Deinodontidae

Matthew, W. D., Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the AMNH 46, No. 6: 367-385, URL: http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1300/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B046a06.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

@article{doi105281zenodo1040383,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B.",
    title = "The Family Deinodontidae, With Notice Of A New Genus From The Cretaceous Of Alberta",
    year = "1922",
    journal = "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)",
    abstract = "Matthew, W. D., Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the AMNH 46, No. 6: 367-385, URL: http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1300/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B046a06.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1040383",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.1040383",
    openalex = "W4301914393"
}

Matthew, W. D., Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the AMNH 46, No. 6: 367-385, URL: http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1300/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B046a06.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

@article{doi105281zenodo1048848,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, Barnum.",
    title = "The Family Deinodontidae, With Notice Of A New Genus From The Cretaceous Of Alberta",
    year = "1922",
    journal = "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)",
    abstract = "Matthew, W. D., Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the AMNH 46, No. 6: 367-385, URL: http://www.digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/1300/v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/bul/B046a06.pdf?sequence=1\&isAllowed=y",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048848",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.1048848",
    openalex = "W2768876196"
}

Dromaeosaurus albertensis, new genus, new species Type.— A. M. No. 5356, skull and lower jaws, and a few foot bones. Horizon and Locality.—Belly River formation, Red Deer River, Alberta. Found by Barnum Brown, Amer. Mus. Exped., 1914. Generic Diagnosis.— Comparable in size with Ornithomimus. Dental formula Pmx.? 3; Max. 9 Den.10 Teeth well developed, asymmetrically oval or compressed, sharp-pointed, recurved, serrate on anterior and posterior border. Premaxillary teeth three or more, not reduced in size, strongly convex antero-extemally but not of fully U-shaped section. Posterior teeth similar but more compressed and blade-like in both upper and lower jaw, the last maxillary tooth small. Jaws elongate, not massive. Orbital fenestra larger proportionately than in Deinodon, not so large as in Struthiomimus. Lateral temporal fenestra of good size, much as in Deinodon, not reduced as in Struthiomimus. Preorbital fenestras at present known only inferiorly, but evidently large. Frontals comparatively long and wide, the nasals overlapping them considerably, especially at the median line. The prefrontal and postfrontal sutures continuous, not separated by an orbital notch. Maxillo-premaxillary suture nearly vertical, the premaxilla large. The top of the skull is fragmentary and the specimen is at present only partly prepared, so that the above diagnosis will be completed and perhaps modified in some details in a later article. The skull is most like that of Deinodon in general proportions, but from a third to a fourth as large lineally, and but little larger than that of Struthiomimus altus. It differs from Deinodon in the reduced number of teeth, the large premaxillary teeth and the unsymmetric form of the maxillary teeth as well as in the light skull construction, large fenestrae and numerous details that might be largely associated with its small size. The foot bones are very different from those of either Deinodon or Struthiomimus, but so fragmentary that they are not positively identifiable, and no generic characters can be based upon them. The distal half of a metapodial, slightly larger than the me. II of Struthiomimus and only a little smaller than me. II of Deinodon (despite the enormous difference in size of the skeleton) has a deeply grooved ginglymoid distal facet, as in Deinodon, but shows a very distinct lateral appression surface. In Struthiomimus there is an appression surface on me. II, but the distal end of the bone is wholly different with a convex condylar facet; it also is of about the same size. Another much smaller metapodial has a less distinctly grooved distal facet and more irregular shaft that may be incomplete proximally. Of the phalanges there are three that fit so closely that they appear to belong with the metapodial first mentioned, but if so it must be the fourth digit, not the second, and may belong to the pes instead of the manus. A fourth phalanx is of similar type but distinct in details from any of the first three. A fifth is a proximal phalanx of size more suited to the smaller metapodial above mentioned, but does not fit it; it is rather short with concave basined head and laterally compressed distal end, apparently a phalanx of the first digit. A sixth phalanx is much larger than the others but only the distal end is preserved, its facet deeply grooved and very similar to the distal facet of the metapodial first noted. Possibly, but not probably, this is a median metapodial. The comparison of these bones with the complete manus and pes of Struthiomimus and of Deinodon shows clearly that Dromaeosaurus differs greatly in the construction of manus or pes, or both, from either of these genera and suggests a less degree of specialization and reduction of the digits in manus or pes. Although provisionally referred to the family Deinodontidae, the differences in the skull, number of teeth, and form of premaxillary teeth, together with the apparent diversity in construction of the foot bones, warrant placing Dromaeosaurus in a distinct subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.

@misc{matthew1922dromaeosaurus,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B.",
    title = "Dromaeosaurus albertensis Matthew \& Brown 1922, new genus, new species",
    year = "1922",
    publisher = "Zenodo",
    abstract = "Dromaeosaurus albertensis, new genus, new species Type.— A. M. No. 5356, skull and lower jaws, and a few foot bones. Horizon and Locality.—Belly River formation, Red Deer River, Alberta. Found by Barnum Brown, Amer. Mus. Exped., 1914. Generic Diagnosis.— Comparable in size with Ornithomimus. Dental formula Pmx.? 3; Max. 9 Den.10 Teeth well developed, asymmetrically oval or compressed, sharp-pointed, recurved, serrate on anterior and posterior border. Premaxillary teeth three or more, not reduced in size, strongly convex antero-extemally but not of fully U-shaped section. Posterior teeth similar but more compressed and blade-like in both upper and lower jaw, the last maxillary tooth small. Jaws elongate, not massive. Orbital fenestra larger proportionately than in Deinodon, not so large as in Struthiomimus. Lateral temporal fenestra of good size, much as in Deinodon, not reduced as in Struthiomimus. Preorbital fenestras at present known only inferiorly, but evidently large. Frontals comparatively long and wide, the nasals overlapping them considerably, especially at the median line. The prefrontal and postfrontal sutures continuous, not separated by an orbital notch. Maxillo-premaxillary suture nearly vertical, the premaxilla large. The top of the skull is fragmentary and the specimen is at present only partly prepared, so that the above diagnosis will be completed and perhaps modified in some details in a later article. The skull is most like that of Deinodon in general proportions, but from a third to a fourth as large lineally, and but little larger than that of Struthiomimus altus. It differs from Deinodon in the reduced number of teeth, the large premaxillary teeth and the unsymmetric form of the maxillary teeth as well as in the light skull construction, large fenestrae and numerous details that might be largely associated with its small size. The foot bones are very different from those of either Deinodon or Struthiomimus, but so fragmentary that they are not positively identifiable, and no generic characters can be based upon them. The distal half of a metapodial, slightly larger than the me. II of Struthiomimus and only a little smaller than me. II of Deinodon (despite the enormous difference in size of the skeleton) has a deeply grooved ginglymoid distal facet, as in Deinodon, but shows a very distinct lateral appression surface. In Struthiomimus there is an appression surface on me. II, but the distal end of the bone is wholly different with a convex condylar facet; it also is of about the same size. Another much smaller metapodial has a less distinctly grooved distal facet and more irregular shaft that may be incomplete proximally. Of the phalanges there are three that fit so closely that they appear to belong with the metapodial first mentioned, but if so it must be the fourth digit, not the second, and may belong to the pes instead of the manus. A fourth phalanx is of similar type but distinct in details from any of the first three. A fifth is a proximal phalanx of size more suited to the smaller metapodial above mentioned, but does not fit it; it is rather short with concave basined head and laterally compressed distal end, apparently a phalanx of the first digit. A sixth phalanx is much larger than the others but only the distal end is preserved, its facet deeply grooved and very similar to the distal facet of the metapodial first noted. Possibly, but not probably, this is a median metapodial. The comparison of these bones with the complete manus and pes of Struthiomimus and of Deinodon shows clearly that Dromaeosaurus differs greatly in the construction of manus or pes, or both, from either of these genera and suggests a less degree of specialization and reduction of the digits in manus or pes. Although provisionally referred to the family Deinodontidae, the differences in the skull, number of teeth, and form of premaxillary teeth, together with the apparent diversity in construction of the foot bones, warrant placing Dromaeosaurus in a distinct subfamily Dromaeosaurinae.",
    url = "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.4454901",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.4454901"
}

Matthew, W. D.,, Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 56: 365-385, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1053799

@article{matthew1922the,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B.",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta.",
    year = "1922",
    publisher = "Zenodo",
    abstract = "Matthew, W. D.,, Brown, B. (1922): The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 56: 365-385, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1053799",
    url = "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.1053799",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.1053799"
}

@techreport{matthew1922the1,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta",
    year = "1922",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Matthew, W. D., and Brown, B., 1922, The family Deinodontidae with a notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 46, p. 367-385.}"
}

p. 367-385: ill.; 24 cm.

@article{openalexw1846256677,
    author = "Matthew, William Diller and Brown, Barnum.",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the AMNH; v. 46, article 6.",
    year = "1922",
    journal = "American Museum Novitates",
    abstract = "p. 367-385: ill.; 24 cm.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W1846256677",
    openalex = "W1846256677"
}

Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., Currie, P. J. (1988): Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1, No. 5: 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1037529

@article{doi105281zenodo1037529,
    author = "Bakker, Robert T. and Williams, Melanie and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)",
    abstract = "Bakker, R. T., Williams, M., Currie, P. J. (1988): Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1, No. 5: 1-30, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1037529",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1037529",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.1037529",
    openalex = "W2340461749"
}

A collection of over 1,700 small theropod teeth from the Judith River Group (Campanian;˜79.5–74 Ma) allows our understanding of the diversity and variation of small theropods in this assemblage to be refined. In addition to the previously recognized taxa, a series of morphologically distinct groups are recognized that may represent distinct taxa in some cases. Teeth with the Paronychodon-like features of a flat surface with longitudinal ridges on one side are resolved into a few discrete morphotypes. Two of these are included in Paronychodon lacustris and two additional morphotypes are hypothesized to represent distinct taxa, here referred to as?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A and Genus and species indet. A. The teeth of Paronychodon lacustris and?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A share a distinctive wear pattern that suggests tooth functioning involved contact between the flat surfaces of opposing teeth. Two species of Richardoestesia, R. gilmorei and R. isosceles, are present in the assemblage. Additionally, bird teeth are identified in the assemblage and are described in this review.Bivariate plots were used to document the variation in the theropod teeth, especially in the features that distinguish between Richardoestesia gilmorei, R. isosceles, Saurornitholestes, and Dromaeosaurus. Considerable overlap is present in all plots, so although the teeth are morphologically distinct, they are not easily distinguished by quantitative means.

@article{doi1016660022336020020760751stabtf20co2,
    author = "Sankey, Julia and Brinkman, Donald B. and Guenther, Merrilee F. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "SMALL THEROPOD AND BIRD TEETH FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (LATE CAMPANIAN) JUDITH RIVER GROUP, ALBERTA",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "A collection of over 1,700 small theropod teeth from the Judith River Group (Campanian;˜79.5–74 Ma) allows our understanding of the diversity and variation of small theropods in this assemblage to be refined. In addition to the previously recognized taxa, a series of morphologically distinct groups are recognized that may represent distinct taxa in some cases. Teeth with the Paronychodon-like features of a flat surface with longitudinal ridges on one side are resolved into a few discrete morphotypes. Two of these are included in Paronychodon lacustris and two additional morphotypes are hypothesized to represent distinct taxa, here referred to as?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A and Genus and species indet. A. The teeth of Paronychodon lacustris and?Dromaeosaurus morphotype A share a distinctive wear pattern that suggests tooth functioning involved contact between the flat surfaces of opposing teeth. Two species of Richardoestesia, R. gilmorei and R. isosceles, are present in the assemblage. Additionally, bird teeth are identified in the assemblage and are described in this review.Bivariate plots were used to document the variation in the theropod teeth, especially in the features that distinguish between Richardoestesia gilmorei, R. isosceles, Saurornitholestes, and Dromaeosaurus. Considerable overlap is present in all plots, so although the teeth are morphologically distinct, they are not easily distinguished by quantitative means.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0751:stabtf>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0751:stabtf>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2180979585",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103835047056, doi10108002724634199210011475, doi101126science11282807, doi101126science13234331023, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw337536883"
}

Synopsis Titanosaurs represent approximately one‐third of sauropod diversity and were geographically widespread throughout the Cretaceous, especially on southern continents. Titanosaurs evolved numerous appendicular synapomorphies that account for their specialised ‘wide‐gauge’ limb posture, which can be recognised in their trackways. The macronarian origin of titanosaurs is only recently agreed upon and aspects of their inter‐relationships remain poorly understood. Titanosauria is named for the poorly known genus Titanosaurus, which was coined by Lydekker in 1877 on the basis of a partial femur and two incomplete caudal vertebrae. Fourteen species have since been referred to Titanosaurus, which distribute the genus across Argentina, Europe, Madagascar, India and Laos, and throughout 60 million years of the Cretaceous. Despite its centrality to titanosaur systematics and biogeography, the genus Titanosaurus has never been revised. A re‐evaluation of all Titanosaurus species recognises as diagnostic only five. The type species T. indicus is invalid because it is based on ‘obsolescent’ characters ‐ once diagnostic features that have gained a broadertaxonomic distribution over time. Consequently, the genus Titanosaurus and its co‐ordinated rank‐taxa (e.g. Titanosaurinae, Titanosauridae, Titanosauroidea) must be abandoned. The unranked taxon Titanosauria, however, remains valid. A new phylogenetic taxonomy is proposed for Titanosauria that utilises nodes that have been judged stable by the most recent cladistic analyses. The early appearance of titanosaur ichnofossils (Middle Jurassic) and body fossils (Late Jurassic) precludes a vicariant origin for the group, but such a pattern cannot yet be ruled out for lower‐level taxa within Titanosauria.

@article{doi101017s1477201903001044,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Upchurch, Paul",
    title = "A revision of Titanosaurus Lydekker (dinosauria ‐ sauropoda), the first dinosaur genus with a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Titanosaurs represent approximately one‐third of sauropod diversity and were geographically widespread throughout the Cretaceous, especially on southern continents. Titanosaurs evolved numerous appendicular synapomorphies that account for their specialised ‘wide‐gauge’ limb posture, which can be recognised in their trackways. The macronarian origin of titanosaurs is only recently agreed upon and aspects of their inter‐relationships remain poorly understood. Titanosauria is named for the poorly known genus Titanosaurus, which was coined by Lydekker in 1877 on the basis of a partial femur and two incomplete caudal vertebrae. Fourteen species have since been referred to Titanosaurus, which distribute the genus across Argentina, Europe, Madagascar, India and Laos, and throughout 60 million years of the Cretaceous. Despite its centrality to titanosaur systematics and biogeography, the genus Titanosaurus has never been revised. A re‐evaluation of all Titanosaurus species recognises as diagnostic only five. The type species T. indicus is invalid because it is based on ‘obsolescent’ characters ‐ once diagnostic features that have gained a broadertaxonomic distribution over time. Consequently, the genus Titanosaurus and its co‐ordinated rank‐taxa (e.g. Titanosaurinae, Titanosauridae, Titanosauroidea) must be abandoned. The unranked taxon Titanosauria, however, remains valid. A new phylogenetic taxonomy is proposed for Titanosauria that utilises nodes that have been judged stable by the most recent cladistic analyses. The early appearance of titanosaur ichnofossils (Middle Jurassic) and body fossils (Late Jurassic) precludes a vicariant origin for the group, but such a pattern cannot yet be ruled out for lower‐level taxa within Titanosauria.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001044",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001044",
    openalex = "W2151812052",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101111j109636421932tb01553x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi102475ajss31695411, doi105860choice273305, openalexw1025856234"
}

Currie, Philip J. (2003): Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191-226, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3725717, URL: https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-191.pdf

@article{doi105281zenodo3725717,
    author = "Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "reroDoc Digital Library",
    abstract = "Currie, Philip J. (2003): Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191-226, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3725717, URL: https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-191.pdf",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3725717",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.3725717",
    openalex = "W2107092189",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, crossref1976allosaurus, currie1985cranial, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101038358059a0, doi10108002724634199510011574, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101139e02083, doi1015468lnfamn, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514548, doi1034191b109, doi104095101672, doi105281zenodo1037529, doi105281zenodo1040973, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo814935, vonhuene1923carnivorous"
}

Hylidae is a large family of American, Australopapuan, and temperate Eurasian treefrogs of approximately 870 known species, divided among four subfamilies. Although some groups of Hylidae have been addressed phylogenetically, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis has never been presented.The first goal of this paper is to review the current state of hylid systematics. We focus on the very large subfamily Hylinae (590 species), evaluate the monophyly of named taxa, and examine the evidential basis of the existing taxonomy. The second objective is to perform a phylogenetic analysis using mostly DNA sequence data in order to (1) test the monophyly of the Hylidae; (2) determine its constituent taxa, with special attention to the genera and species groups which form the subfamily Hylinae, and c) propose a new, monophyletic taxonomy consistent with the hypothesized relationships.We present a phylogenetic analysis of hylid frogs based on 276 terminals, including 228 hylids and 48 outgroup taxa. Included are exemplars of all but 1 of the 41 genera of Hylidae (of all four nominal subfamilies) and 39 of the 41 currently recognized species groups of the species-rich genus Hyla. The included taxa allowed us to test the monophyly of 24 of the 35 nonmonotypic genera and 25 species groups of Hyla. The phylogenetic analysis includes approximately 5100 base pairs from four mitochondrial (12S, tRNA valine, 16S, and cytochrome b) and five nuclear genes (rhodopsin, tyrosinase, RAG-1, seventh in absentia, and 28S), and a small data set from foot musculature.Concurring with previous studies, the present analysis indicates that Hemiphractinae are not related to the other three hylid subfamilies. It is therefore removed from the family and tentatively considered a subfamily of the paraphyletic Leptodactylidae. Hylidae is now restricted to Hylinae, Pelodryadinae, and Phyllomedusinae. Our results support a sister-group relationship between Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae, which together form the sister taxon of Hylinae. Agalychnis, Phyllomedusa, Litoria, Hyla, Osteocephalus, Phrynohyas, Ptychohyla, Scinax, Smilisca, and Trachycephalus are not monophyletic. Within Hyla, the H. albomarginata, H. albopunctata, H. arborea, H. boans, H. cinerea, H. eximia, H. geographica, H. granosa, H. microcephala, H. miotympanum, H. tuberculosa, and H. versicolor groups are also demonstrably nonmonophyletic. Hylinae is composed of four major clades. The first of these includes the Andean stream-breeding Hyla, Aplastodiscus, all Gladiator Frogs, and a Tepuian clade. The second clade is composed of the 30-chromosome Hyla, Lysapsus, Pseudis, Scarthyla, Scinax (including the H. uruguaya group), Sphaenorhynchus, and Xenohyla. The third major clade is composed of Nyctimantis, Phrynohyas, Phyllodytes, and all South American/ West Indian casque-headed frogs: Aparasphenodon, Argenteohyla, Corythomantis, Osteocephalus, Osteopilus, Tepuihyla, and Trachycephalus. The fourth major clade is composed of most of the Middle American/Holarctic species groups of Hyla and the genera Acris, Anotheca, Duellmanohyla, Plectrohyla, Pseudacris, Ptychohyla, Pternohyla, Smilisca, and Triprion. A new monophyletic taxonomy mirroring these results is presented where Hylinae is divided into four tribes. Of the species currently in “Hyla”, 297 of the 353 species are placed in 15 genera; of these, 4 are currently recognized, 4 are resurrected names, and 7 are new. Hyla is restricted to H. femoralis and the H. arborea, H. cinerea, H. eximia, and H. versicolor groups, whose contents are redefined. Phrynohyas is placed in the synonymy of Trachycephalus, and Pternohyla is placed in the synonymy of Smilisca. The genus Dendropsophus is resurrected to include all former species of Hyla known or suspected to have 30 chromosomes. Exerodonta is resurrected to include the former Hyla sumichrasti group and some members of the former H. miotympanum group. Hyloscirtus is resurrected for the former Hyla armata, H. bo

@article{doi1012060003009020052940001srotff20co2,
    author = "Faivovich, Julián and Haddad, Célio F. B. and de Anchieta Garcia, Paulo Christiano and Frost, Darrel R. and Campbell, Jonathan A. and Wheeler, Ward C.",
    title = "SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE FROG FAMILY HYLIDAE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HYLINAE: PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND TAXONOMIC REVISION",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History",
    abstract = "Hylidae is a large family of American, Australopapuan, and temperate Eurasian treefrogs of approximately 870 known species, divided among four subfamilies. Although some groups of Hylidae have been addressed phylogenetically, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis has never been presented.The first goal of this paper is to review the current state of hylid systematics. We focus on the very large subfamily Hylinae (590 species), evaluate the monophyly of named taxa, and examine the evidential basis of the existing taxonomy. The second objective is to perform a phylogenetic analysis using mostly DNA sequence data in order to (1) test the monophyly of the Hylidae; (2) determine its constituent taxa, with special attention to the genera and species groups which form the subfamily Hylinae, and c) propose a new, monophyletic taxonomy consistent with the hypothesized relationships.We present a phylogenetic analysis of hylid frogs based on 276 terminals, including 228 hylids and 48 outgroup taxa. Included are exemplars of all but 1 of the 41 genera of Hylidae (of all four nominal subfamilies) and 39 of the 41 currently recognized species groups of the species-rich genus Hyla. The included taxa allowed us to test the monophyly of 24 of the 35 nonmonotypic genera and 25 species groups of Hyla. The phylogenetic analysis includes approximately 5100 base pairs from four mitochondrial (12S, tRNA valine, 16S, and cytochrome b) and five nuclear genes (rhodopsin, tyrosinase, RAG-1, seventh in absentia, and 28S), and a small data set from foot musculature.Concurring with previous studies, the present analysis indicates that Hemiphractinae are not related to the other three hylid subfamilies. It is therefore removed from the family and tentatively considered a subfamily of the paraphyletic Leptodactylidae. Hylidae is now restricted to Hylinae, Pelodryadinae, and Phyllomedusinae. Our results support a sister-group relationship between Pelodryadinae and Phyllomedusinae, which together form the sister taxon of Hylinae. Agalychnis, Phyllomedusa, Litoria, Hyla, Osteocephalus, Phrynohyas, Ptychohyla, Scinax, Smilisca, and Trachycephalus are not monophyletic. Within Hyla, the H. albomarginata, H. albopunctata, H. arborea, H. boans, H. cinerea, H. eximia, H. geographica, H. granosa, H. microcephala, H. miotympanum, H. tuberculosa, and H. versicolor groups are also demonstrably nonmonophyletic. Hylinae is composed of four major clades. The first of these includes the Andean stream-breeding Hyla, Aplastodiscus, all Gladiator Frogs, and a Tepuian clade. The second clade is composed of the 30-chromosome Hyla, Lysapsus, Pseudis, Scarthyla, Scinax (including the H. uruguaya group), Sphaenorhynchus, and Xenohyla. The third major clade is composed of Nyctimantis, Phrynohyas, Phyllodytes, and all South American/ West Indian casque-headed frogs: Aparasphenodon, Argenteohyla, Corythomantis, Osteocephalus, Osteopilus, Tepuihyla, and Trachycephalus. The fourth major clade is composed of most of the Middle American/Holarctic species groups of Hyla and the genera Acris, Anotheca, Duellmanohyla, Plectrohyla, Pseudacris, Ptychohyla, Pternohyla, Smilisca, and Triprion. A new monophyletic taxonomy mirroring these results is presented where Hylinae is divided into four tribes. Of the species currently in “Hyla”, 297 of the 353 species are placed in 15 genera; of these, 4 are currently recognized, 4 are resurrected names, and 7 are new. Hyla is restricted to H. femoralis and the H. arborea, H. cinerea, H. eximia, and H. versicolor groups, whose contents are redefined. Phrynohyas is placed in the synonymy of Trachycephalus, and Pternohyla is placed in the synonymy of Smilisca. The genus Dendropsophus is resurrected to include all former species of Hyla known or suspected to have 30 chromosomes. Exerodonta is resurrected to include the former Hyla sumichrasti group and some members of the former H. miotympanum group. Hyloscirtus is resurrected for the former Hyla armata, H. bo",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:srotff]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1206/0003-0090(2005)294[0001:srotff]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2180421563",
    references = "doi101073pnas86166196, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490423430, doi101086417338, doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101093sysbio3817, doi101111j109600311996tb00196x, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101111j109600312002tb00157x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101126science11282807, doi1023071466954, openalexw2173200745"
}

ABSTRACT The discovery of a new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Demopolis Formation (middle Campanian) of Alabama increases the known diversity of the clade, although it does not elucidate the place of initial dispersal. This subadult tyrannosauroid is the most complete non-avian theropod collected and described from the Cretaceous of eastern North America. In contrast to tyrannosaurids, the new taxon possesses several plesiomorphic characters, including lacrimals that lack a distinct peaked cornual process, and a dorsoventrally shallow horizontal ramus of the maxilla. Autapomorphies include a wide jugal process of the ectopterygoid, a caudal pneumatic foramen of the palatine that pierces the rostral half of the vomeropterygoid process of the bone, an articular surface for the lacrimal on the palatine that is distally positioned on the dorsolateral process, and pedal unguals that have a distinct proximodorsal lip over the articular surface. Cladistic analysis indicates the new taxon is a basal tyrannosauroid and its presence in eastern North America suggests that the recent common ancestor of Tyrannosauridae probably evolved following the transgression of the Western Interior Seaway. Cladistic analysis indicates that Dryptosaurus aquilunguis is also a basal tyrannosauroid but is less derived than the new genus.

@article{doi1016710272463420050250119angaso20co2,
    author = "Carr, Thomas D. and Williamson, Thomas E. and Schwimmer, David R.",
    title = "A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT The discovery of a new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Demopolis Formation (middle Campanian) of Alabama increases the known diversity of the clade, although it does not elucidate the place of initial dispersal. This subadult tyrannosauroid is the most complete non-avian theropod collected and described from the Cretaceous of eastern North America. In contrast to tyrannosaurids, the new taxon possesses several plesiomorphic characters, including lacrimals that lack a distinct peaked cornual process, and a dorsoventrally shallow horizontal ramus of the maxilla. Autapomorphies include a wide jugal process of the ectopterygoid, a caudal pneumatic foramen of the palatine that pierces the rostral half of the vomeropterygoid process of the bone, an articular surface for the lacrimal on the palatine that is distally positioned on the dorsolateral process, and pedal unguals that have a distinct proximodorsal lip over the articular surface. Cladistic analysis indicates the new taxon is a basal tyrannosauroid and its presence in eastern North America suggests that the recent common ancestor of Tyrannosauridae probably evolved following the transgression of the Western Interior Seaway. Cladistic analysis indicates that Dryptosaurus aquilunguis is also a basal tyrannosauroid but is less derived than the new genus.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:angaso]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0119:angaso]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2179448599",
    references = "doi10108002724634199710011003, schwimmer1993late"
}

A new, articulated skeleton of an ichthyosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation near Fort McMurray, Alberta, is the most complete and stratigraphically oldest known ichthyosaur from the Cretaceous of North America and represents a new genus and species of ophthalmosaurian, Athabascasaurus bitumineus. The specimen consists of a nearly complete, dorsoventrally compressed skull, a complete and articulated presacral and partial caudal vertebral series, portions of the right pectoral girdle, and the right pelvic girdle and femur. The new taxon is characterized by the lack of a robust supranarial process of the premaxilla, an elongate maxilla that has its tallest point (in lateral view) posterior to the external naris, a wide postorbital region, the presence of a rectangular squamosal, an angular with greater lateral exposure on the posterior jaw ramus than the surangular, a dentition with extremely light enameled ridges, and a reduced presacral count of 42 vertebrae. The first species-level phylogenetic analysis of Ophthalmosauria reveals that Athabascasaurus is neither the sister taxon of, nor nests within Platypterygius, a geographically widespread, geologically long-lived, and taxonomically problematic genus. Athabascasaurus adds important new data on the morphology of Cretaceous ichthyosaurs and expands our knowledge of the palaeoecology and marine tetrapod diversity of the early Albian Boreal Sea.

@article{druckenmiller2010a,
    author = "Druckenmiller, Patrick S. and Maxwell, Erin E.",
    title = "A new Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) ichthyosaur genus from the Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A new, articulated skeleton of an ichthyosaur from the Lower Cretaceous (lower Albian) Wabiskaw Member of the Clearwater Formation near Fort McMurray, Alberta, is the most complete and stratigraphically oldest known ichthyosaur from the Cretaceous of North America and represents a new genus and species of ophthalmosaurian, Athabascasaurus bitumineus. The specimen consists of a nearly complete, dorsoventrally compressed skull, a complete and articulated presacral and partial caudal vertebral series, portions of the right pectoral girdle, and the right pelvic girdle and femur. The new taxon is characterized by the lack of a robust supranarial process of the premaxilla, an elongate maxilla that has its tallest point (in lateral view) posterior to the external naris, a wide postorbital region, the presence of a rectangular squamosal, an angular with greater lateral exposure on the posterior jaw ramus than the surangular, a dentition with extremely light enameled ridges, and a reduced presacral count of 42 vertebrae. The first species-level phylogenetic analysis of Ophthalmosauria reveals that Athabascasaurus is neither the sister taxon of, nor nests within Platypterygius, a geographically widespread, geologically long-lived, and taxonomically problematic genus. Athabascasaurus adds important new data on the morphology of Cretaceous ichthyosaurs and expands our knowledge of the palaeoecology and marine tetrapod diversity of the early Albian Boreal Sea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e10-028",
    doi = "10.1139/e10-028",
    number = "8",
    openalex = "W2162766179",
    pages = "1037-1053",
    volume = "47",
    references = "doi101016c20090644421, doi101038170405e0, doi10108002724634199910011160, doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101111j109636421932tb01553x, openalexw1654781408, openalexw1959044725, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3217097258, openalexw616953834"
}

Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis is an enigmatic theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, originally based on a few isolated cervical vertebrae. Ever since its original description, both its taxonomic validity and systematic affinities were contentious. Originally considered to represent its own family, Sigilmassasauridae, the genus has variously been suggested to represent a carcharodontosaurid, an ornithischian, and, more recently, a spinosaurid. Here we describe new remains referrable to this taxon and re-evaluate its taxonomic status and systematic affinities. Based on the new remains, a re-evaluation of the original materials, and comparisons with other spinosaurids, the holotype of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis is identified as an anterior dorsal, rather than a cervical vertebra, and differences between elements referred to this taxon can be explained by different positions of the elements in question within the vertebral column. Many characters used previously to diagnose the genus and species are found to be more widespread among basal tetanurans, and specifically spinosaurids. However, the taxon shows several autapomorphies that support its validity, including the presence of a strongly rugose, ventrally offset triangular platform that is confluent with a ventral keel anteriorly in the mid-cervical vertebral centra and a strongly reduced lateral neural arch lamination, with no or an incomplete distinction between anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae in the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae. We argue furthermore that Spinosaurus maroccanus, also described on the basis of isolated cervical vertebrae from the same stratigraphic unit and in the same paper as Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis, is a subjective synonym of the latter. Both a detailed comparison of this taxon with other theropods and a formal phylogenetic analysis support spinosaurid affintities for Sigilmassasaurus. However, we reject the recently proposed synonymy of both Spinosaurus maroccanus and Sigilmassasurus brevicollis with Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the Cenomanian of Egypt, as there are clear differences between the vertebrae of these taxa, and they do not share any derived character that is not found in other spinosaurids. Together with a comparison with other spinosaurid vertebral material from the Kem Kem, this suggests that more than one taxon of spinosaurid was present in the Kem Kem assemblage of Morocco, so the referral of non-overlapping material from this unit to a single taxon should be regarded with caution.

@article{doi107717peerj1323,
    author = "Evers, Serjoscha and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Milner, Angela C. and McFeeters, Bradley and Allain, Ronan",
    title = "A reappraisal of the morphology and systematic position of the theropod dinosaur Sigilmassasaurus from the “middle” Cretaceous of Morocco",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis is an enigmatic theropod dinosaur from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Morocco, originally based on a few isolated cervical vertebrae. Ever since its original description, both its taxonomic validity and systematic affinities were contentious. Originally considered to represent its own family, Sigilmassasauridae, the genus has variously been suggested to represent a carcharodontosaurid, an ornithischian, and, more recently, a spinosaurid. Here we describe new remains referrable to this taxon and re-evaluate its taxonomic status and systematic affinities. Based on the new remains, a re-evaluation of the original materials, and comparisons with other spinosaurids, the holotype of Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis is identified as an anterior dorsal, rather than a cervical vertebra, and differences between elements referred to this taxon can be explained by different positions of the elements in question within the vertebral column. Many characters used previously to diagnose the genus and species are found to be more widespread among basal tetanurans, and specifically spinosaurids. However, the taxon shows several autapomorphies that support its validity, including the presence of a strongly rugose, ventrally offset triangular platform that is confluent with a ventral keel anteriorly in the mid-cervical vertebral centra and a strongly reduced lateral neural arch lamination, with no or an incomplete distinction between anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae in the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae. We argue furthermore that Spinosaurus maroccanus, also described on the basis of isolated cervical vertebrae from the same stratigraphic unit and in the same paper as Sigilmassasaurus brevicollis, is a subjective synonym of the latter. Both a detailed comparison of this taxon with other theropods and a formal phylogenetic analysis support spinosaurid affintities for Sigilmassasaurus. However, we reject the recently proposed synonymy of both Spinosaurus maroccanus and Sigilmassasurus brevicollis with Spinosaurus aegyptiacus from the Cenomanian of Egypt, as there are clear differences between the vertebrae of these taxa, and they do not share any derived character that is not found in other spinosaurids. Together with a comparison with other spinosaurid vertebral material from the Kem Kem, this suggests that more than one taxon of spinosaurid was present in the Kem Kem assemblage of Morocco, so the referral of non-overlapping material from this unit to a single taxon should be regarded with caution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1323",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.1323",
    openalex = "W2176447534",
    references = "doi1011646zootaxa375911"
}

Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.

@article{doi101139cjes20170031,
    author = "van der Reest, Aaron J. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Troodontids (Theropoda) from the Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, with a description of a unique new taxon: implications for deinonychosaur diversity in North America",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Troodontids are known from Asia and North America, with the most complete specimens from the Jurassic of China and the Cretaceous of Mongolia. North American troodontids are poorly known, and specimens that have been described are isolated elements or partial skeletons with limited material. A new troodontid from the upper Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) is based on partial skulls, several vertebrae, ribs, gastralia, chevrons, a sacrum, partial pelvis, and partial fore and hind limbs. It is the largest troodontid known, with an estimated height of 180 cm and length of 350 cm. Like other troodontids, it possesses an elongated ambiens process and has a horizontal ventral margin of the postacetabular process. It differs from all other derived troodontids in that the slightly retroverted pubis has a shaft that curves anteroventrally. Some specimens from the Dinosaur Park Formation previously assigned to Troodon are reassigned to the new taxon, including multiple partial crania, an associated dentary and metatarsus, and a partial skeleton. Previously undescribed elements from the lower part of the Dinosaur Park Formation are assigned to the resurrected Stenonychosaurus inequalis. Distinct stratigraphic separation of Stenonychosaurus inequalis and the new taxon indicates a replacement in troodontid fauna, similar to the turnover of large ornithischians in the same formation. The new taxon is phylogenetically more closely related to Mongolian taxa, indicating the replacement of Stenonychosaurus may have been from an earlier Asian form immigrating into North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0031",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2017-0031",
    openalex = "W2742325356",
    references = "doi101007s0011401411439, doi101007s1143400900096, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038415780a, doi101038nature02898, doi101038ncomms4289, doi101038ncomms4788, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi101139e93187, doi1012066481, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi105860choice435902, doi105962p339375, openalexw2597671315"
}

Early Cretaceous ichthyosaur diversity has markedly increased in recent years with the discovery of new taxa in the field and in museum collections. This has led to new characters, and a better understanding of taxonomically informative anatomy. Here, we re-describe the holotype of the ophthalmosaurid Platypterygius sachicarum from the Barremian–Aptian of Colombia and place these data in a phylogenetic context. The validity of the species is supported by several new characters of the narial region, mandible and dentition. The dentition is unique among ichthyosaurs in that it presents several discrete tooth morphologies that range from piercing to cutting to crushing. In combination, these cranial specializations imply a large vertebrate diet and make this taxon the first Cretaceous hypercarnivorous ichthyosaur. Differences from the type species of Platypterygius, P. platydactylus, include a suite of characters associated with differing feeding ecologies and the complex external nares. The large number of character differences and revised phylogenetic relationships are used to remove the Colombian taxon from Platypterygius and recognize it as a new genus, Kyhytysuka sachicarum comb. nov. A revised set of taxonomic definitions are proposed for Ophthalmosauria to maintain stability at this important node. Kyhytysuka sachicarum opens new questions regarding the diversity and paleobiogeography of Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs from northern Gondwana and highlights the importance of individually assessing each ‘Platypterygius’ species and, potentially, specimen to better understand the diversity of this broadly distributed taxon.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E3FD55AF-2AD1-46CA-A49C-1FB4B102AB2C

@article{doi1010801477201920211989507,
    author = "Cortés, Dirley and Maxwell, Erin E. and Larsson, Hans C. E.",
    title = "Re-appearance of hypercarnivore ichthyosaurs in the Cretaceous with differentiated dentition: revision of ‘ Platypterygius ’ sachicarum (Reptilia: Ichthyosauria, Ophthalmosauridae) from Colombia",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Early Cretaceous ichthyosaur diversity has markedly increased in recent years with the discovery of new taxa in the field and in museum collections. This has led to new characters, and a better understanding of taxonomically informative anatomy. Here, we re-describe the holotype of the ophthalmosaurid Platypterygius sachicarum from the Barremian–Aptian of Colombia and place these data in a phylogenetic context. The validity of the species is supported by several new characters of the narial region, mandible and dentition. The dentition is unique among ichthyosaurs in that it presents several discrete tooth morphologies that range from piercing to cutting to crushing. In combination, these cranial specializations imply a large vertebrate diet and make this taxon the first Cretaceous hypercarnivorous ichthyosaur. Differences from the type species of Platypterygius, P. platydactylus, include a suite of characters associated with differing feeding ecologies and the complex external nares. The large number of character differences and revised phylogenetic relationships are used to remove the Colombian taxon from Platypterygius and recognize it as a new genus, Kyhytysuka sachicarum comb. nov. A revised set of taxonomic definitions are proposed for Ophthalmosauria to maintain stability at this important node. Kyhytysuka sachicarum opens new questions regarding the diversity and paleobiogeography of Early Cretaceous ichthyosaurs from northern Gondwana and highlights the importance of individually assessing each ‘Platypterygius’ species and, potentially, specimen to better understand the diversity of this broadly distributed taxon.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:E3FD55AF-2AD1-46CA-A49C-1FB4B102AB2C",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1989507",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2021.1989507",
    openalex = "W3215004312",
    references = "doi10108002693445201611963958"
}

The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, is among the best-studied paleoecosystems in North America. However, its microvertebrate paleocommunity structure is relatively poorly known, partly because it lacks the abundant microsites of other Upper Cretaceous deposits of Alberta. An unusual microsite (FTS-2) from the Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation is described that produces abundant anuran and troodontid material, alongside perinatal material from ornithischians and tyrannosaurs. Anuran specimens representing a minimum of two separate taxa and a metatherian molar suggest that these components of the fauna were more diverse than currently recognized. The assemblage is similar to three other North American sites that produce abundant troodontid teeth alongside perinatal dinosaurs. However, environmental and taphonomic conditions of these sites vary, supporting the notion of mixed biotic and abiotic factors driving the association of troodontids alongside perinates. In part, this may stem from similar nesting preferences between troodontids and other dinosaurs, as material collected from all three sites suggests proximity to troodontid nesting sites. Sites such as FTS-2 are important for revealing the rare and small components of paleoecosystems, and hold promise for revealing interactions between these parts of the fauna.

@article{doi1010800272463420242316668,
    author = "Whitebone, S. Amber and Funston, Gregory F. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "An unusual microsite from the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation of Alberta, Canada, is among the best-studied paleoecosystems in North America. However, its microvertebrate paleocommunity structure is relatively poorly known, partly because it lacks the abundant microsites of other Upper Cretaceous deposits of Alberta. An unusual microsite (FTS-2) from the Horsethief Member of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation is described that produces abundant anuran and troodontid material, alongside perinatal material from ornithischians and tyrannosaurs. Anuran specimens representing a minimum of two separate taxa and a metatherian molar suggest that these components of the fauna were more diverse than currently recognized. The assemblage is similar to three other North American sites that produce abundant troodontid teeth alongside perinatal dinosaurs. However, environmental and taphonomic conditions of these sites vary, supporting the notion of mixed biotic and abiotic factors driving the association of troodontids alongside perinates. In part, this may stem from similar nesting preferences between troodontids and other dinosaurs, as material collected from all three sites suggests proximity to troodontid nesting sites. Sites such as FTS-2 are important for revealing the rare and small components of paleoecosystems, and hold promise for revealing interactions between these parts of the fauna.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2024.2316668",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2024.2316668",
    openalex = "W4393150755",
    references = "doi101002ar24199, doi101017pab201637, doi101073pnas1011924108, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28253972241, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101139cjes20200169, doi1023071005355, doi1023071374076, doi105281zenodo1040383, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16435343, doi105962bhltitle106965, openalexw3215057009"
}

@misc{matthew2025the,
    author = "Matthew, W. D. and Brown, B.",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta.",
    year = "2025",
    publisher = "Plazi",
    url = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/31395/imports/106",
    doi = "10.48580/d3bcm.v106",
    openalex = "W7129572351"
}

@misc{openalexw7130286747,
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta.",
    year = "2025",
    booktitle = "Open MIND",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W7130286747",
    openalex = "W7130286747"
}

@misc{doi1048580d3bcm,
    author = "D., Matthew W. and Brown, B G",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta.",
    year = "2026",
    booktitle = "The Catalogue of Life",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.48580/d3bcm",
    doi = "10.48580/d3bcm",
    openalex = "W7129072888"
}

@misc{doi1048580d3bcmv106,
    author = "D., Matthew W. and Brown, B.",
    title = "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta.",
    year = "2026",
    booktitle = "The Catalogue of Life",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.48580/d3bcm.v106",
    doi = "10.48580/d3bcm.v106",
    openalex = "W7129572351"
}