Environmental science

@techreport{cowles1936a2,
    author = "Cowles, R. P. and Brambel, C. E",
    title = "A study of the environmental conditions in a bog pond with special reference to the diurnal vertical distribution of Gonyostomum semen",
    year = "1936",
    howpublished = "Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., v. 71, p. 286-298",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cowles, R. P., and Brambel, C. E., 1936, A study of the environmental conditions in a bog pond with special reference to the diurnal vertical distribution of Gonyostomum semen: Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., v. 71, p. 286-298.}"
}

@book{daubenmire1947plants4,
    author = "Daubenmire, R. F",
    title = "Plants and Environment",
    year = "1947",
    publisher = "New York, Wiley, 424 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Daubenmire, R. F., 1947, Plants and Environment: New York, Wiley, 424 p.}"
}

@misc{ehrilch1970population5,
    author = "Ehrilch, P. R. and Erhlich, A. H",
    title = "Population, resources, environment",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "issues in human ecology: San Francisco, Freeman, 383 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ehrilch, P. R., and Erhlich, A. H., 1970, Population, resources, environment: issues in human ecology: San Francisco, Freeman, 383 p.}"
}

@misc{campbell1972society1,
    author = "Campbell, R. R. and Wade, J. L",
    title = "Society and Environment",
    year = "1972",
    howpublished = "The Coming Collision: Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 375 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Campbell, R. R., and Wade, J. L., 1972, Society and Environment: The Coming Collision: Boston, Allyn and Bacon, 375 p.}"
}

@book{dasmann1972environmental3,
    author = "Dasmann, R. F",
    title = "Environmental Conservation [3rd ed.]",
    year = "1972",
    publisher = "New York, Wiley, 473 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dasmann, R. F., 1972, Environmental Conservation [3rd ed.]: New York, Wiley, 473 p.}"
}

@book{strahler1974introduction6,
    author = "Strahler, A. N. and Strahler, A. H",
    title = "Introduction to Environmental Science",
    year = "1974",
    publisher = "Santa Barbara, California; New York, Hamilton Publishing Company; John Wiley and Sons, 633 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Strahler, A. N., and Strahler, A. H., 1974, Introduction to Environmental Science: Santa Barbara, California; New York, Hamilton Publishing Company; John Wiley and Sons, 633 p.}"
}

The Environment as Hazard offers an understanding of how people around the world deal with dramatic fluctuations in the local natural systems of air, water, and terrain. Reviewing recent theoretical and methodological changes in the investigation of natural hazards, the authors describe how research findings are being incorporated into public policy, particularly research on slow cumulative events, technological hazards, the role played by social systems, and the relation of hazards theory to risk analysis. Through vivid examples from a broad sample of countries, this volume illuminates the range of experiences associated with natural hazards. The authors show how modes of coping change with levels of economic development by contrasting hazards in developing countries with those in high income countries - comparing the results of hurricanes in Bangladesh and the United States, and earthquakes in Nicaragua and California. In new introductory and concluding chapters that supplement the original text, the authors present new global data sets, as well as a trenchant discussion of implications of hazards research for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and for attempts by the world community to come to grips with the threats of climate change.

@book{openalexw2021585161,
    author = "Burton, Ian and Kates, Robert W. and White, Gilbert F.",
    title = "The environment as hazard",
    year = "1978",
    abstract = "The Environment as Hazard offers an understanding of how people around the world deal with dramatic fluctuations in the local natural systems of air, water, and terrain. Reviewing recent theoretical and methodological changes in the investigation of natural hazards, the authors describe how research findings are being incorporated into public policy, particularly research on slow cumulative events, technological hazards, the role played by social systems, and the relation of hazards theory to risk analysis. Through vivid examples from a broad sample of countries, this volume illuminates the range of experiences associated with natural hazards. The authors show how modes of coping change with levels of economic development by contrasting hazards in developing countries with those in high income countries - comparing the results of hurricanes in Bangladesh and the United States, and earthquakes in Nicaragua and California. In new introductory and concluding chapters that supplement the original text, the authors present new global data sets, as well as a trenchant discussion of implications of hazards research for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction and for attempts by the world community to come to grips with the threats of climate change.",
    openalex = "W2021585161"
}

@article{doi101093forestscience263435,
    author = "Holling, C. S.",
    title = "Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Forest Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/26.3.435",
    doi = "10.1093/forestscience/26.3.435",
    openalex = "W1530529744"
}

Increased demands for potable water, especially where supplies are drawn from lowland rivers has necessitated a greater degree of water re-use. As water undertakings have a duty to maintain the wholesome quality of potable water supplies, increasing concern is being expressed over the presence of organic micro-contaminants (contaminants found at microgram litre-1 concentrations). This study outlines some of the problems encountered in assessing the risk from pharmaceutical chemicals which might enter the water cycle from domestic and industrial sources. Analytical chemistry was of value for only a few of the 200 compounds studied. However, much useful information was derived from the human metabolic routes of the drugs and is collated in Appendix I. Biodegradation studies and other ecotoxicity/environmental toxicology data may be required to a greater extent in the future. Particular consideration is given to vulnerable sections of the population.

@article{doi101111j204271581985tb04922x,
    author = "Richardson, Mervyn and Bowron, Judith M",
    title = "The fate of pharmaceutical chemicals in the aquatic environment",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology",
    abstract = "Increased demands for potable water, especially where supplies are drawn from lowland rivers has necessitated a greater degree of water re-use. As water undertakings have a duty to maintain the wholesome quality of potable water supplies, increasing concern is being expressed over the presence of organic micro-contaminants (contaminants found at microgram litre-1 concentrations). This study outlines some of the problems encountered in assessing the risk from pharmaceutical chemicals which might enter the water cycle from domestic and industrial sources. Analytical chemistry was of value for only a few of the 200 compounds studied. However, much useful information was derived from the human metabolic routes of the drugs and is collated in Appendix I. Biodegradation studies and other ecotoxicity/environmental toxicology data may be required to a greater extent in the future. Particular consideration is given to vulnerable sections of the population.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb04922.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb04922.x",
    openalex = "W1975563828"
}

The scale of human activity in the biosphere has grown too large. The perspective is that change is needed in the approach to economic activity: correction and expansion a more empirical and historical attitude less pretense on being science and willingness to subordinate the market to purposes that it is not geared to determine. The economic proposal is concerned with the extent to which the economy supports healthy communities; it is related to the 19th-century Roman Catholic economic theory of Pesch. It is critical of contemporary economics and reflects the concerns of an economist and a theologian. The 4 parts to the books differentiate between the present state of economics as a deductive science and the consequences for the market measures of success homoeconomicus and the land in Part I and an alternative approach in Part II. The alternative is not to shape economics to science but to the realities of the world with the idea that better abstractions will evolve. Part III addresses policies in the US and their implications. Part IV pertains to the attainment of the objectives in an alternative economy. The vision is participatory and sustainable. The appendix provides an index of sustainable welfare between 1950-86 annually which includes net capital growth foreign versus domestic capital and environmental damage; there are 24 separate measures to show how to improve welfare. The caveats and limitations are also discussed. Also included for 1950-86 annually is an index of income inequality the value of services and highways public expenditures on health and education counted as personal consumption defensive private expenditures on health and education the cost of commuting the cost of urbanization the cost of air pollution the loss of agricultural land energy consumption as a measure of longterm environmental damage and net capital growth. The results show that the true health of the economy is discouraging. The generalized income measure/capita increased.84%/year between 1951-60 increased 2.01% between 1960-70 or.50% slower than the gross national product growth for the same period declined.14% between 1970-80 and declined 1.26% during the 1980s. This pattern is stable even with the exclusion of resource depletion and environmental damage.

@book{openalexw2027271929,
    author = "Daly, Herman E. and Cobb, John B.",
    title = "For The Common Good: Redirecting The Economy Towards Community, The Environment And A Sustainable Future",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    abstract = "The scale of human activity in the biosphere has grown too large. The perspective is that change is needed in the approach to economic activity: correction and expansion a more empirical and historical attitude less pretense on being science and willingness to subordinate the market to purposes that it is not geared to determine. The economic proposal is concerned with the extent to which the economy supports healthy communities; it is related to the 19th-century Roman Catholic economic theory of Pesch. It is critical of contemporary economics and reflects the concerns of an economist and a theologian. The 4 parts to the books differentiate between the present state of economics as a deductive science and the consequences for the market measures of success homoeconomicus and the land in Part I and an alternative approach in Part II. The alternative is not to shape economics to science but to the realities of the world with the idea that better abstractions will evolve. Part III addresses policies in the US and their implications. Part IV pertains to the attainment of the objectives in an alternative economy. The vision is participatory and sustainable. The appendix provides an index of sustainable welfare between 1950-86 annually which includes net capital growth foreign versus domestic capital and environmental damage; there are 24 separate measures to show how to improve welfare. The caveats and limitations are also discussed. Also included for 1950-86 annually is an index of income inequality the value of services and highways public expenditures on health and education counted as personal consumption defensive private expenditures on health and education the cost of commuting the cost of urbanization the cost of air pollution the loss of agricultural land energy consumption as a measure of longterm environmental damage and net capital growth. The results show that the true health of the economy is discouraging. The generalized income measure/capita increased.84\%/year between 1951-60 increased 2.01\% between 1960-70 or.50\% slower than the gross national product growth for the same period declined.14\% between 1970-80 and declined 1.26\% during the 1980s. This pattern is stable even with the exclusion of resource depletion and environmental damage.",
    openalex = "W2027271929"
}

@article{atkinson1991living,
    author = "Atkinson, K. and Miller, G. Tyler",
    title = "Living in the Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Science",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "The Journal of Animal Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/5437",
    doi = "10.2307/5437",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2614113824",
    pages = "1101",
    volume = "60"
}

Journal Article ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION Get access RILEY E. DUNLAP, RILEY E. DUNLAP professor of sociology and rural sociology at Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RIK SCARCE RIK SCARCE Ph.D. candidate in sociology at Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 55, Issue 4, WINTER 1991, Pages 651–672, https://doi.org/10.1086/269288 Published: 01 January 1991

@article{doi101086269288,
    author = "Dunlap, Riley E. and Scarce, Rik",
    title = "Poll Trends: Environmental Problems and Protection",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Public Opinion Quarterly",
    abstract = "Journal Article ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND PROTECTION Get access RILEY E. DUNLAP, RILEY E. DUNLAP professor of sociology and rural sociology at Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RIK SCARCE RIK SCARCE Ph.D. candidate in sociology at Washington State University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 55, Issue 4, WINTER 1991, Pages 651–672, https://doi.org/10.1086/269288 Published: 01 January 1991",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/269288",
    doi = "10.1086/269288",
    openalex = "W2258339997"
}

@article{doi1023075437,
    author = "Atkinson, K. and Miller, G. Tyler",
    title = "Living in the Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Science",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/5437",
    doi = "10.2307/5437",
    openalex = "W2614113824"
}

@book{openalexw2132662593,
    author = "Miller, G. Tyler",
    title = "Living in the Environment: An Introduction to Environmental Science",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2132662593",
    openalex = "W2132662593"
}

@article{doi101007bf02394672,
    author = "Slocombe, D. Scott",
    title = "Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Environmental Management",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02394672",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02394672",
    openalex = "W1972777578",
    references = "doi1010079781461262329, doi101007bf00400057, doi101093forestscience263435, doi101126science1643877262, doi101146annureves20110189001131, doi1023071930070, doi1023072531565, doi1041599780674028845, doi1041599780674028845locattmodelegacy, openalexw1707715928"
}

Concerned scientists recently signed a World Scientists Warning to Humanity that advocates policies necessary to change a collision course with the natural world that human activities are engendering. The document calls for an end to population growth and poverty and it predicts conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. A second environmental science is needed that focuses on human-environment interactions by analyzing: 1) forces behind those human activities that are major contributors to environmental degradation 2) how environmental degradation affects human well-being and 3) the most effective interventions for changing environmentally destructive activities. The US releases almost 30 times as much carbon dioxide per capita as India; 1 years natural population increase in the US (1.3 million) adds about twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as 1 years natural increase in India (18 million). Basic as well as applied research is proceeding on human-environment interaction with significant progress made in understanding how people perceive environmental risks; how we manage common-property resources such as fisheries grasslands and the atmosphere; what brought about anthropogenic environmental changes in the past; public concern about the environment; and the economic forces affecting natural resource availability. The scientific study of human-environmental interactions can advance human knowledge correct misconceptions and inform vital policy decisions. The National Research Councils recommendations for global change research are appropriate for other areas of human-environmental science. Such a program could attack the intertwined problems of training careers institution and community building and the development of a basic human-environmental science and could induce universities to become actively involved.

@article{doi101126science26051161897,
    author = "Stern, Paul C.",
    title = "A Second Environmental Science: Human-Environment Interactions",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Concerned scientists recently signed a World Scientists Warning to Humanity that advocates policies necessary to change a collision course with the natural world that human activities are engendering. The document calls for an end to population growth and poverty and it predicts conflicts over increasingly scarce resources. A second environmental science is needed that focuses on human-environment interactions by analyzing: 1) forces behind those human activities that are major contributors to environmental degradation 2) how environmental degradation affects human well-being and 3) the most effective interventions for changing environmentally destructive activities. The US releases almost 30 times as much carbon dioxide per capita as India; 1 years natural population increase in the US (1.3 million) adds about twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere as 1 years natural increase in India (18 million). Basic as well as applied research is proceeding on human-environment interaction with significant progress made in understanding how people perceive environmental risks; how we manage common-property resources such as fisheries grasslands and the atmosphere; what brought about anthropogenic environmental changes in the past; public concern about the environment; and the economic forces affecting natural resource availability. The scientific study of human-environmental interactions can advance human knowledge correct misconceptions and inform vital policy decisions. The National Research Councils recommendations for global change research are appropriate for other areas of human-environmental science. Such a program could attack the intertwined problems of training careers institution and community building and the development of a basic human-environmental science and could induce universities to become actively involved.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.260.5116.1897",
    doi = "10.1126/science.260.5116.1897",
    openalex = "W2071341586",
    references = "doi101017cbo9780511807763, doi1010370003066x47101224, doi101086269288, doi101111j00330124198800340x, doi101111j153969241986tb00954x, doi101126science17139771212, doi1023073146384, doi104337978178254251300034, openalexw1490356648, openalexw2021585161"
}

A 11 ecosystems and human 50- cieties depend on a healthy and productive natural environment that contains diverse plant and anima! species. The earth's biota is composed of an estimated 10 million species of plants, animals, and microhes (Pimm er a1. 1995). In the United Stares, thefe are an estimated 750,000 species, of which small organisms, such as arthropods and microbes, make up 95%.1 Although approximately 60% of the world's food supply comes frorn riee, wheat, and carn Some plants and animals provide humans wirh essential medicines and orher diverse, useful products. For instance, some plants and microbes help to degrade chemical pollutants and organic wastes and recycle nutrients through~ out the ecosystem.

@article{doi1023071313097,
    author = "Pimentel, David and Wilson, Christa and McCullum, Christine and Huang, Rachel and Dwen, Paulette and Flack, Jessica C. and Tran, Quynh K. and Saltman, Tamara and Cliff, Barbara",
    title = "Economic and Environmental Benefits of Biodiversity",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "A 11 ecosystems and human 50- cieties depend on a healthy and productive natural environment that contains diverse plant and anima! species. The earth's biota is composed of an estimated 10 million species of plants, animals, and microhes (Pimm er a1. 1995). In the United Stares, thefe are an estimated 750,000 species, of which small organisms, such as arthropods and microbes, make up 95\%.1 Although approximately 60\% of the world's food supply comes frorn riee, wheat, and carn Some plants and animals provide humans wirh essential medicines and orher diverse, useful products. For instance, some plants and microbes help to degrade chemical pollutants and organic wastes and recycle nutrients through\textasciitilde\ out the ecosystem.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1313097",
    doi = "10.2307/1313097",
    openalex = "W2088231978",
    references = "atkinson1991living, doi1023075437"
}

@article{doi101016s0048969798003374,
    author = "Hirsch, Roman and Ternes, Thomas A. and Haberer, Klaus and Kratz, Karl",
    title = "Occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "The Science of The Total Environment",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4",
    doi = "10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00337-4",
    openalex = "W2029593210"
}

This article addresses a paradox: on the one hand, environmental sociology, as currently developed, is closely associated with the thesis that the classical sociological tradition is devoid of systematic in-sights into environmental problems; on the other hand, evidence of crucial classical contributions in this area, particularly in Marx, but also in Weber, Durkheim, and others, is too abundant to be convinc-ingly denied. The nature of this paradox, its origins, and the means of transcending it are illustrated primarily through an analysis of Marx’s theory of metabolic rift, which, it is contended, offers impor-tant classical foundations for environmental sociology. CLASSICAL BARRIERS TO ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY In recent decades, we have witnessed a significant transformation in social thought as various disciplines have sought to incorporate ecological awareness into their core paradigms in response to the challenge raised by environmentalism and by what is now widely perceived as a global ecological crisis. This transformation has involved a twofold process of rejecting much of previous thought as ecologically unsound, together with an attempt to build on the past, where possible. This can be seen as oc-curring with unequal degrees of success in the various disciplines. Geogra-phy, with its long history of focusing on the development of the natural landscape and on biogeography (see Sauer 1963), was the social science that adapted most easily to growing environmental concerns. Anthropol-

@article{doi101086210315,
    author = "Foster, John Bellamy",
    title = "Marx's Theory of Metabolic Rift: Classical Foundations for Environmental Sociology",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "American Journal of Sociology",
    abstract = "This article addresses a paradox: on the one hand, environmental sociology, as currently developed, is closely associated with the thesis that the classical sociological tradition is devoid of systematic in-sights into environmental problems; on the other hand, evidence of crucial classical contributions in this area, particularly in Marx, but also in Weber, Durkheim, and others, is too abundant to be convinc-ingly denied. The nature of this paradox, its origins, and the means of transcending it are illustrated primarily through an analysis of Marx’s theory of metabolic rift, which, it is contended, offers impor-tant classical foundations for environmental sociology. CLASSICAL BARRIERS TO ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOLOGY In recent decades, we have witnessed a significant transformation in social thought as various disciplines have sought to incorporate ecological awareness into their core paradigms in response to the challenge raised by environmentalism and by what is now widely perceived as a global ecological crisis. This transformation has involved a twofold process of rejecting much of previous thought as ecologically unsound, together with an attempt to build on the past, where possible. This can be seen as oc-curring with unequal degrees of success in the various disciplines. Geogra-phy, with its long history of focusing on the development of the natural landscape and on biogeography (see Sauer 1963), was the social science that adapted most easily to growing environmental concerns. Anthropol-",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/210315",
    doi = "10.1086/210315",
    openalex = "W2006759735"
}

During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.

@article{doi101289ehp99107s6907,
    author = "Daughton, Christian G. and Ternes, Thomas A.",
    title = "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment: agents of subtle change?",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Environmental Health Perspectives",
    abstract = {During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.99107s6907",
    doi = "10.1289/ehp.99107s6907",
    openalex = "W2053322034",
    references = "doi101006taap19988544, doi101016s0043135498000992, doi101016s0045653597003548, doi101016s0048969798003362, doi101016s0048969798003374, doi101021es970796a, doi101021es9707973, doi10103828970, doi101111j204271581985tb04922x, doi101126science2795353996"
}

During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.

@article{doi1023073434573,
    author = "Daughton, Christian G. and Ternes, Thomas A.",
    title = "Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Agents of Subtle Change?",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Environmental Health Perspectives",
    abstract = {During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3434573",
    doi = "10.2307/3434573",
    openalex = "W4242186964"
}

@article{doi101023a1006651927333,
    author = "Ezeonu, Ifeanyi and Ezeonu, Francis C.",
    title = "The environment and global security",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "The Environmentalist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1006651927333",
    doi = "10.1023/a:1006651927333",
    openalex = "W22130835",
    references = "atkinson1991living, doi1023075437"
}

Psychology has an indispensable role in understanding environmental problems and finding solutions. To fill this role, psychologists must work within an interdisciplinary effort to build a scientific understanding of human-environment interactions. This article enumerates 8 widely held beliefs about these interactions and assesses the strengths and limitations of each belief. It suggests that psychology can contribute more strongly by counteracting disciplinary biases, focusing research where a behavioral analysis identifies major opportunities, making appropriately modest claims, collaborating with other disciplines, and building on psychology's relative strengths among the human sciences.

@article{doi1010370003066x555523,
    author = "Stern, Paul C.",
    title = "Psychology and the science of human-environment interactions.",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "American Psychologist",
    abstract = "Psychology has an indispensable role in understanding environmental problems and finding solutions. To fill this role, psychologists must work within an interdisciplinary effort to build a scientific understanding of human-environment interactions. This article enumerates 8 widely held beliefs about these interactions and assesses the strengths and limitations of each belief. It suggests that psychology can contribute more strongly by counteracting disciplinary biases, focusing research where a behavioral analysis identifies major opportunities, making appropriately modest claims, collaborating with other disciplines, and building on psychology's relative strengths among the human sciences.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.523",
    doi = "10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.523",
    openalex = "W2025232444",
    references = "doi101126science26051161897"
}

BACKGROUND: The contribution of hereditary factors to the causation of sporadic cancer is unclear. Studies of twins make it possible to estimate the overall contribution of inherited genes to the development of malignant diseases. METHODS: We combined data on 44,788 pairs of twins listed in the Swedish, Danish, and Finnish twin registries in order to assess the risks of cancer at 28 anatomical sites for the twins of persons with cancer. Statistical modeling was used to estimate the relative importance of heritable and environmental factors in causing cancer at 11 of those sites. RESULTS: At least one cancer occurred in 10,803 persons among 9512 pairs of twins. An increased risk was found among the twins of affected persons for stomach, colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. Statistically significant effects of heritable factors were observed for prostate cancer (42 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 29 to 50 percent), colorectal cancer (35 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 10 to 48 percent), and breast cancer (27 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 4 to 41 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms. This finding indicates that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer. The relatively large effect of heritability in cancer at a few sites suggests major gaps in our knowledge of the genetics of cancer.

@article{doi101056nejm200007133430201,
    author = "Lichtenstein, Paul and Holm, Niels V. and Verkasalo, Pia K. and Iliadou, Anastasia and Kaprio, Jaakko and Koskenvuo, Markku and Pukkala, ­Eero and Skytthe, Axel and Hemminki, Kari",
    title = "Environmental and Heritable Factors in the Causation of Cancer — Analyses of Cohorts of Twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "New England Journal of Medicine",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The contribution of hereditary factors to the causation of sporadic cancer is unclear. Studies of twins make it possible to estimate the overall contribution of inherited genes to the development of malignant diseases. METHODS: We combined data on 44,788 pairs of twins listed in the Swedish, Danish, and Finnish twin registries in order to assess the risks of cancer at 28 anatomical sites for the twins of persons with cancer. Statistical modeling was used to estimate the relative importance of heritable and environmental factors in causing cancer at 11 of those sites. RESULTS: At least one cancer occurred in 10,803 persons among 9512 pairs of twins. An increased risk was found among the twins of affected persons for stomach, colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. Statistically significant effects of heritable factors were observed for prostate cancer (42 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 29 to 50 percent), colorectal cancer (35 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 10 to 48 percent), and breast cancer (27 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 4 to 41 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms. This finding indicates that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer. The relatively large effect of heritability in cancer at a few sites suggests major gaps in our knowledge of the genetics of cancer.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm200007133430201",
    doi = "10.1056/nejm200007133430201",
    openalex = "W2089415609"
}

While this paper is to a large degree targeted for those not familiar with mass spectrometry, [for an overview of mass spectrometry, a number of excellent websites are available, including http://base-peak.wiley.com/links/Resources/Educational_Resources], the primary focus is on the importance of mass spectrometry in ultimately protecting public health and minimizing risks of chemical exposure. Its other audience is those who practice in this specialized field. Should this subject not interest you, by reading this article you can discover among other things, why elevator rides can be important for your career and for your discipline. Why acetaminophen is used for brown tree snakes, or lipid-lowering drugs for pigeons.

@article{doi101016s1044030501002872,
    author = "Daughton, Christian G.",
    title = "Emerging pollutants, and communicating the science of environmental chemistry and mass spectrometry: Pharmaceuticals in the environment",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry",
    abstract = "While this paper is to a large degree targeted for those not familiar with mass spectrometry, [for an overview of mass spectrometry, a number of excellent websites are available, including http://base-peak.wiley.com/links/Resources/Educational\_Resources], the primary focus is on the importance of mass spectrometry in ultimately protecting public health and minimizing risks of chemical exposure. Its other audience is those who practice in this specialized field. Should this subject not interest you, by reading this article you can discover among other things, why elevator rides can be important for your career and for your discipline. Why acetaminophen is used for brown tree snakes, or lipid-lowering drugs for pigeons.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00287-2",
    doi = "10.1016/s1044-0305(01)00287-2",
    openalex = "W1992311419",
    references = "doi101002sici15206688199823174734aidpam1030co2g, doi101016s0021967301005295, doi101016s0045653597003548, doi101016s0045653599004385, doi101021bk20010791, doi101021bk20010791ch001, doi101056nejm200007133430201, doi101289ehp99107s6907, doi1023073434573, doi10230740253438"
}

Summary: While the point-source emissions of pollutants from manufacturing waste streams have long been monitored and subject to controls, the environmental impact of the public's (i.e., the individual's) activities regarding the use of chemicals is more difficult to assess. Of particular question is the widespread release to sewage and surface/ground waters of pharmaceuticals and personal care products after their ingestion, external application, or disposal. Certain pharmaceutically active compounds (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and aspirin) have been known for over 20 years to enter the environment, especially in populated geographic locales, by a variety of routes—primarily via treated and untreated sewage effluent. A larger picture, however, has emerged only more recently, where it is evident that numerous personal care products (such as fragrances and sunscreens) and drugs from a wide spectrum of therapeutic classes can occur in the environment and drinking water (albeit at very low concentrations), especially in natural waters receiving sewage. As of 1999, nearly all ecological monitoring studies for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (informally referred to as "PPCPs" [1]) had been performed in Europe.

@book{doi101021bk20010791,
    title = "Pharmaceuticals and Care Products in the Environment",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "ACS symposium series",
    abstract = {Summary: While the point-source emissions of pollutants from manufacturing waste streams have long been monitored and subject to controls, the environmental impact of the public's (i.e., the individual's) activities regarding the use of chemicals is more difficult to assess. Of particular question is the widespread release to sewage and surface/ground waters of pharmaceuticals and personal care products after their ingestion, external application, or disposal. Certain pharmaceutically active compounds (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and aspirin) have been known for over 20 years to enter the environment, especially in populated geographic locales, by a variety of routes—primarily via treated and untreated sewage effluent. A larger picture, however, has emerged only more recently, where it is evident that numerous personal care products (such as fragrances and sunscreens) and drugs from a wide spectrum of therapeutic classes can occur in the environment and drinking water (albeit at very low concentrations), especially in natural waters receiving sewage. As of 1999, nearly all ecological monitoring studies for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (informally referred to as "PPCPs" [1]) had been performed in Europe.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0791",
    doi = "10.1021/bk-2001-0791",
    openalex = "W657800531"
}

Summary: While the point-source emissions of pollutants from manufacturing waste streams have long been monitored and subject to controls, the environmental impact of the public's (i.e., the individual's) activities regarding the use of chemicals is more difficult to assess. Of particular question is the widespread release to sewage and surface/ground waters of pharmaceuticals and personal care products after their ingestion, external application, or disposal. Certain pharmaceutically active compounds (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and aspirin) have been known for over 20 years to enter the environment, especially in populated geographic locales, by a variety of routes—primarily via treated and untreated sewage effluent. A larger picture, however, has emerged only more recently, where it is evident that numerous personal care products (such as fragrances and sunscreens) and drugs from a wide spectrum of therapeutic classes can occur in the environment and drinking water (albeit at very low concentrations), especially in natural waters receiving sewage. As of 1999, nearly all ecological monitoring studies for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (informally referred to as "PPCPs" [1]) had been performed in Europe. The full extent, magnitude, and ramifications of their presence in the aquatic environment are largely unknown. Whether PPCPs in the environment pose a risk to humans or wildlife is not known. Aquatic exposures are noteworthy in that they can be continuous and can result solely from the external presence of a stressor. A major issue yet to be addressed by ecotoxicological science is the impact on aquatic biota of stressors eliciting effects sufficiently subtle as to go unnoticed in real time-but whose cumulative impacts eventually yield recognizable outcomes but having no obvious cause. How might the cumulative impacts of unrecognizable subtle effects compare with the overt, acute impacts of known toxicants? Another important issue is the potential impact of inhibitors/inducers of multi-drug transport (efflux) systems (as well as the better-known cytochrome P450 monooxygenase isoforms) in aquatic biota.

@incollection{doi101021bk20010791ch001,
    author = "Daughton, Christian G.",
    title = "Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment: Overarching Issues and Overview",
    year = "2001",
    booktitle = "ACS symposium series",
    abstract = {Summary: While the point-source emissions of pollutants from manufacturing waste streams have long been monitored and subject to controls, the environmental impact of the public's (i.e., the individual's) activities regarding the use of chemicals is more difficult to assess. Of particular question is the widespread release to sewage and surface/ground waters of pharmaceuticals and personal care products after their ingestion, external application, or disposal. Certain pharmaceutically active compounds (e.g., caffeine, nicotine, and aspirin) have been known for over 20 years to enter the environment, especially in populated geographic locales, by a variety of routes—primarily via treated and untreated sewage effluent. A larger picture, however, has emerged only more recently, where it is evident that numerous personal care products (such as fragrances and sunscreens) and drugs from a wide spectrum of therapeutic classes can occur in the environment and drinking water (albeit at very low concentrations), especially in natural waters receiving sewage. As of 1999, nearly all ecological monitoring studies for pharmaceuticals and personal care products (informally referred to as "PPCPs" [1]) had been performed in Europe. The full extent, magnitude, and ramifications of their presence in the aquatic environment are largely unknown. Whether PPCPs in the environment pose a risk to humans or wildlife is not known. Aquatic exposures are noteworthy in that they can be continuous and can result solely from the external presence of a stressor. A major issue yet to be addressed by ecotoxicological science is the impact on aquatic biota of stressors eliciting effects sufficiently subtle as to go unnoticed in real time-but whose cumulative impacts eventually yield recognizable outcomes but having no obvious cause. How might the cumulative impacts of unrecognizable subtle effects compare with the overt, acute impacts of known toxicants? Another important issue is the potential impact of inhibitors/inducers of multi-drug transport (efflux) systems (as well as the better-known cytochrome P450 monooxygenase isoforms) in aquatic biota.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0791.ch001",
    doi = "10.1021/bk-2001-0791.ch001",
    openalex = "W2477099344"
}

Researchers studying the role institutions play in causing and confronting environmental change use a variety of concepts and methods that make it difficult to compare their findings. Seeking to remedy this problem, Oran Young takes the analytic themes identified in the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) Science Plan as cutting-edge research concerns and develops them into a common structure for conducting research. He illustrates his arguments with examples of environmental change ranging in scale from the depletion of local fish stocks to the disruption of Earth's climate system.Young not only explores theoretical concerns such as the relative merits of collective-action and social-practice models of institutions but also addresses the IDGEC-identified problems of institutional fit, interplay, and scale. He shows how institutions interact both with one another and with the biophysical environment and assesses the extent to which we can apply lessons drawn from the study of local institutions to the study of global institutions and vice versa. He examines how research on institutions can help us to solve global problems of environmental governance. Substantive topics discussed include the institutional dimensions of carbon management, the performance of exclusive economic zones, and the political economy of boreal and tropical forests.

@book{doi107551mitpress38070010001,
    author = "Young, Oran R.",
    title = "The Institutional Dimensions of Environmental Change",
    year = "2002",
    booktitle = "The MIT Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Researchers studying the role institutions play in causing and confronting environmental change use a variety of concepts and methods that make it difficult to compare their findings. Seeking to remedy this problem, Oran Young takes the analytic themes identified in the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) Science Plan as cutting-edge research concerns and develops them into a common structure for conducting research. He illustrates his arguments with examples of environmental change ranging in scale from the depletion of local fish stocks to the disruption of Earth's climate system.Young not only explores theoretical concerns such as the relative merits of collective-action and social-practice models of institutions but also addresses the IDGEC-identified problems of institutional fit, interplay, and scale. He shows how institutions interact both with one another and with the biophysical environment and assesses the extent to which we can apply lessons drawn from the study of local institutions to the study of global institutions and vice versa. He examines how research on institutions can help us to solve global problems of environmental governance. Substantive topics discussed include the institutional dimensions of carbon management, the performance of exclusive economic zones, and the political economy of boreal and tropical forests.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3807.001.0001",
    doi = "10.7551/mitpress/3807.001.0001",
    openalex = "W4249109619"
}

Researchers studying the role institutions play in causing and confronting environmental change use a variety of concepts and methods that make it difficult to compare their findings. Seeking to remedy this problem, Oran Young takes the analytic themes identified in the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) Science Plan as cutting-edge research concerns and develops them into a common structure for conducting research. He illustrates his arguments with examples of environmental change ranging in scale from the depletion of local fish stocks to the disruption of Earth's climate system.Young not only explores theoretical concerns such as the relative merits of collective-action and social-practice models of institutions but also addresses the IDGEC-identified problems of institutional fit, interplay, and scale. He shows how institutions interact both with one another and with the biophysical environment and assesses the extent to which we can apply lessons drawn from the study of local institutions to the study of global institutions and vice versa. He examines how research on institutions can help us to solve global problems of environmental governance. Substantive topics discussed include the institutional dimensions of carbon management, the performance of exclusive economic zones, and the political economy of boreal and tropical forests.

@book{openalexw1560871399,
    author = "Young, Oran R.",
    title = "The institutional dimensions of environmental change fit, interplay, and scale",
    year = "2002",
    abstract = "Researchers studying the role institutions play in causing and confronting environmental change use a variety of concepts and methods that make it difficult to compare their findings. Seeking to remedy this problem, Oran Young takes the analytic themes identified in the Institutional Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC) Science Plan as cutting-edge research concerns and develops them into a common structure for conducting research. He illustrates his arguments with examples of environmental change ranging in scale from the depletion of local fish stocks to the disruption of Earth's climate system.Young not only explores theoretical concerns such as the relative merits of collective-action and social-practice models of institutions but also addresses the IDGEC-identified problems of institutional fit, interplay, and scale. He shows how institutions interact both with one another and with the biophysical environment and assesses the extent to which we can apply lessons drawn from the study of local institutions to the study of global institutions and vice versa. He examines how research on institutions can help us to solve global problems of environmental governance. Substantive topics discussed include the institutional dimensions of carbon management, the performance of exclusive economic zones, and the political economy of boreal and tropical forests.",
    openalex = "W1560871399"
}

Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined associations between physical environment variables and individuals' walking and cycling for transport. Constructs, methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical activity and health researchers to improve understanding of environmental influences on physical activity. In this review, neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population density, connectivity, and land use mix. Neighborhood comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting that residents from communities with higher density, greater connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density, poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. Environmental variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport. Implications of the transportation literature for physical activity and related research are outlined. Future research directions are detailed for physical activity research to further examine the impact of neighborhood and other physical environment factors on physical activity and the potential interactive effects of psychosocial and environmental variables. The transportation, urban design, and planning literatures provide a valuable starting point for multidisciplinary research on environmental contributions to physical activity levels in the population.

@article{doi101207s15324796abm250203,
    author = "Saelens, Brian E. and Sallis, James F. and Frank, Lawrence D.",
    title = "Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Annals of Behavioral Medicine",
    abstract = "Research in transportation, urban design, and planning has examined associations between physical environment variables and individuals' walking and cycling for transport. Constructs, methods, and findings from these fields can be applied by physical activity and health researchers to improve understanding of environmental influences on physical activity. In this review, neighborhood environment characteristics proposed to be relevant to walking/cycling for transport are defined, including population density, connectivity, and land use mix. Neighborhood comparison and correlational studies with nonmotorized transport outcomes are considered, with evidence suggesting that residents from communities with higher density, greater connectivity, and more land use mix report higher rates of walking/cycling for utilitarian purposes than low-density, poorly connected, and single land use neighborhoods. Environmental variables appear to add to variance accounted for beyond sociodemographic predictors of walking/cycling for transport. Implications of the transportation literature for physical activity and related research are outlined. Future research directions are detailed for physical activity research to further examine the impact of neighborhood and other physical environment factors on physical activity and the potential interactive effects of psychosocial and environmental variables. The transportation, urban design, and planning literatures provide a valuable starting point for multidisciplinary research on environmental contributions to physical activity levels in the population.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324796abm2502\_03",
    doi = "10.1207/s15324796abm2502\_03",
    openalex = "W2029777978",
    references = "openalexw1707715928"
}

Many tout the benefits of collaborative environmental management as an alternative to centralized planning and command and control regulation, but the excitement over collaborative processes has not been matched by evidence that these processes actually improve the environment. The most crucial question in collaborative environmental management remains unanswered and often unasked: To what extent does collaboration lead to improved environmental outcomes? We know much about why collaboration is occurring and how collaborative processes and outputs vary. The primary goal of future research on collaborative environmental management should be to demonstrate whether collaboration improves environmental conditions more than traditional processes and newer market‐based processes. Collaboration is not a panacea; it is a choice that policy makers and public managers should make based on evidence about expected outcomes.

@article{doi101111j15406210200600671x,
    author = "Koontz, Tomas M. and Thomas, Craig W.",
    title = "What Do We Know and Need to Know about the Environmental Outcomes of Collaborative Management?",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Public Administration Review",
    abstract = "Many tout the benefits of collaborative environmental management as an alternative to centralized planning and command and control regulation, but the excitement over collaborative processes has not been matched by evidence that these processes actually improve the environment. The most crucial question in collaborative environmental management remains unanswered and often unasked: To what extent does collaboration lead to improved environmental outcomes? We know much about why collaboration is occurring and how collaborative processes and outputs vary. The primary goal of future research on collaborative environmental management should be to demonstrate whether collaboration improves environmental conditions more than traditional processes and newer market‐based processes. Collaboration is not a panacea; it is a choice that policy makers and public managers should make based on evidence about expected outcomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00671.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1540-6210.2006.00671.x",
    openalex = "W2035807135",
    references = "doi101007s002679900246"
}

Environmental management is a wide, expanding, and rapidly evolving field, affecting everyone from individual citizens to businesses; governments to international agencies. Indisputably, it plays a crucial role in the quest for sustainable development. This comprehensively updated second edition explores the nature and role of environmental management, covering key principles, practices, tools, strategies and policies, offers a thorough yet understandable introduction, and points to further in-depth coverage. Among the key themes covered are: sustainable development proactive approaches the precautionary principle the ‘polluter pays’ principle the need for humans to be less vulnerable and more adaptable. Reflecting the expansion and evolution of the field, this revised edition focuses strongly on sustainable development. There has been extensive restructuring to ensure the book is accessible to those unfamiliar with environmental management and it now includes greater coverage of topics including key resources under stress, environmental management tools, climate change and urban environmental management. With rapid expansion and development of the subject it is easy for those embarking on a course of study to become disorientated, but with its well-structured coverage, effective illustrations, and foundation for further, more-focused interest, this book is easily accessible to all.

@book{doi1043249780203016671,
    author = "Barrow, Chris",
    title = "Environmental Management for Sustainable Development",
    year = "2006",
    abstract = "Environmental management is a wide, expanding, and rapidly evolving field, affecting everyone from individual citizens to businesses; governments to international agencies. Indisputably, it plays a crucial role in the quest for sustainable development. This comprehensively updated second edition explores the nature and role of environmental management, covering key principles, practices, tools, strategies and policies, offers a thorough yet understandable introduction, and points to further in-depth coverage. Among the key themes covered are: sustainable development proactive approaches the precautionary principle the ‘polluter pays’ principle the need for humans to be less vulnerable and more adaptable. Reflecting the expansion and evolution of the field, this revised edition focuses strongly on sustainable development. There has been extensive restructuring to ensure the book is accessible to those unfamiliar with environmental management and it now includes greater coverage of topics including key resources under stress, environmental management tools, climate change and urban environmental management. With rapid expansion and development of the subject it is easy for those embarking on a course of study to become disorientated, but with its well-structured coverage, effective illustrations, and foundation for further, more-focused interest, this book is easily accessible to all.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203016671",
    doi = "10.4324/9780203016671",
    openalex = "W1597814180",
    references = "atkinson1991living, doi1023075437"
}

@article{doi101016jenvpol201008009,
    author = "Murray, Kyle E. and Thomas, S. M. and Bodour, Adria A.",
    title = "Prioritizing research for trace pollutants and emerging contaminants in the freshwater environment",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Environmental Pollution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.envpol.2010.08.009",
    openalex = "W2072373431",
    references = "doi101016s1044030501002872"
}

Contemporary urbanization differs from historical patterns of urban growth in terms of scale, rate, location, form, and function. This review discusses the characteristics of contemporary urbanization and the roles of urban planning, governance, agglomeration, and globalization forces in driving and shaping the relationship between urbanization and the environment. We highlight recent research on urbanization and global change in the context of sustainability as well as opportunities for bundling urban development efforts, climate mitigation, and adaptation strategies to create synergies to transition to sustainability. We conclude with an analysis of global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios of future urbanization growth and discuss their implications.

@article{doi101146annurevenviron100809125336,
    author = "Seto, Karen C. and Sánchez-Rodríguez, Roberto and Fragkias, Michail",
    title = "The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Annual Review of Environment and Resources",
    abstract = "Contemporary urbanization differs from historical patterns of urban growth in terms of scale, rate, location, form, and function. This review discusses the characteristics of contemporary urbanization and the roles of urban planning, governance, agglomeration, and globalization forces in driving and shaping the relationship between urbanization and the environment. We highlight recent research on urbanization and global change in the context of sustainability as well as opportunities for bundling urban development efforts, climate mitigation, and adaptation strategies to create synergies to transition to sustainability. We conclude with an analysis of global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios of future urbanization growth and discuss their implications.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125336",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-environ-100809-125336",
    openalex = "W2140823859",
    references = "doi101007bf02394672, doi101016jworlddev200403004, doi101016s0921800999001123, doi101126science1150195, doi1016410006356820020520883ubac20co2, doi1018356b9e995feen, doi104159harvard9780674730854, doi105860choice382454, openalexw2151271755, openalexw3165064679"
}

Preface. 1. The Challenge of Human-Environment Interactions Research. The Evolution of Social Ecological Systems. Characterization of Contemporary Global Environmental Changes. History of the Development of the Human Dimensions Agenda. Characteristics of the Research on the Human Dimensions. The Way Forward: Integrative Science. 2. Theories and Concepts from the Social Sciences. Population, Technology and Central Place Theories. Population and Environment Theories. Agency and History. Decision-theoretic Approaches. Political Economy and Political Ecology. Cultural Ecology. 3. Theories and Concepts from the Biological Sciences. Evolution by Natural Selection. Species respond individualistically, not as communities, to environmental change. Interactions with other species help determine if a particular species will persist in a particular place (Niche and Neutral Theories). Top-down vs. bottom-up control in ecosystems. Succession. Island Biogeography. Equilibrium/non-equilibrium theories of competition, coexistence, community composition Biodiversity and ecosystem processes/services. The Ecosystem Concept in Biology and the Social Sciences. 4. Spatially-Explicit Approaches. Remote Sensing and GIS. A Case Study using GIS/ Remote Sensing to study Amazonian Deforestation. Urban-rural spatial dynamics. Modeling and GIS. 5. Multi-Scale and Multi-temporal Analysis. An approach to multi-disciplinary, multi-scale research. Scale. Local level of analysis. Regional Level of Analysis. Global Level of Analysis. Future Directions. 6. Bio-complexity in Ecological Systems. Spatially-explicit Processes in Ecological and Social Systems. Agent-Based Modeling of Complex Systems. Hierarchical Modeling. Conclusions. 7. Environmental Decision-Making. Institutional Analysis. Individual Behavior and Environmental Decisions. Decisions and Social Context. Conclusions. 8. Towards Sustainability Science. Sustainability Science Research Priorities. Scales of Sustainability. Cities and Sustainability Science. Climate Change and Sustainability. Conclusions. Bibliography.

@article{doi105860choice484553,
    title = "Environmental social science: human-environment interactions and sustainability",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Preface. 1. The Challenge of Human-Environment Interactions Research. The Evolution of Social Ecological Systems. Characterization of Contemporary Global Environmental Changes. History of the Development of the Human Dimensions Agenda. Characteristics of the Research on the Human Dimensions. The Way Forward: Integrative Science. 2. Theories and Concepts from the Social Sciences. Population, Technology and Central Place Theories. Population and Environment Theories. Agency and History. Decision-theoretic Approaches. Political Economy and Political Ecology. Cultural Ecology. 3. Theories and Concepts from the Biological Sciences. Evolution by Natural Selection. Species respond individualistically, not as communities, to environmental change. Interactions with other species help determine if a particular species will persist in a particular place (Niche and Neutral Theories). Top-down vs. bottom-up control in ecosystems. Succession. Island Biogeography. Equilibrium/non-equilibrium theories of competition, coexistence, community composition Biodiversity and ecosystem processes/services. The Ecosystem Concept in Biology and the Social Sciences. 4. Spatially-Explicit Approaches. Remote Sensing and GIS. A Case Study using GIS/ Remote Sensing to study Amazonian Deforestation. Urban-rural spatial dynamics. Modeling and GIS. 5. Multi-Scale and Multi-temporal Analysis. An approach to multi-disciplinary, multi-scale research. Scale. Local level of analysis. Regional Level of Analysis. Global Level of Analysis. Future Directions. 6. Bio-complexity in Ecological Systems. Spatially-explicit Processes in Ecological and Social Systems. Agent-Based Modeling of Complex Systems. Hierarchical Modeling. Conclusions. 7. Environmental Decision-Making. Institutional Analysis. Individual Behavior and Environmental Decisions. Decisions and Social Context. Conclusions. 8. Towards Sustainability Science. Sustainability Science Research Priorities. Scales of Sustainability. Cities and Sustainability Science. Climate Change and Sustainability. Conclusions. Bibliography.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.48-4553",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.48-4553",
    openalex = "W589235134"
}

Among species recovery tools available, re-introduction of animals to the wild is one of the more complex. Since the mid-1990s two successful great ape re-introductions have taken place in the Republic of Congo, leading some conservationists to revisit re-introduction as a strategy. This research explored the role of conservation education and environmental communication in the projects, including activities undertaken, stakeholder perceptions of success and impacts on project outcomes. The research found that education and communication activities, while varied and broad, were managed in an ad hoc, intuitive manner, lacking priority, expertise, and funding leading to recommendations for future reintroduction projects.

@article{doi101080009589642011652694,
    author = "Cartwright, Barbara J. and Wall, John E. and Kaya, J. A. Placide",
    title = "Conservation Education and Environmental Communication in Great Ape Re-Introduction Projects: Two Cases From the Republic of Congo",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "The Journal of Environmental Education",
    abstract = "Among species recovery tools available, re-introduction of animals to the wild is one of the more complex. Since the mid-1990s two successful great ape re-introductions have taken place in the Republic of Congo, leading some conservationists to revisit re-introduction as a strategy. This research explored the role of conservation education and environmental communication in the projects, including activities undertaken, stakeholder perceptions of success and impacts on project outcomes. The research found that education and communication activities, while varied and broad, were managed in an ad hoc, intuitive manner, lacking priority, expertise, and funding leading to recommendations for future reintroduction projects.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00958964.2011.652694",
    doi = "10.1080/00958964.2011.652694",
    openalex = "W2044328347",
    references = "openalexw2132662593"
}

@article{doi101016jscitotenv201312065,
    author = "Luo, Yunlong and Guo, Wenshan and Ngo, Huu Hao and Nghiem, Long D. and Hai, Faisal I. and Zhang, Jian and Liang, Shuang and Wang, Xiaochang C.",
    title = "A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "The Science of The Total Environment",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065",
    doi = "10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065",
    openalex = "W2076288335",
    references = "doi101021es060413l, doi101289ehp99107s6907"
}

In this paper, I address a gap in the literature on environmental social science by providing a basic rubric for the conduct of empirical research in this interdisciplinary field. Current literature displays a healthy diversity of methods and techniques, but this has also been accompanied by a lack of consistency in the way in which research in this area is done. In part this can be seen as resulting from a lack in supporting texts that would provide a basis for this consistency. Although relevant methods texts do exist, these are not written with this type of research explicitly in mind, and so translating them to this field can be awkward. This paper is designed to fill this gap and enable more consistency in the conduct of empirical environmental social science. Basic types of research designs and methods are covered, as are criteria for evaluating these methods.

@article{doi105751es07400200163,
    author = "Cox, Michael",
    title = "A basic guide for empirical environmental social science",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Ecology and Society",
    abstract = "In this paper, I address a gap in the literature on environmental social science by providing a basic rubric for the conduct of empirical research in this interdisciplinary field. Current literature displays a healthy diversity of methods and techniques, but this has also been accompanied by a lack of consistency in the way in which research in this area is done. In part this can be seen as resulting from a lack in supporting texts that would provide a basis for this consistency. Although relevant methods texts do exist, these are not written with this type of research explicitly in mind, and so translating them to this field can be awkward. This paper is designed to fill this gap and enable more consistency in the conduct of empirical environmental social science. Basic types of research designs and methods are covered, as are criteria for evaluating these methods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5751/es-07400-200163",
    doi = "10.5751/es-07400-200163",
    openalex = "W2323566600",
    references = "doi105860choice484553"
}

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants, due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses. An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments, which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife. Therefore, this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment. The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria. Available literature on the sources, transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated, followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment (water, sediment and biota) of the five continents. Finally, future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.

@article{doi101016jemcon201612004,
    author = "Ebele, Anekwe Jennifer and Abdallah, Mohamed Abou‐Elwafa and Harrad, Stuart",
    title = "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the freshwater aquatic environment",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Emerging contaminants",
    abstract = "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are a unique group of emerging environmental contaminants, due to their inherent ability to induce physiological effects in human at low doses. An increasing number of studies has confirmed the presence of various PPCPs in different environmental compartments, which raises concerns about the potential adverse effects to humans and wildlife. Therefore, this article reviews the current state-of-knowledge on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment. The environmental risk posed by these contaminants is evaluated in light of the persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity criteria. Available literature on the sources, transport and degradation of PPCPs in the aquatic environment are evaluated, followed by a comprehensive review of the reported concentrations of different PPCP groups in the freshwater aquatic environment (water, sediment and biota) of the five continents. Finally, future perspectives for research on PPCPs in the freshwater aquatic environment are discussed in light of the identified research gaps in current knowledge.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.emcon.2016.12.004",
    openalex = "W2570907753",
    references = "doi101289ehp99107s6907"
}

Abstract Indonesia is a country that has cultural diversity and Adat law, one of which is the culture of the Baduy tribe. However, social and economic changes that impact the environment led researchers to identify how the Baduy tribe maintains an environment based on cultural and adat laws. This paper used observation and interview methods to identify the environmental preservation that the Baduy tribe has been doing. Baduy Luar has used modern goods, but Baduy Dalam still does not use it. Both do not cut down trees in protected forest areas and still rely on the river to meet their daily water needs, from farming, drinking, or only bathing and cleaning the furniture. They believe and trust “ancestral rules”. That beliefs make them trust to Pu’un as someone with authority, which always preserves that ancestral rules. Pu’un can decide on preserved their ancestral rule. These are fundamental aspects as the laws here represent how the culture tries to reserve the environment. That is much needed as the laws will not do it anymore to prevent environmental damage by society. However, this paper results can be used to build the culture and law for preserved the environment in national society with further study.

@article{doi101088175513157161012049,
    author = "Asteria, Donna and Brotosusilo, Agus and Soedrajad, M R and Nugraha, F N",
    title = "Adat law and culture: The local authority elements of Baduy tribe on environment preservation",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science",
    abstract = "Abstract Indonesia is a country that has cultural diversity and Adat law, one of which is the culture of the Baduy tribe. However, social and economic changes that impact the environment led researchers to identify how the Baduy tribe maintains an environment based on cultural and adat laws. This paper used observation and interview methods to identify the environmental preservation that the Baduy tribe has been doing. Baduy Luar has used modern goods, but Baduy Dalam still does not use it. Both do not cut down trees in protected forest areas and still rely on the river to meet their daily water needs, from farming, drinking, or only bathing and cleaning the furniture. They believe and trust “ancestral rules”. That beliefs make them trust to Pu’un as someone with authority, which always preserves that ancestral rules. Pu’un can decide on preserved their ancestral rule. These are fundamental aspects as the laws here represent how the culture tries to reserve the environment. That is much needed as the laws will not do it anymore to prevent environmental damage by society. However, this paper results can be used to build the culture and law for preserved the environment in national society with further study.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012049",
    doi = "10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012049",
    openalex = "W3144296875",
    references = "openalexw2132662593"
}

Pesticide residues are the traces of pesticide compounds that remain on or in the crop, water, soil and air after the application. Pesticide residues get into the environment as a result of application or by accident and can be found in the air, water and soil. Pesticide residues, if present in air, soil and water can pose a serious threat to biological diversity and human health. After depositing in the environment, the pesticides start to break down and forms metabolites that are more or less toxic. Pesticide residues decline as the pesticide breaks down over time, therefore the levels of residues are highest immediately after the application and diminish as the crops continue to grow. When exposed to sunlight or microorganisms in the soil, most pesticides degrade easily however, the utmost number of pesticides after application scatter into non-target areas or leach into groundwater or move in surface runoff by misuse and misapplication while handling or spraying. The impact of widespread usage of chemical pesticides has made an uncountable number of effects on human health, environment and other life forms and has turned into a serious issue across the globe. The present study aims to present an introduction to the environmental pesticide residues and various aspects highlighting their impact on nature and biodiversity.

@incollection{doi105772intechopen98379,
    author = "Riyaz, Muzafar and Shah, Rauf Ahmad and Kuppusamy, Sivasankaran",
    title = "Pesticide Residues: Impacts on Fauna and the Environment",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "IntechOpen eBooks",
    abstract = "Pesticide residues are the traces of pesticide compounds that remain on or in the crop, water, soil and air after the application. Pesticide residues get into the environment as a result of application or by accident and can be found in the air, water and soil. Pesticide residues, if present in air, soil and water can pose a serious threat to biological diversity and human health. After depositing in the environment, the pesticides start to break down and forms metabolites that are more or less toxic. Pesticide residues decline as the pesticide breaks down over time, therefore the levels of residues are highest immediately after the application and diminish as the crops continue to grow. When exposed to sunlight or microorganisms in the soil, most pesticides degrade easily however, the utmost number of pesticides after application scatter into non-target areas or leach into groundwater or move in surface runoff by misuse and misapplication while handling or spraying. The impact of widespread usage of chemical pesticides has made an uncountable number of effects on human health, environment and other life forms and has turned into a serious issue across the globe. The present study aims to present an introduction to the environmental pesticide residues and various aspects highlighting their impact on nature and biodiversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98379",
    doi = "10.5772/intechopen.98379",
    openalex = "W3176418831",
    references = "openalexw2132662593"
}