Evangelism

I AM preparing to publish a supplementary series of Charles Darwin's letters. My projected volume will include a full selection from those letters of a purely scientific interest which I was unable to print in the “Life and Letters,” as well as from any fresh material that may now be entrusted to me.

@book{openalexw2163836228,
    author = "Darwin, Francis",
    title = "More Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "1903",
    abstract = "I AM preparing to publish a supplementary series of Charles Darwin's letters. My projected volume will include a full selection from those letters of a purely scientific interest which I was unable to print in the “Life and Letters,” as well as from any fresh material that may now be entrusted to me.",
    openalex = "W2163836228"
}

@article{alexander1949evangelism,
    author = "Alexander, James N.",
    title = "Evangelism",
    year = "1949",
    journal = "The Expository Times",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/001452464906001006",
    doi = "10.1177/001452464906001006",
    number = "10",
    openalex = "W2331665838",
    pages = "286-289",
    volume = "60"
}

William Lonsdale's associations with Sedgwick, Murchison. and Darwin are noted and his inference that the “transition series” was Devonian age, derived in 1837 from a study of fossil corals, is interpreted as an unique contribution to the belief that “species undergo modification”. As the first applied evolutionist, it is argued that he belongs on the list of important early contributors to the theory of evolution.

@article{tasch1950darwin,
    author = "Tasch, Paul",
    title = "Darwin and the forgotten Mr. Lonsdale",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "William Lonsdale's associations with Sedgwick, Murchison. and Darwin are noted and his inference that the “transition series” was Devonian age, derived in 1837 from a study of fossil corals, is interpreted as an unique contribution to the belief that “species undergo modification”. As the first applied evolutionist, it is argued that he belongs on the list of important early contributors to the theory of evolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s001675680007713x",
    doi = "10.1017/s001675680007713x",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2006729188",
    pages = "292-296",
    volume = "87",
    references = "darwin2009the, doi105962bhltitle167384, openalexw2163836228, openalexw591186088, oppermann1947charles"
}

A careful reading of the letters Charles Darwin wrote to his family during his five years on the H.M.S. Beagle present a picture of his approach to the nature and problems off fieldwork in natural history-geology, botany, and biology. In this essay, the question is posed of the relevance of his work for those doing field work in education and social science. A dozen issues, ranging from his initial motivation to make the voyage to the development of his professional identity, were raised. They clustered into three groupings-those involving personal characteristics, those reflecting facilitating conditions such as mentoring and resources, and those involving the process of field work such as the open-ended quality of his agenda, the when and how of literature review, and the relation of description to theorizing. Several broader interpretations are raised regarding the degree to which social science concepts and generalizations are time-free and context-free and the relationships among field research methods and biological and historical research methods useful to the student of educational administration.

@article{doi1011770013161x87023003002,
    author = "Smith, Louis M.",
    title = "The Voyage of the Beagle: Field Work Lessons from Charles Darwin",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Educational Administration Quarterly",
    abstract = "A careful reading of the letters Charles Darwin wrote to his family during his five years on the H.M.S. Beagle present a picture of his approach to the nature and problems off fieldwork in natural history-geology, botany, and biology. In this essay, the question is posed of the relevance of his work for those doing field work in education and social science. A dozen issues, ranging from his initial motivation to make the voyage to the development of his professional identity, were raised. They clustered into three groupings-those involving personal characteristics, those reflecting facilitating conditions such as mentoring and resources, and those involving the process of field work such as the open-ended quality of his agenda, the when and how of literature review, and the relation of description to theorizing. Several broader interpretations are raised regarding the degree to which social science concepts and generalizations are time-free and context-free and the relationships among field research methods and biological and historical research methods useful to the student of educational administration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0013161x87023003002",
    doi = "10.1177/0013161x87023003002",
    openalex = "W2111128751",
    references = "doi101037h0034436, doi101037h0046016, doi101037h0076829, doi1023072065439, doi1023072222904, doi1043249780203793206, openalexw1600912621, openalexw2116343313, openalexw612243507, oppermann1947charles"
}

@book{livingstone1987darwins1,
    author = "Livingstone, D. N",
    title = "Darwin's Forgotten Defenders",
    year = "1987",
    publisher = "The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought: Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, W.B. Erdmans: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 210 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Livingstone, D. N., 1987, Darwin's Forgotten Defenders: The Encounter Between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought: Scottish Academic Press: Edinburgh, Scotland, W.B. Erdmans: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 210 p.}"
}

@article{doi101126science24048551049,
    author = "Moore, J R",
    title = "Darwin's Forgotten Defenders. The Encounter between Evangelical Theology and Evolutionary Thought. David N. Livingstone. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, MI, and Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1987. xii, 210 pp., illus. Paper, $10.95.",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Science (New York, N.Y.)",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17731718/",
    doi = "10.1126/science.240.4855.1049",
    openalex = "W2168711856",
    pmid = "17731718"
}

This book, the first of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.

@misc{darwin2009the,
    author = "Darwin, Charles",
    title = "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin",
    year = "2009",
    abstract = "This book, the first of three-volumes detailing the life of Charles Darwin, published five years after his death, was edited by his son Francis, who was his father's collaborator in experiments in botany and who after his death took on the responsibility of overseeing the publication of his remaining manuscript works and letters. In the preface to the first volume, Francis Darwin explains his editorial principles: 'In choosing letters for publication I have been largely guided by the wish to illustrate my father's personal character. But his life was so essentially one of work, that a history of the man could not be written without following closely the career of the author.' Among the family history, anecdotes and reminiscences of scientific colleagues is a short autobiographical essay which Charles Darwin wrote for his children and grandchildren, rather than for publication. This account of Darwin the man has never been bettered.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511702884",
    openalex = "W2159440094"
}

Scientists in Hong Kong are celebrating a partial victory in what is likely to be an ongoing war against proponents of teaching creationism and intelligent design in secondary schools.

@article{stone2009hong,
    author = "Stone, Richard",
    title = "Hong Kong's Darwin Defenders Declare Victory in Teaching Fracas",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Scientists in Hong Kong are celebrating a partial victory in what is likely to be an ongoing war against proponents of teaching creationism and intelligent design in secondary schools.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.326\_510b",
    doi = "10.1126/science.326\_510b",
    number = "5952",
    openalex = "W2107471413",
    pages = "510-511",
    volume = "326"
}

Friedrich Nietzsche's complex connection to Charles Darwin has been much explored, and both scholarly and popular opinions have tended to assume a convergence in their thinking. In this study, Dirk Johnson challenges that assumption and takes seriously Nietzsche's own explicitly stated 'anti-Darwinism'. He argues for the importance of Darwin for the development of Nietzsche's philosophy, but he places emphasis on the antagonistic character of their relationship and suggests that Nietzsche's mature critique against Darwin represents the key to understanding his broader (anti-)Darwinian position. He also offers an original reinterpretation of the Genealogy of Morals, a text long considered sympathetic to Darwinian naturalism, but which he argues should be taken as Nietzsche's most sophisticated critique of both Darwin and his followers. His book will appeal to all who are interested in the philosophy of Nietzsche and its cultural context.

@book{doi101017cbo9780511762215,
    author = "Johnson, Dirk R.",
    title = "Nietzsche's Anti-Darwinism",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Friedrich Nietzsche's complex connection to Charles Darwin has been much explored, and both scholarly and popular opinions have tended to assume a convergence in their thinking. In this study, Dirk Johnson challenges that assumption and takes seriously Nietzsche's own explicitly stated 'anti-Darwinism'. He argues for the importance of Darwin for the development of Nietzsche's philosophy, but he places emphasis on the antagonistic character of their relationship and suggests that Nietzsche's mature critique against Darwin represents the key to understanding his broader (anti-)Darwinian position. He also offers an original reinterpretation of the Genealogy of Morals, a text long considered sympathetic to Darwinian naturalism, but which he argues should be taken as Nietzsche's most sophisticated critique of both Darwin and his followers. His book will appeal to all who are interested in the philosophy of Nietzsche and its cultural context.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511762215",
    doi = "10.1017/cbo9780511762215",
    openalex = "W1504885575",
    references = "doi101007bf00125744, doi101007bf00351923, doi101017cbo9780511755101, doi101017s0007087400026005, doi101086201464, doi101111j146801491984tb01919x, doi101177007327538402200401, doi101537ase188722495, doi1023071432560, doi1023072026591, doi1023072092889, doi102307jctvjsf71g, doi107208chicago97802261495160010001, openalexw1508522130, openalexw1515814298"
}

@misc{vizzini2010mccarthys,
    author = "Vizzini, Bryan E.",
    title = "McCarthy’s Forgotten Defenders: Political and Social Conservatism in 1950s Pop Culture",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "Cold War and McCarthy Era",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9798400627965.ch-003",
    doi = "10.5040/9798400627965.ch-003",
    openalex = "W4389589003",
    pages = "33-48"
}

Introductory Remarks Evangelism is the queen of all C hristian ministries. It is the highest calling of the C hristian community because the community itself is borne of evangelism and exists to evangelise. “It is the raison d'être of the Church,” according to this paper (¶ 35). As such, this statement is intended to be a call to action, a prophetic voice to remind the church and the entire global C hristian community of the duty and joy of telling “the story of Jesus” (¶ 67). Evangelism “is intrinsic to the life of the disciple” (ibid). The paper is not intended to be “just” a theological paper: if you, the reader, accept it only as such, it has failed in its purpose – yet if you are inspired to greater evangelistic effort, then this statement has succeeded. Behind this work lies a process of theological reflection and personal fellowship. As with so many aspects of the C hristian life, the process is as important as the final product. In this instance I had the privilege of facilitating a diverse E vangelism working group (a sub‐group of CWME), and a microcosm of the global C hristian community. The reality of how such a mixed group functioned was a delight to observe: even when there were difficult issues to address or profound theological disagreements between members, the group found positive ways to surmount such obstacles. I was impressed at the sensitivity that was at times displayed even in the midst of hard critical debate about a presentation. Participants developed deep mutual respect despite – and sometimes because of – the differences in theological tradition, educational attainment, ethnicity, gender, status, geographical location and experience. I am deeply grateful and wish to thank all those involved for a splendid ecumenical experience: thank you! The resulting paper does have weaknesses. It is simply not possible to address all aspects of a theology of evangelism within the constraints with which the group had to work. There is, for example, no clear definition of “the gospel,” which some missiologists may struggle with. On the other hand, there are significant strengths. The scriptures, for example, are accepted as authoritative and handled with respect. The pitfalls of “proof texting” or weak application are avoided and at the same time there are some imaginative uses made of biblical narratives. “The church” is likewise treated with respect. The limited ecclesiology with which the paper engages holds both affirmation and challenge: “God's presence is promised and granted in the midst of the believing, worshipping, celebrating and caring congregation. There is no other hermeneutic of the gospel” (¶ 10, quoting Newbigin) – this quote raises the question where is God if a local congregation is none of these things? Can such a collection of people truly be part of “the church” without God's active presence? To quote, “we also note with grief that churches have often been silent when they should have been boldly proclaiming, apathetic when they should have been hard at work or prayerless when they should have been earnestly seeking divine life‐bringing intervention in the lives of women and men” (¶ 11). Since the beginning of the church, conversion to C hristianity has always been a controversial issue. In its 2000‐year history, too often have violence or inducements been used to “secure” conversions. Usually when such anti‐ C hristian methodology has been employed there has been a close relationship between the ecclesiastical authorities of the time and the politics of empire and “expansionism.” Today's world is complex and multi‐faceted. There are many competing claims for what is right and true. Within this context one of the most important debates for the church continues to be that of conversion. “ E vangelism: W itnessing to O ur H ope in C hrist” is a modest contribution to this discussion. The central sections offer an ethical framework in which the methodologies used in evangelism can be considered, leading to an appraisal of the characteristics of authentic evangelism (¶ 40 – 53). There is an extensive quote from the document, “ C hristian W itness in a M ultireligious W orld: R ecommendations for C onduct.” The reasons for such a long quote are significant in themselves – (i) “ R ecommendations” is not yet another dull ecumenical text that people either leave on the shelf to gather the dust of the ages or remain blessedly ignorant of but a significant document in its own right, for it is the first document published jointly by the W orld C ouncil of C hurches, the V atican and the W orld E vangelical A lliance, making it an historic text; (ii) “ R ecommendations” addresses the contentious issue of conversion, thus, it is a missiological text; (iii) it addresses the global multi‐religious context in which we all find ourselves, making it an inter‐religious text; and (iv) it is an ecumenical text, developed over five years of hard work between the three communities. It is therefore entirely appropriate to quote from it at length and in context, drawing on the collective wisdom and cross‐cultural experience of its authors. This text also explores the twelve P rinciples “ C hristians are called to adhere to … as they seek to fulfil C hrist's commission in an appropriate manner” (¶ 40, quoting C hristian W itness). This is followed by a description of ten methodologies used by churches, acknowledging “that no one method can be sufficient when practiced in isolation” (¶ 42). The list is illustrative not exhaustive, but it is sufficiently broad, thus showing that everything that C hristians and the church engage in should be and can be evangelistic. Ethical frameworks and methodological considerations aside, of fundamental importance are the characteristics of authentic evangelism. The final two paragraphs (¶ 52, 53) lead to a discussion on the importance of unity in evangelism. This introduces a simple spectrum that ranges from a disreputable “competitiveness” between churches and other C hristian organizations, moving through “co‐operation” to “collaboration” and ultimately “community.” ‘This spectrum suggests a pathway towards being able to give to our communities a credible C hristian witness that invites people to engage their own personal and corporate stories with the story of Jesus (¶ 64). Each step taken along this spectrum involves greater depth in relationship: stronger mutual accountability, improved communication, deeper trust, richer laughter. Eventually each small incremental step builds churches living in community, which in turn reflects the teachings of C hrist about ‘the kingdom of God’ into which we are called (¶ 65). “All those who are followers of J esus share in this call to love each other, to become peace‐makers, to accept and seek unity, to proclaim J esus as L ord: that is, to engage in the ministry of evangelism, shining like stars in the darkness and brokenness of the world” (¶ 69). What of the missiological significance of the paper? It can only be measured in the fruit it produces: more evangelism and better evangelism for the glory of God and the growth of the reign of God as people align their own personal stories with the story that “God was in C hrist reconciling the world to H imself” (2 C or 5:19, NASB). J ohn BAXTER ‐ BROWN

@article{crossref2012evangelism,
    title = "Evangelism",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "International Review of Mission",
    abstract = "Introductory Remarks Evangelism is the queen of all C hristian ministries. It is the highest calling of the C hristian community because the community itself is borne of evangelism and exists to evangelise. “It is the raison d'être of the Church,” according to this paper (¶ 35). As such, this statement is intended to be a call to action, a prophetic voice to remind the church and the entire global C hristian community of the duty and joy of telling “the story of Jesus” (¶ 67). Evangelism “is intrinsic to the life of the disciple” (ibid). The paper is not intended to be “just” a theological paper: if you, the reader, accept it only as such, it has failed in its purpose – yet if you are inspired to greater evangelistic effort, then this statement has succeeded. Behind this work lies a process of theological reflection and personal fellowship. As with so many aspects of the C hristian life, the process is as important as the final product. In this instance I had the privilege of facilitating a diverse E vangelism working group (a sub‐group of CWME), and a microcosm of the global C hristian community. The reality of how such a mixed group functioned was a delight to observe: even when there were difficult issues to address or profound theological disagreements between members, the group found positive ways to surmount such obstacles. I was impressed at the sensitivity that was at times displayed even in the midst of hard critical debate about a presentation. Participants developed deep mutual respect despite – and sometimes because of – the differences in theological tradition, educational attainment, ethnicity, gender, status, geographical location and experience. I am deeply grateful and wish to thank all those involved for a splendid ecumenical experience: thank you! The resulting paper does have weaknesses. It is simply not possible to address all aspects of a theology of evangelism within the constraints with which the group had to work. There is, for example, no clear definition of “the gospel,” which some missiologists may struggle with. On the other hand, there are significant strengths. The scriptures, for example, are accepted as authoritative and handled with respect. The pitfalls of “proof texting” or weak application are avoided and at the same time there are some imaginative uses made of biblical narratives. “The church” is likewise treated with respect. The limited ecclesiology with which the paper engages holds both affirmation and challenge: “God's presence is promised and granted in the midst of the believing, worshipping, celebrating and caring congregation. There is no other hermeneutic of the gospel” (¶ 10, quoting Newbigin) – this quote raises the question where is God if a local congregation is none of these things? Can such a collection of people truly be part of “the church” without God's active presence? To quote, “we also note with grief that churches have often been silent when they should have been boldly proclaiming, apathetic when they should have been hard at work or prayerless when they should have been earnestly seeking divine life‐bringing intervention in the lives of women and men” (¶ 11). Since the beginning of the church, conversion to C hristianity has always been a controversial issue. In its 2000‐year history, too often have violence or inducements been used to “secure” conversions. Usually when such anti‐ C hristian methodology has been employed there has been a close relationship between the ecclesiastical authorities of the time and the politics of empire and “expansionism.” Today's world is complex and multi‐faceted. There are many competing claims for what is right and true. Within this context one of the most important debates for the church continues to be that of conversion. “ E vangelism: W itnessing to O ur H ope in C hrist” is a modest contribution to this discussion. The central sections offer an ethical framework in which the methodologies used in evangelism can be considered, leading to an appraisal of the characteristics of authentic evangelism (¶ 40 – 53). There is an extensive quote from the document, “ C hristian W itness in a M ultireligious W orld: R ecommendations for C onduct.” The reasons for such a long quote are significant in themselves – (i) “ R ecommendations” is not yet another dull ecumenical text that people either leave on the shelf to gather the dust of the ages or remain blessedly ignorant of but a significant document in its own right, for it is the first document published jointly by the W orld C ouncil of C hurches, the V atican and the W orld E vangelical A lliance, making it an historic text; (ii) “ R ecommendations” addresses the contentious issue of conversion, thus, it is a missiological text; (iii) it addresses the global multi‐religious context in which we all find ourselves, making it an inter‐religious text; and (iv) it is an ecumenical text, developed over five years of hard work between the three communities. It is therefore entirely appropriate to quote from it at length and in context, drawing on the collective wisdom and cross‐cultural experience of its authors. This text also explores the twelve P rinciples “ C hristians are called to adhere to … as they seek to fulfil C hrist's commission in an appropriate manner” (¶ 40, quoting C hristian W itness). This is followed by a description of ten methodologies used by churches, acknowledging “that no one method can be sufficient when practiced in isolation” (¶ 42). The list is illustrative not exhaustive, but it is sufficiently broad, thus showing that everything that C hristians and the church engage in should be and can be evangelistic. Ethical frameworks and methodological considerations aside, of fundamental importance are the characteristics of authentic evangelism. The final two paragraphs (¶ 52, 53) lead to a discussion on the importance of unity in evangelism. This introduces a simple spectrum that ranges from a disreputable “competitiveness” between churches and other C hristian organizations, moving through “co‐operation” to “collaboration” and ultimately “community.” ‘This spectrum suggests a pathway towards being able to give to our communities a credible C hristian witness that invites people to engage their own personal and corporate stories with the story of Jesus (¶ 64). Each step taken along this spectrum involves greater depth in relationship: stronger mutual accountability, improved communication, deeper trust, richer laughter. Eventually each small incremental step builds churches living in community, which in turn reflects the teachings of C hrist about ‘the kingdom of God’ into which we are called (¶ 65). “All those who are followers of J esus share in this call to love each other, to become peace‐makers, to accept and seek unity, to proclaim J esus as L ord: that is, to engage in the ministry of evangelism, shining like stars in the darkness and brokenness of the world” (¶ 69). What of the missiological significance of the paper? It can only be measured in the fruit it produces: more evangelism and better evangelism for the glory of God and the growth of the reign of God as people align their own personal stories with the story that “God was in C hrist reconciling the world to H imself” (2 C or 5:19, NASB). J ohn BAXTER ‐ BROWN",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.2012.00089.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1758-6631.2012.00089.x",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4255518081",
    pages = "79-104",
    volume = "101",
    references = "doi101111j175866312000tb00178x, openalexw2799184171, openalexw382831359, openalexw622439265"
}

@article{hoptak2013the,
    author = "HOPTAK, JOHN DAVID",
    title = "The Union's Forgotten First Defenders",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Pennsylvania Legacies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5215/pennlega.13.1-2.0004",
    doi = "10.5215/pennlega.13.1-2.0004",
    number = "1-2",
    openalex = "W2223169056",
    pages = "4",
    volume = "13"
}

The articulation of the theology and the practice of evangelism in the Orthodox Church has only recently begun to be explored in a formal manner. This paper explores the approach to evangelism in the Orthodox Church based on historical models and current practices in North America. It redevelops words and concepts which are contextually unique to the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). The approach to evangelism in the Orthodox Church takes on different methods and goals and develops a new understanding of evangelism according to the concept of koinonia (communion). This dissertation validates the proposed theology and practice of evangelism through a case study of three varied parishes of the Orthodox Church in America involving interviews, questionnaires, and observations. The title of koinonic evangelism points to the Orthodox understanding of a communal and community life that is instrumental in effective evangelism on a parish level. It redefines evangelism according to certain principles unique to the theology of the Orthodox Church. It reveals that evangelism may involve individual actions but must be a communal activity in order to be effective. The dissertation concludes with outlining specific principles of koinonic evangelism which can be applied in a parish setting.

@phdthesis{openalexw2581238126,
    author = "Tosi, Eric George",
    title = "Koinonic Evangelism: A Case Study of the Theology and Practice of Evangelism as Practiced in Three Parishes of the Orthodox Church in America",
    year = "2015",
    booktitle = "TSpace (University of Toronto)",
    abstract = "The articulation of the theology and the practice of evangelism in the Orthodox Church has only recently begun to be explored in a formal manner. This paper explores the approach to evangelism in the Orthodox Church based on historical models and current practices in North America. It redevelops words and concepts which are contextually unique to the Orthodox Church in America (OCA). The approach to evangelism in the Orthodox Church takes on different methods and goals and develops a new understanding of evangelism according to the concept of koinonia (communion). This dissertation validates the proposed theology and practice of evangelism through a case study of three varied parishes of the Orthodox Church in America involving interviews, questionnaires, and observations. The title of koinonic evangelism points to the Orthodox understanding of a communal and community life that is instrumental in effective evangelism on a parish level. It redefines evangelism according to certain principles unique to the theology of the Orthodox Church. It reveals that evangelism may involve individual actions but must be a communal activity in order to be effective. The dissertation concludes with outlining specific principles of koinonic evangelism which can be applied in a parish setting.",
    openalex = "W2581238126",
    references = "doi101111j175866312000tb00178x"
}

@misc{crossref2017evangelism,
    title = "Evangelism",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881827670-248",
    doi = "10.5040/9798881827670-248",
    openalex = "W4413661281",
    pages = "167-168"
}