Diptera

(1924). XIV.—A note on the “New Zealand glow-worm” (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 14, No. 79, pp. 175-179.

@article{doi10108000222932408633104,
    author = "Edwards, F. W.",
    title = "XIV.— A note on the “New Zealand glow-worm” (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)",
    year = "1924",
    journal = "Annals and Magazine of Natural History",
    abstract = "(1924). XIV.—A note on the “New Zealand glow-worm” (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 14, No. 79, pp. 175-179.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00222932408633104",
    doi = "10.1080/00222932408633104",
    openalex = "W2334734828"
}

@article{jackson1974goldschmidts,
    author = "Jackson, James F.",
    title = "Goldschmidt's Dilemma Resolved: Notes on the Larval Behavior of a New Neotropical Web-spinning Mycetophilid (Diptera)",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "American Midland Naturalist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2424221",
    doi = "10.2307/2424221",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2331152241",
    pages = "240",
    volume = "92",
    references = "doi101086450439, openalexw2542844683"
}

@misc{jackson1974goldschmidts1,
    author = "Jackson, J. F",
    title = "Goldschmidt's dilemma resolved",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Notes on the larval behavior of a new neotropical web-spinning Mycetophilid (Diptera): American Midland Naturalist, v. 92, p. 240-245",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jackson, J. F., 1974, Goldschmidt's dilemma resolved: Notes on the larval behavior of a new neotropical web-spinning Mycetophilid (Diptera): American Midland Naturalist, v. 92, p. 240-245.}"
}

@article{crossref19752862,
    title = "2862. A hairdresser's dilemma resolved",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Food and Cosmetics Toxicology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-6264(75)80351-8",
    doi = "10.1016/s0015-6264(75)80351-8",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W4249501749",
    pages = "408",
    volume = "13"
}

@article{crock1978corneal,
    author = "Crock, G. W.",
    title = "Corneal Graft Dilemma Resolved by New Technology",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Medical Journal of Australia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131388.x",
    doi = "10.5694/j.1326-5377.1978.tb131388.x",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2424932299",
    pages = "97-98",
    volume = "2"
}

@article{perkins1979a,
    author = "Perkins, Lola",
    title = "A Dilemma-Resolved",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "The English Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/815470",
    doi = "10.2307/815470",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W268163658",
    pages = "31",
    volume = "68"
}

Journal Article Distribution of Flying Insects in Relation to Predacious Web-Spinning Larvae of Neoditomyia farri (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Jamaican Cave Get access Ian A. N. Stringer, Ian A. N. Stringer 1Department of Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V. Benno Meyer-Rochow V. Benno Meyer-Rochow 2Department of Zoology, Oulu University, S-F-90570-Oulu-Linnanmaa, Finland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 89, Issue 6, 1 November 1996, Pages 849–857, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.6.849 Published: 01 November 1996 Article history Received: 17 October 1995 Accepted: 23 July 1996 Published: 01 November 1996

@article{doi101093aesa896849,
    author = "Stringer, Ian and Meyer‐Rochow, Victor Benno",
    title = "Distribution of Flying Insects in Relation to Predacious Web-Spinning Larvae of Neoditomyia farri (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Jamaican Cave",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Annals of the Entomological Society of America",
    abstract = "Journal Article Distribution of Flying Insects in Relation to Predacious Web-Spinning Larvae of Neoditomyia farri (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) in a Jamaican Cave Get access Ian A. N. Stringer, Ian A. N. Stringer 1Department of Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar V. Benno Meyer-Rochow V. Benno Meyer-Rochow 2Department of Zoology, Oulu University, S-F-90570-Oulu-Linnanmaa, Finland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 89, Issue 6, 1 November 1996, Pages 849–857, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.6.849 Published: 01 November 1996 Article history Received: 17 October 1995 Accepted: 23 July 1996 Published: 01 November 1996",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/89.6.849",
    doi = "10.1093/aesa/89.6.849",
    openalex = "W1994013589"
}

Many arthropods move toward or away from lights. Larvae of certain luminescent mycetophilid fungus gnats exploit this response to obtain prey. They produce mucus webs, sometimes festooned with poisonous droplets, to snare a variety of small arthropods. Their lights may also protect them from their own negatively phototropic predators and/or be used as aposematic signals. On the other hand, lights may aid hymenopterous parasitoids to locate fungus gnat hosts. The luminescence of mushrooms can attract small Diptera, and might have evolved to aid mechanical spore dispersal. Among Diptera, bioluminescence is found only in the Mycetophilidae, but the variety of light organs in fungus gnats suggests multiple evolutions of the trait. This concentration of bioluminescence may be due to the unusual, sedentary nature of prey capture (i.e., use of webs) that allows the “mimicry” of a stationary abiotic light cue, or the atypically potent defenses webs and associated chemicals might provide (i.e., an aposematic display of unpalatability).

@article{doi1023073495919,
    author = "Sivinski, John",
    title = "Phototropism, Bioluminescence, and the Diptera",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Florida Entomologist",
    abstract = "Many arthropods move toward or away from lights. Larvae of certain luminescent mycetophilid fungus gnats exploit this response to obtain prey. They produce mucus webs, sometimes festooned with poisonous droplets, to snare a variety of small arthropods. Their lights may also protect them from their own negatively phototropic predators and/or be used as aposematic signals. On the other hand, lights may aid hymenopterous parasitoids to locate fungus gnat hosts. The luminescence of mushrooms can attract small Diptera, and might have evolved to aid mechanical spore dispersal. Among Diptera, bioluminescence is found only in the Mycetophilidae, but the variety of light organs in fungus gnats suggests multiple evolutions of the trait. This concentration of bioluminescence may be due to the unusual, sedentary nature of prey capture (i.e., use of webs) that allows the “mimicry” of a stationary abiotic light cue, or the atypically potent defenses webs and associated chemicals might provide (i.e., an aposematic display of unpalatability).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3495919",
    doi = "10.2307/3495919",
    openalex = "W2122352182",
    references = "doi101007bf00297947, doi1010160003347279900150, doi101016s0007152885800766, doi101093aesa342289, doi101111j136523111982tb00686x, doi101136bmj24169744b, doi101155198179890, doi1023071443891, doi104159harvard9780674418776, jackson1974goldschmidts, openalexw3043476184"
}

Abstract. The hypothesis that bioluminescence produced by larvae of the New Zealand glow‐worm, Arachnocampa luminosa, attracts prey was tested experimentally in Reserve Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand, and in its bush‐clad entrance over a total of 200 days during winter, spring, and summer. We compared catches on transparent adhesive traps placed either over glowworms or over areas from which glowworms had been removed. Adhesive traps over glowworms caught significantly more invertebrates per trap per day than did control traps. Glowworms in bush attracted greater numbers and types of invertebrates than did glowworms in the cave. Diptera predominated in both bush (86% of the total catch) and cave (89%). Also caught were small numbers of Araneae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Trichoptera, Gastropoda, Acarina, and Neuroptera—listed in order of abundance—but no adults of A. luminosa were caught. Glowworms under adhesive traps survived with little or no food for up to 78 days.

@article{doi101111j174474102001tb00121x,
    author = "Broadley, R. Adam and Stringer, Ian",
    title = "Prey attraction by larvae of the New Zealand glowworm, Arachnocampa luminosa (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Invertebrate Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract. The hypothesis that bioluminescence produced by larvae of the New Zealand glow‐worm, Arachnocampa luminosa, attracts prey was tested experimentally in Reserve Cave, Waitomo, New Zealand, and in its bush‐clad entrance over a total of 200 days during winter, spring, and summer. We compared catches on transparent adhesive traps placed either over glowworms or over areas from which glowworms had been removed. Adhesive traps over glowworms caught significantly more invertebrates per trap per day than did control traps. Glowworms in bush attracted greater numbers and types of invertebrates than did glowworms in the cave. Diptera predominated in both bush (86\% of the total catch) and cave (89\%). Also caught were small numbers of Araneae, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Orthoptera, Trichoptera, Gastropoda, Acarina, and Neuroptera—listed in order of abundance—but no adults of A. luminosa were caught. Glowworms under adhesive traps survived with little or no food for up to 78 days.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00121.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1744-7410.2001.tb00121.x",
    openalex = "W2035676100",
    references = "doi1010800077996219839722435"
}

Contrary to most other Diptera, the inter-rhabdomeral spaces of the retina of the Jamaican cavefly Neoditomya farri are filled neither by extracellular matrix nor dense cytoplasmic material. Instead, a foamy organization of loose vacuoles, measuring approximately 0.7 microm in diameter, appears to keep the rhabdomeres of retinula cells 7 and 8 in place. The vacuoles are bounded by membranes and traces of actin, determined immunocytochemically, are present. The origin of the vacuoles is unclear, but evidence in support of a retinula cell rather than cone cell origin is advanced.

@article{doi102108zsj21719,
    author = "Meyer‐Rochow, Victor Benno and Yang, Mouyu",
    title = "Not Just an Empty Cavity: the Inter-Rhabdomeral Space in the Jamaican Cavefly Neoditomyia farri (Diptera, Mycetophilidae)",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE",
    abstract = "Contrary to most other Diptera, the inter-rhabdomeral spaces of the retina of the Jamaican cavefly Neoditomya farri are filled neither by extracellular matrix nor dense cytoplasmic material. Instead, a foamy organization of loose vacuoles, measuring approximately 0.7 microm in diameter, appears to keep the rhabdomeres of retinula cells 7 and 8 in place. The vacuoles are bounded by membranes and traces of actin, determined immunocytochemically, are present. The origin of the vacuoles is unclear, but evidence in support of a retinula cell rather than cone cell origin is advanced.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.21.719",
    doi = "10.2108/zsj.21.719",
    openalex = "W1981559093"
}

@article{lucassen2005dilemma,
    author = "Lucassen, Anneke and Parker, Michael",
    title = "Dilemma still not resolved",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "European Journal of Human Genetics",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201350",
    doi = "10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201350",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1980576597",
    pages = "399-400",
    volume = "13",
    references = "doi101038sjejhg5201118"
}

@article{doi101007s1067601192808,
    author = "Bartel, Christopher",
    title = "Resolving the gamer’s dilemma",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Ethics and Information Technology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-011-9280-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s10676-011-9280-8",
    openalex = "W2010797533",
    references = "doi101007s1067600891684, doi101007s1067700790951, doi101023a1021372601566, doi1011110029462400290, doi101353phl20050009"
}

When a new genetic condition is diagnosed within a family, genetic counselors often describe a sense of responsibility towards other at risk family members to be appropriately informed about their status. Successful communication of genetic information in families is contingent on many factors. While a small number of probands directly state their intention not to inform their relatives, many who do intend to communicate this information appear to be unsuccessful for a wide range of reasons and may benefit from follow up support from a genetic counselor. Drawing on the reciprocal-engagement model (REM) of genetic counseling practice we explore how enhancing family communication about genetics raises a number of ethical and professional challenges for counselors-and describe how we resolved these. A subsequent manuscript will describe the counseling framework we have developed to enhance family communication about genetics.

@article{doi101007s108970129514x,
    author = "Hodgson, Jan and Gaff, Clara",
    title = "Enhancing Family Communication About Genetics: Ethical and Professional Dilemmas",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Genetic Counseling",
    abstract = "When a new genetic condition is diagnosed within a family, genetic counselors often describe a sense of responsibility towards other at risk family members to be appropriately informed about their status. Successful communication of genetic information in families is contingent on many factors. While a small number of probands directly state their intention not to inform their relatives, many who do intend to communicate this information appear to be unsuccessful for a wide range of reasons and may benefit from follow up support from a genetic counselor. Drawing on the reciprocal-engagement model (REM) of genetic counseling practice we explore how enhancing family communication about genetics raises a number of ethical and professional challenges for counselors-and describe how we resolved these. A subsequent manuscript will describe the counseling framework we have developed to enhance family communication about genetics.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-012-9514-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s10897-012-9514-x",
    openalex = "W2033066080",
    references = "doi101038sjejhg5201118"
}

@article{luck2013has,
    author = "Luck, Morgan and Ellerby, Nathan",
    title = "Has Bartel resolved the gamer’s dilemma?",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Ethics and Information Technology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9322-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s10676-013-9322-5",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2059500708",
    pages = "229-233",
    volume = "15",
    references = "doi101007s1067600891684, doi101007s1067601192808, doi101007s1067601293101, doi101023a1021372601566, doi10108003637750500111781, doi1011110029462400290, doi101111j204483091998tb01177x, doi1011770093854807311719"
}

@article{lirugani2014dilemma,
    author = "@lirugani, @lirugani",
    title = "Dilemma resolved",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Physics World",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/27/04/37",
    doi = "10.1088/2058-7058/27/04/37",
    number = "04",
    openalex = "W4241160117",
    pages = "22-22",
    volume = "27"
}

@article{burke2015nuclear,
    author = "Burke, Brian",
    title = "Nuclear dilemma resolved",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14527",
    doi = "10.1038/nature14527",
    number = "7555",
    openalex = "W1574196158",
    pages = "159-160",
    volume = "522",
    references = "doi101016jcell201203032, doi101016jcell201302046, doi101016jcell201409012, doi101038nature07961, doi101038nature14408, doi101038nature14503, doi101038ncb12011086, doi101083jcb201103171, doi101126science1063957, doi101128jvi0057409"
}

@incollection{crossref2019julius,
    title = "Julius Goldschmidt und Robert Goldschmidt",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Juden im Sport in der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5771/9783835343177-802",
    doi = "10.5771/9783835343177-802",
    openalex = "W4251673442",
    pages = "802-804"
}

The gamer’s dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11(1):31–36, 2009) asks whether any ethical features distinguish virtual pedophilia, which is generally considered impermissible, from virtual murder, which is generally considered permissible. If not, this equivalence seems to force one of two conclusions: either both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are permissible, or both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are impermissible. In this article, I attempt, first, to explain the psychological basis of the dilemma. I argue that the two different action types picked out by “virtual pedophilia” and “virtual murder” set very different expectations for their token instantiations that systematically bias judgments of permissibility. In particular, the proscription of virtual pedophilia rests on intuitions about immoral desire, sexual violations, and a schematization of a powerful adult offending against an innocent child. I go on to argue that these differences between virtual pedophilia and virtual murder may be ethically relevant. Precisely because virtual pedophilia is normally aversive in a way that virtual murder is not, we plausibly expect virtual pedophilia to invite abnormal and immorally desirous forms of engagement.

@article{doi101007s1067601909518x,
    author = "Kjeldgaard‐Christiansen, Jens",
    title = "Splintering the gamer’s dilemma: moral intuitions, motivational assumptions, and action prototypes",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Ethics and Information Technology",
    abstract = "The gamer’s dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11(1):31–36, 2009) asks whether any ethical features distinguish virtual pedophilia, which is generally considered impermissible, from virtual murder, which is generally considered permissible. If not, this equivalence seems to force one of two conclusions: either both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are permissible, or both virtual pedophilia and virtual murder are impermissible. In this article, I attempt, first, to explain the psychological basis of the dilemma. I argue that the two different action types picked out by “virtual pedophilia” and “virtual murder” set very different expectations for their token instantiations that systematically bias judgments of permissibility. In particular, the proscription of virtual pedophilia rests on intuitions about immoral desire, sexual violations, and a schematization of a powerful adult offending against an innocent child. I go on to argue that these differences between virtual pedophilia and virtual murder may be ethically relevant. Precisely because virtual pedophilia is normally aversive in a way that virtual murder is not, we plausibly expect virtual pedophilia to invite abnormal and immorally desirous forms of engagement.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-019-09518-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s10676-019-09518-x",
    openalex = "W2985863112",
    references = "doi101007s1067601192808, doi101007s1067601293101, doi101007s106760159381x, doi101007s1067601894557, doi101016b9780124072367000024, doi101037003329091332273, doi1010370033295x1084814, doi101037a0021847, doi101080095150892013838752, doi10109301992700230010001, doi101126science1137651, doi1011620011526042365555, doi105860choice261805, doi105860choice497185, luck2013has"
}

Blue shining fungus gnats (Diptera) had been long reported in the Waitomo caves of New Zealand (Arachnocampa luminosa Skuse), in stream banks of the American Appalachian Mountains (Orfelia fultoni Fisher) in 1939 and in true spore eating Eurasiatic Keroplatus Bosc species. This current report observes that similar blue light emitting gnat larvae also occur nearby the Betary river in the buffer zone of High Ribeira River State Park (PETAR) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where the larvae were found when on fallen branches or trunks enveloped in their own secreted silk. The new species is named Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae: Keroplatini) based on a morphological analysis. Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. larvae emit blue bioluminescence that can be seen from their last abdominal segment and from two photophores located laterally on the first thoracic segment. When touched, the larvae can actively stop its luminescence, which returns when it is no longer being agitated. The in vitro bioluminescence spectrum of N. betaryiensis nov. sp. peaks at 472 nm, and cross-reactivity of hot and cold extracts with the luciferin-luciferase from Orfelia fultoni indicate significant similarity in both enzyme and substrate of the two species, and that the bioluminescence system in the subfamily Keroplatinae is conserved.

@article{doi101038s4159801947753w,
    author = "Falaschi, Rafaela Lopes and Amaral, Danilo T. and Santos, Isaías and Domingos, Adão Henrique Rosa and Johnson, Grant and Martins, Ana and Viroomal, Imran B. and Pompéia, Sérgio Luiz and Mirza, Jeremy and Oliveira, Anderson G. and Bechara, Etelvino José Henriques and Viviani, Vadim R. and Stevani, Cassius V.",
    title = "Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. (Diptera: Keroplatidae) is the first record of a bioluminescent fungus-gnat in South America",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Blue shining fungus gnats (Diptera) had been long reported in the Waitomo caves of New Zealand (Arachnocampa luminosa Skuse), in stream banks of the American Appalachian Mountains (Orfelia fultoni Fisher) in 1939 and in true spore eating Eurasiatic Keroplatus Bosc species. This current report observes that similar blue light emitting gnat larvae also occur nearby the Betary river in the buffer zone of High Ribeira River State Park (PETAR) in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where the larvae were found when on fallen branches or trunks enveloped in their own secreted silk. The new species is named Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. (Diptera: Keroplatidae: Keroplatinae: Keroplatini) based on a morphological analysis. Neoceroplatus betaryiensis nov. sp. larvae emit blue bioluminescence that can be seen from their last abdominal segment and from two photophores located laterally on the first thoracic segment. When touched, the larvae can actively stop its luminescence, which returns when it is no longer being agitated. The in vitro bioluminescence spectrum of N. betaryiensis nov. sp. peaks at 472 nm, and cross-reactivity of hot and cold extracts with the luciferin-luciferase from Orfelia fultoni indicate significant similarity in both enzyme and substrate of the two species, and that the bioluminescence system in the subfamily Keroplatinae is conserved.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-47753-w",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-47753-w",
    openalex = "W2964725801"
}

Is there any difference between playing video games in which the player's character commits murder and video games in which the player's character commits pedophilic acts? Morgan Luck's “Gamer's Dilemma” has established this question as a puzzle concerning notions of permissibility and harm. We propose that a fruitful alternative way to approach the question is through an account of aesthetic engagement. We develop an alternative to the dominant account of the relationship between players and the actions of their characters, and argue that the ethical difference between so‐called “virtual murder” and “virtual pedophilia” is to be understood in terms of the fiction‐making resources available to players. We propose that the relevant considerations for potential players to navigate concern (1) attempting to make certain characters intelligible, and (2) using aspects of oneself as resources for homomorphic representation.

@article{doi101111jaac12634,
    author = "Bourne, Craig and Bourne, Emily Caddick",
    title = "Players, Characters, and the Gamer's Dilemma",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism",
    abstract = "Is there any difference between playing video games in which the player's character commits murder and video games in which the player's character commits pedophilic acts? Morgan Luck's “Gamer's Dilemma” has established this question as a puzzle concerning notions of permissibility and harm. We propose that a fruitful alternative way to approach the question is through an account of aesthetic engagement. We develop an alternative to the dominant account of the relationship between players and the actions of their characters, and argue that the ethical difference between so‐called “virtual murder” and “virtual pedophilia” is to be understood in terms of the fiction‐making resources available to players. We propose that the relevant considerations for potential players to navigate concern (1) attempting to make certain characters intelligible, and (2) using aspects of oneself as resources for homomorphic representation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/jaac.12634",
    doi = "10.1111/jaac.12634",
    openalex = "W2940916953",
    references = "doi1010029781444310177, doi101007s1067600891684, doi101007s1067601092506, doi101007s1067601293101, doi101007s106760159381x, doi101017cbo9780511674716, doi101093aristoteliansupp68127, doi101111jaac12269, doi1023072185918, doi1023072678446, doi102307431705, doi105860choice481389, luck2013has"
}

Abstract Intuitively, many people seem to hold that engaging in acts of virtual murder in videogames is morally permissible, whereas engaging in acts of virtual child molestation is morally impermissible. The Gamer’s Dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11:31–36, 2009) challenges these intuitions by arguing that it is unclear whether there is a morally relevant difference between these two types of virtual actions. There are two main responses in the literature to this dilemma. First, attempts to resolve the dilemma by defending an account of the relevant moral differences between virtual murder and virtual child molestation. Second, attempts to dissolve the dilemma by undermining the intuitions that ground it. In this paper, we argue that a narrow version of the Gamer’s Dilemma seems to survive attempts to resolve or dissolve it away entirely, since neither approach seems to be able to solve the dilemma for all cases. We thus provide a contextually sensitive version of the dilemma that more accurately tracks onto the intuitions of gamers. However, we also argue that the intuitions that ground the narrow version of the Dilemma may not have a moral foundation, and we put forward alternative non-moral normative foundations that seem to better account for the remaining intuitive difference between the two types of virtual actions. We also respond to proposed solutions to the Gamer’s Dilemma in novel ways and set out areas for future empirical work in this area.

@article{doi101007s1067602209655w,
    author = "Montefiore, Thomas and Formosa, Paul",
    title = "Resisting the Gamer’s Dilemma",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Ethics and Information Technology",
    abstract = "Abstract Intuitively, many people seem to hold that engaging in acts of virtual murder in videogames is morally permissible, whereas engaging in acts of virtual child molestation is morally impermissible. The Gamer’s Dilemma (Luck in Ethics Inf Technol 11:31–36, 2009) challenges these intuitions by arguing that it is unclear whether there is a morally relevant difference between these two types of virtual actions. There are two main responses in the literature to this dilemma. First, attempts to resolve the dilemma by defending an account of the relevant moral differences between virtual murder and virtual child molestation. Second, attempts to dissolve the dilemma by undermining the intuitions that ground it. In this paper, we argue that a narrow version of the Gamer’s Dilemma seems to survive attempts to resolve or dissolve it away entirely, since neither approach seems to be able to solve the dilemma for all cases. We thus provide a contextually sensitive version of the dilemma that more accurately tracks onto the intuitions of gamers. However, we also argue that the intuitions that ground the narrow version of the Dilemma may not have a moral foundation, and we put forward alternative non-moral normative foundations that seem to better account for the remaining intuitive difference between the two types of virtual actions. We also respond to proposed solutions to the Gamer’s Dilemma in novel ways and set out areas for future empirical work in this area.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-022-09655-w",
    doi = "10.1007/s10676-022-09655-w",
    openalex = "W4288096568",
    references = "doi101007s1050800893999, doi101007s1067600891684, doi101007s1067601092506, doi101007s1067601192808, doi101007s1067601293101, doi101007s106760159381x, doi101007s1067601894557, doi101007s1067601909518x, doi101007s10676019095221, doi101007s10676020095588, doi101007s1140602100455y, doi101023a1013802119431, doi101023a1021372601566, doi101037a0018251, doi101111jaac12634, doi1011770093854807311719, doi101353phl20050009, doi1054062152112359407, luck2013has"
}

Abstract The Gamer’s Dilemma refers to the philosophical challenge of justifying the intuitive difference people seem to see between the moral permissibility of enacting virtual murder and the moral impermissibility of enacting virtual child molestation in video games (Luck Ethics and Information Technology, 1:31, 2009). Recently, Luck in Philosophia, 50:1287–1308, 2022 has argued that the Gamer’s Dilemma is actually an instance of a more general “paradox”, which he calls the “paradox of treating wrongdoing lightly”, and he proposes a graveness resolution to this paradox. In response, we argue for four key claims. First, we accept Luck’s expansion of the Gamer’s Dilemma to be applicable to a wider set of media, but give a novel recasting of this in terms of the Paradox of Fictionally Going Too Far. Second, we develop a novel criticism of Luck in Philosophia, 50:1287–1308, 2022 graveness resolution to this broader paradox. Third, we argue that the Paradox of Fictionally Going Too Far helps to expose an implicit moralism in the Gamer’s Dilemma literature when compared to relevant nearby literatures about other forms of media. Fourth, we consider a range of non-moral, cultural and media conventions that plausibly help to dissolve the intuitive moral gap between non-sexual and sexual violence that is central to this paradox.

@article{doi101007s13347023006605,
    author = "Montefiore, Thomas and Formosa, Paul",
    title = "Crossing the Fictional Line: Moral Graveness, the Gamer’s Dilemma, and the Paradox of Fictionally Going Too Far",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Philosophy \& Technology",
    abstract = "Abstract The Gamer’s Dilemma refers to the philosophical challenge of justifying the intuitive difference people seem to see between the moral permissibility of enacting virtual murder and the moral impermissibility of enacting virtual child molestation in video games (Luck Ethics and Information Technology, 1:31, 2009). Recently, Luck in Philosophia, 50:1287–1308, 2022 has argued that the Gamer’s Dilemma is actually an instance of a more general “paradox”, which he calls the “paradox of treating wrongdoing lightly”, and he proposes a graveness resolution to this paradox. In response, we argue for four key claims. First, we accept Luck’s expansion of the Gamer’s Dilemma to be applicable to a wider set of media, but give a novel recasting of this in terms of the Paradox of Fictionally Going Too Far. Second, we develop a novel criticism of Luck in Philosophia, 50:1287–1308, 2022 graveness resolution to this broader paradox. Third, we argue that the Paradox of Fictionally Going Too Far helps to expose an implicit moralism in the Gamer’s Dilemma literature when compared to relevant nearby literatures about other forms of media. Fourth, we consider a range of non-moral, cultural and media conventions that plausibly help to dissolve the intuitive moral gap between non-sexual and sexual violence that is central to this paradox.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-023-00660-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s13347-023-00660-5",
    openalex = "W4386293648",
    references = "doi101007s1067601894557, doi101007s1067601909518x, doi101007s10676020095588, doi101007s1067602209655w, doi101007s108920053508y, doi101007s1140602100455y, doi10103700223514654613, doi101038nrn1651, doi101093aristoteliansupp49167, doi101162pres199211120, doi101371journalpone0000039, doi1023072087716, doi1023072220100, doi1023072678446, luck2013has, openalexw1511827303"
}

Keroplatidae is a family of Diptera that is poorly known and with scarce previous studies in Colombia, with only five species in four genera, and another five genera with non-identified species. This paper provides an extensive revision of the Keroplatidae from Colombia, with specimens collected along different altitudinal gradients, from Amazonian areas to Andean mountains. We found 17 genera, nine of these represent new records for Colombia (Cerotelion, Heteropterna, Placoceratias, Platyroptilon, Lapyruta, Micrapemon, Plautyra, Pyrtaula and Xenoplatyura). Additionally, the distribution in Colombia is extended for the genera Isoneuromyia, Keroplatus, Lyprauta, Macrocera, Neoceroplatus, Neoditomyia, Neoplatyura and Proceroplatus. For each genus we present a diagnosis, annotations of their biology based on literature and new field observations, and a distribution map.

@article{doi1015446caldasiav45n3104422,
    author = "Sauceda-V, Jefferson and Wolff, Marta and Henao-Sepúlveda, Carolina",
    title = "Generic diversity of the predaceous fungus gnats (Diptera: Keroplatidae) from Colombia",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Caldasia",
    abstract = "Keroplatidae is a family of Diptera that is poorly known and with scarce previous studies in Colombia, with only five species in four genera, and another five genera with non-identified species. This paper provides an extensive revision of the Keroplatidae from Colombia, with specimens collected along different altitudinal gradients, from Amazonian areas to Andean mountains. We found 17 genera, nine of these represent new records for Colombia (Cerotelion, Heteropterna, Placoceratias, Platyroptilon, Lapyruta, Micrapemon, Plautyra, Pyrtaula and Xenoplatyura). Additionally, the distribution in Colombia is extended for the genera Isoneuromyia, Keroplatus, Lyprauta, Macrocera, Neoceroplatus, Neoditomyia, Neoplatyura and Proceroplatus. For each genus we present a diagnosis, annotations of their biology based on literature and new field observations, and a distribution map.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15446/caldasia.v45n3.104422",
    doi = "10.15446/caldasia.v45n3.104422",
    openalex = "W4391761636",
    references = "doi101002bio955, doi101038s4159801947753w, doi101093botlinneanboz009, doi1016410006356820010510933teotwa20co2, doi103390insects11060348, doi103897zookeys92937666, doi105281zenodo10766929, doi105281zenodo16222250, jackson1974goldschmidts, openalexw2809667320, openalexw292402529"
}

Abstract Sciaroidea is a megadiverse clade within Diptera that exhibits diverse larval feeding modes. In this study, we explored the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of larval feeding modes within the superfamily using a fossil-calibrated time tree. We found that filtering out potentially fast-evolving sites altered the family-level tree topology, and that species within Sciaroidea incertae sedis might be crucial in determining the general tree topology. The most recent common ancestor of Sciaroidea was inferred to have originated in the Upper Triassic (~225 Ma). A major radiation of families occurred from the Uppermost Triassic to the Lowermost Jurassic (190–200 Ma). The ancestral larval feeding mode was inferred to be mycophagy. Most families retained this feature with only minor transitions occurring in some clades; however, Cecidomyiidae and Keroplatidae went through notable shifts in larval feeding mode. Cecidomyiidae underwent a transition from mycophagy to phytophagy in the Lower Cretaceous, in line with angiosperm radiation as suggested in previous studies. The larvae of stem Keroplatidae were inferred to be predators since the Jurassic. A transition back to mycophagy occurred within the subfamily Keroplatinae during the Paleogene to Uppermost Cretaceous, coinciding with the origin and radiation of species-rich mycophagous clades of other sciaroid families. Our study highlights the importance of taxon sampling and sequence filtering in phylogenetic analyses of Sciaroidea. We suggest, based on temporal patterns of lineage diversification, that the evolution of larval feeding modes within the group might be correlated with the diversification of mushroom-forming fungi and angiosperms.

@article{doi101093isdixae035,
    author = "Lim, Wang-Jin and Bang, Woo Jun and Baek, Min Jeong and Park, Sun‐Jae and Shin, Seunggwan",
    title = "Phylogeny and evolution of larval feeding mode in the megadiverse superfamily Sciaroidea (Diptera)",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Insect Systematics and Diversity",
    abstract = "Abstract Sciaroidea is a megadiverse clade within Diptera that exhibits diverse larval feeding modes. In this study, we explored the phylogenetic relationships and evolution of larval feeding modes within the superfamily using a fossil-calibrated time tree. We found that filtering out potentially fast-evolving sites altered the family-level tree topology, and that species within Sciaroidea incertae sedis might be crucial in determining the general tree topology. The most recent common ancestor of Sciaroidea was inferred to have originated in the Upper Triassic (\textasciitilde 225 Ma). A major radiation of families occurred from the Uppermost Triassic to the Lowermost Jurassic (190–200 Ma). The ancestral larval feeding mode was inferred to be mycophagy. Most families retained this feature with only minor transitions occurring in some clades; however, Cecidomyiidae and Keroplatidae went through notable shifts in larval feeding mode. Cecidomyiidae underwent a transition from mycophagy to phytophagy in the Lower Cretaceous, in line with angiosperm radiation as suggested in previous studies. The larvae of stem Keroplatidae were inferred to be predators since the Jurassic. A transition back to mycophagy occurred within the subfamily Keroplatinae during the Paleogene to Uppermost Cretaceous, coinciding with the origin and radiation of species-rich mycophagous clades of other sciaroid families. Our study highlights the importance of taxon sampling and sequence filtering in phylogenetic analyses of Sciaroidea. We suggest, based on temporal patterns of lineage diversification, that the evolution of larval feeding modes within the group might be correlated with the diversification of mushroom-forming fungi and angiosperms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixae035",
    doi = "10.1093/isd/ixae035",
    openalex = "W4404288406",
    references = "doi101093molbevmsaa015, doi101093molbevmst010, doi101093molbevmst024, doi101093molbevmsx281, doi101093nargkf436, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva026201, doi101093sysbiosyq010, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101371journalpcbi1006650, doi1023072408678, jackson1974goldschmidts"
}