Critical evaluation

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) is regarded as the co-discoverer with Darwin of the theory of evolution. It was an essay which Wallace sent in 1858 to Darwin (whom he greatly admired and to whom he dedicated his most famous book, The Malay Archipelago) which impelled Darwin to publish an article on his own long-pondered theory simultaneously with that of Wallace. As a travelling naturalist and collector in the Far East and South America, Wallace already inclined towards the Lamarckian theory of transmutation of species, and his own researches convinced him of the reality of evolution. On the publication of On the Origin of Species, Wallace became one of its most prominent advocates, and Darwinism, published in 1889, supports the theory and counters many of the arguments put forward by scientists and others who opposed it

@book{doi105962bhltitle17416,
    author = "Wallace, Alfred Russel",
    title = "Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection, with some of its applications",
    year = "1889",
    booktitle = "Macmillan eBooks",
    abstract = "Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913) is regarded as the co-discoverer with Darwin of the theory of evolution. It was an essay which Wallace sent in 1858 to Darwin (whom he greatly admired and to whom he dedicated his most famous book, The Malay Archipelago) which impelled Darwin to publish an article on his own long-pondered theory simultaneously with that of Wallace. As a travelling naturalist and collector in the Far East and South America, Wallace already inclined towards the Lamarckian theory of transmutation of species, and his own researches convinced him of the reality of evolution. On the publication of On the Origin of Species, Wallace became one of its most prominent advocates, and Darwinism, published in 1889, supports the theory and counters many of the arguments put forward by scientists and others who opposed it",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17416",
    doi = "10.5962/bhl.title.17416",
    openalex = "W1530382883"
}

@misc{barnett1958a2,
    author = "Barnett, S. A",
    title = "A Century of Darwin",
    year = "1958",
    howpublished = "London, Heinemann",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Barnett, S. A., 1958, A Century of Darwin: London, Heinemann.}"
}

@article{bradshaw1960a,
    author = "Bradshaw, A. D. and Barnett, S. A.",
    title = "A Century of Darwin.",
    year = "1960",
    journal = "The Journal of Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2257326",
    doi = "10.2307/2257326",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2565023897",
    pages = "270",
    volume = "48"
}

Much of the most interesting work in political science in the last decade or so has been concerned with processes of modernization, institution-formation, and sociopolitical change at large. In fact, modernization and political development have been, along with system analysis, the most important themes of the new political science. In this article we are addressing ourselves to this developmental revolution in political science. We propose to argue that the idea of analyzing and classifying nations on the basis of the stage of modernization reached has long-standing historical connections with a tradition that goes back to social Darwinism and beyond. But it must be emphasized from the outset that this argument is not intended as a criticism of the new political science.

@article{doi1023072009746,
    author = "Mazrui, Alí A.",
    title = "From Social Darwinism to Current Theories of Modernization: A Tradition of Analysis",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "World Politics",
    abstract = "Much of the most interesting work in political science in the last decade or so has been concerned with processes of modernization, institution-formation, and sociopolitical change at large. In fact, modernization and political development have been, along with system analysis, the most important themes of the new political science. In this article we are addressing ourselves to this developmental revolution in political science. We propose to argue that the idea of analyzing and classifying nations on the basis of the stage of modernization reached has long-standing historical connections with a tradition that goes back to social Darwinism and beyond. But it must be emphasized from the outset that this argument is not intended as a criticism of the new political science.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2009746",
    doi = "10.2307/2009746",
    openalex = "W2113562232"
}

@misc{appleman1970darwin1,
    author = "Appleman, P",
    title = "Darwin",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "A Norton Critical Edition: New York, W.W. Norton",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Appleman, P., 1970, Darwin: A Norton Critical Edition: New York, W.W. Norton.}"
}

@article{crossref1982the,
    title = "The century since Darwin",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/296599a0",
    doi = "10.1038/296599a0",
    number = "5858",
    openalex = "W2461039605",
    pages = "599-600",
    volume = "296"
}

Dieses Buch unternimmt ein Experiment: Wie im Labor werden zwei der aggressivsten »Säuren« moderner Theoriebildung in eine Schale gegossen, um dann zu beobachten, wie sich das Gemisch verhält. Charles Darwin und Michel Foucault stehen beide für ein Denken, das in radikaler Weise mit Traditionen bricht und den Unterschied zwischen Natur und Kultur ebenso in Frage stellt wie das angebliche Wesen der Dinge: Alles verflüssigt sich unter ihrem genealogischen, auf die Herkunft von älteren Formen achtenden Blick und verrät so, daß die Dinge »keine Identität« und »kein Wesen« haben bzw. daß die Vorstellung von einer stabilen Ordnung der Natur sinnlos ist. Sowohl Darwin als auch Foucault stehen damit für eine Spielart des historischen Denkens, die – so die These dieses Buches – die bequemen, stabilen Gewißheiten des Biologismus einerseits und des Kulturalismus andererseits unterminiert. Es zeigt sich, daß Darwin die Natur in paradoxer Weise als das Historische per se versteht, während Foucault wie selbstverständlich die scheinbar unüberwindliche Schranke zwischen Natur und Kultur unterläuft. Darwin baut kulturelle Mechanismen in die Selektionsprozesse der biologischen Arten ein, und Foucault hat, was kaum bekannt ist, sein antikulturalistisches Denken auf eine eingehende Darwin-Lektüre gestützt, die Philipp Sarasin hier zum ersten Mal und anhand zum Teil neuer Quellen im Detail nachzeichnet. Angezettelt wird ein spannender Dialog zwischen zwei Theoretikern, die auf ihren Gebieten von herausragendem Einfluß sind, bislang aber kaum je zusammengedacht wurden.

@book{openalexw587606673,
    author = "Sarasin, Philipp",
    title = "Darwin und Foucault: Genealogie und Geschichte im Zeitalter der Biologie",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)",
    abstract = "Dieses Buch unternimmt ein Experiment: Wie im Labor werden zwei der aggressivsten »Säuren« moderner Theoriebildung in eine Schale gegossen, um dann zu beobachten, wie sich das Gemisch verhält. Charles Darwin und Michel Foucault stehen beide für ein Denken, das in radikaler Weise mit Traditionen bricht und den Unterschied zwischen Natur und Kultur ebenso in Frage stellt wie das angebliche Wesen der Dinge: Alles verflüssigt sich unter ihrem genealogischen, auf die Herkunft von älteren Formen achtenden Blick und verrät so, daß die Dinge »keine Identität« und »kein Wesen« haben bzw. daß die Vorstellung von einer stabilen Ordnung der Natur sinnlos ist. Sowohl Darwin als auch Foucault stehen damit für eine Spielart des historischen Denkens, die – so die These dieses Buches – die bequemen, stabilen Gewißheiten des Biologismus einerseits und des Kulturalismus andererseits unterminiert. Es zeigt sich, daß Darwin die Natur in paradoxer Weise als das Historische per se versteht, während Foucault wie selbstverständlich die scheinbar unüberwindliche Schranke zwischen Natur und Kultur unterläuft. Darwin baut kulturelle Mechanismen in die Selektionsprozesse der biologischen Arten ein, und Foucault hat, was kaum bekannt ist, sein antikulturalistisches Denken auf eine eingehende Darwin-Lektüre gestützt, die Philipp Sarasin hier zum ersten Mal und anhand zum Teil neuer Quellen im Detail nachzeichnet. Angezettelt wird ein spannender Dialog zwischen zwei Theoretikern, die auf ihren Gebieten von herausragendem Einfluß sind, bislang aber kaum je zusammengedacht wurden.",
    openalex = "W587606673"
}

The study critically investigated the concept of ―Double Consciousness‖ in selected African-American autobiographies. In view of the latter, W.E.B. Du Bois defined double consciousness as a condition of being both black and American which he perceived as the reason black people were/are being discriminated in America. The study demonstrated that creative works such as Harriet Jacobs‘ Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl: Told by Herself, Frederick Douglass‘ The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, W.E.B. Du Bois‘ The Souls of Black Folk, Booker T. Washington‘s Up from Slavery, Langston Hughes‘ The Big Sea, Zora Neale Hurston Dust Tracks on a Road, Malcolm X‘s The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Maya Angelou‘s All God’s Children Need Travelling Shoes, Cornel West‘s Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud and bell hooks‘ Bone Black affirm double consciousness as well as critiqued the concept, revealing new layers of identities and contested sites of struggle in African-American society. The study used a qualitative method to analyse and argue that there are ideological shifts that manifest in the creative representation of the idea of double consciousness since slavery. Some relevant critical voices were used to support, complicate and question the notion of double consciousness as represented in selected autobiographies. The study argued that there are many identities in the African-American communities which need attention equal to that of race. The study further argued that double consciousness has been modified and by virtue of this, authors suggested multiple forms of consciousness.

@phdthesis{openalexw2181493589,
    author = "Jerrey, Lento Mzukisi",
    title = "A critical investigation to the concept of the double consciousness in selected African-American autobiographies",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "Unisa Institutional Repository (University of South Africa)",
    abstract = "The study critically investigated the concept of ―Double Consciousness‖ in selected African-American autobiographies. In view of the latter, W.E.B. Du Bois defined double consciousness as a condition of being both black and American which he perceived as the reason black people were/are being discriminated in America. The study demonstrated that creative works such as Harriet Jacobs‘ Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl: Told by Herself, Frederick Douglass‘ The Narrative of Frederick Douglass, W.E.B. Du Bois‘ The Souls of Black Folk, Booker T. Washington‘s Up from Slavery, Langston Hughes‘ The Big Sea, Zora Neale Hurston Dust Tracks on a Road, Malcolm X‘s The Autobiography of Malcolm X, Maya Angelou‘s All God’s Children Need Travelling Shoes, Cornel West‘s Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud and bell hooks‘ Bone Black affirm double consciousness as well as critiqued the concept, revealing new layers of identities and contested sites of struggle in African-American society. The study used a qualitative method to analyse and argue that there are ideological shifts that manifest in the creative representation of the idea of double consciousness since slavery. Some relevant critical voices were used to support, complicate and question the notion of double consciousness as represented in selected autobiographies. The study argued that there are many identities in the African-American communities which need attention equal to that of race. The study further argued that double consciousness has been modified and by virtue of this, authors suggested multiple forms of consciousness.",
    openalex = "W2181493589",
    references = "doi101017s0007123400008401"
}