteristics of these new Big Bend woods contribute to a database for fossil angiosperm woods, and allow for comparison of incidences of selected wood anatomical features in Northern Hemisphere Cretaceous woods from Albian to Maastrichtian time as well as comparison with extant woods. Cretaceous woods as a whole differ from Recent woods in having higher incidences of exclusively solitary vessels, scalariform perforation plates, and wide rays (>10-seriate), and lower incidences of ring porosity, wide vessels (>200 μm), vessels in groups, non-random arrangements of vessels, and marginal parenchyma. The occurrence of relatively high percentages of storage cells (>40\%) in some Cretaceous trees is noteworthy; the ability to produce wood with varying amounts and arrangements of parenchyma is likely to be a contributing factor to the success of angiosperm trees in a wide variety of environments.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000220",
    doi = "10.1163/22941932-90000220",
    openalex = "W2142745423",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200505014, doi101016jrevpalbo200609003, doi101086520726, doi101111j13653040200601625x, doi101111j14698137200501333x, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1011632294193290000349, doi1011632294193290001256, doi1011632294193290001638, doi1016660094837320040300082dadani20co2, doi1023072530180, openalexw2109228066, openalexw3185266875"
}

ABSTRACT Rapetosaurus krausei is a titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar and is among the most complete titanosaurs ever discovered. To date, over 15 localities in a 10 km2 field area have yielded hundreds of titanosaur bones, including associated and articulated specimens of Rapetosaurus. A juvenile skeleton is of particular significance because it was found directly associated with a well-preserved partial skull. The juvenile postcranial skeleton only lacks only the axis, atlas, representative elements from the proximal caudal series, carpals, and tarsals. The Rapetosaurus axial column consists of at least 17 cervical, 10 dorsal, six sacral, and 17 caudal vertebrae. Appendicular skeletal anatomy documents unique aspects of the titanosaur skeleton, and the association of large osteoderms with other, adult specimens confirms the lithostrotian status of Rapetosaurus. These new skeletal data have proven significant for phylogenetic resolution within Titanosauria, particularly because Rapetosaurus can be coded for 83% of over 400 characters for titanosaurs.

@article{doi1016710390290432,
    author = "Rogers, Kristina Curry",
    title = "The postcranial osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Rapetosaurus krausei is a titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous Maevarano Formation of northwestern Madagascar and is among the most complete titanosaurs ever discovered. To date, over 15 localities in a 10 km2 field area have yielded hundreds of titanosaur bones, including associated and articulated specimens of Rapetosaurus. A juvenile skeleton is of particular significance because it was found directly associated with a well-preserved partial skull. The juvenile postcranial skeleton only lacks only the axis, atlas, representative elements from the proximal caudal series, carpals, and tarsals. The Rapetosaurus axial column consists of at least 17 cervical, 10 dorsal, six sacral, and 17 caudal vertebrae. Appendicular skeletal anatomy documents unique aspects of the titanosaur skeleton, and the association of large osteoderms with other, adult specimens confirms the lithostrotian status of Rapetosaurus. These new skeletal data have proven significant for phylogenetic resolution within Titanosauria, particularly because Rapetosaurus can be coded for 83\% of over 400 characters for titanosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0432",
    doi = "10.1671/039.029.0432",
    openalex = "W2122622452",
    references = "doi101002jmor10470, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi102475ajss31695411"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres200912002,
    author = "Longrich, Nicholas R. and Sankey, Julia and Tanke, Darren H.",
    title = "Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002",
    openalex = "W2013813044",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200505014"
}

Seeds of two palm species conforming to the extant genus Sabal have been recovered from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas: Sabal bigbendense sp. nov. and Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai. These remains, found together with anatomically preserved palm stems, augment previous reports of Sabalites ungeri (Lesq.) Dorf leaves from the same formation. The co‐occurrence of palm seeds with numerous juvenile hadrosaur and ceratopsian bones indicates that palms closely related to modern cabbage palms may have provided fodder and shelter for young herbivorous dinosaurs. The distribution of these and other Late Cretaceous palm fossils is reviewed.

@article{doi101086653688,
    author = "Manchester, Steven R. and Lehman, Thomas M. and Wheeler, Elisabeth A.",
    title = "Fossil Palms (Arecaceae, Coryphoideae) Associated with Juvenile Herbivorous Dinosaurs in the Upper Cretaceous Aguja Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "International Journal of Plant Sciences",
    abstract = "Seeds of two palm species conforming to the extant genus Sabal have been recovered from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) Aguja Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas: Sabal bigbendense sp. nov. and Sabal bracknellense (Chandler) Mai. These remains, found together with anatomically preserved palm stems, augment previous reports of Sabalites ungeri (Lesq.) Dorf leaves from the same formation. The co‐occurrence of palm seeds with numerous juvenile hadrosaur and ceratopsian bones indicates that palms closely related to modern cabbage palms may have provided fodder and shelter for young herbivorous dinosaurs. The distribution of these and other Late Cretaceous palm fossils is reviewed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/653688",
    doi = "10.1086/653688",
    openalex = "W2039728224",
    references = "doi101016003101829190145h, doi101016jpalaeo200505014, doi101016s0031018297001089, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi1010800072139519739989729, doi101111j10958339200600521x, doi101111j183593101982tb01239x, doi1011300091761319950231044eccalt23co2, doi101146annurevecolsys34011802132535, doi1011632294193290000220, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1023072399037, doi1023072666183, doi105860choice435902"
}

BACKGROUND: During much of the Late Cretaceous, a shallow, epeiric sea divided North America into eastern and western landmasses. The western landmass, known as Laramidia, although diminutive in size, witnessed a major evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Other than hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), the most common dinosaurs were ceratopsids (large-bodied horned dinosaurs), currently known only from Laramidia and Asia. Remarkably, previous studies have postulated the occurrence of latitudinally arrayed dinosaur "provinces," or "biomes," on Laramidia. Yet this hypothesis has been challenged on multiple fronts and has remained poorly tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe two new, co-occurring ceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah that provide the strongest support to date for the dinosaur provincialism hypothesis. Both pertain to the clade of ceratopsids known as Chasmosaurinae, dramatically increasing representation of this group from the southern portion of the Western Interior Basin of North America. Utahceratops gettyi gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by short, rounded, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and an elongate frill with a deep median embayment-is recovered as the sister taxon to Pentaceratops sternbergii from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Kosmoceratops richardsoni gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by elongate, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and a short, broad frill adorned with ten well developed hooks-has the most ornate skull of any known dinosaur and is closely allied to Chasmosaurus irvinensis from the late Campanian of Alberta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Considered in unison, the phylogenetic, stratigraphic, and biogeographic evidence documents distinct, co-occurring chasmosaurine taxa north and south on the diminutive landmass of Laramidia. The famous Triceratops and all other, more nested chasmosaurines are postulated as descendants of forms previously restricted to the southern portion of Laramidia. Results further suggest the presence of latitudinally arrayed evolutionary centers of endemism within chasmosaurine ceratopsids during the late Campanian, the first documented occurrence of intracontinental endemism within dinosaurs.

@article{doi101371journalpone0012292,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Loewen, Mark A. and Farke, Andrew A. and Roberts, Eric M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Smith, Joshua A. and Titus, Alan L.",
    title = "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {BACKGROUND: During much of the Late Cretaceous, a shallow, epeiric sea divided North America into eastern and western landmasses. The western landmass, known as Laramidia, although diminutive in size, witnessed a major evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Other than hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), the most common dinosaurs were ceratopsids (large-bodied horned dinosaurs), currently known only from Laramidia and Asia. Remarkably, previous studies have postulated the occurrence of latitudinally arrayed dinosaur "provinces," or "biomes," on Laramidia. Yet this hypothesis has been challenged on multiple fronts and has remained poorly tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe two new, co-occurring ceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah that provide the strongest support to date for the dinosaur provincialism hypothesis. Both pertain to the clade of ceratopsids known as Chasmosaurinae, dramatically increasing representation of this group from the southern portion of the Western Interior Basin of North America. Utahceratops gettyi gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by short, rounded, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and an elongate frill with a deep median embayment-is recovered as the sister taxon to Pentaceratops sternbergii from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Kosmoceratops richardsoni gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by elongate, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and a short, broad frill adorned with ten well developed hooks-has the most ornate skull of any known dinosaur and is closely allied to Chasmosaurus irvinensis from the late Campanian of Alberta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Considered in unison, the phylogenetic, stratigraphic, and biogeographic evidence documents distinct, co-occurring chasmosaurine taxa north and south on the diminutive landmass of Laramidia. The famous Triceratops and all other, more nested chasmosaurines are postulated as descendants of forms previously restricted to the southern portion of Laramidia. Results further suggest the presence of latitudinally arrayed evolutionary centers of endemism within chasmosaurine ceratopsids during the late Campanian, the first documented occurrence of intracontinental endemism within dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    openalex = "W2027103072",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016jcretres200501002, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101038358059a0, doi101086285558, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science13234331023, doi101126science24348951145, doi101139e93016, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice435902, lehman1987late, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3206657856, openalexw3215057009"
}

The osteology of the azhdarchid pterosaur Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Uzbekistan is described in detail based on more than 200 bone fragments representing several skull bones, cervical and dorsal vertebrae, pectoral girdle, and limb bones. Azhdarcho lancicollis is characterized by relatively short dentary symphysis and hyperelongated middle cervical vertebrae. The relative length of the cervicals is expressed by the formula I+II VI > VII > VIII > IX. The osteology in all azhdarchids is remarkable uniform but Azhdarcho can be distinguished from all other known azhdarchid genera. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turonian Azhdarcho and the Santonian Bakonydraco occupy a phylogenetic position basal to the Campanian Zhejiangopterus and the Maastrichtian Quetzalcoatlus.

@article{doi1031610trudyzin20103143264,
    author = "Averianov, Alexander O.",
    title = "The osteology of Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 (Pterosauria, Azhdarchidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS",
    abstract = "The osteology of the azhdarchid pterosaur Azhdarcho lancicollis Nessov, 1984 from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) of Uzbekistan is described in detail based on more than 200 bone fragments representing several skull bones, cervical and dorsal vertebrae, pectoral girdle, and limb bones. Azhdarcho lancicollis is characterized by relatively short dentary symphysis and hyperelongated middle cervical vertebrae. The relative length of the cervicals is expressed by the formula I+II VI > VII > VIII > IX. The osteology in all azhdarchids is remarkable uniform but Azhdarcho can be distinguished from all other known azhdarchid genera. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Turonian Azhdarcho and the Santonian Bakonydraco occupy a phylogenetic position basal to the Campanian Zhejiangopterus and the Maastrichtian Quetzalcoatlus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.3.264",
    doi = "10.31610/trudyzin/2010.314.3.264",
    openalex = "W4297852188",
    references = "doi101126science1874180947, doi101371journalpone0002271, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2"
}

PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Olmos Formation was part of a system of deltas that existed in the southern portion of the Western Interior of North America during the Campanian-Maastrichtian. The paleofloristic composition from the northern portions of the Epicontinental Sea is relatively well known, but less intensive exploration in the south has precluded more detailed floristic comparison across the entire latitudinal span of the Sea. The Olmos Formation flora, with more than 100 different leaf morphotypes so far recognized and several wood types, has the most diverse Cretaceous fossil plant assemblage in Mexico and represents a valuable opportunity for comparative studies. • METHODS: The fossil woods here described were collected in the Coahuila State, Mexico. The samples were studied using standard thin section technique and identified by comparison with fossil and extant material. • KEY RESULTS: We described four new genera (Olmosoxylon, cf. Lauraceae; Coahuiloxylon,?Anacardiaceae,?Burseraceae; Muzquizoxylon, Cornaceae; and Wheeleroxylon, Malvaceae s.l.) and three xylotypes of angiosperms. • CONCLUSIONS: Some of the genera present in the Olmos Formation such as Javelinoxylon and Metcalfeoxylon have been described from geologic units in the USA (San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Big Bend National Park, Texas), suggesting similarity in the taxonomic composition of the floras that inhabited southern portions of the western margin of the Campanian-Maastrichtian Epicontinental Sea. Other species, however, have only been reported for the Olmos Formation, indicating some degree of local floristic differentiation among the assemblages that inhabited the southern portion of the Western Interior.

@article{doi103732ajb0900234,
    author = "Estrada‐Ruiz, Emilio and Martínez‐Cabrera, Hugo I. and Cevallos-Ferriz, Sergio R.S.",
    title = "Upper Cretaceous woods from the Olmos Formation (late Campanian–early Maastrichtian), Coahuila, Mexico",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "American Journal of Botany",
    abstract = "PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The Olmos Formation was part of a system of deltas that existed in the southern portion of the Western Interior of North America during the Campanian-Maastrichtian. The paleofloristic composition from the northern portions of the Epicontinental Sea is relatively well known, but less intensive exploration in the south has precluded more detailed floristic comparison across the entire latitudinal span of the Sea. The Olmos Formation flora, with more than 100 different leaf morphotypes so far recognized and several wood types, has the most diverse Cretaceous fossil plant assemblage in Mexico and represents a valuable opportunity for comparative studies. • METHODS: The fossil woods here described were collected in the Coahuila State, Mexico. The samples were studied using standard thin section technique and identified by comparison with fossil and extant material. • KEY RESULTS: We described four new genera (Olmosoxylon, cf. Lauraceae; Coahuiloxylon,?Anacardiaceae,?Burseraceae; Muzquizoxylon, Cornaceae; and Wheeleroxylon, Malvaceae s.l.) and three xylotypes of angiosperms. • CONCLUSIONS: Some of the genera present in the Olmos Formation such as Javelinoxylon and Metcalfeoxylon have been described from geologic units in the USA (San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Big Bend National Park, Texas), suggesting similarity in the taxonomic composition of the floras that inhabited southern portions of the western margin of the Campanian-Maastrichtian Epicontinental Sea. Other species, however, have only been reported for the Olmos Formation, indicating some degree of local floristic differentiation among the assemblages that inhabited the southern portion of the Western Interior.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.0900234",
    doi = "10.3732/ajb.0900234",
    openalex = "W2128495452",
    references = "doi1010079783662045787, doi1010079783662217146, doi10100797894011125435, doi101016jpalaeo200505014, doi101016jrevpalbo200609003, doi101046j109583392003t01100158x, doi101086334500, doi101098rstb19930109, doi101111boj12385, doi101111j10958339200900996x, doi1011632294193290000220, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1011632294193290001256, openalexw3148514506"
}

Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages from East Asia and particularly the Jehol Biota of northeastern China flourished during a period of highly debated climatic history. While the unique characters of these continental faunas have been the subject of various speculations about their biogeographic history, little attention has been paid to their possible climatic causes. Here we address this question using the oxygen isotope composition of apatite phosphate (δ) from various reptile remains recovered from China, Thailand, and Japan. δ values indicate that cold terrestrial climates prevailed at least in this part of Asia during the Barremian-early Albian interval. Estimated mean air temperatures of about 10 ± 4 °C at midlatitudes (∼ 42 °N) correspond to present day cool temperate climatic conditions. Such low temperatures are in agreement with previous reports of cold marine temperatures during this part of the Early Cretaceous, as well as with the widespread occurrence of the temperate fossil wood genus Xenoxylon and the absence of thermophilic reptiles such as crocodilians in northeastern China. The unique character of the Jehol Biota is thus not only the result of its evolutionary and biogeographical history but is also due to rather cold local climatic conditions linked to the paleolatitudinal position of northeastern China and global icehouse climates that prevailed during this part of the Early Cretaceous.

@article{doi101073pnas1011369108,
    author = "Amiot, Romain and Wang, Xu and Zhou, Zhonghe and Wang, Xiaolin and Buffetaut, Eric and Lécuyer, Christophe and Ding, Zhongli and Fluteau, Frédéric and Hibino, Tsuyoshi and Kusuhashi, Nao and Mo, Jinyou and Suteethorn, Varavudh and Wang, Yuan and Xu, Xing and Zhang, Fusong",
    title = "Oxygen isotopes of East Asian dinosaurs reveal exceptionally cold Early Cretaceous climates",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Early Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages from East Asia and particularly the Jehol Biota of northeastern China flourished during a period of highly debated climatic history. While the unique characters of these continental faunas have been the subject of various speculations about their biogeographic history, little attention has been paid to their possible climatic causes. Here we address this question using the oxygen isotope composition of apatite phosphate (δ) from various reptile remains recovered from China, Thailand, and Japan. δ values indicate that cold terrestrial climates prevailed at least in this part of Asia during the Barremian-early Albian interval. Estimated mean air temperatures of about 10 ± 4 °C at midlatitudes (∼ 42 °N) correspond to present day cool temperate climatic conditions. Such low temperatures are in agreement with previous reports of cold marine temperatures during this part of the Early Cretaceous, as well as with the widespread occurrence of the temperate fossil wood genus Xenoxylon and the absence of thermophilic reptiles such as crocodilians in northeastern China. The unique character of the Jehol Biota is thus not only the result of its evolutionary and biogeographical history but is also due to rather cold local climatic conditions linked to the paleolatitudinal position of northeastern China and global icehouse climates that prevailed during this part of the Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011369108",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1011369108",
    openalex = "W2081605803",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, doi101002gj1045, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x83901012, doi101016jepsl200407015, doi101016s0012825299000483, doi101016s0031018297001089, doi1010292002pa000823, doi10102992jb00648, doi101038nature01420, doi101073pnas932514623, doi101111j15746976200600018x, doi101126science28253972241, openalexw2338438729"
}

The flowering plants that dominate modern vegetation possess leaf gas exchange potentials that far exceed those of all other living or extinct plants. The great divide in maximal ability to exchange CO(2) for water between leaves of nonangiosperms and angiosperms forms the mechanistic foundation for speculation about how angiosperms drove sweeping ecological and biogeochemical change during the Cretaceous. However, there is no empirical evidence that angiosperms evolved highly photosynthetically active leaves during the Cretaceous. Using vein density (D(V)) measurements of fossil angiosperm leaves, we show that the leaf hydraulic capacities of angiosperms escalated several-fold during the Cretaceous. During the first 30 million years of angiosperm leaf evolution, angiosperm leaves exhibited uniformly low vein D(V) that overlapped the D(V) range of dominant Early Cretaceous ferns and gymnosperms. Fossil angiosperm vein densities reveal a subsequent biphasic increase in D(V). During the first mid-Cretaceous surge, angiosperm D(V) first surpassed the upper bound of D(V) limits for nonangiosperms. However, the upper limits of D(V) typical of modern megathermal rainforest trees first appear during a second wave of increased D(V) during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Thus, our findings provide fossil evidence for the hypothesis that significant ecosystem change brought about by angiosperms lagged behind the Early Cretaceous taxonomic diversification of angiosperms.

@article{doi101073pnas1014456108,
    author = "Feild, Taylor S. and Brodribb, Timothy J. and Iglesias, Ari and Chatelet, David S. and Baresch, Andrés and Upchurch, Garland R. and Gómez, Bernard and Mohr, Barbara and Coiffard, Clément and Kvaček, Jiřı́ and Jaramillo, Carlos",
    title = "Fossil evidence for Cretaceous escalation in angiosperm leaf vein evolution",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "The flowering plants that dominate modern vegetation possess leaf gas exchange potentials that far exceed those of all other living or extinct plants. The great divide in maximal ability to exchange CO(2) for water between leaves of nonangiosperms and angiosperms forms the mechanistic foundation for speculation about how angiosperms drove sweeping ecological and biogeochemical change during the Cretaceous. However, there is no empirical evidence that angiosperms evolved highly photosynthetically active leaves during the Cretaceous. Using vein density (D(V)) measurements of fossil angiosperm leaves, we show that the leaf hydraulic capacities of angiosperms escalated several-fold during the Cretaceous. During the first 30 million years of angiosperm leaf evolution, angiosperm leaves exhibited uniformly low vein D(V) that overlapped the D(V) range of dominant Early Cretaceous ferns and gymnosperms. Fossil angiosperm vein densities reveal a subsequent biphasic increase in D(V). During the first mid-Cretaceous surge, angiosperm D(V) first surpassed the upper bound of D(V) limits for nonangiosperms. However, the upper limits of D(V) typical of modern megathermal rainforest trees first appear during a second wave of increased D(V) during the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition. Thus, our findings provide fossil evidence for the hypothesis that significant ecosystem change brought about by angiosperms lagged behind the Early Cretaceous taxonomic diversification of angiosperms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014456108",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1014456108",
    openalex = "W2133676070",
    references = "doi101093icbicq078, doi1011632294193290000220"
}

BACKGROUND: Troodontids are a predominantly small-bodied group of feathered theropod dinosaurs notable for their close evolutionary relationship with Avialae. Despite a diverse Asian representation with remarkable growth in recent years, the North American record of the clade remains poor, with only one controversial species--Troodon formosus--presently known from substantial skeletal remains. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report a gracile new troodontid theropod--Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov.--from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA, representing one of the most complete troodontid skeletons described from North America to date. Histological assessment of the holotype specimen indicates that the adult body size of Talos was notably smaller than that of the contemporary genus Troodon. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Talos as a member of a derived, latest Cretaceous subclade, minimally containing Troodon, Saurornithoides, and Zanabazar. MicroCT scans reveal extreme pathological remodeling on pedal phalanx II-1 of the holotype specimen likely resulting from physical trauma and subsequent infectious processes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Talos sampsoni adds to the singularity of the Kaiparowits Formation dinosaur fauna, which is represented by at least 10 previously unrecognized species including the recently named ceratopsids Utahceratops and Kosmoceratops, the hadrosaurine Gryposaurus monumentensis, the tyrannosaurid Teratophoneus, and the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus. The presence of a distinct troodontid taxon in the Kaiparowits Formation supports the hypothesis that late Campanian dinosaurs of the Western Interior Basin exhibited restricted geographic ranges and suggests that the taxonomic diversity of Late Cretaceous troodontids from North America is currently underestimated. An apparent traumatic injury to the foot of Talos with evidence of subsequent healing sheds new light on the paleobiology of deinonychosaurians by bolstering functional interpretations of prey grappling and/or intraspecific combat for the second pedal digit, and supporting trackway evidence indicating a minimal role in weight bearing.

@article{doi101371journalpone0024487,
    author = "Zanno, Lindsay E. and Varricchio, David J. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Titus, Alan L. and Knell, Michael J.",
    title = "A New Troodontid Theropod, Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov., from the Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Basin of North America",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Troodontids are a predominantly small-bodied group of feathered theropod dinosaurs notable for their close evolutionary relationship with Avialae. Despite a diverse Asian representation with remarkable growth in recent years, the North American record of the clade remains poor, with only one controversial species--Troodon formosus--presently known from substantial skeletal remains. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we report a gracile new troodontid theropod--Talos sampsoni gen. et sp. nov.--from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation, Utah, USA, representing one of the most complete troodontid skeletons described from North America to date. Histological assessment of the holotype specimen indicates that the adult body size of Talos was notably smaller than that of the contemporary genus Troodon. Phylogenetic analysis recovers Talos as a member of a derived, latest Cretaceous subclade, minimally containing Troodon, Saurornithoides, and Zanabazar. MicroCT scans reveal extreme pathological remodeling on pedal phalanx II-1 of the holotype specimen likely resulting from physical trauma and subsequent infectious processes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Talos sampsoni adds to the singularity of the Kaiparowits Formation dinosaur fauna, which is represented by at least 10 previously unrecognized species including the recently named ceratopsids Utahceratops and Kosmoceratops, the hadrosaurine Gryposaurus monumentensis, the tyrannosaurid Teratophoneus, and the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus. The presence of a distinct troodontid taxon in the Kaiparowits Formation supports the hypothesis that late Campanian dinosaurs of the Western Interior Basin exhibited restricted geographic ranges and suggests that the taxonomic diversity of Late Cretaceous troodontids from North America is currently underestimated. An apparent traumatic injury to the foot of Talos with evidence of subsequent healing sheds new light on the paleobiology of deinonychosaurians by bolstering functional interpretations of prey grappling and/or intraspecific combat for the second pedal digit, and supporting trackway evidence indicating a minimal role in weight bearing.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024487",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0024487",
    openalex = "W2075731101",
    references = "doi101002ar20986, doi101002sici109686441999081094563aidajpa1130co2x, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s0006320796900622, doi101016s0748300703000604, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0014329, doi1015468gcrned, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1023072408678, doi102307jctvqc6gzx, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice362492, doi105962bhltitle115853, doi105962p339375, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3206657856, openalexw3215057009, wilson1985stenonychosaurus"
}

Abstract We describe in detail the foliar architecture of extant Nelumbo and propose a new genus, Exnelumbites Estrada-Ruiz, Upchurch, Wolfe & Cevallos-Ferriz, for recently discovered leaf macrofossils from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) Olmos Formation of Coahuila, Mexico and Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation of south-central New Mexico, U. S. A. The fossils described here consist of centrally peltate leaves with 12–13 actinodromous primary veins that terminate in broad glandular teeth of the chloranthoid type. No secondary veins are present on the midvein, and tertiary veins are organized in an alternate percurrent to reticulate pattern. Areolation is of variable shape with four to six sides. The fossil leaves are placed within Nelumbonaceae on the basis of their orbicular shape and centrally peltate organization, the presence of a funnel-form lamina, and especially the absence of secondary venation along the midvein, but are interpreted to be more primitive than extant Nelumbo in having no central disk, a smaller number of primary veins, less highly organized tertiary venation, and predominantly non-hexagonal areolation. The presence of chloranthoid teeth in the fossils is consistent with suggestions that the chloranthoid tooth type is basal to both Proteales and eudicots as a whole. The newly described leaves add to a growing diversity of plant macrofossils from the Cretaceous that are more closely related to Nelumbo than any other extant genus, but are more primitive in their vegetative and reproductive morphology.

@article{doi101600036364411x569525,
    author = "Estrada‐Ruiz, Emilio and Upchurch, Garland R. and Wolfe, Jack A. and Cevallos-Ferriz, Sergio R.S.",
    title = "Comparative Morphology of Fossil and Extant Leaves of Nelumbonaceae, Including a New Genus from the Late Cretaceous of Western North America",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Systematic Botany",
    abstract = "Abstract We describe in detail the foliar architecture of extant Nelumbo and propose a new genus, Exnelumbites Estrada-Ruiz, Upchurch, Wolfe \& Cevallos-Ferriz, for recently discovered leaf macrofossils from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) Olmos Formation of Coahuila, Mexico and Jose Creek Member of the McRae Formation of south-central New Mexico, U. S. A. The fossils described here consist of centrally peltate leaves with 12–13 actinodromous primary veins that terminate in broad glandular teeth of the chloranthoid type. No secondary veins are present on the midvein, and tertiary veins are organized in an alternate percurrent to reticulate pattern. Areolation is of variable shape with four to six sides. The fossil leaves are placed within Nelumbonaceae on the basis of their orbicular shape and centrally peltate organization, the presence of a funnel-form lamina, and especially the absence of secondary venation along the midvein, but are interpreted to be more primitive than extant Nelumbo in having no central disk, a smaller number of primary veins, less highly organized tertiary venation, and predominantly non-hexagonal areolation. The presence of chloranthoid teeth in the fossils is consistent with suggestions that the chloranthoid tooth type is basal to both Proteales and eudicots as a whole. The newly described leaves add to a growing diversity of plant macrofossils from the Cretaceous that are more closely related to Nelumbo than any other extant genus, but are more primitive in their vegetative and reproductive morphology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1600/036364411x569525",
    doi = "10.1600/036364411x569525",
    openalex = "W2110795754",
    references = "doi103732ajb0900234"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201206024,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Evans, David C. and Ryan, Michael J. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "Megaherbivorous dinosaur turnover in the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.024",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.024",
    openalex = "W2023998490",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010160031018288900855, doi1010160098300487900227, doi101016jcretres200501002, doi10108001621459196310500845, doi101111j144299931993tb00438x, doi101111j146981371912tb05611x, doi101139e05029, doi101139e09050, doi101139e78109, doi101139e93016, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi10167102724634200727373aarolm20co2, doi1023071412159, doi1023071932409, doi105281zenodo16435756, lehman1987late, openalexw2032279931, openalexw2183707334"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201206027,
    author = "Brown, Caleb M. and Evans, David C. and Campione, Nicolás E. and O’Brien, Lorna J. and Eberth, David A.",
    title = "Evidence for taphonomic size bias in the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian, Alberta), a model Mesozoic terrestrial alluvial‐paralic system",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.027",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.027",
    openalex = "W2079386558",
    references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018288900855, doi101016003101828890096x, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jtree200504005, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi101080027246342013746229, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg287, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101111j109636421997tb00340x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1156963, doi101126science24148721441, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science7701342, doi101144sp35813, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi1015468gcrned, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi1016710390290119, doi101890070037, doi105281zenodo1040973, doi105860choice331556, doi105860choice435902, doi107208chicago97802267237300010001, horner2011dinosaur, longrich2008a"
}

Prior studies of Mesozoic biodiversity document a diversity peak for dinosaur species in the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, yet have failed to provide explicit causal mechanisms. We provide evidence that a marked increase in North American dinosaur biodiversity can be attributed to dynamic orogenic episodes within the Western Interior Basin (WIB). Detailed fossil occurrences document an association between the shift from Sevier-style, latitudinally arrayed basins to smaller Laramide-style, longitudinally arrayed basins and a well substantiated decreased geographic range/increased taxonomic diversity of megaherbivorous dinosaur species. Dispersal-vicariance analysis demonstrates that the nearly identical biogeographic histories of the megaherbivorous dinosaur clades Ceratopsidae and Hadrosauridae are attributable to rapid diversification events within restricted basins and that isolation events are contemporaneous with known tectonic activity in the region. SymmeTREE analysis indicates that megaherbivorous dinosaur clades exhibited significant variation in diversification rates throughout the Late Cretaceous. Phylogenetic divergence estimates of fossil clades offer a new lower boundary on Laramide surficial deformation that precedes estimates based on sedimentological data alone.

@article{doi101371journalpone0042135,
    author = "Gates, Terry A. and Prieto‐Márquez, Albert and Zanno, Lindsay E.",
    title = "Mountain Building Triggered Late Cretaceous North American Megaherbivore Dinosaur Radiation",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Prior studies of Mesozoic biodiversity document a diversity peak for dinosaur species in the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, yet have failed to provide explicit causal mechanisms. We provide evidence that a marked increase in North American dinosaur biodiversity can be attributed to dynamic orogenic episodes within the Western Interior Basin (WIB). Detailed fossil occurrences document an association between the shift from Sevier-style, latitudinally arrayed basins to smaller Laramide-style, longitudinally arrayed basins and a well substantiated decreased geographic range/increased taxonomic diversity of megaherbivorous dinosaur species. Dispersal-vicariance analysis demonstrates that the nearly identical biogeographic histories of the megaherbivorous dinosaur clades Ceratopsidae and Hadrosauridae are attributable to rapid diversification events within restricted basins and that isolation events are contemporaneous with known tectonic activity in the region. SymmeTREE analysis indicates that megaherbivorous dinosaur clades exhibited significant variation in diversification rates throughout the Late Cretaceous. Phylogenetic divergence estimates of fossil clades offer a new lower boundary on Laramide surficial deformation that precedes estimates based on sedimentological data alone.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042135",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0042135",
    openalex = "W2034247742",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101139e09050, doi101306m41456c20, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi10167102724634200727373aarolm20co2, lucas1990late"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201304001,
    author = "Novas, Fernando E. and Agnolín, Federico L. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Porfiri, Juan D. and Canale, Juan I.",
    title = "Evolution of the carnivorous dinosaurs during the Cretaceous: The evidence from Patagonia",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2013.04.001",
    openalex = "W2009733453",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, deklerk2000a, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jpgeola201205008, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101029jb095ib11p17475, doi101038277560a0, doi10103835047056, doi101038362623a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038nature07447, doi101038nature08322, doi101073pnas813801, doi101080027246342010520779, doi10108014772011003594870, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101111j10963642200900569x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0003303, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi10167102724634200727127tpasom20co2, doi1023073889334, doi103897zookeys28325, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105281zenodo16492064, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo4664674, doi105860choice434677, doi107312kiel11918, leanza2004cretaceous, openalexw1025856234, openalexw1539913220, openalexw2603335639, openalexw3214948090"
}

@article{doi101016jpalaeo201311014,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "Implications of beak morphology for the evolutionary paleoecology of the megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.014",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.11.014",
    openalex = "W2056839722",
    references = "doi101086653688"
}

ABSTRACT The late Campanian–aged (= Judithian) squamates from the Terlingua Local Fauna of the Aguja Formation, southern Texas, includes four scincomorphans: a new taxon (Catactegenys solaster, gen. et sp. nov.), referable to Xantusiidae, that has massive teeth and tooth crown morphology similar to that of contogeniid lizards; an indeterminate scincomorphan (Apsgnathus triptodon, gen et sp. nov.) with robust teeth; and two unnamed scincomorphan morphotypes. Anguimorphans in the fauna include Odaxosaurus piger, cf. Parasaniwa wyomingensis, and a likely xenosaur. Ophidian jaw fragments confirm the presence of a snake in the fauna. The Aguja squamate assemblage is one of the most southerly of a series of paracontemporaneous squamate faunas extending from central Alberta to northern Mexico. Comparison of these faunas reveals that, although two taxa are endemic to the Aguja Formation, others show some latitudinal trends. Odaxosaurus and Parasaniwa are present in all well-sampled faunas from Alberta to Texas. The mammal-like Peneteius and snakes are found only in faunas from southern Utah to Mexico. Chamopsiids are only present from Alberta to New Mexico. The sole representatives of Contogeniidae and Xantusiidae are restricted to southern Utah and southern Texas, respectively. These hypotheses of distributional patterns must continue to be tested through ongoing investigations of all of the relevant faunas from the late Campanian of the Western Interior. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP

@article{doi101080027246342013760467,
    author = "Nydam, Randall L. and Rowe, Timothy B. and Cifelli, Richard L.",
    title = "Lizards and snakes of the Terlingua Local Fauna (late Campanian), Aguja Formation, Texas, with comments on the distribution of paracontemporaneous squamates throughout the Western Interior of North America",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The late Campanian–aged (= Judithian) squamates from the Terlingua Local Fauna of the Aguja Formation, southern Texas, includes four scincomorphans: a new taxon (Catactegenys solaster, gen. et sp. nov.), referable to Xantusiidae, that has massive teeth and tooth crown morphology similar to that of contogeniid lizards; an indeterminate scincomorphan (Apsgnathus triptodon, gen et sp. nov.) with robust teeth; and two unnamed scincomorphan morphotypes. Anguimorphans in the fauna include Odaxosaurus piger, cf. Parasaniwa wyomingensis, and a likely xenosaur. Ophidian jaw fragments confirm the presence of a snake in the fauna. The Aguja squamate assemblage is one of the most southerly of a series of paracontemporaneous squamate faunas extending from central Alberta to northern Mexico. Comparison of these faunas reveals that, although two taxa are endemic to the Aguja Formation, others show some latitudinal trends. Odaxosaurus and Parasaniwa are present in all well-sampled faunas from Alberta to Texas. The mammal-like Peneteius and snakes are found only in faunas from southern Utah to Mexico. Chamopsiids are only present from Alberta to New Mexico. The sole representatives of Contogeniidae and Xantusiidae are restricted to southern Utah and southern Texas, respectively. These hypotheses of distributional patterns must continue to be tested through ongoing investigations of all of the relevant faunas from the late Campanian of the Western Interior. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.760467",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2013.760467",
    openalex = "W2091720836",
    references = "doi10108002724634199210011475, doi101086653688, doi103732ajb0900234, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw2246336267"
}

A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of 287 dinosaurian macrofossils and 138 bonebeds in the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Alberta provides evidence for at least three dinosaurian assemblage zones in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm). From bottom to top the zones comprise unique assemblages of ornithischians and are named as follows: (1) Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis (lower zone); (2) Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni (middle zone); and (3) Eotriceratops xerinsularis (upper zone). Whereas the lower and middle zones are well defined and based on abundant specimens, the validity of the uppermost zone (E. xerinsularis) is tentative because it is based on a single specimen and the absence of dinosaur taxa from lower in section. The transition from the lower to the middle zone coincides with the replacement of a warm-and-wet saturated deltaic setting by a cooler, coastal-plain landscape, characterized by seasonal rainfall and better-drained substrates. Whereas changes in rainfall and substrate drainage appear to have influenced the faunal change, changes in mean annual temperature and proximity to shoreline appear to have had little influence on faunal change. We speculate that the faunal change between the middle and upper zones also resulted from a change in climate, with ornithischian dinosaurs responding to the re-establishment of wetter-and-warmer climates and poorly-drained substrates. Compared with the shorter-duration and climatically-consistent dinosaurian assemblage zones in the older Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, HCFm assemblage zones record long-term morphological stasis in dinosaurs. Furthermore, the coincidence of faunal and paleoenvironmental changes in the HCFm suggest climate-change-driven dinosaur migrations into and out of the region.

@article{doi101139cjes20120185,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Brinkman, Donald B. and Therrien, François and Tanke, Darren H. and Russell, Loris S.",
    title = "Dinosaur biostratigraphy of the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous), Alberta, Canada: evidence for climate influence",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis of 287 dinosaurian macrofossils and 138 bonebeds in the Edmonton Group (Upper Cretaceous) of southern Alberta provides evidence for at least three dinosaurian assemblage zones in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm). From bottom to top the zones comprise unique assemblages of ornithischians and are named as follows: (1) Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis (lower zone); (2) Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni (middle zone); and (3) Eotriceratops xerinsularis (upper zone). Whereas the lower and middle zones are well defined and based on abundant specimens, the validity of the uppermost zone (E. xerinsularis) is tentative because it is based on a single specimen and the absence of dinosaur taxa from lower in section. The transition from the lower to the middle zone coincides with the replacement of a warm-and-wet saturated deltaic setting by a cooler, coastal-plain landscape, characterized by seasonal rainfall and better-drained substrates. Whereas changes in rainfall and substrate drainage appear to have influenced the faunal change, changes in mean annual temperature and proximity to shoreline appear to have had little influence on faunal change. We speculate that the faunal change between the middle and upper zones also resulted from a change in climate, with ornithischian dinosaurs responding to the re-establishment of wetter-and-warmer climates and poorly-drained substrates. Compared with the shorter-duration and climatically-consistent dinosaurian assemblage zones in the older Dinosaur Park Formation of southern Alberta, HCFm assemblage zones record long-term morphological stasis in dinosaurs. Furthermore, the coincidence of faunal and paleoenvironmental changes in the HCFm suggest climate-change-driven dinosaur migrations into and out of the region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2012-0185",
    openalex = "W2157353435",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017cbo9780511536045020, doi101098rspb20090352, doi101126science1177265, doi1011270078042120120020, doi101139e10005, doi101139e11017, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93016, doi10130683d923ed16c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi104202app20110033, doi105281zenodo3725717, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw2989049194, sternberg1926notes"
}

BACKGROUND: Herbivore coexistence on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia has been a topic of great interest, stemming from the paradoxically high diversity and biomass of these animals in relation to the relatively small landmass available to them. Various hypotheses have been advanced to account for these facts, of which niche partitioning is among the most frequently invoked. However, despite its wide acceptance, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. This study uses the fossil assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta as a model to investigate whether niche partitioning facilitated herbivorous dinosaur coexistence on Laramidia. Specifically, the question of feeding height stratification is examined in light of the role it plays in facilitating modern ungulate coexistence. RESULTS: Most herbivorous dinosaur species from the Dinosaur Park Formation were restricted to feeding no higher than approximately 1 m above the ground. There is minimal evidence for feeding height partitioning at this level, with ceratopsids capable of feeding slightly higher than ankylosaurs, but the ecological significance of this is ambiguous. Hadrosaurids were uniquely capable of feeding up to 2 m quadrupedally, or up to 5 m bipedally. There is no evidence for either feeding height stratification within any of these clades, or for change in these ecological relationships through the approximately 1.5 Ma record of the Dinosaur Park Formation. CONCLUSIONS: Although we cannot reject the possibility, we find no good evidence that feeding height stratification, as revealed by reconstructed maximum feeding heights, played an important role in facilitating niche partitioning among the herbivorous dinosaurs of Laramidia. Most browsing pressure was concentrated in the herb layer, although hadrosaurids were capable of reaching shrubs and low-growing trees that were out of reach from ceratopsids, ankylosaurs, and other small herbivores, effectively dividing the herbivores in terms of relative abundance. Sympatric hadrosaurids may have avoided competing with one another by feeding differentially using bipedal and quadrupedal postures. These ecological relationships evidently proved to be evolutionarily stable because they characterize the herbivore assemblage of the Dinosaur Park Formation through time. If niche partitioning served to facilitate the rich diversity of these animals, it may have been achieved by other means in addition to feeding height stratification. Consideration of other feeding height proxies, including dental microwear and skull morphology, may help to alleviate problems of underdetermination identified here.

@article{doi101186147267851314,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Evans, David C. and Ryan, Michael J. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "Feeding height stratification among the herbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "BMC Ecology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Herbivore coexistence on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia has been a topic of great interest, stemming from the paradoxically high diversity and biomass of these animals in relation to the relatively small landmass available to them. Various hypotheses have been advanced to account for these facts, of which niche partitioning is among the most frequently invoked. However, despite its wide acceptance, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. This study uses the fossil assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta as a model to investigate whether niche partitioning facilitated herbivorous dinosaur coexistence on Laramidia. Specifically, the question of feeding height stratification is examined in light of the role it plays in facilitating modern ungulate coexistence. RESULTS: Most herbivorous dinosaur species from the Dinosaur Park Formation were restricted to feeding no higher than approximately 1 m above the ground. There is minimal evidence for feeding height partitioning at this level, with ceratopsids capable of feeding slightly higher than ankylosaurs, but the ecological significance of this is ambiguous. Hadrosaurids were uniquely capable of feeding up to 2 m quadrupedally, or up to 5 m bipedally. There is no evidence for either feeding height stratification within any of these clades, or for change in these ecological relationships through the approximately 1.5 Ma record of the Dinosaur Park Formation. CONCLUSIONS: Although we cannot reject the possibility, we find no good evidence that feeding height stratification, as revealed by reconstructed maximum feeding heights, played an important role in facilitating niche partitioning among the herbivorous dinosaurs of Laramidia. Most browsing pressure was concentrated in the herb layer, although hadrosaurids were capable of reaching shrubs and low-growing trees that were out of reach from ceratopsids, ankylosaurs, and other small herbivores, effectively dividing the herbivores in terms of relative abundance. Sympatric hadrosaurids may have avoided competing with one another by feeding differentially using bipedal and quadrupedal postures. These ecological relationships evidently proved to be evolutionarily stable because they characterize the herbivore assemblage of the Dinosaur Park Formation through time. If niche partitioning served to facilitate the rich diversity of these animals, it may have been achieved by other means in addition to feeding height stratification. Consideration of other feeding height proxies, including dental microwear and skull morphology, may help to alleviate problems of underdetermination identified here.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6785-13-14",
    doi = "10.1186/1472-6785-13-14",
    openalex = "W2055008622",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200505014, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101038scientificamerican077186, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101126science185414527, doi101146annurevecolsys151393, doi101146annureves04110173000413, doi101146annureves15110184002141, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, johnston1979growth, openalexw2183707334"
}

Isolated small theropod teeth are abundant in vertebrate microfossil assemblages, and are frequently used in studies of species diversity in ancient ecosystems. However, determining the taxonomic affinities of these teeth is problematic due to an absence of associated diagnostic skeletal material. Species such as Dromaeosaurus albertensis, Richardoestesia gilmorei, and Saurornitholestes langstoni are known from skeletal remains that have been recovered exclusively from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian). It is therefore likely that teeth from different formations widely disparate in age or geographic position are not referable to these species. Tooth taxa without any associated skeletal material, such as Paronychodon lacustris and Richardoestesia isosceles, have also been identified from multiple localities of disparate ages throughout the Late Cretaceous. To address this problem, a dataset of measurements of 1183 small theropod teeth (the most specimen-rich theropod tooth dataset ever constructed) from North America ranging in age from Santonian through Maastrichtian were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods: canonical variate analysis, pairwise discriminant function analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicate that teeth referred to the same taxon from different formations are often quantitatively distinct. In contrast, isolated teeth found in time equivalent formations are not quantitatively distinguishable from each other. These results support the hypothesis that small theropod taxa, like other dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous, tend to be exclusive to discrete host formations. The methods outlined have great potential for future studies of isolated teeth worldwide, and may be the most useful non-destructive technique known of extracting the most data possible from isolated and fragmentary specimens. The ability to accurately assess species diversity and turnover through time based on isolated teeth will help illuminate patterns of evolution and extinction in these groups and potentially others in greater detail than has previously been thought possible without more complete skeletal material.

@article{doi101371journalpone0054329,
    author = "Larson, Derek W. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Multivariate Analyses of Small Theropod Dinosaur Teeth and Implications for Paleoecological Turnover through Time",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Isolated small theropod teeth are abundant in vertebrate microfossil assemblages, and are frequently used in studies of species diversity in ancient ecosystems. However, determining the taxonomic affinities of these teeth is problematic due to an absence of associated diagnostic skeletal material. Species such as Dromaeosaurus albertensis, Richardoestesia gilmorei, and Saurornitholestes langstoni are known from skeletal remains that have been recovered exclusively from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian). It is therefore likely that teeth from different formations widely disparate in age or geographic position are not referable to these species. Tooth taxa without any associated skeletal material, such as Paronychodon lacustris and Richardoestesia isosceles, have also been identified from multiple localities of disparate ages throughout the Late Cretaceous. To address this problem, a dataset of measurements of 1183 small theropod teeth (the most specimen-rich theropod tooth dataset ever constructed) from North America ranging in age from Santonian through Maastrichtian were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods: canonical variate analysis, pairwise discriminant function analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance. The results indicate that teeth referred to the same taxon from different formations are often quantitatively distinct. In contrast, isolated teeth found in time equivalent formations are not quantitatively distinguishable from each other. These results support the hypothesis that small theropod taxa, like other dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous, tend to be exclusive to discrete host formations. The methods outlined have great potential for future studies of isolated teeth worldwide, and may be the most useful non-destructive technique known of extracting the most data possible from isolated and fragmentary specimens. The ability to accurately assess species diversity and turnover through time based on isolated teeth will help illuminate patterns of evolution and extinction in these groups and potentially others in greater detail than has previously been thought possible without more complete skeletal material.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0054329",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0054329",
    openalex = "W2073560226",
    references = "carpenter2005the, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002ara20206, doi1010079780387217062, doi101016jpalaeo200902007, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101098rspb20090352, doi101139e10005, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi1015468gcrned, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi105281zenodo3725717, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw2289748525, russell2002synopsis"
}

Few ankylosaurs are known from more than a single specimen, but the ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus (from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA) is represented by dozens of skulls and partial skeletons, and is therefore an important taxon for understanding intraspecific variation in ankylosaurs. Euoplocephalus is unusual compared to other dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta because it is recognized from the Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, and Two Medicine formations. A comprehensive review of material attributed to Euoplocephalus finds support for the resurrection of its purported synonyms Anodontosaurus lambei and Scolosaurus cutleri, and the previously resurrected Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus. Anodontosaurus is found primarily in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta and is characterized by ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and wide, triangular knob osteoderms. Euoplocephalus is primarily found in Megaherbivore Assemblage Zone 1 in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is characterized by the absence of ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and keeled medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring. Scolosaurus is found primarily in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana (although the holotype is from Dinosaur Provincial Park), and is characterized by long, back-swept squamosal horns, ornamentation posterior to the orbit, and low medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring; Oohkotokia horneri is morphologically indistinguishable from Scolosaurus cutleri. Dyoplosaurus was previously differentiated from Euoplocephalus sensu lato by the morphology of the pelvis and pes, and these features also differentiate Dyoplosaurus from Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus; a narrow tail club knob is probably also characteristic for Dyoplosaurus.

@article{doi101371journalpone0062421,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Euoplocephalus tutus and the Diversity of Ankylosaurid Dinosaurs in the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and Montana, USA",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Few ankylosaurs are known from more than a single specimen, but the ankylosaurid Euoplocephalus tutus (from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada and Montana, USA) is represented by dozens of skulls and partial skeletons, and is therefore an important taxon for understanding intraspecific variation in ankylosaurs. Euoplocephalus is unusual compared to other dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta because it is recognized from the Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, and Two Medicine formations. A comprehensive review of material attributed to Euoplocephalus finds support for the resurrection of its purported synonyms Anodontosaurus lambei and Scolosaurus cutleri, and the previously resurrected Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus. Anodontosaurus is found primarily in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta and is characterized by ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and wide, triangular knob osteoderms. Euoplocephalus is primarily found in Megaherbivore Assemblage Zone 1 in the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta and is characterized by the absence of ornamentation posterior to the orbits and on the first cervical half ring, and keeled medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring. Scolosaurus is found primarily in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana (although the holotype is from Dinosaur Provincial Park), and is characterized by long, back-swept squamosal horns, ornamentation posterior to the orbit, and low medial osteoderms on the first cervical half ring; Oohkotokia horneri is morphologically indistinguishable from Scolosaurus cutleri. Dyoplosaurus was previously differentiated from Euoplocephalus sensu lato by the morphology of the pelvis and pes, and these features also differentiate Dyoplosaurus from Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus; a narrow tail club knob is probably also characteristic for Dyoplosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062421",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0062421",
    openalex = "W1975988440",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo200902007, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101080089129632012688589"
}

Megaherbivorous dinosaur coexistence on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia has long puzzled researchers, owing to the mystery of how so many large herbivores (6-8 sympatric species, in many instances) could coexist on such a small (4-7 million km(2)) landmass. Various explanations have been put forth, one of which-dietary niche partitioning-forms the focus of this study. Here, we apply traditional morphometric methods to the skulls of megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta to infer the ecomorphology of these animals and to test the niche partitioning hypothesis. We find evidence for niche partitioning not only among contemporaneous ankylosaurs, ceratopsids, and hadrosaurids, but also within these clades at the family and subfamily levels. Consubfamilial ceratopsids and hadrosaurids differ insignificantly in their inferred ecomorphologies, which may explain why they rarely overlap stratigraphically: interspecific competition prevented their coexistence.

@article{doi101371journalpone0067182,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "Skull Ecomorphology of Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaur coexistence on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia has long puzzled researchers, owing to the mystery of how so many large herbivores (6-8 sympatric species, in many instances) could coexist on such a small (4-7 million km(2)) landmass. Various explanations have been put forth, one of which-dietary niche partitioning-forms the focus of this study. Here, we apply traditional morphometric methods to the skulls of megaherbivorous dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta to infer the ecomorphology of these animals and to test the niche partitioning hypothesis. We find evidence for niche partitioning not only among contemporaneous ankylosaurs, ceratopsids, and hadrosaurids, but also within these clades at the family and subfamily levels. Consubfamilial ceratopsids and hadrosaurids differ insignificantly in their inferred ecomorphologies, which may explain why they rarely overlap stratigraphically: interspecific competition prevented their coexistence.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067182",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0067182",
    openalex = "W2051147176",
    references = "doi101016004058097690040x, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101038260204c0, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086282070, doi101086282454, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2183707334"
}

The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.

@article{doi101371journalpone0079420,
    author = "Loewen, Mark A. and Irmis, Randall B. and Sertich, Joseph J. W. and Currie, Philip J. and Sampson, Scott D.",
    title = "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079420",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0079420",
    openalex = "W2091933212",
    references = "doi101080027246342011557116, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi101214aos1176344552, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1015259780520941434, doi1023072408678, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2009a, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009"
}

The tube-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur Parasaurolophus is remarkable for its unusual cranial ornamentation, but little is known about its growth and development, particularly relative to well-documented ontogenetic series for lambeosaurin hadrosaurids (such as Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus). The skull and skeleton of a juvenile Parasaurolophus from the late Campanian-aged (∼75.5 Ma) Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA, represents the smallest and most complete specimen yet described for this taxon. The individual was approximately 2.5 m in body length (∼25% maximum adult body length) at death, with a skull measuring 246 mm long and a femur 329 mm long. A histological section of the tibia shows well-vascularized, woven and parallel-fibered primary cortical bone typical of juvenile ornithopods. The histological section revealed no lines of arrested growth or annuli, suggesting the animal may have still been in its first year at the time of death. Impressions of the upper rhamphotheca are preserved in association with the skull, showing that the soft tissue component for the beak extended for some distance beyond the limits of the oral margin of the premaxilla. In marked contrast with the lengthy tube-like crest in adult Parasaurolophus, the crest of the juvenile specimen is low and hemicircular in profile, with an open premaxilla-nasal fontanelle. Unlike juvenile lambeosaurins, the nasal passages occupy nearly the entirety of the crest in juvenile Parasaurolophus. Furthermore, Parasaurolophus initiated development of the crest at less than 25% maximum skull size, contrasting with 50% of maximum skull size in hadrosaurs such as Corythosaurus. This early development may correspond with the larger and more derived form of the crest in Parasaurolophus, as well as the close relationship between the crest and the respiratory system. In general, ornithischian dinosaurs formed bony cranial ornamentation at a relatively younger age and smaller size than seen in extant birds. This may reflect, at least in part, that ornithischians probably reached sexual maturity prior to somatic maturity, whereas birds become reproductively mature after reaching adult size.

@article{doi107717peerj182,
    author = "Farke, Andrew A. and Chok, Derek and Herrero, Annisa and Scolieri, Brandon and Werning, Sarah",
    title = "Ontogeny in the tube-crested dinosaur Parasaurolophus (Hadrosauridae) and heterochrony in hadrosaurids",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "The tube-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur Parasaurolophus is remarkable for its unusual cranial ornamentation, but little is known about its growth and development, particularly relative to well-documented ontogenetic series for lambeosaurin hadrosaurids (such as Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus, and Hypacrosaurus). The skull and skeleton of a juvenile Parasaurolophus from the late Campanian-aged (∼75.5 Ma) Kaiparowits Formation of southern Utah, USA, represents the smallest and most complete specimen yet described for this taxon. The individual was approximately 2.5 m in body length (∼25\% maximum adult body length) at death, with a skull measuring 246 mm long and a femur 329 mm long. A histological section of the tibia shows well-vascularized, woven and parallel-fibered primary cortical bone typical of juvenile ornithopods. The histological section revealed no lines of arrested growth or annuli, suggesting the animal may have still been in its first year at the time of death. Impressions of the upper rhamphotheca are preserved in association with the skull, showing that the soft tissue component for the beak extended for some distance beyond the limits of the oral margin of the premaxilla. In marked contrast with the lengthy tube-like crest in adult Parasaurolophus, the crest of the juvenile specimen is low and hemicircular in profile, with an open premaxilla-nasal fontanelle. Unlike juvenile lambeosaurins, the nasal passages occupy nearly the entirety of the crest in juvenile Parasaurolophus. Furthermore, Parasaurolophus initiated development of the crest at less than 25\% maximum skull size, contrasting with 50\% of maximum skull size in hadrosaurs such as Corythosaurus. This early development may correspond with the larger and more derived form of the crest in Parasaurolophus, as well as the close relationship between the crest and the respiratory system. In general, ornithischian dinosaurs formed bony cranial ornamentation at a relatively younger age and smaller size than seen in extant birds. This may reflect, at least in part, that ornithischians probably reached sexual maturity prior to somatic maturity, whereas birds become reproductively mature after reaching adult size.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.182",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.182",
    openalex = "W2007562187",
    references = "doi101002ar20984, doi101007s125490110068y, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101111j15023931201100300x, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi105860choice514447"
}

The placement of over 50 skulls of the well-known horned dinosaur Triceratops within a stratigraphic framework for the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (HCF) of Montana reveals the evolutionary transformation of this genus. Specimens referable to the two recognized morphospecies of Triceratops, T. horridus and T. prorsus, are stratigraphically separated within the HCF with the T. prorsus morphology recovered in the upper third of the formation and T. horridus found lower in the formation. Hypotheses that these morphospecies represent sexual or ontogenetic variation within a single species are thus untenable. Stratigraphic placement of specimens appears to reveal ancestor-descendant relationships. Transitional morphologies are found in the middle unit of the formation, a finding that is consistent with the evolution of Triceratops being characterized by anagenesis, the transformation of a lineage over time. Variation among specimens from this critical stratigraphic zone may indicate a branching event in the Triceratops lineage. Purely cladogenetic interpretations of the HCF dataset imply greater diversity within the formation. These findings underscore the critical role of stratigraphic data in deciphering evolutionary patterns in the Dinosauria.

@article{doi101073pnas1313334111,
    author = "Scannella, John B and Fowler, Denver W and Goodwin, Mark B and Horner, John R",
    title = "Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana.",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
    abstract = "The placement of over 50 skulls of the well-known horned dinosaur Triceratops within a stratigraphic framework for the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (HCF) of Montana reveals the evolutionary transformation of this genus. Specimens referable to the two recognized morphospecies of Triceratops, T. horridus and T. prorsus, are stratigraphically separated within the HCF with the T. prorsus morphology recovered in the upper third of the formation and T. horridus found lower in the formation. Hypotheses that these morphospecies represent sexual or ontogenetic variation within a single species are thus untenable. Stratigraphic placement of specimens appears to reveal ancestor-descendant relationships. Transitional morphologies are found in the middle unit of the formation, a finding that is consistent with the evolution of Triceratops being characterized by anagenesis, the transformation of a lineage over time. Variation among specimens from this critical stratigraphic zone may indicate a branching event in the Triceratops lineage. Purely cladogenetic interpretations of the HCF dataset imply greater diversity within the formation. These findings underscore the critical role of stratigraphic data in deciphering evolutionary patterns in the Dinosauria.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4104892/",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1313334111",
    openalex = "W1986799724",
    pmcid = "PMC4104892",
    pmid = "24982159",
    references = "doi10100703064746897, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi10108002724631003763516, doi101093aesa383396, doi101111j109600311995tb00092x, doi101111j155856461951tb02788x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi10167102724634200828134ooceit20co2, doi1023072405671, doi105860choice333929, doi105962bhltitle5716, doi107312simp93764, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3217097258, openalexw568618627"
}

Herbivorous dinosaurs were abundant, species-rich components of Late Triassic–Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate high-fiber herbivory evolved independently on several occasions within Dinosauria, through the intermediary step of omnivory. Anatomical character complexes associated with this diet exhibit high levels of convergence and morphological disparity, and may have evolved by correlated progression. Dinosaur faunas changed markedly during the Mesozoic, from early faunas dominated by taxa with simple, uniform feeding mechanics to Cretaceous biomes including diverse sophisticated sympatric herbivores; the environmental and biological drivers causing these changes remain unclear. Isotopic, taphonomic, and anatomical evidence implies that niche partitioning reduced competition between sympatric herbivores, via morphological differentiation, dietary preferences, and habitat selection. Large body size in dinosaur herbivores is associated with low plant productivity, and gave these animals prominent roles as ecosystem engineers. Although dinosaur herbivores lived through several major events in floral evolution, there is currently no evidence for plant-dinosaur coevolutionary interactions.

@article{doi101146annurevearth042711105515,
    author = "Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Paleobiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Herbivorous dinosaurs were abundant, species-rich components of Late Triassic–Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate high-fiber herbivory evolved independently on several occasions within Dinosauria, through the intermediary step of omnivory. Anatomical character complexes associated with this diet exhibit high levels of convergence and morphological disparity, and may have evolved by correlated progression. Dinosaur faunas changed markedly during the Mesozoic, from early faunas dominated by taxa with simple, uniform feeding mechanics to Cretaceous biomes including diverse sophisticated sympatric herbivores; the environmental and biological drivers causing these changes remain unclear. Isotopic, taphonomic, and anatomical evidence implies that niche partitioning reduced competition between sympatric herbivores, via morphological differentiation, dietary preferences, and habitat selection. Large body size in dinosaur herbivores is associated with low plant productivity, and gave these animals prominent roles as ecosystem engineers. Although dinosaur herbivores lived through several major events in floral evolution, there is currently no evidence for plant-dinosaur coevolutionary interactions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515",
    openalex = "W2127568739",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi101007s0001501000206, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101111j14209101201102427x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi105860choice490282, openalexw2971401580"
}

Theropod dinosaurs form a highly diversified clade, and their teeth are some of the most common components of the Mesozoic dinosaur fossil record. This is the case in the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) of Portugal, where theropod teeth are particularly abundant and diverse. Four isolated theropod teeth are here described and identified based on morphometric and anatomical data. They are included in a cladistic analysis performed on a data matrix of 141 dentition-based characters coded in 60 taxa, as well as a supermatrix combining our dataset with six recent datamatrices based on the whole theropod skeleton. The consensus tree resulting from the dentition-based data matrix reveals that theropod teeth provide reliable data for identification at approximately family level. Therefore, phylogenetic methods will help identifying theropod teeth with more confidence in the future. Although dental characters do not reliably indicate relationships among higher clades of theropods, they demonstrate interesting patterns of homoplasy suggesting dietary convergence in (1) alvarezsauroids, therizinosaurs and troodontids; (2) coelophysoids and spinosaurids; (3) compsognathids and dromaeosaurids; and (4) ceratosaurids, allosauroids and megalosaurids. Based on morphometric and cladistic analyses, the biggest tooth from Lourinhã is referred to a mesial crown of the megalosaurid Torvosaurus tanneri, due to the elliptical cross section of the crown base, the large size and elongation of the crown, medially positioned mesial and distal carinae, and the coarse denticles. The smallest tooth is identified as Richardoestesia, and as a close relative of R. gilmorei based on the weak constriction between crown and root, the "eight-shaped" outline of the base crown and, on the distal carina, the average of ten symmetrically rounded denticles per mm, as well as a subequal number of denticles basally and at mid-crown. Finally, the two medium-sized teeth belong to the same taxon and exhibit pronounced interdenticular sulci between distal denticles, hooked distal denticles for one of them, an irregular enamel texture, and a straight distal margin, a combination of features only observed in abelisaurids. They provide the first record of Abelisauridae in the Jurassic of Laurasia and one of the oldest records of this clade in the world, suggesting a possible radiation of Abelisauridae in Europe well before the Upper Cretaceous.

@article{doi1011646zootaxa375911,
    author = "Hendrickx, Christophe and Mateus, Octávio",
    title = "Abelisauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Late Jurassic of Portugal and dentition-based phylogeny as a contribution for the identification of isolated theropod teeth",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Zootaxa",
    abstract = {Theropod dinosaurs form a highly diversified clade, and their teeth are some of the most common components of the Mesozoic dinosaur fossil record. This is the case in the Lourinhã Formation (Late Jurassic, Kimmeridgian-Tithonian) of Portugal, where theropod teeth are particularly abundant and diverse. Four isolated theropod teeth are here described and identified based on morphometric and anatomical data. They are included in a cladistic analysis performed on a data matrix of 141 dentition-based characters coded in 60 taxa, as well as a supermatrix combining our dataset with six recent datamatrices based on the whole theropod skeleton. The consensus tree resulting from the dentition-based data matrix reveals that theropod teeth provide reliable data for identification at approximately family level. Therefore, phylogenetic methods will help identifying theropod teeth with more confidence in the future. Although dental characters do not reliably indicate relationships among higher clades of theropods, they demonstrate interesting patterns of homoplasy suggesting dietary convergence in (1) alvarezsauroids, therizinosaurs and troodontids; (2) coelophysoids and spinosaurids; (3) compsognathids and dromaeosaurids; and (4) ceratosaurids, allosauroids and megalosaurids. Based on morphometric and cladistic analyses, the biggest tooth from Lourinhã is referred to a mesial crown of the megalosaurid Torvosaurus tanneri, due to the elliptical cross section of the crown base, the large size and elongation of the crown, medially positioned mesial and distal carinae, and the coarse denticles. The smallest tooth is identified as Richardoestesia, and as a close relative of R. gilmorei based on the weak constriction between crown and root, the "eight-shaped" outline of the base crown and, on the distal carina, the average of ten symmetrically rounded denticles per mm, as well as a subequal number of denticles basally and at mid-crown. Finally, the two medium-sized teeth belong to the same taxon and exhibit pronounced interdenticular sulci between distal denticles, hooked distal denticles for one of them, an irregular enamel texture, and a straight distal margin, a combination of features only observed in abelisaurids. They provide the first record of Abelisauridae in the Jurassic of Laurasia and one of the oldest records of this clade in the world, suggesting a possible radiation of Abelisauridae in Europe well before the Upper Cretaceous.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1",
    doi = "10.11646/zootaxa.3759.1.1",
    openalex = "W2141232902",
    references = "benson2008a, carpenter2005the, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101002ara20206, doi101002jmor10372, doi101007bf02987808, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038324359a0, doi10103832884, doi10103835047056, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi101080027246342013820113, doi101098rspb20110410, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109600311994tb00179x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi1011270077774920100125, doi101139e10005, doi10120600030082200635451andtfu20co2, doi1012063521, doi1012066481, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1016710272463420050250865hitrif20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi102475ajss319111253, doi1034191b109, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo16171435, mateus2010a, openalexw1821824396, openalexw1879660213, openalexw2764433274, openalexw3215057009, openalexw834136096, rauhut2003a, sues1978a, zhao1998the"
}

Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.

@article{doi101371journalpone0098605,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    openalex = "W2033356851",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002jmor10372, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017cbo9780511564345, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086653688, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1023072291098, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2138825607, openalexw2183707334, openalexw575814759"
}

The Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous, quadrupedal, armoured dinosaurs subdivided into at least two major clades, the Ankylosauridae and the Nodosauridae. The most derived members of Ankylosauridae had a unique tail club formed from modified, tightly interlocking distal caudal vertebrae and enlarged osteoderms that envelop the terminus of the tail. We review all known ankylosaurid species, as well as ankylosaurs of uncertain affinities, in order to conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis of the clade. The revised phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ankylosauridae consisting of Ahshislepelta, Aletopelta, Gastonia, Gobisaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Shamosaurus and a suite of derived ankylosaurids (Ankylosaurinae). There is convincing evidence for the presence of nodosaurids in Asia during the Early Cretaceous. In the mid Cretaceous, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the Albian and Campanian, where they diversified into a clade of ankylosaurines, here named Ankylosaurini, characterized by arched snouts and numerous flat cranial caputegulae. There is no evidence for any ankylosaurids in Gondwana; Ankylosauridae appears to be completely restricted to Asia and North America. The genus Crichtonpelta gen. nov. is created, type species Crichtonsaurus benxiensis Lü et al.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE5B88A3-3353-4FB6-B9A2-FCF0F99770EB

@article{doi1010801477201920151059985,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous, quadrupedal, armoured dinosaurs subdivided into at least two major clades, the Ankylosauridae and the Nodosauridae. The most derived members of Ankylosauridae had a unique tail club formed from modified, tightly interlocking distal caudal vertebrae and enlarged osteoderms that envelop the terminus of the tail. We review all known ankylosaurid species, as well as ankylosaurs of uncertain affinities, in order to conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis of the clade. The revised phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ankylosauridae consisting of Ahshislepelta, Aletopelta, Gastonia, Gobisaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Shamosaurus and a suite of derived ankylosaurids (Ankylosaurinae). There is convincing evidence for the presence of nodosaurids in Asia during the Early Cretaceous. In the mid Cretaceous, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the Albian and Campanian, where they diversified into a clade of ankylosaurines, here named Ankylosaurini, characterized by arched snouts and numerous flat cranial caputegulae. There is no evidence for any ankylosaurids in Gondwana; Ankylosauridae appears to be completely restricted to Asia and North America. The genus Crichtonpelta gen. nov. is created, type species Crichtonsaurus benxiensis Lü et al.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE5B88A3-3353-4FB6-B9A2-FCF0F99770EB",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985",
    openalex = "W4232331209",
    references = "doi101002ar20794, doi101016002532279290061l, doi101016jympev201004011, doi10108002724634199510011230, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science9231776, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2912219260"
}

The late Campanian-early Maastrichtian site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain) has provided a set of well-preserved crocodyliform skull and lower jaw remains, which are described here and assigned to a new basal eusuchian taxon, Lohuecosuchus megadontos gen. et sp. nov. The reevaluation of a complete skull from the synchronous site of Fox-Amphoux (Department of Var, France) allows us to define a second species of this new genus. Phylogenetic analysis places Lohuecosuchus in a clade exclusively composed by European Late Cretaceous taxa. This new clade, defined here as Allodaposuchidae, is recognized as the sister group of Hylaeochampsidae, also comprised of European Cretaceous forms. Allodaposuchidae and Hylaeochampsidae are grouped in a clade identified as the sister group of Crocodylia, the only crocodyliform lineage that reaches our days. Allodaposuchidae shows a vicariant distribution pattern in the European Late Cretaceous archipelago, with several Ibero-Armorican forms more closely related to each other than with to Romanian Allodaposuchus precedens.

@article{doi101371journalpone0140679,
    author = "Narváez, Iván and Brochu, Christopher A. and Escaso, Fernando and Pérez‐García, Adán and Ortega, Francisco",
    title = "New Crocodyliforms from Southwestern Europe and Definition of a Diverse Clade of European Late Cretaceous Basal Eusuchians",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The late Campanian-early Maastrichtian site of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain) has provided a set of well-preserved crocodyliform skull and lower jaw remains, which are described here and assigned to a new basal eusuchian taxon, Lohuecosuchus megadontos gen. et sp. nov. The reevaluation of a complete skull from the synchronous site of Fox-Amphoux (Department of Var, France) allows us to define a second species of this new genus. Phylogenetic analysis places Lohuecosuchus in a clade exclusively composed by European Late Cretaceous taxa. This new clade, defined here as Allodaposuchidae, is recognized as the sister group of Hylaeochampsidae, also comprised of European Cretaceous forms. Allodaposuchidae and Hylaeochampsidae are grouped in a clade identified as the sister group of Crocodylia, the only crocodyliform lineage that reaches our days. Allodaposuchidae shows a vicariant distribution pattern in the European Late Cretaceous archipelago, with several Ibero-Armorican forms more closely related to each other than with to Romanian Allodaposuchus precedens.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140679",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0140679",
    openalex = "W2122250184",
    references = "doi101080089129632012763034, doi101371journalpone0020011, doi101371journalpone0115837, doi1016660022336020060800162oapsoe20co2, doi103897zookeys4698439"
}

The Late Cretaceous was a time of tremendous global change, as the final stages of the Age of Dinosaurs were shaped by climate and sea level fluctuations and witness to marked paleogeographic and faunal changes, before the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. The terrestrial fossil record of Late Cretaceous Europe is becoming increasingly better understood, based largely on intensive fieldwork over the past two decades, promising new insights into latest Cretaceous faunal evolution. We review the terrestrial Late Cretaceous record from Europe and discuss its importance for understanding the paleogeography, ecology, evolution, and extinction of land-dwelling vertebrates. We review the major Late Cretaceous faunas from Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, and Romania, as well as more fragmentary records from elsewhere in Europe. We discuss the paleogeographic background and history of assembly of these faunas, and argue that they are comprised of an endemic 'core' supplemented with various immigration waves. These faunas lived on an island archipelago, and we describe how this insular setting led to ecological peculiarities such as low diversity, a preponderance of primitive taxa, and marked changes in morphology (particularly body size dwarfing). We conclude by discussing the importance of the European record in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction and show that there is no clear evidence that dinosaurs or other groups were undergoing long-term declines in Europe prior to the bolide impact.

@article{doi103897zookeys4698439,
    author = "Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán and Buffetaut, Éric and Ősi, Attila and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "ZooKeys",
    abstract = "The Late Cretaceous was a time of tremendous global change, as the final stages of the Age of Dinosaurs were shaped by climate and sea level fluctuations and witness to marked paleogeographic and faunal changes, before the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. The terrestrial fossil record of Late Cretaceous Europe is becoming increasingly better understood, based largely on intensive fieldwork over the past two decades, promising new insights into latest Cretaceous faunal evolution. We review the terrestrial Late Cretaceous record from Europe and discuss its importance for understanding the paleogeography, ecology, evolution, and extinction of land-dwelling vertebrates. We review the major Late Cretaceous faunas from Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, and Romania, as well as more fragmentary records from elsewhere in Europe. We discuss the paleogeographic background and history of assembly of these faunas, and argue that they are comprised of an endemic 'core' supplemented with various immigration waves. These faunas lived on an island archipelago, and we describe how this insular setting led to ecological peculiarities such as low diversity, a preponderance of primitive taxa, and marked changes in morphology (particularly body size dwarfing). We conclude by discussing the importance of the European record in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction and show that there is no clear evidence that dinosaurs or other groups were undergoing long-term declines in Europe prior to the bolide impact.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439",
    doi = "10.3897/zookeys.469.8439",
    openalex = "W2133891947",
    references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, doi101002mmng20010040112, doi101006cres20000236, doi101007s0001500812473, doi101007s0011401209171, doi101016004019518690199x, doi101016jcretres200802004, doi101016jearscirev201009005, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201312007, doi101016jpalaeo200412005, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101016s0012825202000752, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s0016756800012413, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101038nature04633, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101038sjhdy6885841, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101073pnas1211526110, doi101080089129632012763034, doi101080089129632013777533, doi10108010420940601006859, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101111brv12128, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101111j13652699200501314x, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science23547931156, doi1011302014250315, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93176, doi101144gsljgs1934090010405, doi101146annurevearth31100901141308, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpbio0040321, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0020011, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi10166612041, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1016710390290428, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20120121, doi105860choice435902, doi105860choice514447, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle68064, garilli2009first, lehman1987late, leloeuff1994the, martinsander2006bone, openalexw3015256845, openalexw51761775"
}

Minmi is the only known genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur from Australia. Seven specimens are known, all from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland. Only two of these have been described in any detail: the holotype specimen Minmi paravertebra from the Bungil Formation near Roma, and a near complete skeleton from the Allaru Mudstone on Marathon Station near Richmond, preliminarily referred to a possible new species of Minmi. The Marathon specimen represents one of the world's most complete ankylosaurian skeletons and the best-preserved dinosaurian fossil from eastern Gondwana. Moreover, among ankylosaurians, its skull is one of only a few in which the majority of sutures have not been obliterated by dermal ossifications or surface remodelling. Recent preparation of the Marathon specimen has revealed new details of the palate and narial regions, permitting a comprehensive description and thus providing new insights cranial osteology of a basal ankylosaurian. The skull has also undergone computed tomography, digital segmentation and 3D computer visualisation enabling the reconstruction of its nasal cavity and endocranium. The airways of the Marathon specimen are more complicated than non-ankylosaurian dinosaurs but less so than derived ankylosaurians. The cranial (brain) endocast is superficially similar to those of other ankylosaurians but is strongly divergent in many important respects. The inner ear is extremely large and unlike that of any dinosaur yet known. Based on a high number of diagnostic differences between the skull of the Marathon specimen and other ankylosaurians, we consider it prudent to assign this specimen to a new genus and species of ankylosaurian. Kunbarrasaurus ieversi gen. et sp. nov. represents the second genus of ankylosaurian from Australia and is characterised by an unusual melange of both primitive and derived characters, shedding new light on the evolution of the ankylosaurian skull.

@article{doi107717peerj1475,
    author = "Leahey, Lucy G. and Molnar, Ralph E. and Carpenter, Kenneth and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Salisbury, Steven W.",
    title = "Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as Minmi sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Minmi is the only known genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur from Australia. Seven specimens are known, all from the Lower Cretaceous of Queensland. Only two of these have been described in any detail: the holotype specimen Minmi paravertebra from the Bungil Formation near Roma, and a near complete skeleton from the Allaru Mudstone on Marathon Station near Richmond, preliminarily referred to a possible new species of Minmi. The Marathon specimen represents one of the world's most complete ankylosaurian skeletons and the best-preserved dinosaurian fossil from eastern Gondwana. Moreover, among ankylosaurians, its skull is one of only a few in which the majority of sutures have not been obliterated by dermal ossifications or surface remodelling. Recent preparation of the Marathon specimen has revealed new details of the palate and narial regions, permitting a comprehensive description and thus providing new insights cranial osteology of a basal ankylosaurian. The skull has also undergone computed tomography, digital segmentation and 3D computer visualisation enabling the reconstruction of its nasal cavity and endocranium. The airways of the Marathon specimen are more complicated than non-ankylosaurian dinosaurs but less so than derived ankylosaurians. The cranial (brain) endocast is superficially similar to those of other ankylosaurians but is strongly divergent in many important respects. The inner ear is extremely large and unlike that of any dinosaur yet known. Based on a high number of diagnostic differences between the skull of the Marathon specimen and other ankylosaurians, we consider it prudent to assign this specimen to a new genus and species of ankylosaurian. Kunbarrasaurus ieversi gen. et sp. nov. represents the second genus of ankylosaurian from Australia and is characterised by an unusual melange of both primitive and derived characters, shedding new light on the evolution of the ankylosaurian skull.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1475",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.1475",
    openalex = "W2195920462",
    references = "doi101002ar20984, doi101016jgr201403014, doi1010801477201920151059985"
}

Morphological responses of nonmammalian herbivores to external ecological drivers have not been quantified over extended timescales. Herbivorous nonavian dinosaurs are an ideal group to test for such responses, because they dominated terrestrial ecosystems for more than 155 Myr and included the largest herbivores that ever existed. The radiation of dinosaurs was punctuated by several ecologically important events, including extinctions at the Triassic/Jurassic (Tr/J) and Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundaries, the decline of cycadophytes, and the origin of angiosperms, all of which may have had profound consequences for herbivore communities. Here we present the first analysis of morphological and biomechanical disparity for sauropodomorph and ornithischian dinosaurs in order to investigate patterns of jaw shape and function through time. We find that morphological and biomechanical mandibular disparity are decoupled: mandibular shape disparity follows taxonomic diversity, with a steady increase through the Mesozoic. By contrast, biomechanical disparity builds to a peak in the Late Jurassic that corresponds to increased functional variation among sauropods. The reduction in biomechanical disparity following this peak coincides with the J/K extinction, the associated loss of sauropod and stegosaur diversity, and the decline of cycadophytes. We find no specific correspondence between biomechanical disparity and the proliferation of angiosperms. Continual ecological and functional replacement of pre-existing taxa accounts for disparity patterns through much of the Cretaceous, with the exception of several unique groups, such as psittacosaurids that are never replaced in their biomechanical or morphological profiles.

@article{doi101017pab201631,
    author = "MacLaren, Jamie A. and Anderson, Philip S. L. and Barrett, Paul M. and Rayfield, Emily J.",
    title = "Herbivorous dinosaur jaw disparity and its relationship to extrinsic evolutionary drivers",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Morphological responses of nonmammalian herbivores to external ecological drivers have not been quantified over extended timescales. Herbivorous nonavian dinosaurs are an ideal group to test for such responses, because they dominated terrestrial ecosystems for more than 155 Myr and included the largest herbivores that ever existed. The radiation of dinosaurs was punctuated by several ecologically important events, including extinctions at the Triassic/Jurassic (Tr/J) and Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundaries, the decline of cycadophytes, and the origin of angiosperms, all of which may have had profound consequences for herbivore communities. Here we present the first analysis of morphological and biomechanical disparity for sauropodomorph and ornithischian dinosaurs in order to investigate patterns of jaw shape and function through time. We find that morphological and biomechanical mandibular disparity are decoupled: mandibular shape disparity follows taxonomic diversity, with a steady increase through the Mesozoic. By contrast, biomechanical disparity builds to a peak in the Late Jurassic that corresponds to increased functional variation among sauropods. The reduction in biomechanical disparity following this peak coincides with the J/K extinction, the associated loss of sauropod and stegosaur diversity, and the decline of cycadophytes. We find no specific correspondence between biomechanical disparity and the proliferation of angiosperms. Continual ecological and functional replacement of pre-existing taxa accounts for disparity patterns through much of the Cretaceous, with the exception of several unique groups, such as psittacosaurids that are never replaced in their biomechanical or morphological profiles.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.31",
    doi = "10.1017/pab.2016.31",
    openalex = "W2527928940",
    references = "doi101371journalpone0067182"
}

Convergent evolution, the acquisition of morphologically similar traits in unrelated taxa due to similar functional demands or environmental factors, is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. Consequently, the occurrence of similar form is used routinely to address fundamental questions in morphofunctional research and to infer function in fossils. However, such qualitative assessments can be misleading and it is essential to test form/function relationships quantitatively. The parallel occurrence of a suite of morphologically convergent craniodental characteristics in three herbivorous, phylogenetically disparate dinosaur clades (Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia, Theropoda) provides an ideal test case. A combination of computational biomechanical models (Finite Element Analysis, Multibody Dynamics Analysis) demonstrate that despite a high degree of morphological similarity between representative taxa (Plateosaurus engelhardti, Stegosaurus stenops, Erlikosaurus andrewsi) from these clades, their biomechanical behaviours are notably different and difficult to predict on the basis of form alone. These functional differences likely reflect dietary specialisations, demonstrating the value of quantitative biomechanical approaches when evaluating form/function relationships in extinct taxa.

@article{doi101038srep26495,
    author = "Lautenschlager, Stephan and Brassey, Charlotte and Button, David J. and Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Decoupled form and function in disparate herbivorous dinosaur clades",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Convergent evolution, the acquisition of morphologically similar traits in unrelated taxa due to similar functional demands or environmental factors, is a common phenomenon in the animal kingdom. Consequently, the occurrence of similar form is used routinely to address fundamental questions in morphofunctional research and to infer function in fossils. However, such qualitative assessments can be misleading and it is essential to test form/function relationships quantitatively. The parallel occurrence of a suite of morphologically convergent craniodental characteristics in three herbivorous, phylogenetically disparate dinosaur clades (Sauropodomorpha, Ornithischia, Theropoda) provides an ideal test case. A combination of computational biomechanical models (Finite Element Analysis, Multibody Dynamics Analysis) demonstrate that despite a high degree of morphological similarity between representative taxa (Plateosaurus engelhardti, Stegosaurus stenops, Erlikosaurus andrewsi) from these clades, their biomechanical behaviours are notably different and difficult to predict on the basis of form alone. These functional differences likely reflect dietary specialisations, demonstrating the value of quantitative biomechanical approaches when evaluating form/function relationships in extinct taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26495",
    doi = "10.1038/srep26495",
    openalex = "W2345594554",
    references = "doi101073pnas1310711110, doi101080027246342014874529, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rspb20140497, doi101371journalpone0098605"
}

Australian dinosaurs have played a rare but controversial role in the debate surrounding the effect of Gondwanan break-up on Cretaceous dinosaur distribution. Major spatiotemporal gaps in the Gondwanan Cretaceous fossil record, coupled with taxon incompleteness, have hindered research on this effect, especially in Australia. Here we report on two new sauropod specimens from the early Late Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia, that have important implications for Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov. comprises one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropod skeletons ever found in Australia, whereas a new specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae includes the first ever cranial remains of an Australian sauropod. The results of a new phylogenetic analysis, in which both Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus are recovered within Titanosauria, were used as the basis for a quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis of macronarian sauropods. Titanosaurs achieved a worldwide distribution by at least 125 million years ago, suggesting that mid-Cretaceous Australian sauropods represent remnants of clades which were widespread during the Early Cretaceous. These lineages would have entered Australasia via dispersal from South America, presumably across Antarctica. High latitude sauropod dispersal might have been facilitated by Albian-Turonian warming that lifted a palaeoclimatic dispersal barrier between Antarctica and South America.

@article{doi101038srep34467,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Hocknull, Scott and Kear, Benjamin P. and Kundrát, Martin and Tischler, Travis R. and Sloan, Trish and Sinapius, George H. K. and Elliott, Judy A. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Australian dinosaurs have played a rare but controversial role in the debate surrounding the effect of Gondwanan break-up on Cretaceous dinosaur distribution. Major spatiotemporal gaps in the Gondwanan Cretaceous fossil record, coupled with taxon incompleteness, have hindered research on this effect, especially in Australia. Here we report on two new sauropod specimens from the early Late Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia, that have important implications for Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Savannasaurus elliottorum gen. et sp. nov. comprises one of the most complete Cretaceous sauropod skeletons ever found in Australia, whereas a new specimen of Diamantinasaurus matildae includes the first ever cranial remains of an Australian sauropod. The results of a new phylogenetic analysis, in which both Savannasaurus and Diamantinasaurus are recovered within Titanosauria, were used as the basis for a quantitative palaeobiogeographical analysis of macronarian sauropods. Titanosaurs achieved a worldwide distribution by at least 125 million years ago, suggesting that mid-Cretaceous Australian sauropods represent remnants of clades which were widespread during the Early Cretaceous. These lineages would have entered Australasia via dispersal from South America, presumably across Antarctica. High latitude sauropod dispersal might have been facilitated by Albian-Turonian warming that lifted a palaeoclimatic dispersal barrier between Antarctica and South America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34467",
    doi = "10.1038/srep34467",
    openalex = "W2535200874",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101038srep19165, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi10108014772011003594870, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science2725264986, doi1011300016760619951071164mlccot23co2, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1015259780520941434, doi1021425f55419694, doi1021425f5fbg19694, doi105194cp813232012, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745"
}

Whether dinosaurs were in a long-term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda), where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K-Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.

@article{doi101073pnas1521478113,
    author = "Sakamoto, Manabu and Benton, Michael J. and Venditti, Chris",
    title = "Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Whether dinosaurs were in a long-term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda), where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K-Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    openalex = "W2341385457",
    references = "doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature11631, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111brv12128, doi101111j14679868200500503x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi1018637jssv033i02, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw2097360283, sloan1986gradual"
}

Extensive and well-preserved tracksites in the coastally exposed Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula provide almost the entire fossil record of dinosaurs from the western half of the Australian continent. Tracks near the town of Broome were described in the late 1960s as Megalosauropus broomensis and attributed to a medium-sized theropod trackmaker. Brief reports in the early 1990s suggested the occurrence of at least another nine types of tracks, referable to theropod, sauropod, ornithopod, and thyreophoran trackmakers, at scattered tracksites spread over more than 80 km of coastline north of Broome, potentially representing one of the world's most diverse dinosaurian ichnofaunas. More recently, it has been proposed that this number could be as high as 16 and that the sites are spread over more than 200 km. However, the only substantial research that has been published on these more recent discoveries is a preliminary study of the sauropod tracks and an account of the ways in which the heavy passage of sauropod trackmakers may have shaped the Dampier Peninsula's Early Cretaceous landscape. With the other types of dinosaurian tracks in the Broome Sandstone remaining undescribed, and the full extent and nature of the Dampier Peninsula's dinosaurian tracksites yet to be adequately addressed, the overall scientific significance of the ichnofauna has remained enigmatic. At the request of the area's Goolarabooloo Traditional Custodians, 400+ hours of ichnological survey work was undertaken from 2011 to 2016 on the 25 km stretch of coastline in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula, inclusive of the coastline at Walmadany (James Price Point). Forty-eight discrete dinosaurian tracksites were identified in this area, and thousands of tracks were examined and measured in situ and using three-dimensional photogrammetry. Tracksites were concentrated in three main areas along the coast: Yanijarri in the north, Walmadany in the middle, and Kardilakan–Jajal Buru in the south. Lithofacies analysis revealed 16 repeated facies types that occurred in three distinctive lithofacies associations, indicative of an environmental transgression between the distal fluvial to deltaic portions of a large braid plain, with migrating sand bodies and periodic sheet floods. The main dinosaurian track-bearing horizons seem to have been generated between periodic sheet floods that blanketed the preexisting sand bodies within the braid plain portion of a tidally influenced delta, with much of the original, gently undulating topography now preserved over large expanses of the present day intertidal reef system. Of the tracks examined, 150 could be identified and are assignable to a least eleven and possibly as many as 21 different track types: five different types of theropod tracks, at least six types of sauropod tracks, four types of ornithopod tracks, and six types of thyreophoran tracks. Eleven of these track types can formally be assigned or compared to existing or new ichnotaxa, whereas the remaining ten represent morphotypes that, although distinct, are currently too poorly represented to confidently assign to existing or new ichnotaxa. Among the ichnotaxa that we have recognized, only two (Megalosauropus broomensis and Wintonopus latomorum) belong to existing ichnotaxa, and two compare to existing ichnotaxa but display a suite of morphological features suggesting that they may be distinct in their own right and are therefore placed in open nomenclature. Six of the ichnotaxa that we have identified are new: one theropod ichnotaxon, Yangtzepus clarkei, ichnosp. nov.; one sauropod ichnotaxon, Oobardjidama foulkesi, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; two ornithopod ichnotaxa, Wintonopus middletonae, ichnosp. nov., and Walmadanyichnus hunteri, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; and two thyreophoran ichnotaxa, Garbina roeorum, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Luluichnus mueckei, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The level of diversity of the main track types is comparable across areas where tracksites are concentrated: Kardilakan–Jajal Buru (12), Walmadany (11), and Yanijarri (10). The overall diversity of the dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Broome Sandstone in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula is unparalleled in Australia, and even globally. In addition to being the primary record of non-avian dinosaurs in the western half of Australia, this ichnofauna provides our only detailed glimpse of Australia's dinosaurian fauna during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. It indicates that the general composition of Australia's mid-Cretaceous dinosaurian fauna was already in place by the Valanginian–Barremian. Both sauropods and ornithopods were diverse and abundant, and thyreophorans were the only type of quadrupedal ornithischians. Important aspects of the fauna that are not seen in the Australian mid-Cretaceous body fossil record are the presence of stegosaurians, an overall higher diversity of thyreophorans and theropods, and the presence of large-bodied hadrosauroid-like ornithopods and very large-bodied sauropods. In many respects, these differences suggest a holdover from the Late Jurassic, when the majority of dinosaurian clades had a more cosmopolitan distribution prior to the fragmentation of Pangea. Although the record for the Lower Cretaceous of Gondwana is sparse, a similar mix of taxa occurs in the Barremian–lower Aptian La Amarga Formation of Argentina and the Berriasian–Hauterivian Kirkwood Formation of South Africa. The persistence of this fauna across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in South America, Africa, and Australia might be characteristic of Gondwanan dinosaurian faunas more broadly. It suggests that the extinction event that affected Laurasian dinosaurian faunas across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary may not have been as extreme in Gondwana, and this difference may have foreshadowed the onset of Laurasian-Eurogondwanan provincialism. The disappearance of stegosaurians and the apparent drop in diversity of theropods by the mid-Cretaceous suggests that, similar to South America, Australia passed through a period of faunal turnover between the Valanginian and Aptian. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Salisbury, S. W., A. Romilio, M. C. Herne, R. T. Tucker, and J. P. Nair. 2017. The dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 16. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6, Supplement). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539.

@article{doi1010800272463420161269539,
    author = "Salisbury, Steven W. and Romilio, Anthony and Herne, Matthew and Tucker, Ryan T. and Nair, Jay P.",
    title = "The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Extensive and well-preserved tracksites in the coastally exposed Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Dampier Peninsula provide almost the entire fossil record of dinosaurs from the western half of the Australian continent. Tracks near the town of Broome were described in the late 1960s as Megalosauropus broomensis and attributed to a medium-sized theropod trackmaker. Brief reports in the early 1990s suggested the occurrence of at least another nine types of tracks, referable to theropod, sauropod, ornithopod, and thyreophoran trackmakers, at scattered tracksites spread over more than 80 km of coastline north of Broome, potentially representing one of the world's most diverse dinosaurian ichnofaunas. More recently, it has been proposed that this number could be as high as 16 and that the sites are spread over more than 200 km. However, the only substantial research that has been published on these more recent discoveries is a preliminary study of the sauropod tracks and an account of the ways in which the heavy passage of sauropod trackmakers may have shaped the Dampier Peninsula's Early Cretaceous landscape. With the other types of dinosaurian tracks in the Broome Sandstone remaining undescribed, and the full extent and nature of the Dampier Peninsula's dinosaurian tracksites yet to be adequately addressed, the overall scientific significance of the ichnofauna has remained enigmatic. At the request of the area's Goolarabooloo Traditional Custodians, 400+ hours of ichnological survey work was undertaken from 2011 to 2016 on the 25 km stretch of coastline in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula, inclusive of the coastline at Walmadany (James Price Point). Forty-eight discrete dinosaurian tracksites were identified in this area, and thousands of tracks were examined and measured in situ and using three-dimensional photogrammetry. Tracksites were concentrated in three main areas along the coast: Yanijarri in the north, Walmadany in the middle, and Kardilakan–Jajal Buru in the south. Lithofacies analysis revealed 16 repeated facies types that occurred in three distinctive lithofacies associations, indicative of an environmental transgression between the distal fluvial to deltaic portions of a large braid plain, with migrating sand bodies and periodic sheet floods. The main dinosaurian track-bearing horizons seem to have been generated between periodic sheet floods that blanketed the preexisting sand bodies within the braid plain portion of a tidally influenced delta, with much of the original, gently undulating topography now preserved over large expanses of the present day intertidal reef system. Of the tracks examined, 150 could be identified and are assignable to a least eleven and possibly as many as 21 different track types: five different types of theropod tracks, at least six types of sauropod tracks, four types of ornithopod tracks, and six types of thyreophoran tracks. Eleven of these track types can formally be assigned or compared to existing or new ichnotaxa, whereas the remaining ten represent morphotypes that, although distinct, are currently too poorly represented to confidently assign to existing or new ichnotaxa. Among the ichnotaxa that we have recognized, only two (Megalosauropus broomensis and Wintonopus latomorum) belong to existing ichnotaxa, and two compare to existing ichnotaxa but display a suite of morphological features suggesting that they may be distinct in their own right and are therefore placed in open nomenclature. Six of the ichnotaxa that we have identified are new: one theropod ichnotaxon, Yangtzepus clarkei, ichnosp. nov.; one sauropod ichnotaxon, Oobardjidama foulkesi, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; two ornithopod ichnotaxa, Wintonopus middletonae, ichnosp. nov., and Walmadanyichnus hunteri, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.; and two thyreophoran ichnotaxa, Garbina roeorum, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov., and Luluichnus mueckei, ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. The level of diversity of the main track types is comparable across areas where tracksites are concentrated: Kardilakan–Jajal Buru (12), Walmadany (11), and Yanijarri (10). The overall diversity of the dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Broome Sandstone in the Yanijarri–Lurujarri section of the Dampier Peninsula is unparalleled in Australia, and even globally. In addition to being the primary record of non-avian dinosaurs in the western half of Australia, this ichnofauna provides our only detailed glimpse of Australia's dinosaurian fauna during the first half of the Early Cretaceous. It indicates that the general composition of Australia's mid-Cretaceous dinosaurian fauna was already in place by the Valanginian–Barremian. Both sauropods and ornithopods were diverse and abundant, and thyreophorans were the only type of quadrupedal ornithischians. Important aspects of the fauna that are not seen in the Australian mid-Cretaceous body fossil record are the presence of stegosaurians, an overall higher diversity of thyreophorans and theropods, and the presence of large-bodied hadrosauroid-like ornithopods and very large-bodied sauropods. In many respects, these differences suggest a holdover from the Late Jurassic, when the majority of dinosaurian clades had a more cosmopolitan distribution prior to the fragmentation of Pangea. Although the record for the Lower Cretaceous of Gondwana is sparse, a similar mix of taxa occurs in the Barremian–lower Aptian La Amarga Formation of Argentina and the Berriasian–Hauterivian Kirkwood Formation of South Africa. The persistence of this fauna across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in South America, Africa, and Australia might be characteristic of Gondwanan dinosaurian faunas more broadly. It suggests that the extinction event that affected Laurasian dinosaurian faunas across the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary may not have been as extreme in Gondwana, and this difference may have foreshadowed the onset of Laurasian-Eurogondwanan provincialism. The disappearance of stegosaurians and the apparent drop in diversity of theropods by the mid-Cretaceous suggests that, similar to South America, Australia passed through a period of faunal turnover between the Valanginian and Aptian. SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at www.tandfonline.com/UJVP Citation for this article: Salisbury, S. W., A. Romilio, M. C. Herne, R. T. Tucker, and J. P. Nair. 2017. The dinosaurian ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 16. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(6, Supplement). DOI: 10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539",
    openalex = "W2602833024",
    references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, deklerk2000a, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007bf02988144, doi1010160012825277900551, doi1010160012825279900011, doi1010160012825285900017, doi101016002532279290061l, doi101016jcretres200908003, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcretres201307009, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s001678780180047x, doi101017cbo9780511626487, doi101038srep06196, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108000288306197010418211, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940109380189, doi10108010420940490428625, doi10108010420940601006859, doi10108011035890902924877, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101130g23452a1, doi101139e91009, doi101144pygs543185, doi101306212f83b92b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101371journalpone0013120, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0137709, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1026879529, doi104095105049, doi104202app20080049, foster1995tridactyl, mateus2010a, nouri2011tetradactyl, openalexw1564145569, openalexw1592791648, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2619609965, openalexw616953834"
}

BACKGROUND: The Belly River Group of southern Alberta is one of the best-sampled Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunal assemblages in the world. This system provides a high-resolution biostratigraphic record of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and faunal turnover, and it has considerable potential to be a model system for testing hypotheses of dinosaur palaeoecological dynamics, including important aspects of palaeoecommunity structure, trophic interactions, and responses to environmental change. Vertebrate fossil microsites (assemblages of small bones and teeth concentrated together over a relatively short time and thought to be representative of community composition) offer an unparalleled dataset to better test these hypotheses by ameliorating problems of sample size, geography, and chronostratigraphic control that hamper other palaeoecological analyses. Here, we assembled a comprehensive relative abundance dataset of microsites sampled from the entire Belly River Group and performed a series of analyses to test the influence of environmental factors on site and taxon clustering, and assess the stability of faunal assemblages both temporally and spatially. We also test the long-held idea that populations of large dinosaur taxa were particularly sensitive to small-scale environmental gradients, such as the paralic (coastal) to alluvial (inland) regimes present within the time-equivalent depositional basin of the upper Oldman and lower Dinosaur Park Formations. RESULTS: Palaeoenvironment (i.e. reconstructed environmental conditions, related to relative amount of alluvial, fluvial, and coastal influence in associated sedimentary strata) was found to be strongly associated with clustering of sites by relative-abundance faunal assemblages, particularly in relation to changes in faunal assemblage composition and marine-terrestrial environmental transitions. Palaeogeography/palaeolandscape were moderately associated to site relative abundance assemblage clustering, with depositional setting and time (i.e. vertical position within stratigraphic unit) more weakly associated. Interestingly, while vertebrate relative abundance assemblages as a whole were strongly correlated with these marine-terrestrial transitions, the dinosaur fauna does not appear to be particularly sensitive to them. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms that depositional setting (i.e. the sediment type/sorting and associated characteristics) has little effect on faunal assemblage composition, in contrast to the effect of changes in the broader palaeoenvironment (e.g. upper vs. lower coastal plain, etc.), with marine-terrestrial transitions driving temporal faunal dynamics within the Belly River Group. The similarity of the dinosaur faunal assemblages between the time-equivalent portions of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation suggests that either these palaeoenvironments are more similar than characterized in the literature, or that the dinosaurs are less sensitive to variation in palaeoenvironment than has often been suggested. A lack of sensitivity to subtle environmental gradients casts doubt on these forces acting as a driver of putative endemism of dinosaur populations in the Late Cretaceous of North America.

@article{doi101186s1289801601068,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Palaeoenvironmental drivers of vertebrate community composition in the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada, with implications for dinosaur biogeography",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BMC Ecology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The Belly River Group of southern Alberta is one of the best-sampled Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunal assemblages in the world. This system provides a high-resolution biostratigraphic record of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and faunal turnover, and it has considerable potential to be a model system for testing hypotheses of dinosaur palaeoecological dynamics, including important aspects of palaeoecommunity structure, trophic interactions, and responses to environmental change. Vertebrate fossil microsites (assemblages of small bones and teeth concentrated together over a relatively short time and thought to be representative of community composition) offer an unparalleled dataset to better test these hypotheses by ameliorating problems of sample size, geography, and chronostratigraphic control that hamper other palaeoecological analyses. Here, we assembled a comprehensive relative abundance dataset of microsites sampled from the entire Belly River Group and performed a series of analyses to test the influence of environmental factors on site and taxon clustering, and assess the stability of faunal assemblages both temporally and spatially. We also test the long-held idea that populations of large dinosaur taxa were particularly sensitive to small-scale environmental gradients, such as the paralic (coastal) to alluvial (inland) regimes present within the time-equivalent depositional basin of the upper Oldman and lower Dinosaur Park Formations. RESULTS: Palaeoenvironment (i.e. reconstructed environmental conditions, related to relative amount of alluvial, fluvial, and coastal influence in associated sedimentary strata) was found to be strongly associated with clustering of sites by relative-abundance faunal assemblages, particularly in relation to changes in faunal assemblage composition and marine-terrestrial environmental transitions. Palaeogeography/palaeolandscape were moderately associated to site relative abundance assemblage clustering, with depositional setting and time (i.e. vertical position within stratigraphic unit) more weakly associated. Interestingly, while vertebrate relative abundance assemblages as a whole were strongly correlated with these marine-terrestrial transitions, the dinosaur fauna does not appear to be particularly sensitive to them. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms that depositional setting (i.e. the sediment type/sorting and associated characteristics) has little effect on faunal assemblage composition, in contrast to the effect of changes in the broader palaeoenvironment (e.g. upper vs. lower coastal plain, etc.), with marine-terrestrial transitions driving temporal faunal dynamics within the Belly River Group. The similarity of the dinosaur faunal assemblages between the time-equivalent portions of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation suggests that either these palaeoenvironments are more similar than characterized in the literature, or that the dinosaurs are less sensitive to variation in palaeoenvironment than has often been suggested. A lack of sensitivity to subtle environmental gradients casts doubt on these forces acting as a driver of putative endemism of dinosaur populations in the Late Cretaceous of North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-016-0106-8",
    doi = "10.1186/s12898-016-0106-8",
    openalex = "W2549529320",
    references = "doi1010079780387981413, doi101023a1008959721342, doi101038282296a0, doi101139e93016, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi105860choice260307, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2187850523"
}

During their long evolutionary history, neornithischian dinosaurs diverged into several clades with distinctive adaptations. However, the early evolution within Neornithischia and the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of taxa situated near the base of the clade remain problematic. This is especially true for those taxa traditionally placed at the base of Ornithopoda, either as ‘hypsilophodontids’ or at the base of the diverse clade Iguanodontia. Recent studies are improving our understanding of the anatomy and relationships of these taxa, with discoveries of several new non-ankylopollexian ornithopods from South America and Europe providing key insights into early ornithopod evolution and palaeobiogeography. Here, we describe a new basal ornithopod, Burianosaurus augustai gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved femur from the upper Cenomanian strata (Korycany Beds of the Peruc-Korycany Formation) of the Czech Republic. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique suite of characters and represents the only occurrence of a Cenomanian non-avian dinosaur in Central Europe north of the Alpine Tethyan areas. Histological examination of the type specimen reveals the presence of a loosely packed Haversian system which suggests relatively mature bone from a possible young adult. Phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, selected to test the placement of B. augustai in various parts of the neornithischian tree, reconstruct B. augustai as a basal ornithopod, firmly nested outside Ankylopollexia. These results also support a diverse Elasmaria as a basal clade within Ornithopoda and reconstruct Hypsilophodon outside Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to Cerapoda. However, the relationships of ‘hypsilophodontids’ within Neornithischia remain contentious.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D28A9FB8-A253-4032-8710-4F51668A1E4F

@article{doi1010801477201920171371258,
    author = "Madzia, Daniel and Boyd, Clint and Mazuch, Martin",
    title = "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "During their long evolutionary history, neornithischian dinosaurs diverged into several clades with distinctive adaptations. However, the early evolution within Neornithischia and the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of taxa situated near the base of the clade remain problematic. This is especially true for those taxa traditionally placed at the base of Ornithopoda, either as ‘hypsilophodontids’ or at the base of the diverse clade Iguanodontia. Recent studies are improving our understanding of the anatomy and relationships of these taxa, with discoveries of several new non-ankylopollexian ornithopods from South America and Europe providing key insights into early ornithopod evolution and palaeobiogeography. Here, we describe a new basal ornithopod, Burianosaurus augustai gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved femur from the upper Cenomanian strata (Korycany Beds of the Peruc-Korycany Formation) of the Czech Republic. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique suite of characters and represents the only occurrence of a Cenomanian non-avian dinosaur in Central Europe north of the Alpine Tethyan areas. Histological examination of the type specimen reveals the presence of a loosely packed Haversian system which suggests relatively mature bone from a possible young adult. Phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, selected to test the placement of B. augustai in various parts of the neornithischian tree, reconstruct B. augustai as a basal ornithopod, firmly nested outside Ankylopollexia. These results also support a diverse Elasmaria as a basal clade within Ornithopoda and reconstruct Hypsilophodon outside Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to Cerapoda. However, the relationships of ‘hypsilophodontids’ within Neornithischia remain contentious.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D28A9FB8-A253-4032-8710-4F51668A1E4F",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258",
    openalex = "W2760542243",
    references = "doi101017s1477201903001032, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101080027246342013746229, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science1253351, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101371journalpone0014075, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103897zookeys4698439, doi105962p313819, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745, openalexw225597919"
}

from the upper Judith River Formation fills a gap in the ankylosaurine stratigraphic and geographical record in North America, and further highlights that Campanian ankylosaurines were undergoing rapid evolution and stratigraphic succession of taxa as observed for Laramidian ceratopsids, hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and tyrannosaurids.

@article{doi101098rsos161086,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "A new ankylosaurine dinosaur from the Judith River Formation of Montana, USA, based on an exceptional skeleton with soft tissue preservation",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "from the upper Judith River Formation fills a gap in the ankylosaurine stratigraphic and geographical record in North America, and further highlights that Campanian ankylosaurines were undergoing rapid evolution and stratigraphic succession of taxa as observed for Laramidian ceratopsids, hadrosaurids, pachycephalosaurids and tyrannosaurids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161086",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.161086",
    openalex = "W2613812864",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007s125490110068y, doi101016jpalaeo200902007, doi101038378774a0, doi101086684289, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101139e93016, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi102110palo2014084, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw3215057009"
}

The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.

@article{doi101111brv12255,
    author = "Tennant, Jonathan P and Mannion, Philip D and Upchurch, Paul and Sutton, Mark D and Price, Gregory D",
    title = "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6849608/",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12255",
    openalex = "W2283352195",
    pmcid = "PMC6849608",
    pmid = "26888552",
    references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101016b9780444594259000263, doi101016jcretres201112005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201105009, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010291998rg000054, doi10102993rg02508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038ncomms9438, doi101080027246342012694385, doi10108014772011003603556, doi101080147720192011630927, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101086319243, doi101111brv12038, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science17540271199, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101144sp35813, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1016660094837320000260056cefisg20co2, doi1026879529, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20110144"
}

Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.

@article{doi101139cjes20170031,
    author = "van der Reest, Aaron J. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0031",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2017-0031",
    openalex = "W2742325356",
    references = "doi101007s0011401411439, doi101007s1143400900096, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038415780a, doi101038nature02898, doi101038ncomms4289, doi101038ncomms4788, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi101139e93187, doi1012066481, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi105860choice435902, doi105962p339375, openalexw2597671315"
}

Troodontid material from the Maastrichtian of North America is extremely rare, beyond isolated teeth from microvertebrate sites. Here we describe troodontid frontals from the early Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Horsethief Member). The most complete specimen, TMP 1993.105.0001, is notably foreshortened and robust when compared with numerous specimens referred to Troodon from the Dinosaur Park Formation, and exhibits several characteristics that distinguish it from other Late Cretaceous troodontids. Morphometric analyses reinforce shape differences between TMP 1993.105.0001 and other North American troodontids, and show that proportional differences are independent of size. We therefore erect a new taxon, Albertavenator curriei gen. et sp. nov., which is diagnosed by the following autapomorphies: (1) primary supraciliary foramen is truncated anteriorly by the lacrimal contact; (2) superficial (ectocranial) surface of the frontal proportionally shorter than all known troodontids, with a length to width ratio under 1.3; and (3) frontoparietal contact in which an enlarged lappet of the frontal extends medially to extensively overlap the lateral region of the anteromedial process of the parietal. Interestingly, tooth and jaw morphology from the single relatively complete dentary recovered from the Horseshoe Canyon cannot be distinguished from dentaries and teeth from the Dinosaur Park Formation. If the dentary and teeth from the Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation prove to belong to A. curriei, extensive overlap in tooth morphology between the Dinosaur Park and Horseshoe Canyon formations reinforces the notion that tooth morphotypes do not exhibit strong correspondence to species alpha diversity, and may encompass multiple closely related taxa.

@article{doi101139cjes20170034,
    author = "Evans, David C. and Cullen, Thomas M. and Larson, Derek W. and Rego, Adam I.",
    title = "A new species of troodontid theropod (Dinosauria: Maniraptora) from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Maastrichtian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Troodontid material from the Maastrichtian of North America is extremely rare, beyond isolated teeth from microvertebrate sites. Here we describe troodontid frontals from the early Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Horsethief Member). The most complete specimen, TMP 1993.105.0001, is notably foreshortened and robust when compared with numerous specimens referred to Troodon from the Dinosaur Park Formation, and exhibits several characteristics that distinguish it from other Late Cretaceous troodontids. Morphometric analyses reinforce shape differences between TMP 1993.105.0001 and other North American troodontids, and show that proportional differences are independent of size. We therefore erect a new taxon, Albertavenator curriei gen. et sp. nov., which is diagnosed by the following autapomorphies: (1) primary supraciliary foramen is truncated anteriorly by the lacrimal contact; (2) superficial (ectocranial) surface of the frontal proportionally shorter than all known troodontids, with a length to width ratio under 1.3; and (3) frontoparietal contact in which an enlarged lappet of the frontal extends medially to extensively overlap the lateral region of the anteromedial process of the parietal. Interestingly, tooth and jaw morphology from the single relatively complete dentary recovered from the Horseshoe Canyon cannot be distinguished from dentaries and teeth from the Dinosaur Park Formation. If the dentary and teeth from the Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation prove to belong to A. curriei, extensive overlap in tooth morphology between the Dinosaur Park and Horseshoe Canyon formations reinforces the notion that tooth morphotypes do not exhibit strong correspondence to species alpha diversity, and may encompass multiple closely related taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0034",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2017-0034",
    openalex = "W2735300118",
    references = "doi1010160022098176900769, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101038415780a, doi1011112041210x12035, doi101111j, doi1011270078042120120020, doi101186s1289801601068, doi1023071939574, doi1023072669711, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2989049194"
}

Interbasinal stratigraphic correlation provides the foundation for all consequent continental-scale geological and paleontological analyses. Correlation requires synthesis of lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and geochronologic data, and must be periodically updated to accord with advances in dating techniques, changing standards for radiometric dates, new stratigraphic concepts, hypotheses, fossil specimens, and field data. Outdated or incorrect correlation exposes geological and paleontological analyses to potential error. The current work presents a high-resolution stratigraphic chart for terrestrial Late Cretaceous units of North America, combining published chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data. 40Ar / 39Ar radiometric dates are newly recalibrated to both current standard and decay constant pairings. Revisions to the stratigraphic placement of most units are slight, but important changes are made to the proposed correlations of the Aguja and Javelina formations, Texas, and recalibration corrections in particular affect the relative age positions of the Belly River Group, Alberta; Judith River Formation, Montana; Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; and Fruitland and Kirtland formations, New Mexico. The stratigraphic ranges of selected clades of dinosaur species are plotted on the chronostratigraphic framework, with some clades comprising short-duration species that do not overlap stratigraphically with preceding or succeeding forms. This is the expected pattern that is produced by an anagenetic mode of evolution, suggesting that true branching (speciation) events were rare and may have geographic significance. The recent hypothesis of intracontinental latitudinal provinciality of dinosaurs is shown to be affected by previous stratigraphic miscorrelation. Rapid stepwise acquisition of display characters in many dinosaur clades, in particular chasmosaurine ceratopsids, suggests that they may be useful for high resolution biostratigraphy.

@article{doi101371journalpone0188426,
    author = "Fowler, Denver Warwick",
    title = "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "Interbasinal stratigraphic correlation provides the foundation for all consequent continental-scale geological and paleontological analyses. Correlation requires synthesis of lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and geochronologic data, and must be periodically updated to accord with advances in dating techniques, changing standards for radiometric dates, new stratigraphic concepts, hypotheses, fossil specimens, and field data. Outdated or incorrect correlation exposes geological and paleontological analyses to potential error. The current work presents a high-resolution stratigraphic chart for terrestrial Late Cretaceous units of North America, combining published chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data. 40Ar / 39Ar radiometric dates are newly recalibrated to both current standard and decay constant pairings. Revisions to the stratigraphic placement of most units are slight, but important changes are made to the proposed correlations of the Aguja and Javelina formations, Texas, and recalibration corrections in particular affect the relative age positions of the Belly River Group, Alberta; Judith River Formation, Montana; Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; and Fruitland and Kirtland formations, New Mexico. The stratigraphic ranges of selected clades of dinosaur species are plotted on the chronostratigraphic framework, with some clades comprising short-duration species that do not overlap stratigraphically with preceding or succeeding forms. This is the expected pattern that is produced by an anagenetic mode of evolution, suggesting that true branching (speciation) events were rare and may have geographic significance. The recent hypothesis of intracontinental latitudinal provinciality of dinosaurs is shown to be affected by previous stratigraphic miscorrelation. Rapid stepwise acquisition of display characters in many dinosaur clades, in particular chasmosaurine ceratopsids, suggests that they may be useful for high resolution biostratigraphy.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5699823/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0188426",
    openalex = "W2544476050",
    pmcid = "PMC5699823",
    pmid = "29166406",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016016896228790025x, doi101016037594749090598g, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s0009254197001599, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s0375947497006131, doi101126science1154339, doi101130001676061952631011cotcfo20co2, doi101130b310761, doi101139e93016, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi10167102724634200727373aarolm20co2, doi105860choice514447, lehman1987late, openalexw2025327988"
}

Poropat, S.F., Martin, S.K., Tosolini, A.-M.P., Wagstaff, B.E, Bean, L.B., Kear, B.P., Vickers-Rich, P. & Rich, T.H., May 2018. Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date. Alcheringa 42, 158–230. ISSN 0311-5518. Although Cretaceous fossils (coal excluded) from Victoria, Australia, were first reported in the 1850s, it was not until the 1950s that detailed studies of these fossils were undertaken. Numerous fossil localities have been identified in Victoria since the 1960s, including the Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Strzelecki Group) near Leongatha, the Dinosaur Cove and Eric the Red West sites (Otway Group) at Cape Otway, and the Flat Rocks site (Strzelecki Group) near Cape Paterson. Systematic exploration over the past five decades has resulted in the collection of thousands of fossils representing various plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Some of the best-preserved and most diverse Hauterivian–Barremian floral assemblages in Australia derive from outcrops of the lower Strzelecki Group in the Gippsland Basin. The slightly younger Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Aptian) is a Konservat-Lagerstätte that also preserves abundant plants, including one of the oldest known flowers. In addition, insects, crustaceans (including the only syncaridans known from Australia between the Triassic and the present), arachnids (including Australia’s only known opilione), the stratigraphically youngest xiphosurans from Australia, bryozoans, unionoid molluscs and a rich assemblage of actinopterygian fish are known from the Koonwarra Fossil Bed. The oldest known—and only Mesozoic—fossil feathers from the Australian continent constitute the only evidence for tetrapods at Koonwarra. By contrast, the Barremian–Aptian-aged deposits at the Flat Rocks site, and the Aptian–Albian-aged strata at the Dinosaur Cove and Eric the Red West sites, are all dominated by tetrapod fossils, with actinopterygians and dipnoans relatively rare. Small ornithopod (=basal neornithischian) dinosaurs are numerically common, known from four partial skeletons and a multitude of isolated bones. Aquatic meiolaniform turtles constitute another prominent faunal element, represented by numerous isolated bones and articulated carapaces and plastrons. More than 50 specimens—mostly lower jaws—evince a high diversity of mammals, including monotremes, a multituberculate and several enigmatic ausktribosphenids. Relatively minor components of these fossil assemblages are diverse theropods (including birds), rare ankylosaurs and ceratopsians, pterosaurs, non-marine plesiosaurs and a lepidosaur. In the older strata of the upper Strzelecki Group, temnospondyl amphibians—the youngest known worldwide—are a conspicuous component of the fauna, whereas crocodylomorphs appear to be present only in up-sequence deposits of the Otway Group. Invertebrates are uncommon, although decapod crustaceans and unionoid bivalves have been described. Collectively, the Early Cretaceous biota of Victoria provides insights into a unique Mesozoic high-latitude palaeoenvironment and elucidates both palaeoclimatic and palaeobiogeographic changes throughout more than 25 million years of geological time. Stephen F. Poropat*† [sporopat@swin.edu.au; stephenfporopat@gmail.com], Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Sarah K. Martin*‡ [sarah.martin@dmirs.wa.gov.au; martin.sarahk@gmail.com] Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St, East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia; Anne-Marie P. Tosolini [a.tosolini@unimelb.edu.au] and Barbara E. Wagstaff [wagstaff@unimelb.edu.au] School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Lynne B. Bean [lynne.bean@anu.edu.au] Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2001, Australia; Benjamin P. Kear [benjamin.kear@em.uu.se] Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden; Patricia Vickers-Rich§ [prich@swin.edu.au; pat.rich@monash.edu] Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Thomas H. Rich [trich@museum.vic.gov.au] Museum Victoria, PO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. *These authors contributed equally to this work. †Also affiliated with: Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, Lot 1 Dinosaur Drive, PO Box 408, Winton, Queensland 4735, Australia. ‡Also affiliated with: Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia 6101, Australia. §Also affiliated with: School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.

@article{doi1010800311551820181453085,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Martin, Sarah K. and Tosolini, Anne-Marie P. and Wagstaff, Barbara E. and Bean, Lynne B. and Kear, Benjamin P. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia and Rich, Thomas H.",
    title = "Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Alcheringa An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Poropat, S.F., Martin, S.K., Tosolini, A.-M.P., Wagstaff, B.E, Bean, L.B., Kear, B.P., Vickers-Rich, P. \& Rich, T.H., May 2018. Early Cretaceous polar biotas of Victoria, southeastern Australia—an overview of research to date. Alcheringa 42, 158–230. ISSN 0311-5518. Although Cretaceous fossils (coal excluded) from Victoria, Australia, were first reported in the 1850s, it was not until the 1950s that detailed studies of these fossils were undertaken. Numerous fossil localities have been identified in Victoria since the 1960s, including the Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Strzelecki Group) near Leongatha, the Dinosaur Cove and Eric the Red West sites (Otway Group) at Cape Otway, and the Flat Rocks site (Strzelecki Group) near Cape Paterson. Systematic exploration over the past five decades has resulted in the collection of thousands of fossils representing various plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. Some of the best-preserved and most diverse Hauterivian–Barremian floral assemblages in Australia derive from outcrops of the lower Strzelecki Group in the Gippsland Basin. The slightly younger Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Aptian) is a Konservat-Lagerstätte that also preserves abundant plants, including one of the oldest known flowers. In addition, insects, crustaceans (including the only syncaridans known from Australia between the Triassic and the present), arachnids (including Australia’s only known opilione), the stratigraphically youngest xiphosurans from Australia, bryozoans, unionoid molluscs and a rich assemblage of actinopterygian fish are known from the Koonwarra Fossil Bed. The oldest known—and only Mesozoic—fossil feathers from the Australian continent constitute the only evidence for tetrapods at Koonwarra. By contrast, the Barremian–Aptian-aged deposits at the Flat Rocks site, and the Aptian–Albian-aged strata at the Dinosaur Cove and Eric the Red West sites, are all dominated by tetrapod fossils, with actinopterygians and dipnoans relatively rare. Small ornithopod (=basal neornithischian) dinosaurs are numerically common, known from four partial skeletons and a multitude of isolated bones. Aquatic meiolaniform turtles constitute another prominent faunal element, represented by numerous isolated bones and articulated carapaces and plastrons. More than 50 specimens—mostly lower jaws—evince a high diversity of mammals, including monotremes, a multituberculate and several enigmatic ausktribosphenids. Relatively minor components of these fossil assemblages are diverse theropods (including birds), rare ankylosaurs and ceratopsians, pterosaurs, non-marine plesiosaurs and a lepidosaur. In the older strata of the upper Strzelecki Group, temnospondyl amphibians—the youngest known worldwide—are a conspicuous component of the fauna, whereas crocodylomorphs appear to be present only in up-sequence deposits of the Otway Group. Invertebrates are uncommon, although decapod crustaceans and unionoid bivalves have been described. Collectively, the Early Cretaceous biota of Victoria provides insights into a unique Mesozoic high-latitude palaeoenvironment and elucidates both palaeoclimatic and palaeobiogeographic changes throughout more than 25 million years of geological time. Stephen F. Poropat*† [sporopat@swin.edu.au; stephenfporopat@gmail.com], Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Sarah K. Martin*‡ [sarah.martin@dmirs.wa.gov.au; martin.sarahk@gmail.com] Geological Survey of Western Australia, 100 Plain St, East Perth, Western Australia 6004, Australia; Anne-Marie P. Tosolini [a.tosolini@unimelb.edu.au] and Barbara E. Wagstaff [wagstaff@unimelb.edu.au] School of Earth Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Lynne B. Bean [lynne.bean@anu.edu.au] Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2001, Australia; Benjamin P. Kear [benjamin.kear@em.uu.se] Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden; Patricia Vickers-Rich§ [prich@swin.edu.au; pat.rich@monash.edu] Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia; Thomas H. Rich [trich@museum.vic.gov.au] Museum Victoria, PO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. *These authors contributed equally to this work. †Also affiliated with: Australian Age of Dinosaurs Museum of Natural History, Lot 1 Dinosaur Drive, PO Box 408, Winton, Queensland 4735, Australia. ‡Also affiliated with: Earth and Planetary Sciences, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Western Australia 6101, Australia. §Also affiliated with: School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085",
    doi = "10.1080/03115518.2018.1453085",
    openalex = "W2802532600",
    references = "doi1010070306475774, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev201206007, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi101016jpalaeo201508011, doi10103834356, doi101038srep34467, doi101071bt00023, doi101071zo9550654, doi10108011035890902924877, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101371journalpone0126946, doi1033740140580105, doi105860choice296275, doi105860choice404600, doi105860choice503272, doi107312kiel11918, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw1900040508, sereno2017early"
}

The Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, southeastern Africa, records a diverse and abundant sauropod fauna, including the flagellicaudatan diplodocoids Dicraeosaurus and Tornieria, and the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan. However, the taxonomic affinities of other sympatric sauropod taxa and remains are poorly understood. Here, we critically reassess and redescribe these problematic taxa, and present the largest phylogenetic analysis for sauropods (117 taxa scored for 542 characters) to explore their placement within Eusauropoda. A full re-description of the holotype of Janenschia, and all referable remains, supports its validity and placement as a nonneosauropod eusauropod. New information on the internal pneumatic tissue structure of the anterior dorsal vertebrae of the enigmatic Tendaguria tanzaniensis, coupled with a full re-description, results in its novel placement as a turiasaur. A previously referred caudal sequence cannot be assigned to Janenschia and displays several features that indicate a close relationship with Middle–Late Jurassic East Asian mamenchisaurids. It can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, and we erect the new taxon Wamweracaudia keranjei n. gen. n. sp. The Tendaguru Formation shares representatives of nearly all sauropod lineages with Middle Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous global faunas, but displays a greater range of diversity than any of those faunas considered individually.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzly068,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Schwarz, Daniela and Wings, Oliver",
    title = "Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania, southeastern Africa, records a diverse and abundant sauropod fauna, including the flagellicaudatan diplodocoids Dicraeosaurus and Tornieria, and the brachiosaurid titanosauriform Giraffatitan. However, the taxonomic affinities of other sympatric sauropod taxa and remains are poorly understood. Here, we critically reassess and redescribe these problematic taxa, and present the largest phylogenetic analysis for sauropods (117 taxa scored for 542 characters) to explore their placement within Eusauropoda. A full re-description of the holotype of Janenschia, and all referable remains, supports its validity and placement as a nonneosauropod eusauropod. New information on the internal pneumatic tissue structure of the anterior dorsal vertebrae of the enigmatic Tendaguria tanzaniensis, coupled with a full re-description, results in its novel placement as a turiasaur. A previously referred caudal sequence cannot be assigned to Janenschia and displays several features that indicate a close relationship with Middle–Late Jurassic East Asian mamenchisaurids. It can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, and we erect the new taxon Wamweracaudia keranjei n. gen. n. sp. The Tendaguru Formation shares representatives of nearly all sauropod lineages with Middle Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous global faunas, but displays a greater range of diversity than any of those faunas considered individually.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068",
    openalex = "W2911482806",
    references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng19994860020109, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101017s0016756804000330, doi101038ncomms3929, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038srep19165, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342011557116, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080027246342013776562, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101098rspb20120660, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi101111pala12142, doi101111zoj12029, doi101111zoj12425, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101371journalpone0037122, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi1021425f55419694, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023073802723, doi1026879529, doi10274700206814489791, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105710amegh261210131889, doi105860choice331556, doi107717peerj857, heinrich1998late, openalexw1545181283"
}

In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.

@article{doi101038s41467019089972,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Lunt, Daniel J. and Farnsworth, Alex and Jones, Lewis A. and Kelland, Sarah-Jane and Allison, Peter A.",
    title = "Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    openalex = "W2919866498",
    references = "doi101016jecolmodel201312012, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038nature15697, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101073pnas0901637106, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101111ecog03049, doi101111j13652664200601214x, doi101111j14724642201000725x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science3287615, doi1012019781315140919, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi1018900721531, doi1023071931034, doi103897zookeys4698439, lehman1987late"
}

Modern megaherbivore community richness is limited by bottom-up controls, such as resource limitation and resultant dietary competition. However, the extent to which these same controls impacted the richness of fossil megaherbivore communities is poorly understood. The present study investigates the matter with reference to the megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage from the middle to upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Using a meta-analysis of 21 ecomorphological variables measured across 14 genera, contemporaneous taxa are demonstrably well-separated in ecomorphospace at the family/subfamily level. Moreover, this pattern is persistent through the approximately 1.5 Myr timespan of the formation, despite continual species turnover, indicative of underlying structural principles imposed by long-term ecological competition. After considering the implications of ecomorphology for megaherbivorous dinosaur diet, it is concluded that competition structured comparable megaherbivorous dinosaur communities throughout the Late Cretaceous of western North America.

@article{doi101038s41598019517095,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C.",
    title = "Competition structured a Late Cretaceous megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Modern megaherbivore community richness is limited by bottom-up controls, such as resource limitation and resultant dietary competition. However, the extent to which these same controls impacted the richness of fossil megaherbivore communities is poorly understood. The present study investigates the matter with reference to the megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage from the middle to upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Using a meta-analysis of 21 ecomorphological variables measured across 14 genera, contemporaneous taxa are demonstrably well-separated in ecomorphospace at the family/subfamily level. Moreover, this pattern is persistent through the approximately 1.5 Myr timespan of the formation, despite continual species turnover, indicative of underlying structural principles imposed by long-term ecological competition. After considering the implications of ecomorphology for megaherbivorous dinosaur diet, it is concluded that competition structured comparable megaherbivorous dinosaur communities throughout the Late Cretaceous of western North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51709-5",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-51709-5",
    openalex = "W2981425882",
    references = "doi101007978146124018114, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9780511735011, doi101086653688, doi101093biomet301281, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139e10005, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi1012060003008220023660001aitrou20co2, doi101371journalpone0098605, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023073545850, doi1023075663, doi102475ajs2628975, openalexw2183707334"
}

Titanosaurs were a globally distributed clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Historically regarded as a primarily Gondwanan radiation, there is a growing number of Eurasian taxa, with several putative titanosaurs contemporaneous with, or even pre-dating, the oldest known Southern Hemisphere remains. The early Late Cretaceous Jinhua Formation, in Zhejiang Province, China, has yielded two putative titanosaurs, Jiangshanosaurus lixianensis and Dongyangosaurus sinensis. Here, we provide a detailed re-description and diagnosis of Jiangshanosaurus, as well as new anatomical information on Dongyangosaurus. Previously, a 'derived' titanosaurian placement for Jiangshanosaurus was primarily based on the presence of procoelous anterior caudal centra. We show that this taxon had amphicoelous anterior-middle caudal centra. Its only titanosaurian synapomorphy is that the dorsal margins of the scapula and coracoid are approximately level with one another. Dongyangosaurus can clearly be differentiated from Jiangshanosaurus, and displays features that indicate a closer relationship to the titanosaur radiation. Revised scores for both taxa are incorporated into an expanded phylogenetic data matrix, comprising 124 taxa scored for 548 characters. Under equal weights parsimony, Jiangshanosaurus is recovered as a member of the non-titanosaurian East Asian somphospondylan clade Euhelopodidae, and Dongyangosaurus lies just outside of Titanosauria. However, when extended implied weighting is applied, both taxa are placed within Titanosauria. Most other 'middle' Cretaceous East Asian sauropods are probably non-titanosaurian somphospondylans, but at least Xianshanosaurus appears to belong to the titanosaur radiation. Our analyses also recover the Early Cretaceous European sauropod Normanniasaurus genceyi as a 'derived' titanosaur, clustering with Gondwanan taxa. These results provide further support for a widespread diversification of titanosaurs by at least the Early Cretaceous.

@article{doi101098rsos191057,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Jin, Xingsheng and Zheng, Wenjie",
    title = "New information on the Cretaceous sauropod dinosaurs of Zhejiang Province, China: impact on Laurasian titanosauriform phylogeny and biogeography",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Royal Society Open Science",
    abstract = "Titanosaurs were a globally distributed clade of Cretaceous sauropods. Historically regarded as a primarily Gondwanan radiation, there is a growing number of Eurasian taxa, with several putative titanosaurs contemporaneous with, or even pre-dating, the oldest known Southern Hemisphere remains. The early Late Cretaceous Jinhua Formation, in Zhejiang Province, China, has yielded two putative titanosaurs, Jiangshanosaurus lixianensis and Dongyangosaurus sinensis. Here, we provide a detailed re-description and diagnosis of Jiangshanosaurus, as well as new anatomical information on Dongyangosaurus. Previously, a 'derived' titanosaurian placement for Jiangshanosaurus was primarily based on the presence of procoelous anterior caudal centra. We show that this taxon had amphicoelous anterior-middle caudal centra. Its only titanosaurian synapomorphy is that the dorsal margins of the scapula and coracoid are approximately level with one another. Dongyangosaurus can clearly be differentiated from Jiangshanosaurus, and displays features that indicate a closer relationship to the titanosaur radiation. Revised scores for both taxa are incorporated into an expanded phylogenetic data matrix, comprising 124 taxa scored for 548 characters. Under equal weights parsimony, Jiangshanosaurus is recovered as a member of the non-titanosaurian East Asian somphospondylan clade Euhelopodidae, and Dongyangosaurus lies just outside of Titanosauria. However, when extended implied weighting is applied, both taxa are placed within Titanosauria. Most other 'middle' Cretaceous East Asian sauropods are probably non-titanosaurian somphospondylans, but at least Xianshanosaurus appears to belong to the titanosaur radiation. Our analyses also recover the Early Cretaceous European sauropod Normanniasaurus genceyi as a 'derived' titanosaur, clustering with Gondwanan taxa. These results provide further support for a widespread diversification of titanosaurs by at least the Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191057",
    doi = "10.1098/rsos.191057",
    openalex = "W2970495169",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101098rspb20171219, doi101111brv12255, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi103897zookeys4698439"
}

The non-marine Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm, southern Alberta) yields taxonomically diverse, late Campanian to middle Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages that play a central role in documenting dinosaur evolution, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography leading up to the end-Cretaceous extinction. Here, we present high-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS ages and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the HCFm using zircon grains from (1) four HCFm bentonites distributed through 129 m of section, (2) one bentonite from the underlying Bearpaw Formation, and (3) a bentonite from the overlying Battle Formation that we dated previously. In its type area, the HCFm ranges in age from 73.1–68.0 Ma. Significant paleoenvironmental and climatic changes are recorded in the formation, including (1) a transition from a warm-and-wet deltaic setting to a cooler, seasonally wet-dry coastal plain at 71.5 Ma, (2) maximum transgression of the Drumheller Marine Tongue at 70.896 ± 0.048 Ma, and (3) transition to a warm-wet alluvial plain at 69.6 Ma. The HCFm’s three mega-herbivore dinosaur assemblage zones track these changes and are calibrated as follows: Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis zone, 73.1–71.5 Ma; Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni zone, 71.5–69.6 Ma; and Eotriceratops xerinsularis zone, 69.6–68.2 Ma. The Albertosaurus Bonebed — a monodominant assemblage of tyrannosaurids in the Tolman Member — is assessed an age of 70.1 Ma. The unusual triceratopsin, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, from the Carbon Member, is assessed an age of 68.8 Ma. This chronostratigraphy is useful for refining correlations with dinosaur-bearing upper Campanian–middle Maastrichtian units in Alberta and elsewhere in North America.

@article{doi101139cjes20190019,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Kamo, Sandra L.",
    title = "High-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS dating and chronostratigraphy of the dinosaur-rich Horseshoe Canyon Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Campanian–Maastrichtian), Red Deer River valley, Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The non-marine Horseshoe Canyon Formation (HCFm, southern Alberta) yields taxonomically diverse, late Campanian to middle Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages that play a central role in documenting dinosaur evolution, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography leading up to the end-Cretaceous extinction. Here, we present high-precision U–Pb CA–ID–TIMS ages and the first calibrated chronostratigraphy for the HCFm using zircon grains from (1) four HCFm bentonites distributed through 129 m of section, (2) one bentonite from the underlying Bearpaw Formation, and (3) a bentonite from the overlying Battle Formation that we dated previously. In its type area, the HCFm ranges in age from 73.1–68.0 Ma. Significant paleoenvironmental and climatic changes are recorded in the formation, including (1) a transition from a warm-and-wet deltaic setting to a cooler, seasonally wet-dry coastal plain at 71.5 Ma, (2) maximum transgression of the Drumheller Marine Tongue at 70.896 ± 0.048 Ma, and (3) transition to a warm-wet alluvial plain at 69.6 Ma. The HCFm’s three mega-herbivore dinosaur assemblage zones track these changes and are calibrated as follows: Edmontosaurus regalis – Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis zone, 73.1–71.5 Ma; Hypacrosaurus altispinus – Saurolophus osborni zone, 71.5–69.6 Ma; and Eotriceratops xerinsularis zone, 69.6–68.2 Ma. The Albertosaurus Bonebed — a monodominant assemblage of tyrannosaurids in the Tolman Member — is assessed an age of 70.1 Ma. The unusual triceratopsin, Eotriceratops xerinsularis, from the Carbon Member, is assessed an age of 68.8 Ma. This chronostratigraphy is useful for refining correlations with dinosaur-bearing upper Campanian–middle Maastrichtian units in Alberta and elsewhere in North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2019-0019",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2019-0019",
    openalex = "W2979872101",
    references = "andeberth2016new, doi101007springerreference4923, doi1010160016703773902135, doi101016jchemgeo200503011, doi101016jgca200509007, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016s0009254196000332, doi101016s0195667105800308, doi101073pnas1313334111, doi101103physrevc41889, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1230492, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi104202app20110033, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2989049194"
}

being closer to Pygostylia than archaeopterygids or unenlagiines are strongly rejected. All parsimonious results support the hypothesis that each early paravian clade was plesiomorphically flightless, raising the possibility that avian flight originated as late as the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous.

@article{doi107717peerj7247,
    author = "Hartman, Scott and Mortimer, Mickey and Wahl, William and Lomax, Dean R. and Lippincott, Jessica and Lovelace, David M.",
    title = "A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "being closer to Pygostylia than archaeopterygids or unenlagiines are strongly rejected. All parsimonious results support the hypothesis that each early paravian clade was plesiomorphically flightless, raising the possibility that avian flight originated as late as the Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7247",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.7247",
    openalex = "W2961080112",
    references = "doi101016jjafrearsci201205005, doi10103835047056, doi101038nature01342, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038ncomms7987, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rsbl20150947, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20180162, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0036790, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1022179revmacn14372, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj2159, doi107717peerj4558, sereno1997the"
}

Abstract The advent of palaeontological occurrence databases has allowed for detailed reconstruction and analyses of species richness through deep time. While a substantial literature has evolved ensuring that taxa are fairly counted within and between different time periods, how time itself is divided has received less attention. Stage‐level or equal‐interval age bins have frequently been used for regional and global studies in vertebrate palaeontology. However, when assessing diversity at a regional scale, these resolutions can prove inappropriate with the available data. Herein, we propose a new method of binning geological time for regional studies that intrinsically incorporates the chronostratigraphic heterogeneity of different rock formations to generate unique stratigraphic bins. We use this method to investigate the diversity dynamics of dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction. Increased resolution through formation binning pinpoints the Maastrichtian diversity decline to between 68 and 66 Ma, coinciding with the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway. Diversity curves are shown to exhibit volatile patterns using different binning methods, supporting claims that heterogeneous biases in this time‐frame affect the pre‐extinction palaeobiological record. We also show that the apparent high endemicity of dinosaurs in the Campanian is a result of non‐contemporaneous geological units within large time bins. This study helps to illustrate the utility of high‐resolution, regional studies to supplement our understanding of factors governing global diversity in deep time and ultimately how geology is inherently tied to our understanding of past changes in species richness.

@article{doi101111pala12492,
    author = "Dean, Christopher D. and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "Formation binning: a new method for increased temporal resolution in regional studies, applied to the Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossil record of North America",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The advent of palaeontological occurrence databases has allowed for detailed reconstruction and analyses of species richness through deep time. While a substantial literature has evolved ensuring that taxa are fairly counted within and between different time periods, how time itself is divided has received less attention. Stage‐level or equal‐interval age bins have frequently been used for regional and global studies in vertebrate palaeontology. However, when assessing diversity at a regional scale, these resolutions can prove inappropriate with the available data. Herein, we propose a new method of binning geological time for regional studies that intrinsically incorporates the chronostratigraphic heterogeneity of different rock formations to generate unique stratigraphic bins. We use this method to investigate the diversity dynamics of dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of the Western Interior of North America prior to the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction. Increased resolution through formation binning pinpoints the Maastrichtian diversity decline to between 68 and 66 Ma, coinciding with the retreat of the Western Interior Seaway. Diversity curves are shown to exhibit volatile patterns using different binning methods, supporting claims that heterogeneous biases in this time‐frame affect the pre‐extinction palaeobiological record. We also show that the apparent high endemicity of dinosaurs in the Campanian is a result of non‐contemporaneous geological units within large time bins. This study helps to illustrate the utility of high‐resolution, regional studies to supplement our understanding of factors governing global diversity in deep time and ultimately how geology is inherently tied to our understanding of past changes in species richness.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12492",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12492",
    openalex = "W3034624876",
    references = "doi101038s41598019517095, doi1011112041210x12666"
}

Abstract In the Cretaceous of North America, environmental sensitivity and habitat specialization have been hypothesized to explain the surprisingly restricted geographic ranges of many large-bodied dinosaurs. Understanding the drivers behind this are key to determining broader trends of dinosaur species and community response to climate change under greenhouse conditions. However, previous studies of this question have commonly examined only small components of the paleo-ecosystem or operated without comparison to similar modern systems from which to constrain interpretations. Here we perform a high-resolution multi-taxic δ13C and δ18O study of a Cretaceous coastal floodplain ecosystem, focusing on species interactions and paleotemperature estimation, and compare with similar data from extant systems. Bioapatite δ13C preserves predator-prey offsets between tyrannosaurs and ornithischians (large herbivorous dinosaurs), and between aquatic reptiles and fish. Large ornithischians had broadly overlapping stable isotope ranges, contrary to hypothesized niche partitioning driven by specialization on coastal or inland subhabitat use. Comparisons to a modern analogue coastal floodplain show similar patterns of ecological guild structure and aquatic-terrestrial resource interchange. Multi-taxic oxygen isotope temperature estimations yield results for the Campanian of Alberta (Canada) consistent with the few other paleotemperature proxies available, and are validated when applied for extant species from a modern coastal floodplain, suggesting that this approach is a simple and effective avenue for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Together, these new data suggest that dinosaur niche partitioning was more complex than previously hypothesized, and provide a framework for future research on dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic floodplain communities.

@article{doi101130g473991,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Longstaffe, Fred J. and Wortmann, Ulrich G. and Huang, L. and Fanti, Federico and Goodwin, Mark B. and Ryan, Michael J. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Large-scale stable isotope characterization of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur-dominated ecosystem",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract In the Cretaceous of North America, environmental sensitivity and habitat specialization have been hypothesized to explain the surprisingly restricted geographic ranges of many large-bodied dinosaurs. Understanding the drivers behind this are key to determining broader trends of dinosaur species and community response to climate change under greenhouse conditions. However, previous studies of this question have commonly examined only small components of the paleo-ecosystem or operated without comparison to similar modern systems from which to constrain interpretations. Here we perform a high-resolution multi-taxic δ13C and δ18O study of a Cretaceous coastal floodplain ecosystem, focusing on species interactions and paleotemperature estimation, and compare with similar data from extant systems. Bioapatite δ13C preserves predator-prey offsets between tyrannosaurs and ornithischians (large herbivorous dinosaurs), and between aquatic reptiles and fish. Large ornithischians had broadly overlapping stable isotope ranges, contrary to hypothesized niche partitioning driven by specialization on coastal or inland subhabitat use. Comparisons to a modern analogue coastal floodplain show similar patterns of ecological guild structure and aquatic-terrestrial resource interchange. Multi-taxic oxygen isotope temperature estimations yield results for the Campanian of Alberta (Canada) consistent with the few other paleotemperature proxies available, and are validated when applied for extant species from a modern coastal floodplain, suggesting that this approach is a simple and effective avenue for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Together, these new data suggest that dinosaur niche partitioning was more complex than previously hypothesized, and provide a framework for future research on dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic floodplain communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g47399.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g47399.1",
    openalex = "W3011136744",
    references = "doi101007b110345, doi101016003101828790040x, doi101016jepsl200407015, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101016s0016703796002402, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas1004933107, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi101098rsos161086, doi101186147267851314, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837336180, doi1018901540929520075429anfie20co2, doi102475ajs3047612"
}

Once known solely from dental material and thought to represent an early ornithischian dinosaur, the early-diverging pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi is described from a minimum of 12 skeletons from a monodominant bonebed in the upper part of the Chinle Formation of Arizona. This material includes nearly the entire skeleton and possesses a combination of plesiomorphic and derived character states that help clarify ingroup relationships within Pseudosuchia. A phylogenetic analysis recovers R. callenderi in a clade with Aetosauria and Acaenasuchus geoffreyi that is named Aetosauriformes. Key autapomorphies of R. callenderi include a skull that is longer than the femur, a complete carapace of dermal armor including paramedian and lateral rows, as well as ventral osteoderms, and a tail end sheathed in bone. Histology of the femur and associated osteoderms demonstrate that R. callenderi was slow growing and that the individuals from the bonebed were not young juveniles but had not ceased growing. A review of other material assigned to Revueltosaurus concludes that the genus cannot be adequately diagnosed based on the type materials of the three assigned species and that only R. callenderi can be confidently referred to Revueltosaurus.

@article{doi101002ar24757,
    author = "Parker, William G. and Nesbitt, Sterling J. and Irmis, Randall B. and Martz, Jeffrey W. and Marsh, Adam D. and Brown, Matthew and Stocker, Michelle R. and Werning, Sarah",
    title = "Osteology and relationships of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Once known solely from dental material and thought to represent an early ornithischian dinosaur, the early-diverging pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi is described from a minimum of 12 skeletons from a monodominant bonebed in the upper part of the Chinle Formation of Arizona. This material includes nearly the entire skeleton and possesses a combination of plesiomorphic and derived character states that help clarify ingroup relationships within Pseudosuchia. A phylogenetic analysis recovers R. callenderi in a clade with Aetosauria and Acaenasuchus geoffreyi that is named Aetosauriformes. Key autapomorphies of R. callenderi include a skull that is longer than the femur, a complete carapace of dermal armor including paramedian and lateral rows, as well as ventral osteoderms, and a tail end sheathed in bone. Histology of the femur and associated osteoderms demonstrate that R. callenderi was slow growing and that the individuals from the bonebed were not young juveniles but had not ceased growing. A review of other material assigned to Revueltosaurus concludes that the genus cannot be adequately diagnosed based on the type materials of the three assigned species and that only R. callenderi can be confidently referred to Revueltosaurus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.24757",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.24757",
    openalex = "W3202671966",
    references = "doi101002ar24757, doi101016jcrpv200510006, doi101016jrevpalbo201211001, doi101017s1755691011020020, doi101017s1755691013000376, doi1010719781486300679, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101086410622, doi101111brv12666, doi101144sp3794, doi1011861471214814128, doi1012063521, doi101371journalpone0009321, doi101371journalpone0009329, doi102110jsr201389, doi102110palo2019099, doi1023071005355, doi105860choice353642, doi105962bhltitle54054, doi107717peerj1583, doi107717peerj1778, fiorillo2000taphonomy, openalexw2611511275, padian1990the, parker2010the, therrien2000paleoenvironments"
}

Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, whereas a pole-to-pole geographic distribution characterized ornithischians and theropods, sauropods were restricted to lower latitudes. Here, we evaluate the role of climate in shaping these biogeographic patterns through the Jurassic-Cretaceous (201-66 mya), combining dinosaur fossil occurrences, past climate data from Earth System models, and habitat suitability modeling. Results show that, uniquely among dinosaurs, sauropods occupied climatic niches characterized by high temperatures and strongly bounded by minimum cold temperatures. This constrained the distribution and dispersal pathways of sauropods to tropical areas, excluding them from latitudinal extremes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The greater availability of suitable habitat in the southern continents, particularly in the Late Cretaceous, might be key to explaining the high diversity of sauropods there, relative to northern landmasses. Given that ornithischians and theropods show a flattened or bimodal latitudinal biodiversity gradient, with peaks at higher latitudes, the closer correspondence of sauropods to a subtropical concentration could hint at fundamental thermophysiological differences to the other two clades.

@article{doi101016jcub202111061,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Farnsworth, Alex and Carrano, Matthew T. and Varela, Sara",
    title = "Climatic constraints on the biogeographic history of Mesozoic dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs dominated Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems globally. However, whereas a pole-to-pole geographic distribution characterized ornithischians and theropods, sauropods were restricted to lower latitudes. Here, we evaluate the role of climate in shaping these biogeographic patterns through the Jurassic-Cretaceous (201-66 mya), combining dinosaur fossil occurrences, past climate data from Earth System models, and habitat suitability modeling. Results show that, uniquely among dinosaurs, sauropods occupied climatic niches characterized by high temperatures and strongly bounded by minimum cold temperatures. This constrained the distribution and dispersal pathways of sauropods to tropical areas, excluding them from latitudinal extremes, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. The greater availability of suitable habitat in the southern continents, particularly in the Late Cretaceous, might be key to explaining the high diversity of sauropods there, relative to northern landmasses. Given that ornithischians and theropods show a flattened or bimodal latitudinal biodiversity gradient, with peaks at higher latitudes, the closer correspondence of sauropods to a subtropical concentration could hint at fundamental thermophysiological differences to the other two clades.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.061",
    openalex = "W4200184737",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, cubo2020were, doi101002ar23306, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jjsames201411008, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101038nature09670, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi10108000401706196410490181, doi10108001621459195210483441, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi101093biomet4034237, doi1011112041210x12613, doi101111j20060906759004596x, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1018901119521, erickson2014on"
}

Spinosaurids are among the most distinctive and yet poorly-known of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs, a situation exacerbated by their mostly fragmentary fossil record and competing views regarding their palaeobiology. Here, we report two new Early Cretaceous spinosaurid specimens from the Wessex Formation (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Large-scale phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and Bayesian techniques recover the pair in a new clade within Baryonychinae that also includes the hypodigm of the African spinosaurid Suchomimus. Both specimens represent distinct and novel taxa, herein named Ceratosuchops inferodios gen. et sp. nov. and Riparovenator milnerae gen. et sp. nov. A palaeogeographic reconstruction suggests a European origin for Spinosauridae, with at least two dispersal events into Africa. These new finds provide welcome information on poorly sampled areas of spinosaurid anatomy, suggest that sympatry was present and potentially common in baryonychines and spinosaurids as a whole, and contribute to updated palaeobiogeographic reconstructions for the clade.

@article{doi101038s41598021978708,
    author = "Barker, Chris T. and Hone, David W. E. and Naish, Darren and Cau, Andrea and Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Foster, Brian and Clarkin, Claire and Schneider, Philipp and Gostling, Neil J.",
    title = "New spinosaurids from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous, UK) and the European origins of Spinosauridae",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Spinosaurids are among the most distinctive and yet poorly-known of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs, a situation exacerbated by their mostly fragmentary fossil record and competing views regarding their palaeobiology. Here, we report two new Early Cretaceous spinosaurid specimens from the Wessex Formation (Barremian) of the Isle of Wight. Large-scale phylogenetic analyses using parsimony and Bayesian techniques recover the pair in a new clade within Baryonychinae that also includes the hypodigm of the African spinosaurid Suchomimus. Both specimens represent distinct and novel taxa, herein named Ceratosuchops inferodios gen. et sp. nov. and Riparovenator milnerae gen. et sp. nov. A palaeogeographic reconstruction suggests a European origin for Spinosauridae, with at least two dispersal events into Africa. These new finds provide welcome information on poorly sampled areas of spinosaurid anatomy, suggest that sympatry was present and potentially common in baryonychines and spinosaurids as a whole, and contribute to updated palaeobiogeographic reconstructions for the clade.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-021-97870-8",
    openalex = "W3203271713",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201103005, doi101038s4159802066261w, doi101073pnas1613813113, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi101111brv12666, doi104202app20110144, doi107717peerj5976, doi107717peerj9192, sánchezhernández2007dinosaurs"
}

Fabaceae is one of the most diverse angiosperm families and is distributed across the globe in a variety of environments. The earliest evidence of the family, previous to this work, was from Paleogene sediments where it was found to be diverse in many fossil assemblages around the world. Here, we describe a fossil legume fruit from the Olmos Formation (upper Campanian) in northern Mexico. We designated the fossil fruit as Leguminocarpum olmensis Centeno-González, Martínez-Cabrera, Porras-Múzquiz et Estrada-Ruiz sp. nov., and related it with the Fabaceae family based on the presence of a dehiscent pod with two valves, an apex bearing stylar base, short stipe, and reticulated veins in the pericarp. We propose a new fossil species of Leguminocarpum for this fossil fruit. This fossil provides critical information on the long geologic history of Leguminosae around the world, significantly extending the record into the Cretaceous of Mexico.

@article{doi101038s42003020015339,
    author = "Centeno-González, Naylet K. and Martínez‐Cabrera, Hugo I. and Porras-Múzquiz, Héctor and Estrada‐Ruiz, Emilio",
    title = "Late Campanian fossil of a legume fruit supports Mexico as a center of Fabaceae radiation",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Communications Biology",
    abstract = "Fabaceae is one of the most diverse angiosperm families and is distributed across the globe in a variety of environments. The earliest evidence of the family, previous to this work, was from Paleogene sediments where it was found to be diverse in many fossil assemblages around the world. Here, we describe a fossil legume fruit from the Olmos Formation (upper Campanian) in northern Mexico. We designated the fossil fruit as Leguminocarpum olmensis Centeno-González, Martínez-Cabrera, Porras-Múzquiz et Estrada-Ruiz sp. nov., and related it with the Fabaceae family based on the presence of a dehiscent pod with two valves, an apex bearing stylar base, short stipe, and reticulated veins in the pericarp. We propose a new fossil species of Leguminocarpum for this fossil fruit. This fossil provides critical information on the long geologic history of Leguminosae around the world, significantly extending the record into the Cretaceous of Mexico.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-01533-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s42003-020-01533-9",
    openalex = "W3122878767",
    references = "doi101016jrevpalbo200609003, doi103732ajb0900234"
}

A new genus and species of non-hadrosaurid hadrosauriform dinosaur, Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. The new taxon has two autapomorphies, a nasal having a modest nasal bulla with convex sides, and primary and accessory ridges on the lingual aspect of the maxillary crown. The dentary has at least 28 alveolar positions, which is the highest number recorded in an ornithopod with non-parallel sided alveoli, creating a character combination that is unique within Iguanodontia. The hadrosauriform fauna of the Barremian–Aptian Wealden Group on both the Isle of Wight and mainland England has been represented for almost a century by just two taxa, the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis and the more gracile Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, with referred material often being fragmentary or based on unassociated elements. This discovery increases the known hadrosauriform diversity in England and, together with recent discoveries in Spain, suggests that their diversity in the upper Wealden of Europe was considerably wider than initially realized. This find also has important implications for the validity of the Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis hypodigm, and a reassessment of existing material is suggested.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31F0D48F-C1DA-406E-A811-1F5937ED19F4

@article{doi1010801477201920211978005,
    author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "A new hadrosauriform dinosaur from the Wessex Formation, Wealden Group (Early Cretaceous), of the Isle of Wight, southern England",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A new genus and species of non-hadrosaurid hadrosauriform dinosaur, Brighstoneus simmondsi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. The new taxon has two autapomorphies, a nasal having a modest nasal bulla with convex sides, and primary and accessory ridges on the lingual aspect of the maxillary crown. The dentary has at least 28 alveolar positions, which is the highest number recorded in an ornithopod with non-parallel sided alveoli, creating a character combination that is unique within Iguanodontia. The hadrosauriform fauna of the Barremian–Aptian Wealden Group on both the Isle of Wight and mainland England has been represented for almost a century by just two taxa, the robust Iguanodon bernissartensis and the more gracile Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, with referred material often being fragmentary or based on unassociated elements. This discovery increases the known hadrosauriform diversity in England and, together with recent discoveries in Spain, suggests that their diversity in the upper Wealden of Europe was considerably wider than initially realized. This find also has important implications for the validity of the Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis hypodigm, and a reassessment of existing material is suggested.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:31F0D48F-C1DA-406E-A811-1F5937ED19F4",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2021.1978005",
    openalex = "W3211438913",
    references = "doi101111brv12666, doi101111zoj12193, doi101371journalpone0045712, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, has produced one of the most diverse dinosaur faunas, with the record favouring large-bodied taxa, in terms of number and completeness of skeletons. Although small theropods are well documented in the assemblage, taxonomic assessments are frequently based on isolated, fragmentary skeletal elements. Here we reassess DPF theropod biodiversity using morphological comparisons, high-resolution biostratigraphy, and morphometric analyses, with a focus on specimens/taxa originally described from isolated material. In addition to clarifying taxic diversity, we test whether DPF theropods preserve faunal zonation/turnover patterns similar to those previously documented for megaherbivores. Frontal bones referred to a therizinosaur (cf. Erlikosaurus), representing among the only skeletal record of the group from the Campanian–Maastrichtian (83–66 Ma) fossil record of North America, plot most closely to troodontids in morphospace, distinct from non-DPF therizinosaurs, a placement supported by a suite of troodontid anatomical frontal characters. Postcranial material referred to cf. Erlikosaurus in North America is also reviewed and found most similar in morphology to caenagnathids, rather than therizinosaurs. Among troodontids, we document considerable morphospace and biostratigraphic overlap between Stenonychosaurus and the recently described Latenivenatrix, as well as a variable distribution of putatively autapomorphic characters, calling the validity of the latter taxon into question. Biostratigraphically, there are no broad-scale patterns of faunal zonation similar to those previously documented in ornithischians from the DPF, with many theropods ranging throughout much of the formation and overlapping extensively, possibly reflecting a lack of sensitivity to environmental changes, or other cryptic ecological or evolutionary factors.

@article{doi101139cjes20200145,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Zanno, Lindsay E. and Larson, Derek W. and Todd, Erinn and Currie, Philip J. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Anatomical, morphometric, and stratigraphic analyses of theropod biodiversity in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, has produced one of the most diverse dinosaur faunas, with the record favouring large-bodied taxa, in terms of number and completeness of skeletons. Although small theropods are well documented in the assemblage, taxonomic assessments are frequently based on isolated, fragmentary skeletal elements. Here we reassess DPF theropod biodiversity using morphological comparisons, high-resolution biostratigraphy, and morphometric analyses, with a focus on specimens/taxa originally described from isolated material. In addition to clarifying taxic diversity, we test whether DPF theropods preserve faunal zonation/turnover patterns similar to those previously documented for megaherbivores. Frontal bones referred to a therizinosaur (cf. Erlikosaurus), representing among the only skeletal record of the group from the Campanian–Maastrichtian (83–66 Ma) fossil record of North America, plot most closely to troodontids in morphospace, distinct from non-DPF therizinosaurs, a placement supported by a suite of troodontid anatomical frontal characters. Postcranial material referred to cf. Erlikosaurus in North America is also reviewed and found most similar in morphology to caenagnathids, rather than therizinosaurs. Among troodontids, we document considerable morphospace and biostratigraphic overlap between Stenonychosaurus and the recently described Latenivenatrix, as well as a variable distribution of putatively autapomorphic characters, calling the validity of the latter taxon into question. Biostratigraphically, there are no broad-scale patterns of faunal zonation similar to those previously documented in ornithischians from the DPF, with many theropods ranging throughout much of the formation and overlapping extensively, possibly reflecting a lack of sensitivity to environmental changes, or other cryptic ecological or evolutionary factors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0145",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0145",
    openalex = "W3183001791",
    references = "béland1979ectothermy, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002ar24241, doi1010079780387981413, doi10100797833192427749, doi101016jcub201803042, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi1011112041210x12035, doi101111j2041210x201100153x, doi101130g473991, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139e09050, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93016, doi101186s1289801601068, doi1018435vamp29362, doi1023072669711, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2561546966"
}

Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.

@article{doi101139cjes20200174,
    author = "Holtz, Thomas R.",
    title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    openalex = "W3168560974",
    references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580"
}

The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.

@article{doi101038s4159802219896w,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Beveridge, Tegan L and Rogers, Raymond R and Eberth, David A and Roberts, Eric M",
    title = "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology.",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9512893/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w",
    pmcid = "PMC9512893",
    pmid = "36163377"
}

Abstract Stable and radiogenic isotopes represent powerful tools for reconstructing ecological and environmental patterns in ancient ecosystems. The Cretaceous of North America preserves a diverse record of fossil vertebrates well‐suited to analysis using these proxies, contained within many well‐sampled and stratigraphically well‐characterized intervals. Multiple hypotheses have been offered to explain the diverse assemblages of megaherbivores that co‐occurred in the relatively restricted available landmass here, including various forms of niche‐partitioning related to habitat preference, dietary specialization and feeding height stratification. Here we analyse the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 13 C and δ 18 O of bioapatite samples obtained from a range of herbivores, faunivores and endemic taxa, from a spatiotemporally‐constrained and intensively‐sampled site in the upper Oldman Formation, to test if megaherbivores partitioned their niches based on spatial patterns of occupation and resource‐use. We also compare measured strontium values to regional 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data to assess biogeographical range sizes, habitat breadth and migration potential. We find that hadrosaurs had broad ranges, whereas ankylosaurs and ceratopsids were more spatially restricted. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ranges of hadrosaurs are much wider and do not overlap with those of other ornithischians, potentially related to dietary differences driven by a combination of feeding height‐stratification and habitat breadth differences. Ankylosaurs and ceratopsids overlapped extensively in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 13 C and δ 18 O, indicating overlap in the same habitats and intake of similar resources, and suggesting more complex spatiotemporal variation in resource‐use patterns, fine‐scale dietary differences, and/or sufficient resource‐availability to reduce the degree of competition given this theoretical niche overlap. Additional analyses integrating ecomorphological proxies may elucidate these patterns further.

@article{doi101111pala12591,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Zhang, Shuangquan and Spencer, J. W. and Cousens, Brian",
    title = "Sr‐O‐C isotope signatures reveal herbivore niche‐partitioning in a Cretaceous ecosystem",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Stable and radiogenic isotopes represent powerful tools for reconstructing ecological and environmental patterns in ancient ecosystems. The Cretaceous of North America preserves a diverse record of fossil vertebrates well‐suited to analysis using these proxies, contained within many well‐sampled and stratigraphically well‐characterized intervals. Multiple hypotheses have been offered to explain the diverse assemblages of megaherbivores that co‐occurred in the relatively restricted available landmass here, including various forms of niche‐partitioning related to habitat preference, dietary specialization and feeding height stratification. Here we analyse the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 13 C and δ 18 O of bioapatite samples obtained from a range of herbivores, faunivores and endemic taxa, from a spatiotemporally‐constrained and intensively‐sampled site in the upper Oldman Formation, to test if megaherbivores partitioned their niches based on spatial patterns of occupation and resource‐use. We also compare measured strontium values to regional 87 Sr/ 86 Sr data to assess biogeographical range sizes, habitat breadth and migration potential. We find that hadrosaurs had broad ranges, whereas ankylosaurs and ceratopsids were more spatially restricted. The 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ranges of hadrosaurs are much wider and do not overlap with those of other ornithischians, potentially related to dietary differences driven by a combination of feeding height‐stratification and habitat breadth differences. Ankylosaurs and ceratopsids overlapped extensively in 87 Sr/ 86 Sr, δ 13 C and δ 18 O, indicating overlap in the same habitats and intake of similar resources, and suggesting more complex spatiotemporal variation in resource‐use patterns, fine‐scale dietary differences, and/or sufficient resource‐availability to reduce the degree of competition given this theoretical niche overlap. Additional analyses integrating ecomorphological proxies may elucidate these patterns further.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12591",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12591",
    openalex = "W4220652123",
    references = "béland1979ectothermy, doi101007b110345, doi1010160031018294900248, doi101016jgca201311015, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017pab201637, doi101038ncomms14435, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101046j14610248200000127x, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi101098rsos161086, doi101130g473991, doi101139cjz20140127, doi101186147267851314, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi1016660094837336180, doi1018637jssv008i11, doi101890070037, doi102110palo2014084"
}

The 100 m thick stratigraphic section exposed at Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP; southern Alberta) contains bentonites that have been used for more than 30 years to date DPP’s rocks and fossils using the K–Ar decay scheme. Limited reproducibility among different vintages of K–Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages inhibited the development of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy. Here, we employ and further test a recently completed U–Pb geochronology and associated age-stratigraphy model to update temporal constraints on the Park’s bentonites, formational contacts, and other markers. In turn, we document rock accumulation rates and calibrate ages and durations of informal megaherbivore dinosaur assemblage zones and other biozones. Weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages from five bentonites range from 76.718 ± 0.020 to 74.289 ± 0.014 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties) through an interval of 88.75 m, indicating a duration of ∼2.43 Myr and an overall rock accumulation rate of 3.65 ± 0.04 cm/ka. An increase in rate above the Oldman–Dinosaur Park formational contact conforms to a regionally expressed pattern of increased accommodation at ∼76.3 Ma across Alberta and Montana. Palynological biozone data suggest a condensed section/hiatus in the uppermost portion of the Oldman Formation. Dinosaur assemblage zones exhibit durations of ∼700–600 kyr and are significantly shorter than those in the overlying Horseshoe Canyon Formation. A decreased rate in dinosaur assemblage turnovers in the last eight million years of the Mesozoic in western Canada may be explained by withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway and the expansion of ecologically homogenous lowlands in its wake.

@article{doi101139cjes20230037,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Kamo, Sandra L. and Brown, Caleb M. and Currie, Philip J. and Braman, Dennis R.",
    title = "Calibrating geologic strata, dinosaurs, and other fossils at Dinosaur Provincial Park (Alberta, Canada) using a new CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The 100 m thick stratigraphic section exposed at Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP; southern Alberta) contains bentonites that have been used for more than 30 years to date DPP’s rocks and fossils using the K–Ar decay scheme. Limited reproducibility among different vintages of K–Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages inhibited the development of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy. Here, we employ and further test a recently completed U–Pb geochronology and associated age-stratigraphy model to update temporal constraints on the Park’s bentonites, formational contacts, and other markers. In turn, we document rock accumulation rates and calibrate ages and durations of informal megaherbivore dinosaur assemblage zones and other biozones. Weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages from five bentonites range from 76.718 ± 0.020 to 74.289 ± 0.014 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties) through an interval of 88.75 m, indicating a duration of ∼2.43 Myr and an overall rock accumulation rate of 3.65 ± 0.04 cm/ka. An increase in rate above the Oldman–Dinosaur Park formational contact conforms to a regionally expressed pattern of increased accommodation at ∼76.3 Ma across Alberta and Montana. Palynological biozone data suggest a condensed section/hiatus in the uppermost portion of the Oldman Formation. Dinosaur assemblage zones exhibit durations of ∼700–600 kyr and are significantly shorter than those in the overlying Horseshoe Canyon Formation. A decreased rate in dinosaur assemblage turnovers in the last eight million years of the Mesozoic in western Canada may be explained by withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway and the expansion of ecologically homogenous lowlands in its wake.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    openalex = "W4383217081",
    references = "doi101006cres19941022, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016jquascirev200807009, doi101038s4159802219896w, doi101046j13653091200000008x, doi101086684289, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1215507, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101139e09050, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw1654781408, openalexw2561546966"
}

Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.

@article{doi101111cla12583,
    author = "Pol, Diego and Baiano, Mattia A. and Černý, David and Novas, Fernando E. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pittman, Michael",
    title = "A new abelisaurid dinosaur from the end Cretaceous of Patagonia and evolutionary rates among the Ceratosauria",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Cladistics",
    abstract = "Gondwanan dinosaur faunae during the 20 Myr preceding the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K/Pg) extinction included several lineages that were absent or poorly represented in Laurasian landmasses. Among these, the South American fossil record contains diverse abelisaurids, arguably the most successful groups of carnivorous dinosaurs from Gondwana in the Cretaceous, reaching their highest diversity towards the end of this period. Here we describe Koleken inakayali gen. et sp. n., a new abelisaurid from the La Colonia Formation (Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous) of Patagonia. Koleken inakayali is known from several skull bones, an almost complete dorsal series, complete sacrum, several caudal vertebrae, pelvic girdle and almost complete hind limbs. The new abelisaurid shows a unique set of features in the skull and several anatomical differences from Carnotaurus sastrei (the only other abelisaurid known from the La Colonia Formation). Koleken inakayali is retrieved as a brachyrostran abelisaurid, clustered with other South American abelisaurids from the latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian), such as Aucasaurus, Niebla and Carnotaurus. Leveraging our phylogeny estimates, we explore rates of morphological evolution across ceratosaurian lineages, finding them to be particularly high for elaphrosaurine noasaurids and around the base of Abelisauridae, before the Early Cretaceous radiation of the latter clade. The Noasauridae and their sister clade show contrasting patterns of morphological evolution, with noasaurids undergoing an early phase of accelerated evolution of the axial and hind limb skeleton in the Jurassic, and the abelisaurids exhibiting sustained high rates of cranial evolution during the Early Cretaceous. These results provide much needed context for the evolutionary dynamics of ceratosaurian theropods, contributing to broader understanding of macroevolutionary patterns across dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12583",
    doi = "10.1111/cla.12583",
    openalex = "W4398169218",
    references = "doi101002spp21375, doi101016jcretres2019104312, doi101016jcretres2020104408, doi101016jcretres2021104829, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101038s41598022155356, doi101038srep44942, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420201877151, doi1010801477201920222093661, doi101111brv12666, doi101111cla12524, doi101111zoj12425, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi101371journalpone0062047, doi101371journalpone0088905, doi105852crpalevol2020v19a6, doi107717peerj5976"
}

Abstract The plant fossil record during the Cretaceous documents a major transition in the dominant group of terrestrial autotrophs, as plant communities from the earlier Mesozoic were transformed by the appearance and rapid diversification of angiosperms. This transformation began in the Early Cretaceous, continued through the Late Cretaceous and led ultimately to the dominance of angiosperms in most terrestrial ecosystems today, which had profound consequences for the other organisms inhabiting terrestrial ecosystems and perhaps the planet as a whole. Our understanding of angiosperm diversification has been greatly improved over the past 50 years by integrated studies of fossil assemblages containing angiosperm pollen and leaves, but especially by new information from mesofossil floras that have provided previously unanticipated detail on floral form in Cretaceous angiosperms and have allowed the recognition of key dispersed pollen types in situ. Information from fossil flowers has greatly facilitated meaningful comparisons with living plants and integration with phylogenetic analyses of extant angiosperms based on DNA evidence. The combined insights from these discoveries provide a broadly consistent and coherent picture of angiosperm evolution through the Cretaceous, which comprises more than half of their entire evolutionary history.

@article{doi101144sp5442023170,
    author = "Friis, Else Marie and Crane, Peter R. and Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard",
    title = "The Cretaceous diversification of angiosperms: perspectives from mesofossils",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract The plant fossil record during the Cretaceous documents a major transition in the dominant group of terrestrial autotrophs, as plant communities from the earlier Mesozoic were transformed by the appearance and rapid diversification of angiosperms. This transformation began in the Early Cretaceous, continued through the Late Cretaceous and led ultimately to the dominance of angiosperms in most terrestrial ecosystems today, which had profound consequences for the other organisms inhabiting terrestrial ecosystems and perhaps the planet as a whole. Our understanding of angiosperm diversification has been greatly improved over the past 50 years by integrated studies of fossil assemblages containing angiosperm pollen and leaves, but especially by new information from mesofossil floras that have provided previously unanticipated detail on floral form in Cretaceous angiosperms and have allowed the recognition of key dispersed pollen types in situ. Information from fossil flowers has greatly facilitated meaningful comparisons with living plants and integration with phylogenetic analyses of extant angiosperms based on DNA evidence. The combined insights from these discoveries provide a broadly consistent and coherent picture of angiosperm evolution through the Cretaceous, which comprises more than half of their entire evolutionary history.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp544-2023-170",
    doi = "10.1144/sp544-2023-170",
    openalex = "W4391485420",
    references = "doi101007bf02860849, doi101016jearscirev2021103573, doi101016jrevpalbo2022104641, doi101017cbo9780511980206, doi101038nature02361, doi1010800191612220171374309, doi101126science1069439, doi101126science28253941692, doi1011632294193290000239, doi1018814epiiugs2022022048, doi1023071485834, doi1023072399221, doi1023072418725, doi104159harvard9780674864856, lindgren2008theropod, openalexw637805076"
}

A rich Albian–Cenomanian opalised plant fossil assemblage is described from the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge in the Surat Basin, northern New South Wales, Australia. The fossils are preserved predominantly as opal casts that retain few anatomical or micromorphological epidermal details. For this reason, most fossils are difficult to assign with higher taxonomic resolution than to plant families. Nevertheless, the assemblage appears to be dominated by scale-leafed cupressacean foliage and cones, with lesser proportions of araucariacean, podocarp and possibly cheirolepidacean conifers that likely constituted the middle and upper storeys of the palaeovegetation. Understorey ferns and sphenopsids are sparse. Angiosperms are notably absent but unusual pyramidal seeds may indicate the presence of the Bennettitales-Erdtmannithecales-Gnetales group in the palaeoflora. The plant fossils are co-preserved with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate remains that collectively attest to a coastal plain setting fringing the Surat Basin embayment of the epeiric ‘Eromanga Sea’, which flooded the epicratonic Great Artesian Basin complex during the Early Cretaceous. Several plant groups are shared with broadly coeval fossil floras from eastern Australia and New Zealand reflecting a fairly typical mid-Cretaceous middle- to high-latitude austral flora, but the Lightning Ridge assemblage notably lacks delicate and broad-leafed taxa, possibly owing to preservational and sampling biases. We highlight opportunities for the study of opalised plant fossils from various other assemblages in eastern Australia and note that analysis of future collections of carefully extracted specimens from the Lightning Ridge deposits offer the potential to yield micromorphological details. • The first opalised Cretaceous flora of Australia is described. • The Lightning Ridge opal flora is dominated by several families of conifers. • The assemblage of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates denotes a coastal plain setting. • Mid-Cretaceous floras across SE Australasia reflect a mosaic of palaeovegetation types.

@article{doi101016jrevpalbo2025105403,
    author = "McLoughlin, Stephen and Donaldson, Sherri and Pott, Christian and Smith, Elizabeth T.",
    title = "An opalised mid-Cretaceous flora from the Griman Creek Formation at lightning ridge, eastern Australia",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology",
    abstract = "A rich Albian–Cenomanian opalised plant fossil assemblage is described from the Griman Creek Formation at Lightning Ridge in the Surat Basin, northern New South Wales, Australia. The fossils are preserved predominantly as opal casts that retain few anatomical or micromorphological epidermal details. For this reason, most fossils are difficult to assign with higher taxonomic resolution than to plant families. Nevertheless, the assemblage appears to be dominated by scale-leafed cupressacean foliage and cones, with lesser proportions of araucariacean, podocarp and possibly cheirolepidacean conifers that likely constituted the middle and upper storeys of the palaeovegetation. Understorey ferns and sphenopsids are sparse. Angiosperms are notably absent but unusual pyramidal seeds may indicate the presence of the Bennettitales-Erdtmannithecales-Gnetales group in the palaeoflora. The plant fossils are co-preserved with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate remains that collectively attest to a coastal plain setting fringing the Surat Basin embayment of the epeiric ‘Eromanga Sea’, which flooded the epicratonic Great Artesian Basin complex during the Early Cretaceous. Several plant groups are shared with broadly coeval fossil floras from eastern Australia and New Zealand reflecting a fairly typical mid-Cretaceous middle- to high-latitude austral flora, but the Lightning Ridge assemblage notably lacks delicate and broad-leafed taxa, possibly owing to preservational and sampling biases. We highlight opportunities for the study of opalised plant fossils from various other assemblages in eastern Australia and note that analysis of future collections of carefully extracted specimens from the Lightning Ridge deposits offer the potential to yield micromorphological details. • The first opalised Cretaceous flora of Australia is described. • The Lightning Ridge opal flora is dominated by several families of conifers. • The assemblage of plants, invertebrates and vertebrates denotes a coastal plain setting. • Mid-Cretaceous floras across SE Australasia reflect a mosaic of palaeovegetation types.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105403",
    doi = "10.1016/j.revpalbo.2025.105403",
    openalex = "W4411987918",
    references = "doi101144sp5442023170"
}