Faunal assemblages

@misc{wagner1861neue4,
    author = "Wagner, A",
    title = "Neue beitrage zur kenntnis der urweltlichen fauna des lithographischen Schiefers; V Compsognathus longipes",
    year = "1861",
    howpublished = "Wagn. Abh. bayer Akad. Wiss., v. 9, p. 30-38",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wagner, A., 1861, Neue beitrage zur kenntnis der urweltlichen fauna des lithographischen Schiefers; V Compsognathus longipes: Wagn. Abh. bayer Akad. Wiss., v. 9, p. 30-38.}"
}

The Gosau formation, nearly corresponding in age to the Upper Greensand of this country, is represented at Neue Welt, near Wiener Noustadt, by freshwater deposits full of such freshwater shells as Melania and Unio, and land-plants such as Banksia and Pecopteris. The formation and its fauna have been described by Profs. Suess, Zittel, and many others; but, although the late Dr. Stoliczka detected a tooth imbedded in the coal of the formation, no important knowledge was obtained of the vertebrate fauna of the Gosau beds until Prof. Suess was so fortunate as to obtain the assistance of Bergverwalter Pawlowitsch in conducting excavations. These were carried on with admirable skill; timber drift-ways were driven into the rocks, with the result that they penetrated into a perfect cemetery of the remains of Cretaceous reptiles. The remarkable collection thus obtained was intrusted for description to Dr. Emanuel Bünzel, whose memoir upon it was published in 1871 in the ‘Transactions of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institution.’ Subsequently more specimens were discovered; and in Easter 1879 my honoured friend, Prof. Suess, invited me to visit Vienna to examine these specimens, with the object of making them available for the advancement of knowledge by publication. With the assistance of the Royal Society I gladly undertook this work, and spent a month in Vienna studying the thousands of fragments which had been obtained. The great, mass of these, mere comminuted bones, proved of but little value; or, rather, the time that I could give to their study enabled

@article{doi101144gsljgs1881037010449,
    author = "Seeley, H. G.",
    title = "The Reptile Fauna of the Gosau Formation preserved in the Geological Museum of the University of Vienna",
    year = "1881",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "The Gosau formation, nearly corresponding in age to the Upper Greensand of this country, is represented at Neue Welt, near Wiener Noustadt, by freshwater deposits full of such freshwater shells as Melania and Unio, and land-plants such as Banksia and Pecopteris. The formation and its fauna have been described by Profs. Suess, Zittel, and many others; but, although the late Dr. Stoliczka detected a tooth imbedded in the coal of the formation, no important knowledge was obtained of the vertebrate fauna of the Gosau beds until Prof. Suess was so fortunate as to obtain the assistance of Bergverwalter Pawlowitsch in conducting excavations. These were carried on with admirable skill; timber drift-ways were driven into the rocks, with the result that they penetrated into a perfect cemetery of the remains of Cretaceous reptiles. The remarkable collection thus obtained was intrusted for description to Dr. Emanuel Bünzel, whose memoir upon it was published in 1871 in the ‘Transactions of the Imperial-Royal Geological Institution.’ Subsequently more specimens were discovered; and in Easter 1879 my honoured friend, Prof. Suess, invited me to visit Vienna to examine these specimens, with the object of making them available for the advancement of knowledge by publication. With the assistance of the Royal Society I gladly undertook this work, and spent a month in Vienna studying the thousands of fragments which had been obtained. The great, mass of these, mere comminuted bones, proved of but little value; or, rather, the time that I could give to their study enabled",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1881.037.01-04.49",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1881.037.01-04.49",
    openalex = "W2057707555"
}

@techreport{gilmore1933on1,
    author = "Gilmore, C. W",
    title = "On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation",
    year = "1933",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 67, p. 23-78",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gilmore, C. W., 1933, On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 67, p. 23-78.}"
}

The unarmored, hadrosaurian dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous of North America constitute an interesting group about which much has been written and many species described. A review of this literature showed many different angles of approach, and it was in part to reconcile these various descriptions and reduce them to certain comparable common factors that this monographic study was undertaken. Aside from the mere compilation of the literature of these dinosaurs, redescriptions were prepared, nearly always in the presence of the original types and such other associated material as had come to light since the species was named.

@incollection{doi101130spe40p1,
    author = "Lull, R. S. and Wright, Nelda E.",
    title = "Hadrosaurian Dinosaurs of North America",
    year = "1942",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Special Papers",
    abstract = "The unarmored, hadrosaurian dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous of North America constitute an interesting group about which much has been written and many species described. A review of this literature showed many different angles of approach, and it was in part to reconcile these various descriptions and reduce them to certain comparable common factors that this monographic study was undertaken. Aside from the mere compilation of the literature of these dinosaurs, redescriptions were prepared, nearly always in the presence of the original types and such other associated material as had come to light since the species was named.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/spe40-p1",
    doi = "10.1130/spe40-p1",
    openalex = "W1879508526"
}

The age composition of some turtle populations shows that some reptile species consist of very few juveniles and many adults which mature early, live to great age, and have a long reproductive life. Large dinosaurs probably had such a population structure. Infant mortality in such a population would be very high.

@article{openalexw2760569303,
    author = "Richmond, Neil D.",
    title = "Perhaps juvenile dinosaurs were always scarce",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The age composition of some turtle populations shows that some reptile species consist of very few juveniles and many adults which mature early, live to great age, and have a long reproductive life. Large dinosaurs probably had such a population structure. Infant mortality in such a population would be very high.",
    openalex = "W2760569303"
}

@article{rozhdestvensky1974a3,
    author = "Rozhdestvensky, A. K",
    title = "A history of the dinosaur fauna from Asia and other continents and some problems of Paleogeography",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 1, p. 107-131; In Russian",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Rozhdestvensky, A. K., 1974, A history of the dinosaur fauna from Asia and other continents and some problems of Paleogeography: Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition Transactions, v. 1, p. 107-131; In Russian.}"
}

The conductance of water vapor and respiratory gases by diffusion through the eggshells of Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs has been estimated from measurements of shell and pore geometry in fossil specimens. When compared to recent reptile and bird eggs for which nest environments are known, the highly porous eggshells of three dinosaur species indicate that the dinosaur nests were high in humidity and probably low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. Such conditions most likely occurred underground or within an incubation mound. By isolating the eggs from the atmosphere, however, some large sauropods may have been forced to limit their clutch size to numbers small enough to prevent depletion of oxygen and elevation of carbon dioxide to intolerable levels in the nest. Fossil evidence supports this and suggests that one sauropod actually divided her large eggs into several clutches. Each small clutch probably had a metabolic rate similar to those of clutches produced by recent reptiles and mound nesting birds.

@article{doi101017s0094837300006242,
    author = "Seymour, Roger S.",
    title = "Dinosaur eggs: gas conductance through the shell, water loss during incubation and clutch size",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "The conductance of water vapor and respiratory gases by diffusion through the eggshells of Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs has been estimated from measurements of shell and pore geometry in fossil specimens. When compared to recent reptile and bird eggs for which nest environments are known, the highly porous eggshells of three dinosaur species indicate that the dinosaur nests were high in humidity and probably low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide. Such conditions most likely occurred underground or within an incubation mound. By isolating the eggs from the atmosphere, however, some large sauropods may have been forced to limit their clutch size to numbers small enough to prevent depletion of oxygen and elevation of carbon dioxide to intolerable levels in the nest. Fossil evidence supports this and suggests that one sauropod actually divided her large eggs into several clutches. Each small clutch probably had a metabolic rate similar to those of clutches produced by recent reptiles and mound nesting birds.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300006242",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300006242",
    openalex = "W2403201622"
}

Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells from southern France and the Spanish Pyrenees, presumably belonging to the sauropod Hypselosaurus priscus Matheron, are almost exclusively composed of primary calcite. Besides normal development of these eggshells, there appear two kinds of pathologic tendencies: bi- or multi-shells (infrequent), and shells with a reduced thickness (increasing in frequency until, in the uppermost horizon, they represent more than 90% of the sample). The extinction of the species is attributed primarily to the consequences of thinning of the eggshells. The physiological mechanisms producing pathologic dinosaur eggshells are evaluated in the light of homologous phenomena occurring in living birds and reptiles. On this basis, it is concluded that in the late Maastrichtian populations of “Hypselosaurus,” pathologic eggshells were caused by hormonal imbalances of the vasotocin and of the estrogen levels. On the same basis it is postulated that the teratological shell repetition led to embryo suffocation and that the pathological reduction in shell thickness caused shell breakage and dehydration of the embryo. The lethal results are evident from the frequent absence of “resorption craters” in the mammillary knobs of pathologic shells, a fact which indicates either lack of fertilization of the eggs or the perishing of the embryo prior to the calcification of its skeletal bones. A change in environmental conditions is the ultimate factor which caused hormonal imbalances and extinction. Such a change is indicated by a shift of the mean oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18 O) of eggshell carbonates from −0.6% o to −5.3% o, and by changes in Sr. Information of palaeo-climate is primarily derived from eggshells of living birds and reptiles. The correlation between temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of waters (and related carbonates) is less distinct than for marine carbonates. δ 13 C ranges from −16.5 to −4.5 of eggshells of extant species indicate food from “normal” C 3 metabolism and from C 4 metabolism of plants in a dry climate. “Hypselosaurus” populations probably consumed “normal” C 3 plants. Using isotopic calibration of eggshell carbonates for the interpretation of δ 13 C and δ 18 O values of dinosaur eggshells, a slight change from higher to lower temperatures or a change from a dry to a more humid climate during the time from Lower (and Middle) to Late Maastrichtian can be assumed. The latter explanation is favored because the exceptionally high Sr in the Early Maastrichtian eggshells could be a potential indicator of co-existing evaporites.

@article{doi101017s0094837300016900,
    author = "Erben, H. K. and Hoefs, J. and Wedepohl, K. H.",
    title = "Paleobiological and isotopic studies of eggshells from a declining dinosaur species",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshells from southern France and the Spanish Pyrenees, presumably belonging to the sauropod Hypselosaurus priscus Matheron, are almost exclusively composed of primary calcite. Besides normal development of these eggshells, there appear two kinds of pathologic tendencies: bi- or multi-shells (infrequent), and shells with a reduced thickness (increasing in frequency until, in the uppermost horizon, they represent more than 90\% of the sample). The extinction of the species is attributed primarily to the consequences of thinning of the eggshells. The physiological mechanisms producing pathologic dinosaur eggshells are evaluated in the light of homologous phenomena occurring in living birds and reptiles. On this basis, it is concluded that in the late Maastrichtian populations of “Hypselosaurus,” pathologic eggshells were caused by hormonal imbalances of the vasotocin and of the estrogen levels. On the same basis it is postulated that the teratological shell repetition led to embryo suffocation and that the pathological reduction in shell thickness caused shell breakage and dehydration of the embryo. The lethal results are evident from the frequent absence of “resorption craters” in the mammillary knobs of pathologic shells, a fact which indicates either lack of fertilization of the eggs or the perishing of the embryo prior to the calcification of its skeletal bones. A change in environmental conditions is the ultimate factor which caused hormonal imbalances and extinction. Such a change is indicated by a shift of the mean oxygen isotopic composition (δ 18 O) of eggshell carbonates from −0.6\% o to −5.3\% o, and by changes in Sr. Information of palaeo-climate is primarily derived from eggshells of living birds and reptiles. The correlation between temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of waters (and related carbonates) is less distinct than for marine carbonates. δ 13 C ranges from −16.5 to −4.5 of eggshells of extant species indicate food from “normal” C 3 metabolism and from C 4 metabolism of plants in a dry climate. “Hypselosaurus” populations probably consumed “normal” C 3 plants. Using isotopic calibration of eggshell carbonates for the interpretation of δ 13 C and δ 18 O values of dinosaur eggshells, a slight change from higher to lower temperatures or a change from a dry to a more humid climate during the time from Lower (and Middle) to Late Maastrichtian can be assumed. The latter explanation is favored because the exceptionally high Sr in the Early Maastrichtian eggshells could be a potential indicator of co-existing evaporites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016900",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300016900",
    openalex = "W1774427581",
    references = "doi1010160016703758900334, doi1010160016703764900225, doi1010160016703778901990, doi1010160016703781902441, doi101016s0016703760800063, doi101104pp473380, doi101111j1474919x1962tb08690x, doi101111j155856461968tb03995x, doi101111j215334901964tb00181x, doi101126science13334651702, doi103402tellusav16i48993"
}

The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.

@article{doi101111j146979981985tb04915x,
    author = "Anderson, John F. and Hall-Martin, A.J. and Russell, Dale A.",
    title = "Long‐bone circumference and weight in mammals, birds and dinosaurs",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "The mid‐shaft circumferences of the humerus and femur are closely related to body weight in living terrestrial vertebrates. Because these elements are frequently preserved in subfossil and fossil vertebrate skeletal materials, the relationship can be used to estimate body weight in extinct vertebrates. When the allometric equations are applied to the mid‐shaft circumferences of these elements in dinosaurs, the weights calculated for some giant sauropods (Brachiosaurus) are found to be lighter than previous estimates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb04915.x",
    openalex = "W2160621949",
    references = "bakker1972anatomical, crossref1976allosaurus, doi101017s0094837300004322, doi101038238081a0, doi101086410790, doi101111j136520281979tb00256x, doi101111j146979981979tb03940x, doi101111j146979981979tb03964x, doi101111j146979981983tb05785x, doi1023072987996, openalexw654491377"
}

@misc{jensen1985uncompahgre2,
    author = "Jensen, J. A",
    title = "Uncompahgre dinosaur fauna",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "a preliminary report: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 45, p. 710-720",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jensen, J. A., 1985, Uncompahgre dinosaur fauna: a preliminary report: Great Basin Naturalist, v. 45, p. 710-720.}"
}

ABSTRACT A newly discovered fossil locality at Lano (Basque Country) has yielded a vertebrate assemblage of probably Maastrichtian age comprising fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. It considerably enlarges our knowledge of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe, hitherto based on a much less complete record. Some taxa are recorded for the first time in Europe, and the fauna also contains the oldest known representatives of some groups (amphisbaenians, salamandrids). The Lan assemblage reveals an original fauna comprising both forms related to Asian and North American groups and elements with Gondwanan affinities.

@article{doi101111j136531211990tb00103x,
    author = "Astibia, Humberto and Buffetaut, Éric and Buscalioni, Ángela D. and Cappetta, Henri and Corral, Carmelo and Estes, Richard and García‐Garmilla, Francisco and Jaeger, Jean‐Jacques and Jimenez-Fuentes, Emiliano and Loeuff, J. Le and Mazin, Jean‐Michel and Orue-Etxebarría, Xabier and Pereda‐Suberbiola, Javier and Powell, Jaime E. and Rage, J.-C. and Rodríguez‐Lázaro, Julio and Sanz, J. L. and Tong, Haiyan",
    title = "The fossil vertebrates from Lano (Basque Country, Spain); new evidence on the composition and affinities of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Terra Nova",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT A newly discovered fossil locality at Lano (Basque Country) has yielded a vertebrate assemblage of probably Maastrichtian age comprising fishes, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. It considerably enlarges our knowledge of the Late Cretaceous continental faunas of Europe, hitherto based on a much less complete record. Some taxa are recorded for the first time in Europe, and the fauna also contains the oldest known representatives of some groups (amphisbaenians, salamandrids). The Lan assemblage reveals an original fauna comprising both forms related to Asian and North American groups and elements with Gondwanan affinities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00103.x",
    openalex = "W2078743421",
    references = "doi1010160195667187900097, doi101017s0022336000041305, doi10108002724634198210011915, doi101111j136531211989tb00328x, doi101130spe238p75, doi101144gsljgs1881037010449, doi102113gsrocky24specialpaper355, doi1023071445695, openalexw1426920053, openalexw2471642464"
}

@article{doi101016s0195667105800229,
    author = "Buffetaut, Éric and Loeuff, J. Le",
    title = "Late Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of Europe: Some correlation problems",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80022-9",
    doi = "10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80022-9",
    openalex = "W2011217423",
    references = "doi101144gsljgs1881037010449, doi101144gsljgs1883039010419, doi102113gssgfbullvi4609, doi103406geolm19831268, doi103406geolm19831273, doi103989egeol8743extra627, openalexw1521814667, openalexw2989049194, openalexw575814759, openalexw762617646"
}

A new, well-preserved specimen of Troodon formosus is the first to reveal the internal anatomy of the lower part of the braincase. In addition to providing new information on the brain of this highly encephalized dinosaur, the uncrushed bones clear up anatomical details left obscure by earlier studies. Computerized tomography (CT) scans reveal the nature of the inner ear and the course of the pneumatic ducts diverging from the middle ear. Evidence is presented to show that four of the five periotic pneumatic systems found in bird skulls are present in Troodon. The anterior tympanic recess is the most elaborate system, and diverticula from each side extend anteriorly, dorsally and, posteriorly from the middle ear. The posterior tympanic recess is located within the paroccipital process and the basioccipital, but the pneumatopore posterolateral to the stapedial recess is secondarily closed. The dorsal periotic sinus is represented by a smooth-surfaced concavity on the lateral surface of the prootic. The position of a pneumatic recess in this region is demonstrated by the presence of a pneumatopore in the quadrate. Diverticula from the anterior and posterior tympanic recesses are connected within braincase bones, and a possible pneumatopore in the prootic may connect these to the dorsal tympanic recess. The pneumatic condition of the troodontid articular is unknown. Contralateral connections of the sinus systems have been used to argue for a close relationship between birds and crocodiles, but their presence in this specimen suggests that they appeared more than once in archosaurs or that they are plesiomorphic for crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds. Cranial pneumaticity cannot be used by itself to resolve the interrelationships of crocodiles, theropods, and birds, but other characters suggest derivation of birds from theropods.

@article{doi101139e93194,
    author = "Currie, Philip J. and Zhao, Xi-Jin",
    title = "A new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) braincase from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "A new, well-preserved specimen of Troodon formosus is the first to reveal the internal anatomy of the lower part of the braincase. In addition to providing new information on the brain of this highly encephalized dinosaur, the uncrushed bones clear up anatomical details left obscure by earlier studies. Computerized tomography (CT) scans reveal the nature of the inner ear and the course of the pneumatic ducts diverging from the middle ear. Evidence is presented to show that four of the five periotic pneumatic systems found in bird skulls are present in Troodon. The anterior tympanic recess is the most elaborate system, and diverticula from each side extend anteriorly, dorsally and, posteriorly from the middle ear. The posterior tympanic recess is located within the paroccipital process and the basioccipital, but the pneumatopore posterolateral to the stapedial recess is secondarily closed. The dorsal periotic sinus is represented by a smooth-surfaced concavity on the lateral surface of the prootic. The position of a pneumatic recess in this region is demonstrated by the presence of a pneumatopore in the quadrate. Diverticula from the anterior and posterior tympanic recesses are connected within braincase bones, and a possible pneumatopore in the prootic may connect these to the dorsal tympanic recess. The pneumatic condition of the troodontid articular is unknown. Contralateral connections of the sinus systems have been used to argue for a close relationship between birds and crocodiles, but their presence in this specimen suggests that they appeared more than once in archosaurs or that they are plesiomorphic for crocodiles, dinosaurs, and birds. Cranial pneumaticity cannot be used by itself to resolve the interrelationships of crocodiles, theropods, and birds, but other characters suggest derivation of birds from theropods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/e93-194",
    doi = "10.1139/e93-194",
    openalex = "W2022558394"
}

Abstract We report the discovery of a dinosaur assemblage in the non-marine Late Maastrichtian of the Corbieres region of southern France; this allows the reconstruction of the succession of dinosaur faunas during the Maastrichtian in western Europe. An Early Maastrichtian fauna dominated by titanosaurid sauropods was replaced by a Late Maastrichtian assemblage dominated by hadrosaurs. This important faunal replacement seems to coincide with environmental changes (documented by sedimentological and palynological evidence) which have been linked to a marine regression during the Maastrichtian. This suggests that sea-level changes influenced the evolution of dinosaur faunas in Europe during the Late Cretaceous, but were not sufficient to cause the final extinction of dinosaurs, for which other causes must be sought.

@article{doi101017s0016756800012413,
    author = "Lœuff, Jean Le and Buffetaut, Éric and Martin, Michel",
    title = "The last stages of dinosaur faunal history in Europe: a succession of Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages from the Corbières (southern France)",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "Abstract We report the discovery of a dinosaur assemblage in the non-marine Late Maastrichtian of the Corbieres region of southern France; this allows the reconstruction of the succession of dinosaur faunas during the Maastrichtian in western Europe. An Early Maastrichtian fauna dominated by titanosaurid sauropods was replaced by a Late Maastrichtian assemblage dominated by hadrosaurs. This important faunal replacement seems to coincide with environmental changes (documented by sedimentological and palynological evidence) which have been linked to a marine regression during the Maastrichtian. This suggests that sea-level changes influenced the evolution of dinosaur faunas in Europe during the Late Cretaceous, but were not sufficient to cause the final extinction of dinosaurs, for which other causes must be sought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012413",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800012413",
    openalex = "W2095982612",
    references = "doi101016s0195667105800229, doi101038358059a0, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science23547931156, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, openalexw2786463731, openalexw2788838270, openalexw3015256845, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759"
}

An embryonic skeleton of a nonavian theropod dinosaur was found preserved in an egg from Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Cranial features identify the embryo as a member of Oviraptoridae. Two embryo-sized skulls of dromaeosaurids, similar to that of Velociraptor, were also recovered in the nest. The eggshell microstructure is similar to that of ratite birds and is of a type common in the Djadokhta Formation at the Flaming Cliffs (Bayn Dzak). Discovery of a nest of such eggs at the Flaming Cliffs in 1923, beneath the Oviraptor philoceratops holotype, suggests that this dinosaur may have been a brooding adult.

@article{doi101126science2665186779,
    author = "Norell, Mark A. and Clark, James M. and Demberelyin, Dashzeveg and Rhinchen, Barsbold and Chiappe, Luis M. and Davidson, Amy R. and McKenna, Malcolm C. and Altangerel, Perle and Novacek, Michael J.",
    title = "A Theropod Dinosaur Embryo and the Affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur Eggs",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "An embryonic skeleton of a nonavian theropod dinosaur was found preserved in an egg from Upper Cretaceous rocks in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Cranial features identify the embryo as a member of Oviraptoridae. Two embryo-sized skulls of dromaeosaurids, similar to that of Velociraptor, were also recovered in the nest. The eggshell microstructure is similar to that of ratite birds and is of a type common in the Djadokhta Formation at the Flaming Cliffs (Bayn Dzak). Discovery of a nest of such eggs at the Flaming Cliffs in 1923, beneath the Oviraptor philoceratops holotype, suggests that this dinosaur may have been a brooding adult.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5186.779",
    doi = "10.1126/science.266.5186.779",
    openalex = "W2086035298",
    references = "doi101002jmor1051000302, doi1010160195667191900155, doi10108002724634198710011638, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101139e93196, doi1023073514816, doi105281zenodo16171435, openalexw2131558500, openalexw633579066, sues1977dentaries"
}

We report the discovery of a dinosaur assemblage in the non-marine Late Maastrichtian of the Corbieres region of southern France; this allows the reconstruction of the succession of dinosaur faunas during the Maastrichtian in western Europe. An Early Maastrichtian fauna dominated by titanosaurid sauropods was replaced by a Late Maastrichtian assemblage dominated by hadrosaurs. This important faunal replacement seems to coincide with environmental changes (documented by sedimentological and palynological evidence) which have been linked to a marine regression during the Maastrichtian. This suggests that sea-level changes influenced the evolution of dinosaur faunas in Europe during the Late Cretaceous, but were not sufficient to cause the final extinction of dinosaurs, for which other causes must be sought.

@article{leloeuff1994the,
    author = "Le Loeuff, Jean and Buffetaut, Eric and Martin, Michel",
    title = "The last stages of dinosaur faunal history in Europe: a succession of Maastrichtian dinosaur assemblages from the Corbières (southern France)",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "We report the discovery of a dinosaur assemblage in the non-marine Late Maastrichtian of the Corbieres region of southern France; this allows the reconstruction of the succession of dinosaur faunas during the Maastrichtian in western Europe. An Early Maastrichtian fauna dominated by titanosaurid sauropods was replaced by a Late Maastrichtian assemblage dominated by hadrosaurs. This important faunal replacement seems to coincide with environmental changes (documented by sedimentological and palynological evidence) which have been linked to a marine regression during the Maastrichtian. This suggests that sea-level changes influenced the evolution of dinosaur faunas in Europe during the Late Cretaceous, but were not sufficient to cause the final extinction of dinosaurs, for which other causes must be sought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800012413",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800012413",
    number = "5",
    openalex = "W2095982612",
    pages = "625-630",
    volume = "131",
    references = "doi101016s0195667105800229, doi101038358059a0, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science23547931156, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, openalexw2786463731, openalexw2788838270, openalexw3015256845, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759"
}

Foreword: tribute to Robert Makela J. R. Horner Preface List of institutional abbreviations Introduction K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Part I. Distribution and History of Collecting: 1. Global distribution of dinosaur eggs, nests and baby skeletons K. Carpenter, and K. Alf 2. The discovery of dinosaur eggshells in nineteenth century France E. Buffetaut, and J. Le Loeuff Part II. Nests: 3. Dinosaur nesting patterns J. Moratalla, and J. Powell 4. Dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Uruguay G. Faccio 5. Dinosaur egg laying and nesting in France R. Cousin, G. Breton, R. Fournier, and J-P. Watte 6. Late Maastrichtian dinosaur eggs from the Hateg Basin D. Grigorescu, D. Weishampel, D. Norman, M. Seclamen, M. Rusus, A. Baltres, and V. Teodorescu 7. Eggs and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia K. Mikhailov, K. Sabath, and S. Kurzanov 8. Comparative taphonomy of some dinosaur and extant bird colonial nesting grounds J. R. Horner 9. Predation of dinosaur nests by terrestrial crocodiles J. Kirkland Part III. Eggs: 10. Upper Jurassic eggshells from the western interior of North America K. F. Hirsch 11. Review of French dinosaur eggshells: eggshell morphology, structure, mineral and organic composition M. Vianey-Liaud, P. Mallan, O. Buscail, and C. Montgelard 12. Dinosaur eggs in China: on the structure and evolution of eggshells Z. Zi-Kui 13. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggs and nesting sites from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary province of peninsula India A. Sahni, S. K. Tandon, A. Jolly, S. Bajpai, A. Sood, and S. Srinivasan Part IV. Dinosaur Babies: 14. Life history syndromes, heterochrony, and the evolution of Dinosauria D. Weishampel, and J. R. Horner 15. Dinosaur reproduction in the fast lane: implication for size, success and extinction G. Paul 16. An embryonic Camarasaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation B. Britt, and B. Naylor 17. Upper Jurassic sauropod babies from the Morrison formation K. Carpenter, and J. McIntosh 18. Thermal travails of ornithopod nestings: implications for endothermy and insulation G. Paul 19. A baby Dryosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation of Dinosaur National Monument K. Carpenter 20. An embryo of Camptosaurus from the Brushy Basin Member D. Chure, C. Turner, and F. Peterson 21. Ontogenetic growth of a new species of Hypacrosaurus J. R. Horner, and P. Currie 22. A nodosaurid scuteling from the Texas shore of the Western Interior Seaway L. Jacobs, D. Winkler, P. Murray, and J. Maurice 23. Dinosaur ontogeny and population structure: interpretations based on fossil footprints from North America M. Lockley 24. Summary and prospectus K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Taxonomic Index.

@book{openalexw1671792548,
    author = "Carpenter, Kenneth and Hirsch, Karl F. and Horner, John R.",
    title = "Dinosaur Eggs and Babies",
    year = "1994",
    abstract = "Foreword: tribute to Robert Makela J. R. Horner Preface List of institutional abbreviations Introduction K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Part I. Distribution and History of Collecting: 1. Global distribution of dinosaur eggs, nests and baby skeletons K. Carpenter, and K. Alf 2. The discovery of dinosaur eggshells in nineteenth century France E. Buffetaut, and J. Le Loeuff Part II. Nests: 3. Dinosaur nesting patterns J. Moratalla, and J. Powell 4. Dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Uruguay G. Faccio 5. Dinosaur egg laying and nesting in France R. Cousin, G. Breton, R. Fournier, and J-P. Watte 6. Late Maastrichtian dinosaur eggs from the Hateg Basin D. Grigorescu, D. Weishampel, D. Norman, M. Seclamen, M. Rusus, A. Baltres, and V. Teodorescu 7. Eggs and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia K. Mikhailov, K. Sabath, and S. Kurzanov 8. Comparative taphonomy of some dinosaur and extant bird colonial nesting grounds J. R. Horner 9. Predation of dinosaur nests by terrestrial crocodiles J. Kirkland Part III. Eggs: 10. Upper Jurassic eggshells from the western interior of North America K. F. Hirsch 11. Review of French dinosaur eggshells: eggshell morphology, structure, mineral and organic composition M. Vianey-Liaud, P. Mallan, O. Buscail, and C. Montgelard 12. Dinosaur eggs in China: on the structure and evolution of eggshells Z. Zi-Kui 13. Upper Cretaceous dinosaur eggs and nesting sites from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary province of peninsula India A. Sahni, S. K. Tandon, A. Jolly, S. Bajpai, A. Sood, and S. Srinivasan Part IV. Dinosaur Babies: 14. Life history syndromes, heterochrony, and the evolution of Dinosauria D. Weishampel, and J. R. Horner 15. Dinosaur reproduction in the fast lane: implication for size, success and extinction G. Paul 16. An embryonic Camarasaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation B. Britt, and B. Naylor 17. Upper Jurassic sauropod babies from the Morrison formation K. Carpenter, and J. McIntosh 18. Thermal travails of ornithopod nestings: implications for endothermy and insulation G. Paul 19. A baby Dryosaurus from the Upper Jurassic Morrison formation of Dinosaur National Monument K. Carpenter 20. An embryo of Camptosaurus from the Brushy Basin Member D. Chure, C. Turner, and F. Peterson 21. Ontogenetic growth of a new species of Hypacrosaurus J. R. Horner, and P. Currie 22. A nodosaurid scuteling from the Texas shore of the Western Interior Seaway L. Jacobs, D. Winkler, P. Murray, and J. Maurice 23. Dinosaur ontogeny and population structure: interpretations based on fossil footprints from North America M. Lockley 24. Summary and prospectus K. Carpenter, K. F. Hirsch, and J. R. Horner Taxonomic Index.",
    openalex = "W1671792548"
}

(1995). Dinosaur eggs and babies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 863-866.

@article{doi10108002724634199510011271,
    author = "Dodson, Peter",
    title = "Dinosaur eggs and babies",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "(1995). Dinosaur eggs and babies. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 863-866.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1995.10011271",
    openalex = "W2090773166",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300006242, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi10108002724634199010011832, doi101126science2665186779, doi1011341149215556174, doi104202app, openalexw2131558500, openalexw2547420916"
}

Late Cretaceous trace fossils from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana are interpreted as herbivorous dinosaur feces reworked by scarabaeine dung beetles. These irregular blocks of comminuted plant material occur in isolated patches in fluvial flood plain sediments near dinosaur bone beds and nesting grounds. Numerous burrows in and around the specimens indicate significant invertebrate activity which suggests intense competition for a rich food resource. Some of the burrows are backfilled with organic matter that had been translocated from the organic mass (dung pat) into the adjacent sediment. Paracoprid dung beetles are the only extant organisms known to make similar caches. These unique ichnofossils provide evidence for commensal interactions between dung beetles, herbivorous dinosaurs, and conifers. This find also reveals a pathway through which fecal resources were recycled and suggests that scarabs evolved coprophagy through association with dinosaurs.

@article{doi1023073515235,
    author = "Chin, Karen and Gill, Bruce D.",
    title = "Dinosaurs, Dung Beetles, and Conifers: Participants in a Cretaceous Food Web",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Palaios",
    abstract = "Late Cretaceous trace fossils from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana are interpreted as herbivorous dinosaur feces reworked by scarabaeine dung beetles. These irregular blocks of comminuted plant material occur in isolated patches in fluvial flood plain sediments near dinosaur bone beds and nesting grounds. Numerous burrows in and around the specimens indicate significant invertebrate activity which suggests intense competition for a rich food resource. Some of the burrows are backfilled with organic matter that had been translocated from the organic mass (dung pat) into the adjacent sediment. Paracoprid dung beetles are the only extant organisms known to make similar caches. These unique ichnofossils provide evidence for commensal interactions between dung beetles, herbivorous dinosaurs, and conifers. This find also reveals a pathway through which fecal resources were recycled and suggests that scarabs evolved coprophagy through association with dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3515235",
    doi = "10.2307/3515235",
    openalex = "W1966939491",
    references = "doi101038282296a0, doi101139e78109"
}

Centrosaurine ceratopsians are characterized by well developed nasal horncores or bosses, relatively abbreviated supraorbital horncores or bosses, and adorned parietosquamosal frills. Recent study of several paucispecific (low diversity) bonebed assemblages in Alberta and Montana has contributed greatly to our understanding of ontogenetic and taxonomic variation in the skulls of centrosaurines. Relative age determination of centrosaurines is now possible through examination of ontogenetic change in several characters, including the surface bone morphology of specific skeletal elements. The within-group taxonomy of centrosaurines is based almost entirely on characters of the skull roof, relating particularly to horns and frills. Juvenile and sub-adult centrosaurines are characterized by relatively simple, unadorned skulls compared to their adult counterparts. As in numerous living taxa, the cranial ornaments of centrosaurines developed late in ontogeny, as individuals approached or attained adult size. An important implication arising directly from this study is that juvenile and sub-adult centrosaurines are difficult to distinguish taxonomically at the specific level. Two monospecific genera represented only by immature materials, Brachyceratops montanensis and Monoclonius crassus, cannot be defended and should be considered nomina dubia. The late ontogenetic development and diverse taxonomic variation of horn and frill morphologies support the contention diat these structures are best interpreted as reproductive characters employed in mate competition.

@article{doi101111j109636421997tb00340x,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Ryan, Michael J. and Tanke, Darren H.",
    title = "Craniofacial ontogeny in centrosaurine dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Ceratopsidae): taxonomic and behavioral implications",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Centrosaurine ceratopsians are characterized by well developed nasal horncores or bosses, relatively abbreviated supraorbital horncores or bosses, and adorned parietosquamosal frills. Recent study of several paucispecific (low diversity) bonebed assemblages in Alberta and Montana has contributed greatly to our understanding of ontogenetic and taxonomic variation in the skulls of centrosaurines. Relative age determination of centrosaurines is now possible through examination of ontogenetic change in several characters, including the surface bone morphology of specific skeletal elements. The within-group taxonomy of centrosaurines is based almost entirely on characters of the skull roof, relating particularly to horns and frills. Juvenile and sub-adult centrosaurines are characterized by relatively simple, unadorned skulls compared to their adult counterparts. As in numerous living taxa, the cranial ornaments of centrosaurines developed late in ontogeny, as individuals approached or attained adult size. An important implication arising directly from this study is that juvenile and sub-adult centrosaurines are difficult to distinguish taxonomically at the specific level. Two monospecific genera represented only by immature materials, Brachyceratops montanensis and Monoclonius crassus, cannot be defended and should be considered nomina dubia. The late ontogenetic development and diverse taxonomic variation of horn and frill morphologies support the contention diat these structures are best interpreted as reproductive characters employed in mate competition.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb00340.x",
    openalex = "W2010195508",
    references = "doi1010160031018288900855, doi1010160305440388900039, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101038358059a0, doi101093icb141205, doi101093sysbio24137, doi101111j136520281973tb00098x, doi101111j155856461966tb03367x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101163156853966x00155, doi1023073799115, doi102475ajss425149387, doi105479si0096380155226097, openalexw1546870496, openalexw2039205551, openalexw2259418280, openalexw2591879035"
}

ABSTRACT We report on the bone microstructure of a hypsilophodont and an ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous, Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove in south-eastern Australia, which at the time lay well within the Antarctic Circle. Although subjected to the same environmental conditions, the dinosaurs exhibit different bone histology. The hypsilophodontid shows a continuous rate of bone deposition, while the ornithomimosaur has a cyclical pattern of bone formation. We interpret these varying patterns of bone microstructure as a reflection of different growth strategies of these dinosaurs.

@article{doi10108002724634199810011066,
    author = "Chinsamy, Anusuya and Rich, Thomas H. and Vickers-Rich, Patricia",
    title = "Polar dinosaur bone histology",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We report on the bone microstructure of a hypsilophodont and an ornithomimosaur from the Early Cretaceous, Otway Group of Dinosaur Cove in south-eastern Australia, which at the time lay well within the Antarctic Circle. Although subjected to the same environmental conditions, the dinosaurs exhibit different bone histology. The hypsilophodontid shows a continuous rate of bone deposition, while the ornithomimosaur has a cyclical pattern of bone formation. We interpret these varying patterns of bone microstructure as a reflection of different growth strategies of these dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011066",
    openalex = "W2095513015",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000018862, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, reid1984primary"
}

ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.

@article{doi10108002724634199810011115,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. and Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "Early Evolution and Higher-Level Phylogeny of Sauropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Although sauropods played a major role in terrestrial ecosystems during much of the Mesozoic Era, little effort has been directed toward diagnosing Sauropoda and establishing higher-level interrelationships among sauropods. As a consequence, the origin and evolution of major skeletal adaptations in sauropods has remained largely speculative. The cladistic analysis presented here focuses on higher-level relationships among sauropods. Based on 109 characters (32 cranial, 24 axial, 53 appendicular) for 10 sauropod taxa, the most parsimonious arrangement places four genera (Vulcanodon, Shunosaurus, Barapasaurus, and Omeisaurus) as a sequence of sister-taxa to a group of advanced sauropods, defined here as Neosauropoda. Neosauropoda, in turn, is composed of the sister-clades Diplodocoidea and Macronaria; the latter is a new taxon that includes Haplocanthosaurus, Camarasaurus, and Titanosauriformes. Titanosauriformes includes Brachiosauridae and Somphospondyli, a new taxon uniting Euhelopus and Titanosauria. Among macronarians, the position of Haplocanthosaurus is the least stable as a result of the absence of cranial remains. The basic structure of the phylogeny is resilient to various tests and establishes the evolutionary sequence of many functionally significant sauropod adaptations, such as the digitigrade posture of the manus in neosauropods. Other characteristic sauropod adaptations, such as narrow tooth crowns, increases in length and number of cervical vertebrae, and bifid neural spines, are shown to have evolved more than once. As these results underscore, the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods must be based on a broad sampling of character data. The fossil record of sauropods, although relatively limited during the early phase of the radiation (Late Triassic through Early Jurassic), nonetheless indicates that all major clades were established prior to the Late Jurassic, when substantial faunal interchange among major continental regions was still possible. The functional, temporal, and biogeographic implications of the higher-level phylogeny of sauropods are explored.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.1998.10011115",
    openalex = "W1981694118",
    references = "crossref1976allosaurus, doi1010079789400904095, doi101038063003a0, doi101038114085a0, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109583121965tb00944x, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science2665183267, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073514816, doi102307jctv143mdjg, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105860choice331556, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2472827083, openalexw616953834, openalexw653009579"
}

Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar include several specimens of a large theropod dinosaur. One specimen includes a nearly complete and exquisitely preserved skull with thickened pneumatic nasals, a median frontal horn, and a dorsal projection on the parietals. The new materials are assigned to the enigmatic theropod group Abelisauridae on the basis of a number of unique features. Fossil remains attributable to abelisaurids are restricted to three Gondwanan landmasses: South America, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent. This distribution is consistent with a revised paleogeographic reconstruction that posits prolonged links between these landmasses (via Antarctica), perhaps until late in the Late Cretaceous.

@article{doi101126science28053661048,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Witmer, Lawrence M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Krause, David W. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Dodson, Peter and Ravoavy, Florent",
    title = "Predatory Dinosaur Remains from Madagascar: Implications for the Cretaceous Biogeography of Gondwana",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar include several specimens of a large theropod dinosaur. One specimen includes a nearly complete and exquisitely preserved skull with thickened pneumatic nasals, a median frontal horn, and a dorsal projection on the parietals. The new materials are assigned to the enigmatic theropod group Abelisauridae on the basis of a number of unique features. Fossil remains attributable to abelisaurids are restricted to three Gondwanan landmasses: South America, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent. This distribution is consistent with a revised paleogeographic reconstruction that posits prolonged links between these landmasses (via Antarctica), perhaps until late in the Late Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.280.5366.1048",
    doi = "10.1126/science.280.5366.1048",
    openalex = "W2026696841",
    references = "doi101016003101829190145h, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi10103837343, doi101038377301a0, doi101126science2665183267, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi105962p226819, openalexw648313615, sereno1997the"
}

Twelve different bones from the skeleton of the holotype specimen of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Hypacrosaurus stebingeri were thin-sectioned to evaluate the significance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in age assessments. The presence of an external fundamental system (EFS) at the external surface of the cortex and mature epiphyses indicate that the Hypacrosaurus specimen had reached adulthood and growth had slowed considerably from earlier stages. The number of LAGs varied from none in the pedal phalanx to as many as eight in the tibia and femur. Most elements had experienced considerable Haversian reconstruction that had most likely obliterated many LAGs. The tibia was found to have experienced the least amount of reconstruction, but was still not optimal for skeletochronology because the LAGs were difficult to count near the periosteal surface. Additionally, the numbers of LAGs within the EFS vary considerably around the circumference of a single element and among elements. Counting LAGs from a single bone to assess skeletochronology appears to be unreliable, particularly when a fundamental system exists. Because LAGs are plesiomorphic for tetrapods, and because they are present in over a dozen orders of mammals, they have no particular physiological meaning that can be generalized to particular amniote groups without independent physiological evidence. Descriptions of dinosaur physiology as “intermediate” between the physiology of living reptiles and that of living birds and mammals may or may not be valid, but cannot be based reliably on the presence of LAGs.

@article{doi101017s0094837300021308,
    author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "Variation in dinosaur skeletochronology indicators: implications for age assessment and physiology",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Twelve different bones from the skeleton of the holotype specimen of the hadrosaurian dinosaur Hypacrosaurus stebingeri were thin-sectioned to evaluate the significance of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in age assessments. The presence of an external fundamental system (EFS) at the external surface of the cortex and mature epiphyses indicate that the Hypacrosaurus specimen had reached adulthood and growth had slowed considerably from earlier stages. The number of LAGs varied from none in the pedal phalanx to as many as eight in the tibia and femur. Most elements had experienced considerable Haversian reconstruction that had most likely obliterated many LAGs. The tibia was found to have experienced the least amount of reconstruction, but was still not optimal for skeletochronology because the LAGs were difficult to count near the periosteal surface. Additionally, the numbers of LAGs within the EFS vary considerably around the circumference of a single element and among elements. Counting LAGs from a single bone to assess skeletochronology appears to be unreliable, particularly when a fundamental system exists. Because LAGs are plesiomorphic for tetrapods, and because they are present in over a dozen orders of mammals, they have no particular physiological meaning that can be generalized to particular amniote groups without independent physiological evidence. Descriptions of dinosaur physiology as “intermediate” between the physiology of living reptiles and that of living birds and mammals may or may not be valid, but cannot be based reliably on the presence of LAGs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300021308",
    doi = "10.1017/s0094837300021308",
    openalex = "W2285964556",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101111j109636422000tb00016x, doi101111j155856461974tb00777x, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071564284, doi105860choice353642, openalexw424753225, openalexw575222456, openalexw597127060, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939"
}

The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.

@article{doi101126science28454232137,
    author = "Sereno, Paul C.",
    title = "The Evolution of Dinosaurs",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The ascendancy of dinosaurs on land near the close of the Triassic now appears to have been as accidental and opportunistic as their demise and replacement by therian mammals at the end of the Cretaceous. The dinosaurian radiation, launched by 1-meter-long bipeds, was slower in tempo and more restricted in adaptive scope than that of therian mammals. A notable exception was the evolution of birds from small-bodied predatory dinosaurs, which involved a dramatic decrease in body size. Recurring phylogenetic trends among dinosaurs include, to the contrary, increase in body size. There is no evidence for co-evolution between predators and prey or between herbivores and flowering plants. As the major land masses drifted apart, dinosaurian biogeography was molded more by regional extinction and intercontinental dispersal than by the breakup sequence of Pangaea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5423.2137",
    doi = "10.1126/science.284.5423.2137",
    openalex = "W1974320804",
    references = "brouwers1987dinosaurs, coria1995a, doi101007978364268836217, doi10100797836426953391, doi1010160031018272900491, doi1010160031018282900852, doi1010160198025483901334, doi101017s0022336000026706, doi101017s0094837300004310, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10103820167, doi101038248168a0, doi101038277560a0, doi10103831927, doi10103832642, doi10103834356, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101038387390a0, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199210011473, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199510011250, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101093oso97801985491780010001, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x1997tb00024x, doi101111j155856461973tb05912x, doi101111j155856461996tb04496x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2725264986, doi101126science27953581915, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28253921298, doi101126science2845414616, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101139e93187, doi101146annurevea03050175000415, doi101146annurevearth251435, doi1015159780691224244, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514751, doi1023073515466, openalexw1528487914, rowe1989a, sereno1997the"
}

ABSTRACT Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum are revealed by six relatively distinct but gradational growth stages: early and late nestling, early and late juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. These stages are distinguished not only by relative size but by changes in the histological patterns of bones at each stage. In general, the earliest stages are marked by spongy bone matrix with large vascular canals. Through growth, the cortical bone differentiates into fibro-lamellar tissue that tends to become more regularly layered in the outer cortex. By the sub-adult stage, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) begin to appear regularly. Resorption lines and substantial Haversian substitution in many long bones also begin to appear at this stage, and the external cortex has a lamellar-zonal structure in some bones that indicates imminent cessation of growth. Judging by the rates of apposition of similar bone tissues in living amniotes, and by the number and placement of LAGs, these patterns suggest that young Maiasaura nestlings grew at very high rates, and at high and moderately high rates during later nestling, juvenile, and sub-adult stages, slowing to low and very low growth rates in adults (7–9 m total length). The nesting period would have lasted one to two months, late juvenile size (3.5 meters) would have been reached in one or two years, and adult size in six to eight years, depending on the basis for extrapolating bone growth rates. The histological tissues, patterns, and inferred growth rates of the bones of Maiasaura are completely different from those of living non-avian reptiles, generally similar to those of most other dinosaurs and pterosaurs for which data are available, and much like those of extant birds and mammals. No living reptiles (except birds) grow to adult size at these rates, nor do they show these histological patterns. We conclude that Maiasaura did not grow at all like living non-avian reptiles, which cannot be considered informative models for most aspects of dinosaurian growth (or physiology, to the extent that growth rates reflect metabolism). The use of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to infer dinosaurian physiology has never been tested and is not supported by independent lines of evidence; their use in calculating age is also more complex than previously suggested and should not be based on single bones.

@article{doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2,
    author = "Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand and Padian, Kevin",
    title = "Long bone histology of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Maiasaura peeblesorum: growth dynamics and physiology based on an ontogenetic series of skeletal elements",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Ontogenetic changes in the bone histology of Maiasaura peeblesorum are revealed by six relatively distinct but gradational growth stages: early and late nestling, early and late juvenile, sub-adult, and adult. These stages are distinguished not only by relative size but by changes in the histological patterns of bones at each stage. In general, the earliest stages are marked by spongy bone matrix with large vascular canals. Through growth, the cortical bone differentiates into fibro-lamellar tissue that tends to become more regularly layered in the outer cortex. By the sub-adult stage, lines of arrested growth (LAGs) begin to appear regularly. Resorption lines and substantial Haversian substitution in many long bones also begin to appear at this stage, and the external cortex has a lamellar-zonal structure in some bones that indicates imminent cessation of growth. Judging by the rates of apposition of similar bone tissues in living amniotes, and by the number and placement of LAGs, these patterns suggest that young Maiasaura nestlings grew at very high rates, and at high and moderately high rates during later nestling, juvenile, and sub-adult stages, slowing to low and very low growth rates in adults (7–9 m total length). The nesting period would have lasted one to two months, late juvenile size (3.5 meters) would have been reached in one or two years, and adult size in six to eight years, depending on the basis for extrapolating bone growth rates. The histological tissues, patterns, and inferred growth rates of the bones of Maiasaura are completely different from those of living non-avian reptiles, generally similar to those of most other dinosaurs and pterosaurs for which data are available, and much like those of extant birds and mammals. No living reptiles (except birds) grow to adult size at these rates, nor do they show these histological patterns. We conclude that Maiasaura did not grow at all like living non-avian reptiles, which cannot be considered informative models for most aspects of dinosaurian growth (or physiology, to the extent that growth rates reflect metabolism). The use of lines of arrested growth (LAGs) to infer dinosaurian physiology has never been tested and is not supported by independent lines of evidence; their use in calculating age is also more complex than previously suggested and should not be based on single bones.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0115:lbhoth]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2179073245",
    references = "chinsamy1994dinosaur, chinsamy1998polar, doi101001jama195602970180082039, doi101002jmor1051080103, doi1010079781489957405, doi101017s0094837300012331, doi101017s0094837300013543, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101126science26251422020, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi105962bhltitle113905, openalexw2259112626, openalexw648632191, openalexw991367939, reid1984primary"
}

Histologic studies of embryonic and perinatal longbones of living birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and other reptiles show a strong phylogenetic signal in the distribution of tissues and patterns of vascularization in both the shafts and the bone ends. The embryonic bones of basal archosaurs and other reptiles have thin-walled cortices and large marrow cavities that are sometimes subdivided by erosion rooms in early stages of growth. The cortices of basal reptiles are poorly vascularized, and osteocyte lacunae are common but randomly organized. Additionally, there is no evidence of fibrolamellar tissue organization around the vascular spaces. Compared with turtles, basal archosaurs show an increase in vascularization, better organized osteocytes, and some fibrolamellar tissue organization. In dinosaurs, including birds, vascularization is greater than in basal archosaurs, as is cortical thickness, and the osteocyte lacunae are more abundant and less randomly organized. Fibrolamellar tissues are evident around vascular canals and form organized primary osteons in older perinates and juveniles. Metaphyseal (“epiphyseal”) morphology varies with the acquisition of new features in derived groups. The cartilage cone, persistent through the Reptilia (crown-group reptiles, including birds), is completely calcified in ornithischian dinosaurs before it is eroded by marrow processes; cartilage canals, absent in basal archosaurs, are present in Dinosauria; a thickened calcified hypertrophy zone in Dinosauria indicates an acceleration of longitudinal bone growth. Variations in this set of histological synapomorphies overlap between birds and non-avian dinosaurs. In birds, these variations are strongly correlated with life-history strategies. This overlap, plus independent evidence from nesting sites, reinforces the hypothesis that variations in bone growth strategies in Mesozoic dinosaurs reflect different life-history strategies, including nesting behavior of neonates and parental care.

@article{doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2,
    author = "Horner, John R. and Padian, Kevin and de Ricqlès, Armand",
    title = "Comparative osteohistology of some embryonic and perinatal archosaurs: developmental and behavioral implications for dinosaurs",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Paleobiology",
    abstract = "Histologic studies of embryonic and perinatal longbones of living birds, non-avian dinosaurs, and other reptiles show a strong phylogenetic signal in the distribution of tissues and patterns of vascularization in both the shafts and the bone ends. The embryonic bones of basal archosaurs and other reptiles have thin-walled cortices and large marrow cavities that are sometimes subdivided by erosion rooms in early stages of growth. The cortices of basal reptiles are poorly vascularized, and osteocyte lacunae are common but randomly organized. Additionally, there is no evidence of fibrolamellar tissue organization around the vascular spaces. Compared with turtles, basal archosaurs show an increase in vascularization, better organized osteocytes, and some fibrolamellar tissue organization. In dinosaurs, including birds, vascularization is greater than in basal archosaurs, as is cortical thickness, and the osteocyte lacunae are more abundant and less randomly organized. Fibrolamellar tissues are evident around vascular canals and form organized primary osteons in older perinates and juveniles. Metaphyseal (“epiphyseal”) morphology varies with the acquisition of new features in derived groups. The cartilage cone, persistent through the Reptilia (crown-group reptiles, including birds), is completely calcified in ornithischian dinosaurs before it is eroded by marrow processes; cartilage canals, absent in basal archosaurs, are present in Dinosauria; a thickened calcified hypertrophy zone in Dinosauria indicates an acceleration of longitudinal bone growth. Variations in this set of histological synapomorphies overlap between birds and non-avian dinosaurs. In birds, these variations are strongly correlated with life-history strategies. This overlap, plus independent evidence from nesting sites, reinforces the hypothesis that variations in bone growth strategies in Mesozoic dinosaurs reflect different life-history strategies, including nesting behavior of neonates and parental care.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0094-8373(2001)027<0039:coosea>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2192703335",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi1010079781489953919, doi101016b9780125052559500298, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038282296a0, doi101038378774a0, doi101038385247a0, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101126science26251422020, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071971635, openalexw563887495, reid1984primary"
}

The importance of facilitation versus competition in structuring herbivore species assemblages is a critical issue in theoretical ecology as well as for practical wildlife management. This paper examines the evidence for facilitation and clarifies our understanding in relation to the mechanisms and the spatial and temporal scales where they occur. Evidence for facilitation through stimulation of grass regrowth during the growing season appears stronger than that for increased resource access through removal of obstructing grass structures during the dormant season. Although facilitation may benefit the nutritional gains obtained by certain species in the short term, these benefits do not appear to be translated into the expected population consequences. We suggest this could be due to seasonal tradeoffs between facilitation and competition, as well as to restrictions on the spatial extent of trophic overlap.

@article{doi101034j160007062002970301x,
    author = "Arsenault, Randal and Owen‐Smith, Norman",
    title = "Facilitation versus competition in grazing herbivore assemblages",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Oikos",
    abstract = "The importance of facilitation versus competition in structuring herbivore species assemblages is a critical issue in theoretical ecology as well as for practical wildlife management. This paper examines the evidence for facilitation and clarifies our understanding in relation to the mechanisms and the spatial and temporal scales where they occur. Evidence for facilitation through stimulation of grass regrowth during the growing season appears stronger than that for increased resource access through removal of obstructing grass structures during the dormant season. Although facilitation may benefit the nutritional gains obtained by certain species in the short term, these benefits do not appear to be translated into the expected population consequences. We suggest this could be due to seasonal tradeoffs between facilitation and competition, as well as to restrictions on the spatial extent of trophic overlap.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970301.x",
    doi = "10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.970301.x",
    openalex = "W2124861946",
    references = "doi101023a1008959721342"
}

Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002): Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 217-276, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x

@article{doi101046j10963642200200029x,
    author = "Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Wilson, Jeffrey A. (2002): Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136 (2): 217-276, DOI: 10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    doi = "10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00029.x",
    openalex = "W2018305891",
    references = "doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j155856461983tb05533x, doi101126science28053661048, doi101126science28454232137, doi101242dev1212333, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408332, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss321125417, doi102475ajss32313381, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi107312crac92306005, openalexw1025856234, openalexw3114518543, ostrom2019osteology"
}

Synopsis The dinosaurs of the Hateg Basin of Transylvania (late Maastrichtian; western Romania) include Theropoda, Sauropoda, Ornithopoda and Ankylosauria. Of these, one of the most enigmatic taxa is the ornithopod that Franz Baron Nopcsa originally described as Mochlodon suessi and M. robustus in 1902. These two species have come to be regarded as a single species of Rhabdodon, R. robustus, which is distinct from R. priscus from the Late Cretaceous of southern France and northern Spain. This study provides a detailed anatomical revision of the Rhabdodon material that was described originally by Nopcsa during the early decades of the 20th century. It also adds information on material discovered in the Hateg area of Romania since the 1930s. A phylogenetic analysis of basal euornithopods indicates that the non‐hadrosaurid material from Hateg comprises two distinct, but congeneric, species. These two species can be distinguished unambiguously from R. priscus. A new genus Zalmoxes is established for the Romanian ornithopod, comprising Z. robustus comb. nov. (the type‐species of the genus) and Z. shqiperorum sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two species of Zalmoxes and R. priscus are united in the monophyletic clade Rhabdodontidae (nov.). Rhabdodontidae constitutes the sibling clade to Iguanodontia. R. septimanicus, M. suessi, and the Villeveyrac Rhabdodon also appear to be members of Rhabdodontidae. The evolutionary implications of this phylogenetic analysis include the recognition of a ghost lineage, extending from the most recent common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae and Iguanodontia, which extends for 73 million years. This extraordinarily long ghost lineage duration may reflect considerable gaps in the history of this group or the geographical isolation of Rhabdodontidae in Europe during much of the Cretaceous period. The area of origin of the Rhabdodontidae + Iguanodontia clade may be North America, while the common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae dispersed to Europe, at that time a marine‐dominated region with tectonically‐active terrestrial habitats. Adult individuals of Z. robustus are smaller than either of its two closest relatives, Z. shqiperorum and R. priscus, within the Rhabdodontidae, or with many species of Iguanodontia and, therefore, is considered a possible paedomorphic dwarf.

@article{doi101017s1477201903001032,
    author = "Weishampel, David B. and Jianu, Coralia‐Maria and Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán and Norman, David",
    title = "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n. g.), an unusual Euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis The dinosaurs of the Hateg Basin of Transylvania (late Maastrichtian; western Romania) include Theropoda, Sauropoda, Ornithopoda and Ankylosauria. Of these, one of the most enigmatic taxa is the ornithopod that Franz Baron Nopcsa originally described as Mochlodon suessi and M. robustus in 1902. These two species have come to be regarded as a single species of Rhabdodon, R. robustus, which is distinct from R. priscus from the Late Cretaceous of southern France and northern Spain. This study provides a detailed anatomical revision of the Rhabdodon material that was described originally by Nopcsa during the early decades of the 20th century. It also adds information on material discovered in the Hateg area of Romania since the 1930s. A phylogenetic analysis of basal euornithopods indicates that the non‐hadrosaurid material from Hateg comprises two distinct, but congeneric, species. These two species can be distinguished unambiguously from R. priscus. A new genus Zalmoxes is established for the Romanian ornithopod, comprising Z. robustus comb. nov. (the type‐species of the genus) and Z. shqiperorum sp. nov. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two species of Zalmoxes and R. priscus are united in the monophyletic clade Rhabdodontidae (nov.). Rhabdodontidae constitutes the sibling clade to Iguanodontia. R. septimanicus, M. suessi, and the Villeveyrac Rhabdodon also appear to be members of Rhabdodontidae. The evolutionary implications of this phylogenetic analysis include the recognition of a ghost lineage, extending from the most recent common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae and Iguanodontia, which extends for 73 million years. This extraordinarily long ghost lineage duration may reflect considerable gaps in the history of this group or the geographical isolation of Rhabdodontidae in Europe during much of the Cretaceous period. The area of origin of the Rhabdodontidae + Iguanodontia clade may be North America, while the common ancestor of Rhabdodontidae dispersed to Europe, at that time a marine‐dominated region with tectonically‐active terrestrial habitats. Adult individuals of Z. robustus are smaller than either of its two closest relatives, Z. shqiperorum and R. priscus, within the Rhabdodontidae, or with many species of Iguanodontia and, therefore, is considered a possible paedomorphic dwarf.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201903001032",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201903001032",
    openalex = "W2167550757",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi10103835059070, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi101086284406, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101126science27352791204, doi102307jctvxkn7tk, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105479si00963801361666197, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759"
}

The debate on avian ancestry: phylogeny, function, and fossils / Lawrence M. Witmer -- Cladistic approaches to the relationships of birds to other theropod dinosaurs / James M. Clark, Mark A. Norell and Peter J. Makovicky -- The enigmatic birdlike dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: comments and a pictorial atlas / Patricia Vickers-Rich, Luis M. Chiappe and Sergei Kurzanov -- The Cretaceous short-armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and its kin / Luis M. Chiappe, Mark A. Norell and James M. Clark -- Alvarezsaurid relationships reconsidered / Fernando E. Novas and Diego Pol -- Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) / Andrzej Elzanowski -- The discovery and study of Mesozoic birds in China / Zhou Zhonghe and Hou Lianhai -- Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the early Cretaceous of northeastern China / Paul C. Sereno, Rao Chenggang and Li Jianjun -- The birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) / Jose L. Sanz... [et al.] -- Nogueromis gonzalezi (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the early Cretaceous of Spain / Luis M. Chiappe and Antonio Lacasa-Ruiz -- Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) / Luis M. Chiappe and Cyril A. Walker -- Vorona berivotrensis, a primitive bird from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar / Catherine A. Forster... [et al.] -- Osteology of the flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) / Luis M. Chiappe -- Enaliornis, an early Cretaceous hesperornithiform bird from England, with comments on other Hesperornithiformes / Peter M. Galton and Larry D. Martin -- The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes / Sylvia Hope -- A review of avian Mesozoic fossil feathers / Alexander W.A. Kellner -- The track record of Mesozoic birds and pterosaurs: an ichnological and paleoecological perspective / Martin G. Lockley and Emma C. Rainforth -- Bone microstructure of early birds / Anusuya Chinsamy -- Locomotor evolution on the line to modern birds / Stephen M. Gatesy -- Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions / Luis M. Chiappe.

@article{doi1016660022336020030770822mbatho20co2,
    author = "Clarke, Julia",
    title = "Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The debate on avian ancestry: phylogeny, function, and fossils / Lawrence M. Witmer -- Cladistic approaches to the relationships of birds to other theropod dinosaurs / James M. Clark, Mark A. Norell and Peter J. Makovicky -- The enigmatic birdlike dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: comments and a pictorial atlas / Patricia Vickers-Rich, Luis M. Chiappe and Sergei Kurzanov -- The Cretaceous short-armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and its kin / Luis M. Chiappe, Mark A. Norell and James M. Clark -- Alvarezsaurid relationships reconsidered / Fernando E. Novas and Diego Pol -- Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) / Andrzej Elzanowski -- The discovery and study of Mesozoic birds in China / Zhou Zhonghe and Hou Lianhai -- Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the early Cretaceous of northeastern China / Paul C. Sereno, Rao Chenggang and Li Jianjun -- The birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) / Jose L. Sanz... [et al.] -- Nogueromis gonzalezi (Aves: Ornithothoraces) from the early Cretaceous of Spain / Luis M. Chiappe and Antonio Lacasa-Ruiz -- Skeletal morphology and systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) / Luis M. Chiappe and Cyril A. Walker -- Vorona berivotrensis, a primitive bird from the late Cretaceous of Madagascar / Catherine A. Forster... [et al.] -- Osteology of the flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) / Luis M. Chiappe -- Enaliornis, an early Cretaceous hesperornithiform bird from England, with comments on other Hesperornithiformes / Peter M. Galton and Larry D. Martin -- The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes / Sylvia Hope -- A review of avian Mesozoic fossil feathers / Alexander W.A. Kellner -- The track record of Mesozoic birds and pterosaurs: an ichnological and paleoecological perspective / Martin G. Lockley and Emma C. Rainforth -- Bone microstructure of early birds / Anusuya Chinsamy -- Locomotor evolution on the line to modern birds / Stephen M. Gatesy -- Basal bird phylogeny: problems and solutions / Luis M. Chiappe.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0822:mbatho>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0822:mbatho>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W4301871956",
    references = "doi101038292051a0"
}

Currie, Philip J. (2003): Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191-226, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3725717, URL: https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-191.pdf

@article{doi105281zenodo3725717,
    author = "Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "reroDoc Digital Library",
    abstract = "Currie, Philip J. (2003): Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Palaeontologica Polonica 48 (2): 191-226, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3725717, URL: https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-191.pdf",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3725717",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.3725717",
    openalex = "W2107092189",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, crossref1976allosaurus, currie1985cranial, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101038358059a0, doi10108002724634199510011574, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634199910011161, doi101139e02083, doi1015468lnfamn, doi1015468yhxmzl, doi1023071292217, doi1023073514548, doi1034191b109, doi104095101672, doi105281zenodo1037529, doi105281zenodo1040973, doi105281zenodo1048848, doi105281zenodo814935, vonhuene1923carnivorous"
}

Preface Part I: The Archosaurian Heritage of Birds 1. The Debate on Avian Ancestry: Phylogeny, Function, and Fossils LAWRENCE M. WITMER 2. Cladistic Approaches to the Relationships of Birds to Other Theropod Dinosaurs JAMES M. CLARK, MARK A. NORELL, AND PETER J. MAKOVICKY Part II: Taxa of Controversial Status 3. The Enigmatic Birdlike Dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: Comments and a Pictorial Atlas PATRICIA VICKERS-RICH, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND SERGEI KURZANOV 4. The Cretaceous, Short-Armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and Its Kin LUIS M. CHIAPPE, MARK A. NORELL, AND JAMES M. CLARK 5. Alvarezsaurid Relationships Reconsidered FERNANDO E. NOVAS AND DIEGO POL Part III: The Mesozoic Aviary: Anatomy and Systematics 6. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) ANDRZEJ ELZANOWSKI 7. The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China ZHOU ZHONGHE AND HOU LIANHAI 8. Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern China PAUL C. SERENO, RAO CHENGGANG, AND LI JIANJUN 9. The Birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) JOSE L. SANZ, BERNARDINO P. PEREZ-MORENO, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND ANGELA D. BUSCALIONI 10. Noguerornis gonzalezi (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND ANTONIO LACASA-RUIZ 11. Skeletal Morphology and Systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND CYRIL A. WALKER 12. Vorona berivotrensis, a Primitive Bird from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar CATHERINE A. FORSTER, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, DAVID W. KRAUSE, AND SCOTT D. SAMPSON 13. Osteology of the Flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) LUIS M. CHIAPPE 14. Enaliornis, an Early Cretaceous Hesperornithiform Bird from England, with Comments on other Hesperornithiformes PETER M. GALTON AND LARRY D. MARTIN 15. The Mesozoic Radiation of Neornithes SYLVIA HOPE 16. A Review of Avian Mesozoic Fossil Feathers ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER 17. The Track Record of Mesozoic Birds and Pterosaurs: An Ichnological and Paleoecological Perspective MARTIN G. LOCKLEY AND EMMA C. RAINFORTH Part IV: Functional Morphology and Evolution 18. Bone Microstructure of Early Birds ANUSUYA CHINSAMY 19. Locomotor Evolution on the Line to Modern Birds STEPHEN M. GATESY 20. Basal Bird Phylogeny: Problems and Solutions LUIS M. CHIAPPE Contributors Index

@article{doi105860choice405235,
    title = "Mesozoic birds: above the heads of dinosaurs",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Preface Part I: The Archosaurian Heritage of Birds 1. The Debate on Avian Ancestry: Phylogeny, Function, and Fossils LAWRENCE M. WITMER 2. Cladistic Approaches to the Relationships of Birds to Other Theropod Dinosaurs JAMES M. CLARK, MARK A. NORELL, AND PETER J. MAKOVICKY Part II: Taxa of Controversial Status 3. The Enigmatic Birdlike Dinosaur Avimimus portentosus: Comments and a Pictorial Atlas PATRICIA VICKERS-RICH, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND SERGEI KURZANOV 4. The Cretaceous, Short-Armed Alvarezsauridae: Mononykus and Its Kin LUIS M. CHIAPPE, MARK A. NORELL, AND JAMES M. CLARK 5. Alvarezsaurid Relationships Reconsidered FERNANDO E. NOVAS AND DIEGO POL Part III: The Mesozoic Aviary: Anatomy and Systematics 6. Archaeopterygidae (Upper Jurassic of Germany) ANDRZEJ ELZANOWSKI 7. The Discovery and Study of Mesozoic Birds in China ZHOU ZHONGHE AND HOU LIANHAI 8. Sinornis santensis (Aves: Enantiornithes) from the Early Cretaceous of Northeastern China PAUL C. SERENO, RAO CHENGGANG, AND LI JIANJUN 9. The Birds from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Province of Cuenca, Spain) JOSE L. SANZ, BERNARDINO P. PEREZ-MORENO, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, AND ANGELA D. BUSCALIONI 10. Noguerornis gonzalezi (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of Spain LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND ANTONIO LACASA-RUIZ 11. Skeletal Morphology and Systematics of the Cretaceous Euenantiornithes (Ornithothoraces: Enantiornithes) LUIS M. CHIAPPE AND CYRIL A. WALKER 12. Vorona berivotrensis, a Primitive Bird from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar CATHERINE A. FORSTER, LUIS M. CHIAPPE, DAVID W. KRAUSE, AND SCOTT D. SAMPSON 13. Osteology of the Flightless Patagopteryx deferrariisi from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Argentina) LUIS M. CHIAPPE 14. Enaliornis, an Early Cretaceous Hesperornithiform Bird from England, with Comments on other Hesperornithiformes PETER M. GALTON AND LARRY D. MARTIN 15. The Mesozoic Radiation of Neornithes SYLVIA HOPE 16. A Review of Avian Mesozoic Fossil Feathers ALEXANDER W. A. KELLNER 17. The Track Record of Mesozoic Birds and Pterosaurs: An Ichnological and Paleoecological Perspective MARTIN G. LOCKLEY AND EMMA C. RAINFORTH Part IV: Functional Morphology and Evolution 18. Bone Microstructure of Early Birds ANUSUYA CHINSAMY 19. Locomotor Evolution on the Line to Modern Birds STEPHEN M. GATESY 20. Basal Bird Phylogeny: Problems and Solutions LUIS M. CHIAPPE Contributors Index",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.40-5235",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.40-5235",
    openalex = "W586262331",
    references = "doi101038nature01342, doi101093auk11941187"
}

ABSTRACT Histological evidence of the bones of pterosaurs and dinosaurs indicates that the typically large forms of these groups grew at rates more comparable to those of birds and mammals than to those of other living reptiles. However, Scutellosaurus, a small, bipedal, basal thyreophoran ornithischian dinosaur of the Early Jurassic, shows histological features in its skeletal tissues that suggest relatively lower growth rates than in those of larger dinosaurs. In these respects Scutellosaurus, like other small dinosaurs such as Orodromeus and some basal birds, is more like young, rapidly growing crocodiles than larger, more derived ornithischians (hadrosaurs) and all saurischians (sauropods and theropods). Similar patterns can be seen in small, mostly basal pterosaurs such as Eudimorphodon and Rhamphorhynchus. However, superficial similarities to crocodile bone growth belie some important differences, which are most usefully interpreted in phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts. Large size evolved secondarily in several dinosaurian and pterosaurian lineages. We hypothesize that this larger size was made possible by rapid growth strategies that are reflected by characteristic highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone tissues that comprise most of the cortex. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, like other tetrapodes, generally grew more quickly in early stages and more slowly as growth neared completion. As in other vertebrate groups, taxa of small adult size may have grown at lower rates or for shorter durations than larger taxa did. Phylogenetic patterns suggest that by themselves, the low vascularity and inferred low growth rates seen in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs are not good indicators of thermometabolic regime, because they are correlated so strongly with size. They may reflect mechanical exigencies of small size rather than especially lower growth rates, tied to the process of deposition of particular kinds of bone tissues. The evolution of life history strategies in dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as they relate to rates of growth and adult body sizes, will be better understood as more complete histological studies place these data into phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts.

@article{doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2,
    author = "Padian, Kevin and Horner, John R. and de Ricqlès, Armand",
    title = "Growth in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs: the evolution of archosaurian growth strategies",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Histological evidence of the bones of pterosaurs and dinosaurs indicates that the typically large forms of these groups grew at rates more comparable to those of birds and mammals than to those of other living reptiles. However, Scutellosaurus, a small, bipedal, basal thyreophoran ornithischian dinosaur of the Early Jurassic, shows histological features in its skeletal tissues that suggest relatively lower growth rates than in those of larger dinosaurs. In these respects Scutellosaurus, like other small dinosaurs such as Orodromeus and some basal birds, is more like young, rapidly growing crocodiles than larger, more derived ornithischians (hadrosaurs) and all saurischians (sauropods and theropods). Similar patterns can be seen in small, mostly basal pterosaurs such as Eudimorphodon and Rhamphorhynchus. However, superficial similarities to crocodile bone growth belie some important differences, which are most usefully interpreted in phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts. Large size evolved secondarily in several dinosaurian and pterosaurian lineages. We hypothesize that this larger size was made possible by rapid growth strategies that are reflected by characteristic highly vascularized fibro-lamellar bone tissues that comprise most of the cortex. Dinosaurs and pterosaurs, like other tetrapodes, generally grew more quickly in early stages and more slowly as growth neared completion. As in other vertebrate groups, taxa of small adult size may have grown at lower rates or for shorter durations than larger taxa did. Phylogenetic patterns suggest that by themselves, the low vascularity and inferred low growth rates seen in small dinosaurs and pterosaurs are not good indicators of thermometabolic regime, because they are correlated so strongly with size. They may reflect mechanical exigencies of small size rather than especially lower growth rates, tied to the process of deposition of particular kinds of bone tissues. The evolution of life history strategies in dinosaurs and pterosaurs, as they relate to rates of growth and adult body sizes, will be better understood as more complete histological studies place these data into phylogenetic and ontogenetic contexts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1671/0272-4634(2004)024[0555:gisdap]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2176430550",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007bf02118752, doi101016s0764446900001815, doi101016s1631069102014294, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101038282296a0, doi10108002724634199310011490, doi101093clinids222240, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101111j109636422000tb02201x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023071444685, doi1023073514751, openalexw225597919, openalexw2607033038, openalexw563887495, vitt1982the"
}

ABSTRACT Kerberosaurus manakini, gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) is described on the basis of disarticulated skull elements from the Maastrichtian Tsagayan Formation of Blagoveschensk, Far Eastern Russia. This flat-headed hadrosaur is characterized by a unique morphology of the lateral wall of the braincase, a particularly narrow frontal, a depressed rostral margin of the parietal, a strong, wide and flattened crest around the circumnarial depression, and a very prominent hook-like palatine process on the maxilla. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 21 cranial characters, indicates that, among hadrosaurines, Kerberosaurus is the sister taxon of a monophyletic group formed by Prosaurolophus and Saurolophus. Several independent hadrosaurid lineages migrated from western North America to eastern Asia, probably by late Campanian to early Maastrichtian time. At the end of the Maastrichtian, completely different dinosaur faunas developed in both regions, indicating some kind of geographical or paleoecological barrier.

@article{doi1016711110,
    author = "Bolotsky, Yuri L. and Godefroit, Pascal",
    title = "A new hadrosaurine dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Kerberosaurus manakini, gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Hadrosauridae) is described on the basis of disarticulated skull elements from the Maastrichtian Tsagayan Formation of Blagoveschensk, Far Eastern Russia. This flat-headed hadrosaur is characterized by a unique morphology of the lateral wall of the braincase, a particularly narrow frontal, a depressed rostral margin of the parietal, a strong, wide and flattened crest around the circumnarial depression, and a very prominent hook-like palatine process on the maxilla. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 21 cranial characters, indicates that, among hadrosaurines, Kerberosaurus is the sister taxon of a monophyletic group formed by Prosaurolophus and Saurolophus. Several independent hadrosaurid lineages migrated from western North America to eastern Asia, probably by late Campanian to early Maastrichtian time. At the end of the Maastrichtian, completely different dinosaur faunas developed in both regions, indicating some kind of geographical or paleoecological barrier.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1671/1110",
    doi = "10.1671/1110",
    openalex = "W2157971612",
    references = "doi1010160031018270900945, doi101016003101829390091v, doi1010160195667191900155, doi101093nqs5vi146318i, doi101111j109600311991tb00042x, doi101126science11282807, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101130spe40p1, doi101139e93187, openalexw1556338760, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759, openalexw592572837"
}

The fossil record on Mesozoic mammals has expanded by orders of magnitude over the past quarter century. New specimens, some of them breathtakingly complete, have been found in nearly all parts of the globe at a rapid pace. Coupled with the application of new scientific approaches and techniques, these exciting discoveries have led to profound changes in our interpretation of early mammal history. Mesozoic mammals have come into their own as a rich source of information for evolutionary biology. Their record of episodic, successive radiations speaks to the pace and mode of evolution. Early mammals were small, but they provide key information on the morphological transformations that led to modern mammals, including our own lineage of Placentalia. Significant and fast-evolving elements of the terrestrial biota for much of the Mesozoic, early mammals have played an increasingly important role in studies of paleoecology, faunal turnover, and historical biogeography. The record of early mammals occupies center stage for testing molecular evolutionary hypotheses on the timing and sequence of mammalian radiations. Organized according to phylogeny, this book covers all aspects of the anatomy, paleobiology, and systematics of all early mammalian groups, in addition to the extant mammalian lineages extending back into the Mesozoic.

@book{doi107312kiel11918,
    author = "Kielan‐Jaworowska, Zofia and Cifelli, Richard L. and Luo, Zhe‐Xi",
    title = "Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "Columbia University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The fossil record on Mesozoic mammals has expanded by orders of magnitude over the past quarter century. New specimens, some of them breathtakingly complete, have been found in nearly all parts of the globe at a rapid pace. Coupled with the application of new scientific approaches and techniques, these exciting discoveries have led to profound changes in our interpretation of early mammal history. Mesozoic mammals have come into their own as a rich source of information for evolutionary biology. Their record of episodic, successive radiations speaks to the pace and mode of evolution. Early mammals were small, but they provide key information on the morphological transformations that led to modern mammals, including our own lineage of Placentalia. Significant and fast-evolving elements of the terrestrial biota for much of the Mesozoic, early mammals have played an increasingly important role in studies of paleoecology, faunal turnover, and historical biogeography. The record of early mammals occupies center stage for testing molecular evolutionary hypotheses on the timing and sequence of mammalian radiations. Organized according to phylogeny, this book covers all aspects of the anatomy, paleobiology, and systematics of all early mammalian groups, in addition to the extant mammalian lineages extending back into the Mesozoic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7312/kiel11918",
    doi = "10.7312/kiel11918",
    openalex = "W56091193"
}

Rightly or wrongly, dinosaurs are poster children for the CretaceousTertiary (K-T) extinction. The rate and cause of their extinction, however, has been contentious, at least in part because of their rarity. Nonetheless, significant data have accumulated to indicate that the dinosaur extinction, in North America at least, was geologically instantaneous. The evidence comes from field studies in geologically disparate settings involving the reconstruction of dinosaur stratigraphic ranges as well as community structure in the Late Cretaceous, and from quantitative studies of the post-Cretaceous evolution of mammals. The hypothesis of extinction by asteroid impact is concordant with what is known of the rate of the dinosaur extinction, as well as the patterns of selective vertebrate survivorship across the K-T boundary. The precise nature of the kill mechanism(s), however, remains under discussion.

@article{doi1011301052517320050154teotdi20co2,
    author = "Fastovsky, David E. and Sheehan, Peter M.",
    title = "The Extinction of the Dinosaurs in North America",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "GSA Today",
    abstract = "Rightly or wrongly, dinosaurs are poster children for the CretaceousTertiary (K-T) extinction. The rate and cause of their extinction, however, has been contentious, at least in part because of their rarity. Nonetheless, significant data have accumulated to indicate that the dinosaur extinction, in North America at least, was geologically instantaneous. The evidence comes from field studies in geologically disparate settings involving the reconstruction of dinosaur stratigraphic ranges as well as community structure in the Late Cretaceous, and from quantitative studies of the post-Cretaceous evolution of mammals. The hypothesis of extinction by asteroid impact is concordant with what is known of the rate of the dinosaur extinction, as well as the patterns of selective vertebrate survivorship across the K-T boundary. The precise nature of the kill mechanism(s), however, remains under discussion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:teotdi>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/1052-5173(2005)015<4:teotdi>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2166152135",
    references = "doi1023073514678"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres200510010,
    author = "Lockley, Martin G. and Houck, Karen J. and Yang, Seong‐Young and Matsukawa, Masaki and Lim, Seong‐Kyu",
    title = "Dinosaur-dominated footprint assemblages from the Cretaceous Jindong Formation, Hallyo Haesang National Park area, Goseong County, South Korea: Evidence and implications",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.010",
    openalex = "W2007949655",
    references = "doi1010160031018272900491, doi101016jcretres200510003, doi101038331433a0, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634198110011900, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108010420940490428625, doi101098rstb19920051, doi101130001676061986971163naldts20co2, doi105860choice273305, openalexw114509570, openalexw2206796883, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, openalexw603337959"
}

Synopsis Ornithischia is a familiar and diverse clade of dinosaurs whose global phylogeny has remained largely unaltered since early cladistic analyses in the mid 1980s. Current understanding of ornithischian evolution is hampered by a paucity of explicitly numerical phylogenetic analyses that consider the entire clade. As a result, it is difficult to assess the robustness of current phylogenetic hypotheses for Ornithischia and the effect that the addition of new taxa or characters is likely to have on the overall topology of the clade. The new phylogenetic analysis presented here incorporates a range of new basal taxa and characters in an attempt to rigorously test global ornithischian phylogeny. Parsimony analysis is carried out with 46 taxa and 221 characters. Although the strict component consensus tree shows poor resolution in a number of areas, application of reduced consensus methods provides a well‐resolved picture of ornithischian interrelationships. Surprisingly, Heterodontosauridae is placed as the most basal group of all well‐known ornithischians, phylogenetically distant from a stem‐defined Ornithopoda, creating a topology that is more congruent with the known ornithischian stratigraphical record. There is no evidence for a monophyletic ‘Fabrosauridae’, and Lesothosaurus (the best‐known ‘fabrosaur') occupies an unusual position as the most basal member of Thyreophora. Other relationships within Thyreophora remain largely stable. The primitive thyreophoran Scelidosaurus is the sister taxon of Eurypoda (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), rather than a basal ankylosaur as implied by some previous studies. The taxonomic content of Ornithopoda differs significantly from previous analyses and basal relationships within the clade are weakly supported, requiring further investigation. ‘Hypsilopho‐dontidae’ is paraphyletic, with some taxa (Agilisaurus, Hexinlusaurus, Othnielia) placed outside of Ornithopoda as non‐cerapodans. Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria are monophyletic and are united as Marginocephalia; however, the stability of these clades is reduced by a number of poorly preserved basal taxa. This analysis reaffirms much of the currently accepted ornithischian topology. Nevertheless, instability in the position and content of several clades (notably Heterodontosauridae and Ornithopoda) indicates that considerable future work on ornithischian phylogeny is required and causes problems for several current phylogenetic definitions.

@article{doi101017s1477201907002271,
    author = "Butler, Richard J. and Upchurch, Paul and Norman, David",
    title = "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Synopsis Ornithischia is a familiar and diverse clade of dinosaurs whose global phylogeny has remained largely unaltered since early cladistic analyses in the mid 1980s. Current understanding of ornithischian evolution is hampered by a paucity of explicitly numerical phylogenetic analyses that consider the entire clade. As a result, it is difficult to assess the robustness of current phylogenetic hypotheses for Ornithischia and the effect that the addition of new taxa or characters is likely to have on the overall topology of the clade. The new phylogenetic analysis presented here incorporates a range of new basal taxa and characters in an attempt to rigorously test global ornithischian phylogeny. Parsimony analysis is carried out with 46 taxa and 221 characters. Although the strict component consensus tree shows poor resolution in a number of areas, application of reduced consensus methods provides a well‐resolved picture of ornithischian interrelationships. Surprisingly, Heterodontosauridae is placed as the most basal group of all well‐known ornithischians, phylogenetically distant from a stem‐defined Ornithopoda, creating a topology that is more congruent with the known ornithischian stratigraphical record. There is no evidence for a monophyletic ‘Fabrosauridae’, and Lesothosaurus (the best‐known ‘fabrosaur') occupies an unusual position as the most basal member of Thyreophora. Other relationships within Thyreophora remain largely stable. The primitive thyreophoran Scelidosaurus is the sister taxon of Eurypoda (stegosaurs and ankylosaurs), rather than a basal ankylosaur as implied by some previous studies. The taxonomic content of Ornithopoda differs significantly from previous analyses and basal relationships within the clade are weakly supported, requiring further investigation. ‘Hypsilopho‐dontidae’ is paraphyletic, with some taxa (Agilisaurus, Hexinlusaurus, Othnielia) placed outside of Ornithopoda as non‐cerapodans. Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria are monophyletic and are united as Marginocephalia; however, the stability of these clades is reduced by a number of poorly preserved basal taxa. This analysis reaffirms much of the currently accepted ornithischian topology. Nevertheless, instability in the position and content of several clades (notably Heterodontosauridae and Ornithopoda) indicates that considerable future work on ornithischian phylogeny is required and causes problems for several current phylogenetic definitions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477201907002271",
    doi = "10.1017/s1477201907002271",
    openalex = "W2107074601",
    references = "doi101007bf00377897, doi101007bf02988144, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101038248168a0, doi10108002724634198310011956, doi10108002724634198510011859, doi10108002724634199010011815, doi10108002724634199110011386, doi10108002724634199110011426, doi10108002724634199410011523, doi10108002724634199410011524, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101086273307, doi101093oxfordjournalsafrafa100309, doi101098rspb20043047, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19650003, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111j155856461988tb02497x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101111j216409471940tb00068x, doi101126science2562999, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1015259780520941434, doi1015468gbdyof, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023072408870, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105479si00963801361666197, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw1574544995, openalexw225597919, openalexw2310875238, openalexw2603335639, openalexw2894525608, openalexw3215057009, openalexw616953834, owen2015monograph, padian1989presence"
}

A fossil discovery in the mid-Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation of southwest Montana, USA, has yielded the first trace and body fossil evidence of burrowing behaviour in a dinosaur. Skeletal remains of an adult and two juveniles of Oryctodromeus cubicularis gen. et sp. nov. a new species of hypsilophodont-grade dinosaur, were found in the expanded distal chamber of a sediment-filled burrow. Correspondence between burrow and adult dimensions supports Oryctodromeus as the burrow maker. Additionally, Oryctodromeus exhibits features of the snout, shoulder girdle and pelvis consistent with digging habits while retaining cursorial hindlimb proportions. Association of adult and young within a terminal chamber provides definitive evidence of extensive parental care in the Dinosauria. As with modern vertebrate cursors that dig, burrowing in Oryctodromeus may have been an important adaptation for the rearing of young. Burrowing also represents a mechanism by which small dinosaurs may have exploited the extreme environments of polar latitudes, deserts and high mountain areas. The ability among dinosaurs to find or make shelter may contradict some scenarios of the Cretaceous-Paleogene impact event. Burrowing habits expand the known range of nonavian dinosaur behaviours and suggest that the cursorial ancestry of dinosaurs did not fully preclude the evolution of different functional regimes, such as fossoriality.

@article{doi101098rspb20060443,
    author = "Varricchio, David J. and Martin, Anthony J. and Katsura, Yoshihiro",
    title = "First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "A fossil discovery in the mid-Cretaceous Blackleaf Formation of southwest Montana, USA, has yielded the first trace and body fossil evidence of burrowing behaviour in a dinosaur. Skeletal remains of an adult and two juveniles of Oryctodromeus cubicularis gen. et sp. nov. a new species of hypsilophodont-grade dinosaur, were found in the expanded distal chamber of a sediment-filled burrow. Correspondence between burrow and adult dimensions supports Oryctodromeus as the burrow maker. Additionally, Oryctodromeus exhibits features of the snout, shoulder girdle and pelvis consistent with digging habits while retaining cursorial hindlimb proportions. Association of adult and young within a terminal chamber provides definitive evidence of extensive parental care in the Dinosauria. As with modern vertebrate cursors that dig, burrowing in Oryctodromeus may have been an important adaptation for the rearing of young. Burrowing also represents a mechanism by which small dinosaurs may have exploited the extreme environments of polar latitudes, deserts and high mountain areas. The ability among dinosaurs to find or make shelter may contradict some scenarios of the Cretaceous-Paleogene impact event. Burrowing habits expand the known range of nonavian dinosaur behaviours and suggest that the cursorial ancestry of dinosaurs did not fully preclude the evolution of different functional regimes, such as fossoriality.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0443",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2006.0443",
    openalex = "W2159630773",
    references = "doi101038282296a0, doi101038385247a0, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011300016760619931050129cop23co2, doi101130spe216p1, doi101353book59141, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi102307622963, openalexw1968568170, openalexw1996683265, openalexw225597919, openalexw2603335639"
}

The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians Majungasaurus and Tyrannosaurus and the ankylosaurian ornithischians Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Their extant archosaurian outgroups, birds and crocodilians (exemplified by ostrich and alligator), display a diversity of paranasal sinuses, yet they share only a single homologous antorbital sinus, which in birds has an important subsidiary diverticulum, the suborbital sinus. Both of the theropods had a large antorbital sinus that pneumatized many of the facial and palatal bones as well as a birdlike suborbital sinus. Given that the suborbital sinus interleaves with jaw muscles, the paranasal sinuses of at least some theropods (including birds) were actively ventilated rather than being dead-air spaces. Although many ankylosaurians have been thought to have had extensive paranasal sinuses, most of the snout is instead (and surprisingly) often occupied by a highly convoluted airway. Digital segmentation, coupled with 3D visualization and analysis, allows the positions of the sinuses to be viewed in place within both the skull and the head and then measured volumetrically. These quantitative data allow the first reliable estimates of dinosaur head mass and an assessment of the potential savings in mass afforded by the sinuses.

@article{doi101002ar20794,
    author = "Witmer, Lawrence M. and Ridgely, Ryan C.",
    title = "The Paranasal Air Sinuses of Predatory and Armored Dinosaurs (Archosauria: Theropoda and Ankylosauria) and Their Contribution to Cephalic Structure",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "The paranasal air sinuses and nasal cavities were studied along with other cephalic spaces (brain cavity, paratympanic sinuses) in certain dinosaurs via CT scanning and 3D visualization to document the anatomy and examine the contribution of the sinuses to the morphological organization of the head as a whole. Two representatives each of two dinosaur clades are compared: the theropod saurischians Majungasaurus and Tyrannosaurus and the ankylosaurian ornithischians Panoplosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Their extant archosaurian outgroups, birds and crocodilians (exemplified by ostrich and alligator), display a diversity of paranasal sinuses, yet they share only a single homologous antorbital sinus, which in birds has an important subsidiary diverticulum, the suborbital sinus. Both of the theropods had a large antorbital sinus that pneumatized many of the facial and palatal bones as well as a birdlike suborbital sinus. Given that the suborbital sinus interleaves with jaw muscles, the paranasal sinuses of at least some theropods (including birds) were actively ventilated rather than being dead-air spaces. Although many ankylosaurians have been thought to have had extensive paranasal sinuses, most of the snout is instead (and surprisingly) often occupied by a highly convoluted airway. Digital segmentation, coupled with 3D visualization and analysis, allows the positions of the sinuses to be viewed in place within both the skull and the head and then measured volumetrically. These quantitative data allow the first reliable estimates of dinosaur head mass and an assessment of the potential savings in mass afforded by the sinuses.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.20794",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.20794",
    openalex = "W2070481761",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi10100797844317693306, doi101038nature02048, doi101038nature05634, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi10108002724634200310010947, doi101111j10963642200600293x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi1015159781400853724, doi1016710272463420072732caomct20co2, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice435902"
}

Recent histological studies suggest relatively rapid growth in dinosaurs. However, the timing of reproductive maturity (RM) in dinosaurs is poorly known because unambiguous indicators of RM are rare. One exception is medullary bone (MB), which is an ephemeral bony tissue that forms before ovulation in the marrow cavities of birds as a calcium source for eggshelling. Recently, MB also was described in a single specimen of the saurischian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Here, we report two other occurrences of MB: in another saurischian dinosaur, Allosaurus, and in the ornithischian dinosaur Tenontosaurus. We show by counting lines of arrested growth and performing growth curve reconstructions that Tenontosaurus, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were reproductively mature by 8, 10, and 18 years, respectively. RM in these dinosaurs coincided with a transition from growth acceleration to deceleration. It also far precedes predictions based on the growth rates of living reptiles scaled to similar size. Despite relatively rapid growth, dinosaurs were similar to reptiles in that RM developed before reaching asymptotic size. However, this reproductive strategy also occurs in medium- to large-sized mammals and correlates with a strategy of prolonged multiyear growth. RM in actively growing individuals suggests that these dinosaurs were born relatively precocial and experienced high adult mortality. The origin of the modern avian reproductive strategy in ornithuran birds likely coincided with their extreme elevations in growth rate and truncations to growth duration.

@article{doi101073pnas0708903105,
    author = "Lee, Andrew H. and Werning, Sarah",
    title = "Sexual maturity in growing dinosaurs does not fit reptilian growth models",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Recent histological studies suggest relatively rapid growth in dinosaurs. However, the timing of reproductive maturity (RM) in dinosaurs is poorly known because unambiguous indicators of RM are rare. One exception is medullary bone (MB), which is an ephemeral bony tissue that forms before ovulation in the marrow cavities of birds as a calcium source for eggshelling. Recently, MB also was described in a single specimen of the saurischian dinosaur Tyrannosaurus rex. Here, we report two other occurrences of MB: in another saurischian dinosaur, Allosaurus, and in the ornithischian dinosaur Tenontosaurus. We show by counting lines of arrested growth and performing growth curve reconstructions that Tenontosaurus, Allosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were reproductively mature by 8, 10, and 18 years, respectively. RM in these dinosaurs coincided with a transition from growth acceleration to deceleration. It also far precedes predictions based on the growth rates of living reptiles scaled to similar size. Despite relatively rapid growth, dinosaurs were similar to reptiles in that RM developed before reaching asymptotic size. However, this reproductive strategy also occurs in medium- to large-sized mammals and correlates with a strategy of prolonged multiyear growth. RM in actively growing individuals suggests that these dinosaurs were born relatively precocial and experienced high adult mortality. The origin of the modern avian reproductive strategy in ornithuran birds likely coincided with their extreme elevations in growth rate and truncations to growth duration.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0708903105",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0708903105",
    openalex = "W2157017140",
    references = "doi101001archpedi194702020380122009, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007bf00344996, doi101017cbo9780511608483, doi10103835086500, doi101038nature02699, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111j146979981990tb04316x, doi101111j155856461970tb01740x, doi101111j155856461986tb00560x, doi101146annureves18110187002103, doi101353book59141, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016710272463420040240555gisdap20co2, doi1023073546065, doi10560219780801881206, hirsch1989upper"
}

The observed diversity of dinosaurs reached its highest peak during the mid- and Late Cretaceous, the 50 Myr that preceded their extinction, and yet this explosion of dinosaur diversity may be explained largely by sampling bias. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), from 125-80 Myr ago, when flowering plants, herbivorous and social insects, squamates, birds and mammals all underwent a rapid expansion. Although an apparent explosion of dinosaur diversity occurred in the mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of new groups (e.g. neoceratopsians, ankylosaurid ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids and pachycephalosaurs), results from the first quantitative study of diversification applied to a new supertree of dinosaurs show that this apparent burst in dinosaurian diversity in the last 18 Myr of the Cretaceous is a sampling artefact. Indeed, major diversification shifts occurred largely in the first one-third of the group's history. Despite the appearance of new clades of medium to large herbivores and carnivores later in dinosaur history, these new originations do not correspond to significant diversification shifts. Instead, the overall geometry of the Cretaceous part of the dinosaur tree does not depart from the null hypothesis of an equal rates model of lineage branching. Furthermore, we conclude that dinosaurs did not experience a progressive decline at the end of the Cretaceous, nor was their evolution driven directly by the KTR.

@article{doi101098rspb20080715,
    author = "Lloyd, Graeme T. and Davis, Katie E. and Pisani, Davide and Tarver, James E. and Ruta, Marcello and Sakamoto, Manabu and Hone, David W. E. and Jennings, Rachel and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Dinosaurs and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The observed diversity of dinosaurs reached its highest peak during the mid- and Late Cretaceous, the 50 Myr that preceded their extinction, and yet this explosion of dinosaur diversity may be explained largely by sampling bias. It has long been debated whether dinosaurs were part of the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), from 125-80 Myr ago, when flowering plants, herbivorous and social insects, squamates, birds and mammals all underwent a rapid expansion. Although an apparent explosion of dinosaur diversity occurred in the mid-Cretaceous, coinciding with the emergence of new groups (e.g. neoceratopsians, ankylosaurid ankylosaurs, hadrosaurids and pachycephalosaurs), results from the first quantitative study of diversification applied to a new supertree of dinosaurs show that this apparent burst in dinosaurian diversity in the last 18 Myr of the Cretaceous is a sampling artefact. Indeed, major diversification shifts occurred largely in the first one-third of the group's history. Despite the appearance of new clades of medium to large herbivores and carnivores later in dinosaur history, these new originations do not correspond to significant diversification shifts. Instead, the overall geometry of the Cretaceous part of the dinosaur tree does not depart from the null hypothesis of an equal rates model of lineage branching. Furthermore, we conclude that dinosaurs did not experience a progressive decline at the end of the Cretaceous, nor was their evolution driven directly by the KTR.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0715",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2008.0715",
    openalex = "W2131872692",
    references = "doi101007978140206754912413, doi101017cbo9780511536045, doi101038274661a0, doi101038nature05634, doi101046j14610248200100230x, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi101073pnas111144698, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101111j109600311999tb00277x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1144066, doi101159000452856, doi1015159780691224244, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202462320010001, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3217097258, sloan1986gradual, smith2007marine"
}

The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.

@article{doi101126science1161833,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Benton, Michael J. and Ruta, Marcello and Lloyd, Graeme T.",
    title = "Superiority, Competition, and Opportunism in the Evolutionary Radiation of Dinosaurs",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = {The rise and diversification of the dinosaurs in the Late Triassic, from 230 to 200 million years ago, is a classic example of an evolutionary radiation with supposed competitive replacement. A comparison of evolutionary rates and morphological disparity of basal dinosaurs and their chief "competitors," the crurotarsan archosaurs, shows that dinosaurs exhibited lower disparity and an indistinguishable rate of character evolution. The radiation of Triassic archosaurs as a whole is characterized by declining evolutionary rates and increasing disparity, suggesting a decoupling of character evolution from body plan variety. The results strongly suggest that historical contingency, rather than prolonged competition or general "superiority," was the primary factor in the rise of dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1161833",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1161833",
    openalex = "W2030637789",
    references = "benton1983dinosaur, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j14754983200600614x, doi101111j155856461971tb01922x, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1084786, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science2314734129, doi101126science28454232137, doi101126science28554321386, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1041599780674417922, doi105860choice396411"
}

The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900094x,
    author = "Langer, Max C. and Ezcurra, Martín D. and Bittencourt, Jonathas S. and Novas, Fernando E.",
    title = "The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = {The oldest unequivocal records of Dinosauria were unearthed from Late Triassic rocks (approximately 230 Ma) accumulated over extensional rift basins in southwestern Pangea. The better known of these are Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis, Pisanosaurus mertii, Eoraptor lunensis, and Panphagia protos from the Ischigualasto Formation, Argentina, and Staurikosaurus pricei and Saturnalia tupiniquim from the Santa Maria Formation, Brazil. No uncontroversial dinosaur body fossils are known from older strata, but the Middle Triassic origin of the lineage may be inferred from both the footprint record and its sister-group relation to Ladinian basal dinosauromorphs. These include the typical Marasuchus lilloensis, more basal forms such as Lagerpeton and Dromomeron, as well as silesaurids: a possibly monophyletic group composed of Mid-Late Triassic forms that may represent immediate sister taxa to dinosaurs. The first phylogenetic definition to fit the current understanding of Dinosauria as a node-based taxon solely composed of mutually exclusive Saurischia and Ornithischia was given as "all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of birds and Triceratops". Recent cladistic analyses of early dinosaurs agree that Pisanosaurus mertii is a basal ornithischian; that Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis and Staurikosaurus pricei belong in a monophyletic Herrerasauridae; that herrerasaurids, Eoraptor lunensis, and Guaibasaurus candelariensis are saurischians; that Saurischia includes two main groups, Sauropodomorpha and Theropoda; and that Saturnalia tupiniquim is a basal member of the sauropodomorph lineage. On the contrary, several aspects of basal dinosaur phylogeny remain controversial, including the position of herrerasaurids, E. lunensis, and G. candelariensis as basal theropods or basal saurischians, and the affinity and/or validity of more fragmentary taxa such as Agnosphitys cromhallensis, Alwalkeria maleriensis, Chindesaurus bryansmalli, Saltopus elginensis, and Spondylosoma absconditum. The identification of dinosaur apomorphies is jeopardized by the incompleteness of skeletal remains attributed to most basal dinosauromorphs, the skulls and forelimbs of which are particularly poorly known. Nonetheless, Dinosauria can be diagnosed by a suite of derived traits, most of which are related to the anatomy of the pelvic girdle and limb. Some of these are connected to the acquisition of a fully erect bipedal gait, which has been traditionally suggested to represent a key adaptation that allowed, or even promoted, dinosaur radiation during Late Triassic times. Yet, contrary to the classical "competitive" models, dinosaurs did not gradually replace other terrestrial tetrapods over the Late Triassic. In fact, the radiation of the group comprises at least three landmark moments, separated by controversial (Carnian-Norian, Triassic-Jurassic) extinction events. These are mainly characterized by early diversification in Carnian times, a Norian increase in diversity and (especially) abundance, and the occupation of new niches from the Early Jurassic onwards. Dinosaurs arose from fully bipedal ancestors, the diet of which may have been carnivorous or omnivorous. Whereas the oldest dinosaurs were geographically restricted to south Pangea, including rare ornithischians and more abundant basal members of the saurischian lineage, the group achieved a nearly global distribution by the latest Triassic, especially with the radiation of saurischian groups such as "prosauropods" and coelophysoids.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00094.x",
    openalex = "W2121596487",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, crossref1998encyclopedia, currie2009stratigraphy, doi1010160031018281900924, doi1010160031018295000178, doi101016c20090644421, doi101016jjsames200504002, doi101016jpalaeo200606041, doi101016s0012825203000825, doi101016s0016699580800386, doi101016s0016699583800205, doi101016s0031018298001175, doi101017cbo9780511628948, doi101017s0094837300010575, doi101017s1477201906001970, doi101017s1477201907002040, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101017s247526300000091x, doi10103820167, doi10106313060577, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011124, doi101098rspb20042692, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101098rstb19990489, doi101111j109636421985tb01796x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101126science1143325, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science2645160828, doi101126science2845414616, doi101126science3616622, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101144gsjgs14720321, doi1012060003009020073021taoeoa20co2, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1015468gbdyof, doi1016710272463420020220510toomka20co2, doi1016710272463420072773tclagn20co2, doi101671a1097, doi1023071292217, doi1023071441916, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi102475ajss32313381, doi104202app20080415, doi10432497802030907329, doi105281zenodo16120887, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105281zenodo16246150, doi105860choice325663, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice465038, doi107146moggeosciv32i140904, doi10718895fylantbak30809522, openalexw114509570, openalexw1496509561, openalexw1535663436, openalexw205674743, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2788234611, openalexw2991310333, openalexw3208547338, openalexw3215057009, padian1989presence, rowe1989a, walker1964triassic"
}

Islands are noted for the occurrence of aberrant, endemic, and dwarfed taxa (the "island effect"). Late Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of Romania and elsewhere in Europe are classic examples of island faunas in the fossil record, and are characterized by dwarfed herbivorous dinosaurs and other endemic taxa that are noticeably primitive relative to their mainland contemporaries. Fossils of the predators inhabiting the European paleoislands, however, are exceptionally rare and fragmentary. We describe a new dromaeosaurid theropod, based on an articulated skeleton from the Maastrichtian of Romania, which represents the most complete predatory dinosaur from the middle to Late Cretaceous of Europe. This taxon is characterized by a peculiar body plan, most notably extensive fusion in the hand and distal hindlimb, a highly retroverted pelvis with enlarged femoral muscle attachments, and a pair of hyperextensive pedal claws. However, unlike the island-dwelling herbivorous dinosaurs, its closest relatives are contemporary similar-sized Laurasian taxa, indicating faunal connections between Asia and the European islands late into the Cretaceous. This theropod provides support for the aberrant nature of the Late Cretaceous European island-dwelling dinosaurs, but indicates that predators on these islands were not necessarily small, geographically endemic, or primitive.

@article{doi101073pnas1006970107,
    author = "Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán and Vremir, Mátyás and Brusatte, Stephen L. and Norell, Mark A.",
    title = "An aberrant island-dwelling theropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Romania",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {Islands are noted for the occurrence of aberrant, endemic, and dwarfed taxa (the "island effect"). Late Cretaceous vertebrate assemblages of Romania and elsewhere in Europe are classic examples of island faunas in the fossil record, and are characterized by dwarfed herbivorous dinosaurs and other endemic taxa that are noticeably primitive relative to their mainland contemporaries. Fossils of the predators inhabiting the European paleoislands, however, are exceptionally rare and fragmentary. We describe a new dromaeosaurid theropod, based on an articulated skeleton from the Maastrichtian of Romania, which represents the most complete predatory dinosaur from the middle to Late Cretaceous of Europe. This taxon is characterized by a peculiar body plan, most notably extensive fusion in the hand and distal hindlimb, a highly retroverted pelvis with enlarged femoral muscle attachments, and a pair of hyperextensive pedal claws. However, unlike the island-dwelling herbivorous dinosaurs, its closest relatives are contemporary similar-sized Laurasian taxa, indicating faunal connections between Asia and the European islands late into the Cretaceous. This theropod provides support for the aberrant nature of the Late Cretaceous European island-dwelling dinosaurs, but indicates that predators on these islands were not necessarily small, geographically endemic, or primitive.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1006970107",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1006970107",
    openalex = "W2133928587",
    references = "doi101016b978012249408650011x, doi101016jpalaeo200402033, doi10108002724634199510011271, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science27953581915, doi101371journalpbio0040321, doi101525california97805202420980010001, openalexw1534787790"
}

Interpreting key ecological parameters, such as diet, of extinct organisms without the benefit of direct observation or explicit fossil evidence poses a formidable challenge for paleobiological studies. To date, dietary categorizations of extinct taxa are largely generated by means of modern analogs; however, for many species the method is subject to considerable ambiguity. Here we present a refined approach for assessing trophic habits in fossil taxa and apply the method to coelurosaurian dinosaurs--a clade for which diet is particularly controversial. Our findings detect 21 morphological features that exhibit statistically significant correlations with extrinsic fossil evidence of coelurosaurian herbivory, such as stomach contents and a gastric mill. These traits represent quantitative, extrinsically founded proxies for identifying herbivorous ecomorphology in fossils and are robust despite uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships among major coelurosaurian subclades. The distribution of these features suggests that herbivory was widespread among coelurosaurians, with six major subclades displaying morphological evidence of the diet, and that contrary to previous thought, hypercarnivory was relatively rare and potentially secondarily derived. Given the potential for repeated, independent evolution of herbivory in Coelurosauria, we also test for repetitive patterns in the appearance of herbivorous traits within sublineages using rank concordance analysis. We find evidence for a common succession of increasing specialization to herbivory in the subclades Ornithomimosauria and Oviraptorosauria, perhaps underlain by intrinsic functional and/or developmental constraints, as well as evidence indicating that the early evolution of a beak in coelurosaurians correlates with an herbivorous diet.

@article{doi101073pnas1011924108,
    author = "Zanno, Lindsay E. and Makovicky, Peter J.",
    title = "Herbivorous ecomorphology and specialization patterns in theropod dinosaur evolution",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Interpreting key ecological parameters, such as diet, of extinct organisms without the benefit of direct observation or explicit fossil evidence poses a formidable challenge for paleobiological studies. To date, dietary categorizations of extinct taxa are largely generated by means of modern analogs; however, for many species the method is subject to considerable ambiguity. Here we present a refined approach for assessing trophic habits in fossil taxa and apply the method to coelurosaurian dinosaurs--a clade for which diet is particularly controversial. Our findings detect 21 morphological features that exhibit statistically significant correlations with extrinsic fossil evidence of coelurosaurian herbivory, such as stomach contents and a gastric mill. These traits represent quantitative, extrinsically founded proxies for identifying herbivorous ecomorphology in fossils and are robust despite uncertainty in phylogenetic relationships among major coelurosaurian subclades. The distribution of these features suggests that herbivory was widespread among coelurosaurians, with six major subclades displaying morphological evidence of the diet, and that contrary to previous thought, hypercarnivory was relatively rare and potentially secondarily derived. Given the potential for repeated, independent evolution of herbivory in Coelurosauria, we also test for repetitive patterns in the appearance of herbivorous traits within sublineages using rank concordance analysis. We find evidence for a common succession of increasing specialization to herbivory in the subclades Ornithomimosauria and Oviraptorosauria, perhaps underlain by intrinsic functional and/or developmental constraints, as well as evidence indicating that the early evolution of a beak in coelurosaurians correlates with an herbivorous diet.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011924108",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1011924108",
    openalex = "W2133829099",
    references = "doi10103831635, doi101038nature00930, doi101038nature08322, doi10108008912960600719988, doi101098rspb19940006, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science13334591105, doi101139e03011, doi101139e72031, doi101159000156416, doi1023072285423, doi105281zenodo1040385, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice392183, openalexw2097385721, openalexw2611511275"
}

Prieto-Márquez, Albert (2010): Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (2): 503-525, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x

@article{doi101111j10963642201000642x,
    author = "Prieto‐Márquez, Albert",
    title = "Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Prieto-Márquez, Albert (2010): Global historical biogeography of hadrosaurid dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 159 (2): 503-525, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00642.x",
    openalex = "W1946991361",
    references = "currie1993palaeontology, doi101016s0016699594802521, doi101038277560a0, doi10108002724634199810011101, doi10108010635150490423430, doi10108010635150802044003, doi101086284406, doi101093sysbio461195, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101126science23547931156, doi10113008137233291, doi101139e91009, doi101146annureves26110195002105, doi1016711110, doi1023071446122, doi105860choice331556, openalexw2183164573, openalexw2989049194, openalexw3015256845, openalexw51761775, openalexw575814759, openalexw597685939, vanitterbeeck2005stratigraphy"
}

The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.

@article{doi101111j1469185x201000137x,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin and Christian, Andreas and Clauß, Marcus and Fechner, Regina and Gee, Carole T. and Griebeler, Eva-Maria and Gunga, Hanns‐Christian and Hummel, Jürgen and Mallison, Heinrich and Perry, Steven F. and Preuschoft, Holger and Rauhut, Oliver W. M. and Remes, Kristian and Tütken, Thomas and Wings, Oliver and Witzel, U.",
    title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: the evolution of gigantism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods were the largest terrestrial animals ever, surpassing the largest herbivorous mammals by an order of magnitude in body mass. Several evolutionary lineages among Sauropoda produced giants with body masses in excess of 50 metric tonnes by conservative estimates. With body mass increase driven by the selective advantages of large body size, animal lineages will increase in body size until they reach the limit determined by the interplay of bauplan, biology, and resource availability. There is no evidence, however, that resource availability and global physicochemical parameters were different enough in the Mesozoic to have led to sauropod gigantism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00137.x",
    openalex = "W2090710319",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002jez513, doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101016jtree200508012, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101017s1464793101005735, doi101021j150446a008, doi101038262207a0, doi101038344858a0, doi10103835086558, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101073pnas251548698, doi10108002724634199410011538, doi10108002724634199510011575, doi10108002724634199810011115, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101098rsbl20070254, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rstb19950125, doi101111j109636421985tb00871x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1118806, doi101139e93176, doi101146annurevecolsys36102003152631, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101242jeb029009, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi1015159781400881376, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260466lhotts20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1022179revmacn7344, doi1023072407154, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss319111253, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice304997, doi105860choice326223, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice490282, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw114509570, openalexw1504554173, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1585246501, openalexw1607828269, openalexw2318111898, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2983381470, openalexw3015256845, openalexw575222456, seymour1976dinosaurs"
}

The accurate reconstruction of palaeobiodiversity patterns is central to a detailed understanding of the macroevolutionary history of a group of organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that diversity patterns observed directly from the fossil record are strongly influenced by fluctuations in the quality of our sampling of the rock record; thus, any patterns we see may reflect sampling biases, rather than genuine biological signals. Previous dinosaur diversity studies have suggested that fluctuations in sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity reflect genuine biological signals, in comparison to theropods and ornithischians whose diversity seems to be largely controlled by the rock record. Most previous diversity analyses that have attempted to take into account the effects of sampling biases have used only a single method or proxy: here we use a number of techniques in order to elucidate diversity. A global database of all known sauropodomorph body fossil occurrences (2024) was constructed. A taxic diversity curve for all valid sauropodomorph genera was extracted from this database and compared statistically with several sampling proxies (rock outcrop area and dinosaur-bearing formations and collections), each of which captures a different aspect of fossil record sampling. Phylogenetic diversity estimates, residuals and sample-based rarefaction (including the first attempt to capture 'cryptic' diversity in dinosaurs) were implemented to investigate further the effects of sampling. After 'removal' of biases, sauropodomorph diversity appears to be genuinely high in the Norian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Bathonian-Callovian and Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (with a small peak in the Aptian), whereas low diversity levels are recorded for the Oxfordian and Berriasian-Barremian, with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary seemingly representing a real diversity trough. Observed diversity in the remaining Triassic-Jurassic stages appears to be largely driven by sampling effort. Late Cretaceous diversity is difficult to elucidate and it is possible that this interval remains relatively under-sampled. Despite its distortion by sampling biases, much of sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity can be interpreted as a reflection of genuine biological signals, and fluctuations in sea level may account for some of these diversity patterns.

@article{doi101111j1469185x201000139x,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Carrano, Matthew T. and Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Testing the effect of the rock record on diversity: a multidisciplinary approach to elucidating the generic richness of sauropodomorph dinosaurs through time",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The accurate reconstruction of palaeobiodiversity patterns is central to a detailed understanding of the macroevolutionary history of a group of organisms. However, there is increasing evidence that diversity patterns observed directly from the fossil record are strongly influenced by fluctuations in the quality of our sampling of the rock record; thus, any patterns we see may reflect sampling biases, rather than genuine biological signals. Previous dinosaur diversity studies have suggested that fluctuations in sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity reflect genuine biological signals, in comparison to theropods and ornithischians whose diversity seems to be largely controlled by the rock record. Most previous diversity analyses that have attempted to take into account the effects of sampling biases have used only a single method or proxy: here we use a number of techniques in order to elucidate diversity. A global database of all known sauropodomorph body fossil occurrences (2024) was constructed. A taxic diversity curve for all valid sauropodomorph genera was extracted from this database and compared statistically with several sampling proxies (rock outcrop area and dinosaur-bearing formations and collections), each of which captures a different aspect of fossil record sampling. Phylogenetic diversity estimates, residuals and sample-based rarefaction (including the first attempt to capture 'cryptic' diversity in dinosaurs) were implemented to investigate further the effects of sampling. After 'removal' of biases, sauropodomorph diversity appears to be genuinely high in the Norian, Pliensbachian-Toarcian, Bathonian-Callovian and Kimmeridgian-Tithonian (with a small peak in the Aptian), whereas low diversity levels are recorded for the Oxfordian and Berriasian-Barremian, with the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary seemingly representing a real diversity trough. Observed diversity in the remaining Triassic-Jurassic stages appears to be largely driven by sampling effort. Late Cretaceous diversity is difficult to elucidate and it is possible that this interval remains relatively under-sampled. Despite its distortion by sampling biases, much of sauropodomorph palaeobiodiversity can be interpreted as a reflection of genuine biological signals, and fluctuations in sea level may account for some of these diversity patterns.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00139.x",
    openalex = "W2009772623",
    references = "doi101038274661a0, doi101073pnas0606028103, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101098rspb20091845, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101666070341, doi105860choice435907, foote1996perspective, smith2007marine"
}

BACKGROUND: During much of the Late Cretaceous, a shallow, epeiric sea divided North America into eastern and western landmasses. The western landmass, known as Laramidia, although diminutive in size, witnessed a major evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Other than hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), the most common dinosaurs were ceratopsids (large-bodied horned dinosaurs), currently known only from Laramidia and Asia. Remarkably, previous studies have postulated the occurrence of latitudinally arrayed dinosaur "provinces," or "biomes," on Laramidia. Yet this hypothesis has been challenged on multiple fronts and has remained poorly tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe two new, co-occurring ceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah that provide the strongest support to date for the dinosaur provincialism hypothesis. Both pertain to the clade of ceratopsids known as Chasmosaurinae, dramatically increasing representation of this group from the southern portion of the Western Interior Basin of North America. Utahceratops gettyi gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by short, rounded, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and an elongate frill with a deep median embayment-is recovered as the sister taxon to Pentaceratops sternbergii from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Kosmoceratops richardsoni gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by elongate, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and a short, broad frill adorned with ten well developed hooks-has the most ornate skull of any known dinosaur and is closely allied to Chasmosaurus irvinensis from the late Campanian of Alberta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Considered in unison, the phylogenetic, stratigraphic, and biogeographic evidence documents distinct, co-occurring chasmosaurine taxa north and south on the diminutive landmass of Laramidia. The famous Triceratops and all other, more nested chasmosaurines are postulated as descendants of forms previously restricted to the southern portion of Laramidia. Results further suggest the presence of latitudinally arrayed evolutionary centers of endemism within chasmosaurine ceratopsids during the late Campanian, the first documented occurrence of intracontinental endemism within dinosaurs.

@article{doi101371journalpone0012292,
    author = "Sampson, Scott D. and Loewen, Mark A. and Farke, Andrew A. and Roberts, Eric M. and Forster, Catherine A. and Smith, Joshua A. and Titus, Alan L.",
    title = "New Horned Dinosaurs from Utah Provide Evidence for Intracontinental Dinosaur Endemism",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {BACKGROUND: During much of the Late Cretaceous, a shallow, epeiric sea divided North America into eastern and western landmasses. The western landmass, known as Laramidia, although diminutive in size, witnessed a major evolutionary radiation of dinosaurs. Other than hadrosaurs (duck-billed dinosaurs), the most common dinosaurs were ceratopsids (large-bodied horned dinosaurs), currently known only from Laramidia and Asia. Remarkably, previous studies have postulated the occurrence of latitudinally arrayed dinosaur "provinces," or "biomes," on Laramidia. Yet this hypothesis has been challenged on multiple fronts and has remained poorly tested. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe two new, co-occurring ceratopsids from the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation of Utah that provide the strongest support to date for the dinosaur provincialism hypothesis. Both pertain to the clade of ceratopsids known as Chasmosaurinae, dramatically increasing representation of this group from the southern portion of the Western Interior Basin of North America. Utahceratops gettyi gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by short, rounded, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and an elongate frill with a deep median embayment-is recovered as the sister taxon to Pentaceratops sternbergii from the late Campanian of New Mexico. Kosmoceratops richardsoni gen. et sp. nov.-characterized by elongate, laterally projecting supraorbital horncores and a short, broad frill adorned with ten well developed hooks-has the most ornate skull of any known dinosaur and is closely allied to Chasmosaurus irvinensis from the late Campanian of Alberta. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Considered in unison, the phylogenetic, stratigraphic, and biogeographic evidence documents distinct, co-occurring chasmosaurine taxa north and south on the diminutive landmass of Laramidia. The famous Triceratops and all other, more nested chasmosaurines are postulated as descendants of forms previously restricted to the southern portion of Laramidia. Results further suggest the presence of latitudinally arrayed evolutionary centers of endemism within chasmosaurine ceratopsids during the late Campanian, the first documented occurrence of intracontinental endemism within dinosaurs.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0012292",
    openalex = "W2027103072",
    references = "crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016jcretres200501002, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101038358059a0, doi101086285558, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science13234331023, doi101126science24348951145, doi101139e93016, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice435902, lehman1987late, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3206657856, openalexw3215057009"
}

Theropod dinosaurs, an iconic clade of fossil species including Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor, developed a great diversity of body size, skull form and feeding habits over their 160+ million year evolutionary history. Here, we utilize geometric morphometrics to study broad patterns in theropod skull shape variation and compare the distribution of taxa in cranial morphospace (form) to both phylogeny and quantitative metrics of biting behaviour (function). We find that theropod skulls primarily differ in relative anteroposterior length and snout depth and to a lesser extent in orbit size and depth of the cheek region, and oviraptorosaurs deviate most strongly from the "typical" and ancestral theropod morphologies. Noncarnivorous taxa generally fall out in distinct regions of morphospace and exhibit greater overall disparity than carnivorous taxa, whereas large-bodied carnivores independently converge on the same region of morphospace. The distribution of taxa in morphospace is strongly correlated with phylogeny but only weakly correlated with functional biting behaviour. These results imply that phylogeny, not biting function, was the major determinant of theropod skull shape.

@article{doi101111j14209101201102427x,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Sakamoto, Manabu and Montanari, Shaena and SMITH, W. E. H. HARCOURT",
    title = "The evolution of cranial form and function in theropod dinosaurs: insights from geometric morphometrics",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Evolutionary Biology",
    abstract = {Theropod dinosaurs, an iconic clade of fossil species including Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor, developed a great diversity of body size, skull form and feeding habits over their 160+ million year evolutionary history. Here, we utilize geometric morphometrics to study broad patterns in theropod skull shape variation and compare the distribution of taxa in cranial morphospace (form) to both phylogeny and quantitative metrics of biting behaviour (function). We find that theropod skulls primarily differ in relative anteroposterior length and snout depth and to a lesser extent in orbit size and depth of the cheek region, and oviraptorosaurs deviate most strongly from the "typical" and ancestral theropod morphologies. Noncarnivorous taxa generally fall out in distinct regions of morphospace and exhibit greater overall disparity than carnivorous taxa, whereas large-bodied carnivores independently converge on the same region of morphospace. The distribution of taxa in morphospace is strongly correlated with phylogeny but only weakly correlated with functional biting behaviour. These results imply that phylogeny, not biting function, was the major determinant of theropod skull shape.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02427.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02427.x",
    openalex = "W1903329682",
    references = "doi101002ar20982, doi101016c20100662092, doi101017cbo9780511573064, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi10108002724634199710011027, doi101086284325, doi101093sysbiosyp106, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j155856461998tb02006x, doi101111j17550998201002924x, doi101146annurevearth35031306140104, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi1023072534038, doi105281zenodo1038220"
}

The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36° to 38°C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4° to 7°C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.

@article{doi101126science1206196,
    author = "Eagle, Robert A. and Tütken, Thomas and Martin, Taylor and Tripati, Aradhna and Fricke, Henry and Connely, Melissa V. and Cifelli, Richard L. and Eiler, John M.",
    title = "Dinosaur Body Temperatures Determined from Isotopic (13 C- 18 O) Ordering in Fossil Biominerals",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The nature of the physiology and thermal regulation of the nonavian dinosaurs is the subject of debate. Previously, arguments have been made for both endothermic and ectothermic metabolisms on the basis of differing methodologies. We used clumped isotope thermometry to determine body temperatures from the fossilized teeth of large Jurassic sauropods. Our data indicate body temperatures of 36° to 38°C, which are similar to those of most modern mammals. This temperature range is 4° to 7°C lower than predicted by a model that showed scaling of dinosaur body temperature with mass, which could indicate that sauropods had mechanisms to prevent excessively high body temperatures being reached because of their gigantic size.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206196",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1206196",
    openalex = "W1994076869",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, brattstrom1965body, doi101002jms1614, doi101002mmng19994860020102, doi101002mmng20010040113, doi101002mmng200900004, doi101006jasc19960126, doi1010160012821x83901000, doi1010160012821x96000933, doi101016jgca200511014, doi101016s0016703797001695, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101073pnas1001824107, doi101073pnas932514623, doi101086410622, doi101525california97805202420980030031, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi102110palo2003p0322, doi102475ajs3042105, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2786463731, pontzer2009biomechanics"
}

BACKGROUND: A dinosaur census recorded during the Hell Creek Project (1999-2009) incorporates multiple lines of evidence from geography, taphohistory, stratigraphy, phylogeny and ontogeny to investigate the relative abundance of large dinosaurs preserved in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA. Overall, the dinosaur skeletal assemblages in the Hell Creek Formation (excluding lag-influenced records) consist primarily of subadult or small adult size individuals. Small juveniles and large adults are both extremely rare, whereas subadult individuals are relatively common. We propose that mature individuals of at least some dinosaur taxa either lived in a separate geographic locale analogous to younger individuals inhabiting an upland environment where sedimentation rates were relatively less, or these taxa experienced high mortality before reaching terminal size where late stage and often extreme cranial morphology is expressed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common in the lower third of the formation. Smaller, predatory dinosaurs (e.g., Troodon and dromaeosaurids) are primarily represented by teeth found in microvertebrate localities and their skeletons or identifiable lag specimens were conspicuously absent. This relative abundance suggests Tyrannosaurus was not a typical predator and likely benefited from much wider food choice opportunities than exclusively live prey and/or specific taxa. Tyrannosaurus adults may not have competed with Tyrannosaurus juveniles if the potential for selecting carrion increased with size during ontogeny. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Triceratops is the most common dinosaur and isolated skulls contribute to a significant portion of this census. Associated specimens of Triceratops consisting of both cranial and postcranial elements remain relatively rare. This rarity may be explained by a historical collecting bias influenced by facies and taphonomic factors. The limited discovery of postcranial elements may also depend on how extensive a fossil quarry is expanded after a skull is collected.

@article{doi101371journalpone0016574,
    author = "Horner, John R. and Goodwin, Mark B. and Myhrvold, Nathan",
    title = "Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: A dinosaur census recorded during the Hell Creek Project (1999-2009) incorporates multiple lines of evidence from geography, taphohistory, stratigraphy, phylogeny and ontogeny to investigate the relative abundance of large dinosaurs preserved in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA. Overall, the dinosaur skeletal assemblages in the Hell Creek Formation (excluding lag-influenced records) consist primarily of subadult or small adult size individuals. Small juveniles and large adults are both extremely rare, whereas subadult individuals are relatively common. We propose that mature individuals of at least some dinosaur taxa either lived in a separate geographic locale analogous to younger individuals inhabiting an upland environment where sedimentation rates were relatively less, or these taxa experienced high mortality before reaching terminal size where late stage and often extreme cranial morphology is expressed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common in the lower third of the formation. Smaller, predatory dinosaurs (e.g., Troodon and dromaeosaurids) are primarily represented by teeth found in microvertebrate localities and their skeletons or identifiable lag specimens were conspicuously absent. This relative abundance suggests Tyrannosaurus was not a typical predator and likely benefited from much wider food choice opportunities than exclusively live prey and/or specific taxa. Tyrannosaurus adults may not have competed with Tyrannosaurus juveniles if the potential for selecting carrion increased with size during ontogeny. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Triceratops is the most common dinosaur and isolated skulls contribute to a significant portion of this census. Associated specimens of Triceratops consisting of both cranial and postcranial elements remain relatively rare. This rarity may be explained by a historical collecting bias influenced by facies and taphonomic factors. The limited discovery of postcranial elements may also depend on how extensive a fossil quarry is expanded after a skull is collected.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0016574",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0016574",
    openalex = "W1982210430",
    references = "carr1999craniofacial, doi101038282296a0, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101098rspb20042829, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi1016660094837320010270039coosea20co2, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1023072404970, openalexw1550433756"
}

Godefroit, Pascal, Bolotsky, Yuri L., Bolotsky, Ivan Y. (2012): Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (3): 527-560, DOI: 10.4202/app.2011.0051, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0051

@article{doi104202app20110051,
    author = "Godefroit, Pascal and Bolotsky, Yuri L. and Bolotsky, Ivan",
    title = "Osteology and Relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, A Hollow-Crested Hadrosaurid Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Godefroit, Pascal, Bolotsky, Yuri L., Bolotsky, Ivan Y. (2012): Osteology and relationships of Olorotitan arharensis, a hollow-crested hadrosaurid dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (3): 527-560, DOI: 10.4202/app.2011.0051, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0051",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4202/app.2011.0051",
    doi = "10.4202/app.2011.0051",
    openalex = "W2115543982",
    references = "doi101007s0011400804990, doi1010160031018291900605, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science11282807, doi101130spe40p1, doi1016710390290428, doi1016711110, doi102113gsrocky8specialpaper11, doi1023071005355, doi105962p313819, openalexw3206657856, openalexw3215057009"
}

List of Contributors Preface List of Institutional Abbreviations Introduction 1. Sauropod Biology and the Evolution of Gigantism: What Do We Know? / Marcus Clauss Part 1. Nutrition 2. Sauropod Feeding and Digestive Physiology / Jurgen Hummel and Marcus Clauss 3. Dietary Options for the Sauropod Dinosaurs from an Integrated Botanical and Paleobotanical Perspective / Carole T. Gee 4. The Diet of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Implications of Carbon Isotope Analysis on Teeth, Bones, and Plants / Thomas Tutken Part 2. Physiology 5. Structure and Function of the Sauropod Respiratory System / Steven F. Perry, Thomas Breuer, and Nadine Pajor 6. Reconstructing Body Volume and Surface Area of Dinosaurs Using Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry / Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga 7. Body Mass Estimation, Thermoregulation, and Cardiovascular Physiology of Large Sauropods / Bergita Ganse, Alexander Stahn, Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga Part 3. Construction 8. How to Get Big in the Mesozoic: The Evolution of the Sauropodomorph Body Plan / Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Regina Fechner, Kristian Remes, and Katrin Reis 9. Characterization of Sauropod Bone Structure / Maitena Dumont, Anke Pyzalla, Aleksander Kostka, and Andras Borbely 10. Finite Element Analyses and Virtual Syntheses of Biological Structures and Their Application to Sauropod Skulls / Ulrich Witzel, Julia Mannhardt, Rainer Goessling, Pascal de Micheli, and Holger Preuschoft 11. Walking with the Shoulder of Giants: Biomechanical Conditions in the Tetrapod Shoulder Girdle as a Basis for Sauropod Shoulder Reconstruction / Bianca Hohn 12. Why So Huge? Biomechanical Reasons for the Acquisition of Large Size in Sauropod and Theropod Dinosaurs / Holger Preuschoft, Bianca Hohn, Stefan Stoinski, and Ulrich Witzel 13. Plateosaurus in 3D: How CAD Models and Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling Bring an Extinct Animal to Life / Heinrich Mallison 14. Rearing Giants: Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling of Sauropod Bipedal and Tripodal Poses / Heinrich Mallison 15. Neck Posture in Sauropods / Andreas Christian and Gordon Dzemski Part 4. Growth 16. The Life Cycle of Sauropod Dinosaurs / Eva-Maria Griebeler and Jan Werner 17. Sauropod Bone Histology and Its Implications for Sauropod Biology / P. Martin Sander, Nicole Klein, Koen Stein, and Oliver Wings Part 5. Epilogue 18. Skeletal Reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin: Summarizing 70 Years of Sauropod Research / Kristian Remes, David M. Unwin, Nicole Klein, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich, and Oliver Hampe Appendix: Compilation of Published Body Mass Data for a Variety of Basal Sauropodomorphs and Sauropods Index

@article{doi105860choice490282,
    title = "Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs: understanding the life of giants",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "List of Contributors Preface List of Institutional Abbreviations Introduction 1. Sauropod Biology and the Evolution of Gigantism: What Do We Know? / Marcus Clauss Part 1. Nutrition 2. Sauropod Feeding and Digestive Physiology / Jurgen Hummel and Marcus Clauss 3. Dietary Options for the Sauropod Dinosaurs from an Integrated Botanical and Paleobotanical Perspective / Carole T. Gee 4. The Diet of Sauropod Dinosaurs: Implications of Carbon Isotope Analysis on Teeth, Bones, and Plants / Thomas Tutken Part 2. Physiology 5. Structure and Function of the Sauropod Respiratory System / Steven F. Perry, Thomas Breuer, and Nadine Pajor 6. Reconstructing Body Volume and Surface Area of Dinosaurs Using Laser Scanning and Photogrammetry / Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga 7. Body Mass Estimation, Thermoregulation, and Cardiovascular Physiology of Large Sauropods / Bergita Ganse, Alexander Stahn, Stefan Stoinski, Tim Suthau, and Hanns-Christian Gunga Part 3. Construction 8. How to Get Big in the Mesozoic: The Evolution of the Sauropodomorph Body Plan / Oliver W. M. Rauhut, Regina Fechner, Kristian Remes, and Katrin Reis 9. Characterization of Sauropod Bone Structure / Maitena Dumont, Anke Pyzalla, Aleksander Kostka, and Andras Borbely 10. Finite Element Analyses and Virtual Syntheses of Biological Structures and Their Application to Sauropod Skulls / Ulrich Witzel, Julia Mannhardt, Rainer Goessling, Pascal de Micheli, and Holger Preuschoft 11. Walking with the Shoulder of Giants: Biomechanical Conditions in the Tetrapod Shoulder Girdle as a Basis for Sauropod Shoulder Reconstruction / Bianca Hohn 12. Why So Huge? Biomechanical Reasons for the Acquisition of Large Size in Sauropod and Theropod Dinosaurs / Holger Preuschoft, Bianca Hohn, Stefan Stoinski, and Ulrich Witzel 13. Plateosaurus in 3D: How CAD Models and Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling Bring an Extinct Animal to Life / Heinrich Mallison 14. Rearing Giants: Kinetic-Dynamic Modeling of Sauropod Bipedal and Tripodal Poses / Heinrich Mallison 15. Neck Posture in Sauropods / Andreas Christian and Gordon Dzemski Part 4. Growth 16. The Life Cycle of Sauropod Dinosaurs / Eva-Maria Griebeler and Jan Werner 17. Sauropod Bone Histology and Its Implications for Sauropod Biology / P. Martin Sander, Nicole Klein, Koen Stein, and Oliver Wings Part 5. Epilogue 18. Skeletal Reconstruction of Brachiosaurus brancai in the Museum fur Naturkunde, Berlin: Summarizing 70 Years of Sauropod Research / Kristian Remes, David M. Unwin, Nicole Klein, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich, and Oliver Hampe Appendix: Compilation of Published Body Mass Data for a Variety of Basal Sauropodomorphs and Sauropods Index",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-0282",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.49-0282",
    openalex = "W293512402",
    references = "amiot2006oxygen, christiansen2004mass, doi101002mmng200900004, doi1010160012825273900287, doi1010160031018275900279, doi1010160375650595000240, doi101016b9780126764604500081, doi101016jpalaeo200401006, doi101016jpalaeo200901002, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9781139167826, doi101017s009483730000676x, doi101017s0094837300009866, doi101038229172a0, doi101038262207a0, doi10103835086558, doi101038nature00930, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas251548698, doi101073pnas932514623, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101126science1138709, doi101242jeb02443, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi1016660094837320000260734aaateo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290105dbttoo20co2, doi1016660094837320030290243vpasat20co2, doi1016660094837320080340247ositlb20co2, doi101666080251, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi1023071310735, doi1023073515313, doi104039ent912935, doi105860choice271523, doi105860choice324505, doi105962bhltitle118957, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1534857865, openalexw1558456135, openalexw1590241584, openalexw2473973115, openalexw2729191089, openalexw603337959, seymour1976dinosaurs"
}

Mammalian grinding dentitions are composed of four major tissues that wear differentially, creating coarse surfaces for pulverizing tough plants and liberating nutrients. Although such dentition evolved repeatedly in mammals (such as horses, bison, and elephants), a similar innovation occurred much earlier (~85 million years ago) within the duck-billed dinosaur group Hadrosauridae, fueling their 35-million-year occupation of Laurasian megaherbivorous niches. How this complexity was achieved is unknown, as reptilian teeth are generally two-tissue structures presumably lacking biomechanical attributes for grinding. Here we show that hadrosaurids broke from the primitive reptilian archetype and evolved a six-tissue dental composition that is among the most sophisticated known. Three-dimensional wear models incorporating fossilized wear properties reveal how these tissues interacted for grinding and ecological specialization.

@article{doi101126science1224495,
    author = "Erickson, Gregory M. and Krick, Brandon A. and Hamilton, Matthew A. and Bourne, Gerald R. and Norell, Mark A. and Lilleodden, Erica T. and Sawyer, W. Gregory",
    title = "Complex Dental Structure and Wear Biomechanics in Hadrosaurid Dinosaurs",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Mammalian grinding dentitions are composed of four major tissues that wear differentially, creating coarse surfaces for pulverizing tough plants and liberating nutrients. Although such dentition evolved repeatedly in mammals (such as horses, bison, and elephants), a similar innovation occurred much earlier (\textasciitilde 85 million years ago) within the duck-billed dinosaur group Hadrosauridae, fueling their 35-million-year occupation of Laurasian megaherbivorous niches. How this complexity was achieved is unknown, as reptilian teeth are generally two-tissue structures presumably lacking biomechanical attributes for grinding. Here we show that hadrosaurids broke from the primitive reptilian archetype and evolved a six-tissue dental composition that is among the most sophisticated known. Three-dimensional wear models incorporating fossilized wear properties reveal how these tissues interacted for grinding and ecological specialization.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224495",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1224495",
    openalex = "W2005692140",
    references = "doi101073pnas932514623, doi101111j109636421998tb02533x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi105860choice435902"
}

Torosaurus is a distinct genus of horned dinosaur, not the adult of Triceratops. Our method provides a framework for assessing the hypothesis of synonymy through ontogeny in the fossil record.

@article{doi101371journalpone0032623,
    author = "Longrich, Nicholas R. and Field, Daniel J.",
    title = "Torosaurus Is Not Triceratops: Ontogeny in Chasmosaurine Ceratopsids as a Case Study in Dinosaur Taxonomy",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Torosaurus is a distinct genus of horned dinosaur, not the adult of Triceratops. Our method provides a framework for assessing the hypothesis of synonymy through ontogeny in the fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032623",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0032623",
    openalex = "W1998325629",
    references = "doi1010160021929082900926, doi1010160021929082902469, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature04633, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101111j10963642200600232x, doi101111j174966321940tb57047x, doi101371journalpone0007626, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10167102724634200828134ooceit20co2, doi1016710390290119, openalexw597685939"
}

BACKGROUND: Four main dinosaur sites have been investigated in latest cretaceous deposits from the Amur/Heilongjiang Region: Jiayin and Wulaga in China (Yuliangze Formation), Blagoveschensk and Kundur in Russia (Udurchukan Formation). More than 90% of the bones discovered in these localities belong to hollow-crested lambeosaurine saurolophids, but flat-headed saurolophines are also represented: Kerberosaurus manakini at Blagoveschensk and Wulagasaurus dongi at Wulaga. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein we describe a new saurolophine dinosaur, Kundurosaurus nagornyi gen. et sp. nov., from the Udurchukan Formation (Maastrichtian) of Kundur, represented by disarticulated cranial and postcranial material. This new taxon is diagnosed by four autapomorphies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A phylogenetic analysis of saurolophines indicates that Kundurosaurus nagornyi is nested within a rather robust clade including Edmontosaurus spp., Saurolophus spp., and Prosaurolophus maximus, possibly as a sister-taxon for Kerberosaurus manakini also from the Udurchukan Formation of Far Eastern Russia. The high diversity and mosaic distribution of Maastrichtian hadrosaurid faunas in the Amur-Heilongjiang region are the result of a complex palaeogeographical history and imply that many independent hadrosaurid lineages dispersed without any problem between western America and eastern Asia at the end of the Cretaceous.

@article{doi101371journalpone0036849,
    author = "Godefroit, Pascal and Bolotsky, Yuri L. and Lauters, Pascaline",
    title = "A New Saurolophine Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Far Eastern Russia",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Four main dinosaur sites have been investigated in latest cretaceous deposits from the Amur/Heilongjiang Region: Jiayin and Wulaga in China (Yuliangze Formation), Blagoveschensk and Kundur in Russia (Udurchukan Formation). More than 90\% of the bones discovered in these localities belong to hollow-crested lambeosaurine saurolophids, but flat-headed saurolophines are also represented: Kerberosaurus manakini at Blagoveschensk and Wulagasaurus dongi at Wulaga. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Herein we describe a new saurolophine dinosaur, Kundurosaurus nagornyi gen. et sp. nov., from the Udurchukan Formation (Maastrichtian) of Kundur, represented by disarticulated cranial and postcranial material. This new taxon is diagnosed by four autapomorphies. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A phylogenetic analysis of saurolophines indicates that Kundurosaurus nagornyi is nested within a rather robust clade including Edmontosaurus spp., Saurolophus spp., and Prosaurolophus maximus, possibly as a sister-taxon for Kerberosaurus manakini also from the Udurchukan Formation of Far Eastern Russia. The high diversity and mosaic distribution of Maastrichtian hadrosaurid faunas in the Amur-Heilongjiang region are the result of a complex palaeogeographical history and imply that many independent hadrosaurid lineages dispersed without any problem between western America and eastern Asia at the end of the Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036849",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0036849",
    openalex = "W1985000000",
    references = "doi1016711110, doi104202app20110051"
}

BACKGROUND: Rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaurs are characteristic elements of Late Cretaceous European vertebrate faunas and were previously collected from lower Campanian to Maastrichtian continental deposits. Phylogenetic analyses have placed rhabdodontids among basal ornithopods as the sister taxon to the clade consisting of Tenontosaurus, Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, and Iguanodon. Recent studies considered Zalmoxes, the best known representative of the clade, to be significantly smaller than closely related ornithopods such as Tenontosaurus, Camptosaurus, or Rhabdodon, and concluded that it was probably an island dwarf that inhabited the Maastrichtian Haţeg Island. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Rhabdodontid remains from the Santonian of western Hungary provide evidence for a new, small-bodied form, which we assign to Mochlodon vorosi n. sp. The new species is most similar to the early Campanian M. suessi from Austria, and the close affinities of the two species is further supported by the results of a global phylogenetic analysis of ornithischian dinosaurs. Bone histological studies of representatives of all rhabdodontids indicate a similar adult body length of 1.6-1.8 m in the Hungarian and Austrian species, 2.4-2.5 m in the subadults of both Zalmoxes robustus and Z. shqiperorum and a much larger, 5-6 m adult body length in Rhabdodon. Phylogenetic mapping of femoral lengths onto the results of the phylogenetic analysis suggests a femoral length of around 340 mm as the ancestral state for Rhabdodontidae, close to the adult femoral lengths known for Zalmoxes (320-333 mm). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis of body size evolution does not support the hypothesis of autapomorhic nanism for Zalmoxes. However, Rhabdodon is reconstructed as having undergone autapomorphic giantism and the reconstructed small femoral length (245 mm) of Mochlodon is consistent with a reduction in size relative to the ancestral rhabdodontid condition. Our results imply a pre-Santonian divergence between western and eastern rhabdodontid lineages within the western Tethyan archipelago.

@article{doi101371journalpone0044318,
    author = "Ősi, Attila and Prondvai, Edina and Butler, Richard J. and Weishampel, David B.",
    title = "Phylogeny, Histology and Inferred Body Size Evolution in a New Rhabdodontid Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Hungary",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Rhabdodontid ornithopod dinosaurs are characteristic elements of Late Cretaceous European vertebrate faunas and were previously collected from lower Campanian to Maastrichtian continental deposits. Phylogenetic analyses have placed rhabdodontids among basal ornithopods as the sister taxon to the clade consisting of Tenontosaurus, Dryosaurus, Camptosaurus, and Iguanodon. Recent studies considered Zalmoxes, the best known representative of the clade, to be significantly smaller than closely related ornithopods such as Tenontosaurus, Camptosaurus, or Rhabdodon, and concluded that it was probably an island dwarf that inhabited the Maastrichtian Haţeg Island. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Rhabdodontid remains from the Santonian of western Hungary provide evidence for a new, small-bodied form, which we assign to Mochlodon vorosi n. sp. The new species is most similar to the early Campanian M. suessi from Austria, and the close affinities of the two species is further supported by the results of a global phylogenetic analysis of ornithischian dinosaurs. Bone histological studies of representatives of all rhabdodontids indicate a similar adult body length of 1.6-1.8 m in the Hungarian and Austrian species, 2.4-2.5 m in the subadults of both Zalmoxes robustus and Z. shqiperorum and a much larger, 5-6 m adult body length in Rhabdodon. Phylogenetic mapping of femoral lengths onto the results of the phylogenetic analysis suggests a femoral length of around 340 mm as the ancestral state for Rhabdodontidae, close to the adult femoral lengths known for Zalmoxes (320-333 mm). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis of body size evolution does not support the hypothesis of autapomorhic nanism for Zalmoxes. However, Rhabdodon is reconstructed as having undergone autapomorphic giantism and the reconstructed small femoral length (245 mm) of Mochlodon is consistent with a reduction in size relative to the ancestral rhabdodontid condition. Our results imply a pre-Santonian divergence between western and eastern rhabdodontid lineages within the western Tethyan archipelago.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044318",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0044318",
    openalex = "W2004173110",
    references = "doi101002jmor10524, doi101007978140206754912413, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10960031200800209x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101371journalpbio0040321, doi101371journalpone0029958, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105281zenodo16673433, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice503272, doi105962p313819, openalexw225597919"
}

PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX

@book{openalexw1585246501,
    author = "Farlow, James O. and Brett-Surman, Michael K.",
    title = "The Complete Dinosaur",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Opus: Research \& Creativity (Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne)",
    abstract = "PREFACE: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman PART ONE: THE DISCOVERY OF DINOSAURS The Earliest Discoveries: William A. S. Sarjeant European Dinosaur Hunters: Hans-Dieter Sues North American Dinosaur Hunters: Edwin H. Colbert Asian Dinosaur Hunters: John R. Lavas Dinosaur Hunters of the Southern Continents: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. PART TWO: THE STUDY OF DINOSAURS Hunting for Dinosaur Bones: David D. Gillette The Osteology of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K.Brett-Surman The Taxonomy and Systematics of the Dinosaurs: Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. and M. K. Brett-Surman Dinosaurs and Geologic Time: James O. Farlow The Scientific Study of Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Chapman Molecular Paleontology: Rationale and Techniques for the Study of Ancient Biomolecules: Mary Higby Schweitzer Dinosaurs as Museum Exhibits: Kenneth Carpenter Restoring Dinosaurs as Living Animals: Douglas Henderson PART THREE: THE GROUPS OF DINOSAURS Introduction: James O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman Politics and Paleontology: Richard Owen and the Invention of Dinosaurs: Hugh Torrens Evolution of the Archosaurs: J. Michael Parrish Origin and Early Evolution of Dinosaurs: Michael J. Benton Theropods: Philip J. Currie Segnosaurs (Therezinosaurs): Teresa Maryanska Prosauropods: Jacques VanHeerden Sauropods: John S. McIntosh, M. K. Brett-Surman, and James O. Farlow Stegosaurs: Peter M. Galton Ankylosaurs: Kenneth Carpenter Marginocephalians: Catherine A. Forster and Paul C. Sereno Ornithopods: M. K. Brett-Surman PART FOUR: BIOLOGY OF THE DINOSAURS Land Plants as Food and Habitat in the Age of Dinosaurs: Bruce H. Tiffney What Did Dinosaurs Eat? Coprolites and Other Direct Evidence of Dinosaur Diets: Karen Chin Dinosaur Combat and Courtship: Scott Sampson Dinosaur Eggs: Karl F. Hirsch and Darla K. Zelenitsky How Dinosaurs Grew: R. E. H. Reid Engineering a Dinosaur: R. McN. Alexander Dinosaurian Paleopathology: Bruce M. Rothschild Dinosaurian Physiology: the Case for Intermediate Dinosaurs: R. E. H. Reid Oxygen Isotopes in Dinosaur Bone: Reese E. Barrick, Michael K. Stoskopf, and William J. Showers A Blueprint for Giants: Do Living Reptiles, Birds or Mammals Provide the Best Model for the Physiology of Large Dinosaurs? Frank V. Paladino, James R. Spotila, and Peter Dodson New Insights into the Metabolic Physiology of Dinosaurs: John Ruben, Andrew Leitch, Willem Hillenius, Nicholas Geist, and Terry Jones The Scientific Study of Dinosaur Footprints: James O. Farlow and Ralph E. Chapman The Paleoecological and Paleoenvironmental Utility of Dinosaur Tracks: Martin G. Lockley PART FIVE: DINOSAUR EVOLUTION IN THE CHANGING WORLD OF THE MESOZOIC ERA Biogeography for Dinosaurs: Ralph E. Molnar Major Groups of Non-Dinosaurian Vertebrates of the Mesozoic Era: Michael Morales Continental Tetrapods of the Early Mesozoic: Faunas and Faunal Changes: Hans-Dieter Sues Dinosaurian Faunas of the Later Mesozoic: Dale A. Russell and Jose F. Bonaparte The Extinction of the Dinosaurs: A Dialogue Between a Catastrophist and a Gradualist: Dale A. Russell and Peter Dodson PART SIX: DINOSAURS AND THE MEDIA Dinosaurs and the Media: Donald F. Glut and M. K. Brett-Surman APPENDIX: A CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY: M. K. Brett-Surman GLOSSARY CONTRIBUTORS INDEX",
    openalex = "W1585246501",
    references = "chatterjee2013a, chinsamy1998polar, deklerk2000a, doi101002ar20982, doi101002ara10097, doi101002jmor10406, doi101007s0011400804883, doi1010160031018291900605, doi1010160034666781900695, doi101016jannpal200803002, doi101016jepsl200801015, doi101016jpalaeo201002025, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017s0022336000018862, doi101017s0094837300007557, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101017s0094837300021321, doi101038262207a0, doi101038307360a0, doi10103832884, doi101038359117a0, doi101038362709a0, doi101038368196a0, doi101038nature03635, doi101038nature10906, doi101046j14401738200300386x, doi10108002724634199810011086, doi10108002724634199910011125, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940802471027, doi101086284406, doi101086422766, doi101098rspb20060443, doi101111j10963642200600245x, doi101111j10963642200900631x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1180219, doi101126science172397867, doi101126science24248841403, doi101126science27352791204, doi101127njgpm19831983141, doi1011300091761319930210503pioatv23co2, doi101130g23452a1, doi101130spe40p1, doi101144001676492006032, doi101144gslsp20042280106, doi101146annurevearth040610133502, doi101146annurevearth28119, doi101146annurevgenet37110801143214, doi10120600030082200635301ydanpc20co2, doi1012066391, doi101353book59141, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837320000260450fpindi20co2, doi1016660094837320050310291teafot20co2, doi1016690883135120030180286rpoumt20co2, doi1016710272463420020220593cvancf20co2, doi1016710272463420020220766tehits20co2, doi101671a11168, doi102110palo2007p07070r, doi1023071445147, doi1023073514548, doi102475ajss425149387, doi104202app20080049, doi105281zenodo13315375, doi105281zenodo16692311, doi105281zenodo3739898, doi105962p339375, fiorillo2004the, jacobsen1998feeding, lehman1987late, nelson1980counts, openalexw1550095290, openalexw1558456135, openalexw2163397885, openalexw2242116350, openalexw2506868775, pontzer2009biomechanics, russell2002synopsis, seymour1976dinosaurs, sloan1986gradual, stevens2006binocular, witmer1991biomechanics, woodward1910on"
}

Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.

@article{doi101111zoj12029,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Barnes, Rosie N. and Mateus, Octávio",
    title = "Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Titanosauriforms represent a diverse and globally distributed clade of neosauropod dinosaurs, but their inter-relationships remain poorly understood. Here we redescribe Lusotitan atalaiensis from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal, a taxon previously referred to Brachiosaurus. The lectotype includes cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebrae, and elements from the forelimb, hindlimb, and pelvic girdle. Lusotitan is a valid taxon and can be diagnosed by six autapomorphies, including the presence of elongate postzygapophyses that project well beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch in anterior-to-middle caudal vertebrae. A new phylogenetic analysis, focused on elucidating the evolutionary relationships of basal titanosauriforms, is presented, comprising 63 taxa scored for 279 characters. Many of these characters are heavily revised or novel to our study, and a number of ingroup taxa have never previously been incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. We treated quantitative characters as discrete and continuous data in two parallel analyses, and explored the effect of implied weighting. Although we recovered monophyletic brachiosaurid and somphospondylan sister clades within Titanosauriformes, their compositions were affected by alternative treatments of quantitative data and, especially, by the weighting of such data. This suggests that the treatment of quantitative data is important and the wrong decisions might lead to incorrect tree topologies. In particular, the diversity of Titanosauria was greatly increased by the use of implied weights. Our results support the generic separation of the contemporaneous taxa Brachiosaurus, Giraffatitan, and Lusotitan, with the latter recovered as either a brachiosaurid or the sister taxon to Titanosauriformes. Although Janenschia was recovered as a basal macronarian, outside Titanosauria, the sympatric Australodocus provides body fossil evidence for the pre-Cretaceous origin of titanosaurs. We recovered evidence for a sauropod with close affinities to the Chinese taxon Mamenchisaurus in the Late Jurassic Tendaguru beds of Africa, and present new information demonstrating the wider distribution of caudal pneumaticity within Titanosauria. The earliest known titanosauriform body fossils are from the late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic), although trackway evidence indicates a Middle Jurassic origin. Diversity increased throughout the Late Jurassic, and titanosauriforms did not undergo a severe extinction across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary, in contrast to diplodocids and non-neosauropods. Titanosauriform diversity increased in the Barremian and Aptian–Albian as a result of radiations of derived somphospondylans and lithostrotians, respectively, but there was a severe drop (up to 40\%) in species numbers at, or near, the Albian/Cenomanian boundary, representing a faunal turnover whereby basal titanosauriforms were replaced by derived titanosaurs, although this transition occurred in a spatiotemporally staggered fashion.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12029",
    openalex = "W1572867283",
    references = "doi101002jez513, doi101016jgr201212009, doi101017s0094837300026543, doi101038nature04633, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101073pnas1011369108, doi10108002724634199910011178, doi101080027246342012671204, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600312003tb00376x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421998tb00569x, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111j1469185x201100190x, doi101139e93176, doi101144001676492006032, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0001230, doi101371journalpone0006190, doi101371journalpone0006924, doi101371journalpone0017114, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi101525california97805202462320010001, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1023071292217, doi1023073889325, doi102475ajss31695411, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app20080049, doi104202app20110051, doi105281zenodo16171435, martinsander2006bone, openalexw1025856234, openalexw2294506137, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3114518543, openalexw603337959, openalexw70084438, ostrom2020stratigraphy"
}

BACKGROUND: Tooth replacement rate can be calculated in extinct animals by counting incremental lines of deposition in tooth dentin. Calculating this rate in several taxa allows for the study of the evolution of tooth replacement rate. Sauropod dinosaurs, the largest terrestrial animals that ever evolved, exhibited a diversity of tooth sizes and shapes, but little is known about their tooth replacement rates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present tooth replacement rate, formation time, crown volume, total dentition volume, and enamel thickness for two coexisting but distantly related and morphologically disparate sauropod dinosaurs Camarasaurus and Diplodocus. Individual tooth formation time was determined by counting daily incremental lines in dentin. Tooth replacement rate is calculated as the difference between the number of days recorded in successive replacement teeth. Each tooth family in Camarasaurus has a maximum of three replacement teeth, whereas each Diplodocus tooth family has up to five. Tooth formation times are about 1.7 times longer in Camarasaurus than in Diplodocus (315 vs. 185 days). Average tooth replacement rate in Camarasaurus is about one tooth every 62 days versus about one tooth every 35 days in Diplodocus. Despite slower tooth replacement rates in Camarasaurus, the volumetric rate of Camarasaurus tooth replacement is 10 times faster than in Diplodocus because of its substantially greater tooth volumes. A novel method to estimate replacement rate was developed and applied to several other sauropodomorphs that we were not able to thin section. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Differences in tooth replacement rate among sauropodomorphs likely reflect disparate feeding strategies and/or food choices, which would have facilitated the coexistence of these gigantic herbivores in one ecosystem. Early neosauropods are characterized by high tooth replacement rates (despite their large tooth size), and derived titanosaurs and diplodocoids independently evolved the highest known tooth replacement rates among archosaurs.

@article{doi101371journalpone0069235,
    author = "D’Emic, Michael D. and Whitlock, John A. and Smith, Kathlyn M. and Fisher, Daniel C. and Wilson, Jeffrey A.",
    title = "Evolution of High Tooth Replacement Rates in Sauropod Dinosaurs",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: Tooth replacement rate can be calculated in extinct animals by counting incremental lines of deposition in tooth dentin. Calculating this rate in several taxa allows for the study of the evolution of tooth replacement rate. Sauropod dinosaurs, the largest terrestrial animals that ever evolved, exhibited a diversity of tooth sizes and shapes, but little is known about their tooth replacement rates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We present tooth replacement rate, formation time, crown volume, total dentition volume, and enamel thickness for two coexisting but distantly related and morphologically disparate sauropod dinosaurs Camarasaurus and Diplodocus. Individual tooth formation time was determined by counting daily incremental lines in dentin. Tooth replacement rate is calculated as the difference between the number of days recorded in successive replacement teeth. Each tooth family in Camarasaurus has a maximum of three replacement teeth, whereas each Diplodocus tooth family has up to five. Tooth formation times are about 1.7 times longer in Camarasaurus than in Diplodocus (315 vs. 185 days). Average tooth replacement rate in Camarasaurus is about one tooth every 62 days versus about one tooth every 35 days in Diplodocus. Despite slower tooth replacement rates in Camarasaurus, the volumetric rate of Camarasaurus tooth replacement is 10 times faster than in Diplodocus because of its substantially greater tooth volumes. A novel method to estimate replacement rate was developed and applied to several other sauropodomorphs that we were not able to thin section. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Differences in tooth replacement rate among sauropodomorphs likely reflect disparate feeding strategies and/or food choices, which would have facilitated the coexistence of these gigantic herbivores in one ecosystem. Early neosauropods are characterized by high tooth replacement rates (despite their large tooth size), and derived titanosaurs and diplodocoids independently evolved the highest known tooth replacement rates among archosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069235",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0069235",
    openalex = "W2041856039",
    references = "doi105860choice490282, openalexw2786463731"
}

A comprehensive review and study of the rich dinosaur track record of the Tremp Formation in the southern Pyrenees of Spain (Southwestern Europe) shows a unique succession of footprint localities prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event. A description of some 30 new tracksites and data on sedimentary environments, track occurrence and preservation, ichnology and chronostratigraphy are provided. These new track localities represent various facies types within a diverse set of fluvial environments. The footprint discoveries mostly represent hadrosaurian and, less abundantly, to sauropod dinosaurs. The hadrosaur tracks are significantly smaller in size than, but morphologically similar to, those of North America and Asia and are attributable to the ichnogenus Hadrosauropodus. The track succession, with more than 40 distinct track levels, indicates that hadrosaur footprints in the Ibero-Armorican region occur predominantly in the late Maaastrichtian (at least above the early Maastrichtian-late Maastrichtian boundary). The highest abundance is found noticeably found in the late Maastrichtian, with tracks occurring in the C29r magnetochron, within about the latest 300,000 years of the Cretaceous.

@article{doi101371journalpone0072579,
    author = "Vila, Bernat and Oms, Oriol and Fondevilla, Víctor and Gaete, Rodrigo and Galobart, Àngel and Riera, V. and Canudo, José Ignacio",
    title = "The Latest Succession of Dinosaur Tracksites in Europe: Hadrosaur Ichnology, Track Production and Palaeoenvironments",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "A comprehensive review and study of the rich dinosaur track record of the Tremp Formation in the southern Pyrenees of Spain (Southwestern Europe) shows a unique succession of footprint localities prior to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event. A description of some 30 new tracksites and data on sedimentary environments, track occurrence and preservation, ichnology and chronostratigraphy are provided. These new track localities represent various facies types within a diverse set of fluvial environments. The footprint discoveries mostly represent hadrosaurian and, less abundantly, to sauropod dinosaurs. The hadrosaur tracks are significantly smaller in size than, but morphologically similar to, those of North America and Asia and are attributable to the ichnogenus Hadrosauropodus. The track succession, with more than 40 distinct track levels, indicates that hadrosaur footprints in the Ibero-Armorican region occur predominantly in the late Maaastrichtian (at least above the early Maastrichtian-late Maastrichtian boundary). The highest abundance is found noticeably found in the late Maastrichtian, with tracks occurring in the C29r magnetochron, within about the latest 300,000 years of the Cretaceous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072579",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0072579",
    openalex = "W1968591108",
    references = "doi1010079783662032374, doi1010079789400904095, doi101007s0011400804990, doi101016b9780444594259000275, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101017s0016756800012413, doi10108010420940490428625, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science1230492, doi1016710390290428, doi102110pec06840085, doi1023073514816, doi1026879264, doi105860choice393984, leloeuff1994the, openalexw114509570"
}

Sauropod dinosaurs are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs which exceeded all other terrestrial vertebrates in mean and maximal body size. Sauropod dinosaurs were also the most successful and long-lived herbivorous tetrapod clade, but no abiological factors such as global environmental parameters conducive to their gigantism can be identified. These facts justify major efforts by evolutionary biologists and paleontologists to understand sauropods as living animals and to explain their evolutionary success and uniquely gigantic body size. Contributions to this research program have come from many fields and can be synthesized into a biological evolutionary cascade model of sauropod dinosaur gigantism (sauropod gigantism ECM). This review focuses on the sauropod gigantism ECM, providing an updated version based on the contributions to the PLoS ONE sauropod gigantism collection and on other very recent published evidence. The model consist of five separate evolutionary cascades ("Reproduction", "Feeding", "Head and neck", "Avian-style lung", and "Metabolism"). Each cascade starts with observed or inferred basal traits that either may be plesiomorphic or derived at the level of Sauropoda. Each trait confers hypothetical selective advantages which permit the evolution of the next trait. Feedback loops in the ECM consist of selective advantages originating from traits higher in the cascades but affecting lower traits. All cascades end in the trait "Very high body mass". Each cascade is linked to at least one other cascade. Important plesiomorphic traits of sauropod dinosaurs that entered the model were ovipary as well as no mastication of food. Important evolutionary innovations (derived traits) were an avian-style respiratory system and an elevated basal metabolic rate. Comparison with other tetrapod lineages identifies factors limiting body size.

@article{doi101371journalpone0078573,
    author = "Sander, P. Martin",
    title = "An Evolutionary Cascade Model for Sauropod Dinosaur Gigantism - Overview, Update and Tests",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = {Sauropod dinosaurs are a group of herbivorous dinosaurs which exceeded all other terrestrial vertebrates in mean and maximal body size. Sauropod dinosaurs were also the most successful and long-lived herbivorous tetrapod clade, but no abiological factors such as global environmental parameters conducive to their gigantism can be identified. These facts justify major efforts by evolutionary biologists and paleontologists to understand sauropods as living animals and to explain their evolutionary success and uniquely gigantic body size. Contributions to this research program have come from many fields and can be synthesized into a biological evolutionary cascade model of sauropod dinosaur gigantism (sauropod gigantism ECM). This review focuses on the sauropod gigantism ECM, providing an updated version based on the contributions to the PLoS ONE sauropod gigantism collection and on other very recent published evidence. The model consist of five separate evolutionary cascades ("Reproduction", "Feeding", "Head and neck", "Avian-style lung", and "Metabolism"). Each cascade starts with observed or inferred basal traits that either may be plesiomorphic or derived at the level of Sauropoda. Each trait confers hypothetical selective advantages which permit the evolution of the next trait. Feedback loops in the ECM consist of selective advantages originating from traits higher in the cascades but affecting lower traits. All cascades end in the trait "Very high body mass". Each cascade is linked to at least one other cascade. Important plesiomorphic traits of sauropod dinosaurs that entered the model were ovipary as well as no mastication of food. Important evolutionary innovations (derived traits) were an avian-style respiratory system and an elevated basal metabolic rate. Comparison with other tetrapod lineages identifies factors limiting body size.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078573",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0078573",
    openalex = "W2144687291",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi10103846266, doi101046j10963642200200029x, doi101086410622, doi101098rsbl20120263, doi101111j15585646201000960x, doi101126science1118806, doi101126science1177265, doi101186174170071060, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0069361, doi103184175815508x402482, doi107717peerj36, horner2011dinosaur, openalexw1534787790"
}

The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.

@article{doi101371journalpone0079420,
    author = "Loewen, Mark A. and Irmis, Randall B. and Sertich, Joseph J. W. and Currie, Philip J. and Sampson, Scott D.",
    title = "Tyrant Dinosaur Evolution Tracks the Rise and Fall of Late Cretaceous Oceans",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "The Late Cretaceous (∼95-66 million years ago) western North American landmass of Laramidia displayed heightened non-marine vertebrate diversity and intracontinental regionalism relative to other latest Cretaceous Laurasian ecosystems. Processes generating these patterns during this interval remain poorly understood despite their presumed role in the diversification of many clades. Tyrannosauridae, a clade of large-bodied theropod dinosaurs restricted to the Late Cretaceous of Laramidia and Asia, represents an ideal group for investigating Laramidian patterns of evolution. We use new tyrannosaurid discoveries from Utah--including a new taxon which represents the geologically oldest member of the clade--to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Tyrannosauridae. These data suggest a Laramidian origin for Tyrannosauridae, and implicate sea-level related controls in the isolation, diversification, and dispersal of this and many other Late Cretaceous vertebrate clades.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079420",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0079420",
    openalex = "W2091933212",
    references = "doi101080027246342011557116, doi10108010635150701883881, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j155856461985tb00420x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi101214aos1176344552, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi1015259780520941434, doi1023072408678, doi102475ajss321125417, doi105281zenodo16171435, nesbitt2009a, openalexw2611511275, openalexw3215057009"
}

Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, geologically coincident with the impact of a large bolide (comet or asteroid) during an interval of massive volcanic eruptions and changes in temperature and sea level. There has long been fervent debate about how these events affected dinosaurs. We review a wealth of new data accumulated over the past two decades, provide updated and novel analyses of long-term dinosaur diversity trends during the latest Cretaceous, and discuss an emerging consensus on the extinction's tempo and causes. Little support exists for a global, long-term decline across non-avian dinosaur diversity prior to their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. However, restructuring of latest Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in North America led to reduced diversity of large-bodied herbivores, perhaps making communities more susceptible to cascading extinctions. The abruptness of the dinosaur extinction suggests a key role for the bolide impact, although the coarseness of the fossil record makes testing the effects of Deccan volcanism difficult.

@article{doi101111brv12128,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Butler, Richard J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Evans, David C. and Lloyd, Graeme T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Norell, Mark A. and Peppe, Daniel J. and Upchurch, Paul and Williamson, Thomas E.",
    title = "The extinction of the dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago, geologically coincident with the impact of a large bolide (comet or asteroid) during an interval of massive volcanic eruptions and changes in temperature and sea level. There has long been fervent debate about how these events affected dinosaurs. We review a wealth of new data accumulated over the past two decades, provide updated and novel analyses of long-term dinosaur diversity trends during the latest Cretaceous, and discuss an emerging consensus on the extinction's tempo and causes. Little support exists for a global, long-term decline across non-avian dinosaur diversity prior to their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. However, restructuring of latest Cretaceous dinosaur faunas in North America led to reduced diversity of large-bodied herbivores, perhaps making communities more susceptible to cascading extinctions. The abruptness of the dinosaur extinction suggests a key role for the bolide impact, although the coarseness of the fossil record makes testing the effects of Deccan volcanism difficult.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12128",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12128",
    openalex = "W1515034626",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, doi101007s0011400804990, doi101007s1091400569434, doi101016jpalaeo200702037, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101016s0012825200000374, doi101016s1631071303000063, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101073pnas1211526110, doi101080027246342010483632, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1156963, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science28454232137, doi1011300091761319910190867ccapct23co2, doi1011300091761320020300123dsproe20co2, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi1015259780520941434, doi10166612041, doi102475ajss32313381, horner2011dinosaur, lofgren1990reworking, openalexw2183707334, sloan1986gradual"
}

The history of discovery and interpretation of several dinosaurs collected from quarries near the town of Hastings during the latter half of the 19th century is more complicated than it should be. Samuel Husbands Beckles and Charles Dawson collected several large ornithopod skeletons from this area, but just a few bones from these skeletons were subsequently described and interpreted (principally) by Richard Owen and Richard Lydekker. All these specimens merited recognition because they had the potential to contribute to an on-going debate about the anatomical structure and relationships of the iconic Wealden dinosaur Iguanodon. Unfortunately, no detailed description of these important skeletons was published in later years. Furthermore, previously known associations of bones and even provenance information, linked to the specimens that were gradually acquired by the Natural History Museum, are unclear. Confusion may have arisen because Richard Lydekker used the private collector Charles Dawson as a voluntary curatorial assistant. This account documents the past work on the osteology of material that can be attributed to Hypselospinus fittoni. Nearly all such material is described here for the first time, and every effort has been made to re-establish associations between bones as well as provenance information. A skeletal reconstruction of Hypselospinus is attempted on the basis of the hypodigm. Most of the on-going confusion concerning the affinity of this material with either Hy. fittoni or its sympatric contemporary Barilium dawsoni has been resolved. Hypselospinus fittoni (Lydekker, 1889) is rediagnosed on the basis of this new and relatively comprehensive anatomical description, and this animal is compared with known contemporary and closely related taxa. Some recently published accounts claiming to be revisions of the taxonomy of Wealden ‘iguanodonts’, including material belonging to the hypodigm of Hy. fittoni, have failed to adhere to basic taxonomic principles and have caused more confusion than was strictly necessary. The systematic position of Hypselospinus is reassessed cladistically. The cladistic analysis forms the basis for a revised hierarchical classification of derived ornithopods. The consensus topology generated by the systematic analysis has been used to explore the phylogenetic history of these dinosaurs and create an internally consistent classificatory hierarchy (phylogenetic definitions and Linnaean diagnoses are given for critical positions in the topology). This analysis suggests that there is a fundamental split amongst the more derived (clypeodontan) ornithopod ornithischians into the clades Hypsilophodontia and Iguanodontia. There is evidence for anatomical parallelism and convergence (homoplasy) particularly between large-bodied representatives of both clades. Hypselospinus is one of the earliest known styracosternan iguanodontians and displays anatomical characteristics that presage the evolution of the extraordinarily abundant and diverse hadrosaurs of the latest Cretaceous (Campanian−Maastrichtian). These observations cast fresh light on the phylogeny, classification, diversity, and biology of derived ornithopods. There is little doubt that Hy. fittoni could have been understood far better more than a century ago. That this statement is undoubtedly true is reflected in the century of doubt and confusion that has surrounded this taxon and its original incarnation as Iguanodon fittoni.

@article{doi101111zoj12193,
    author = "Norman, David",
    title = "On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "The history of discovery and interpretation of several dinosaurs collected from quarries near the town of Hastings during the latter half of the 19th century is more complicated than it should be. Samuel Husbands Beckles and Charles Dawson collected several large ornithopod skeletons from this area, but just a few bones from these skeletons were subsequently described and interpreted (principally) by Richard Owen and Richard Lydekker. All these specimens merited recognition because they had the potential to contribute to an on-going debate about the anatomical structure and relationships of the iconic Wealden dinosaur Iguanodon. Unfortunately, no detailed description of these important skeletons was published in later years. Furthermore, previously known associations of bones and even provenance information, linked to the specimens that were gradually acquired by the Natural History Museum, are unclear. Confusion may have arisen because Richard Lydekker used the private collector Charles Dawson as a voluntary curatorial assistant. This account documents the past work on the osteology of material that can be attributed to Hypselospinus fittoni. Nearly all such material is described here for the first time, and every effort has been made to re-establish associations between bones as well as provenance information. A skeletal reconstruction of Hypselospinus is attempted on the basis of the hypodigm. Most of the on-going confusion concerning the affinity of this material with either Hy. fittoni or its sympatric contemporary Barilium dawsoni has been resolved. Hypselospinus fittoni (Lydekker, 1889) is rediagnosed on the basis of this new and relatively comprehensive anatomical description, and this animal is compared with known contemporary and closely related taxa. Some recently published accounts claiming to be revisions of the taxonomy of Wealden ‘iguanodonts’, including material belonging to the hypodigm of Hy. fittoni, have failed to adhere to basic taxonomic principles and have caused more confusion than was strictly necessary. The systematic position of Hypselospinus is reassessed cladistically. The cladistic analysis forms the basis for a revised hierarchical classification of derived ornithopods. The consensus topology generated by the systematic analysis has been used to explore the phylogenetic history of these dinosaurs and create an internally consistent classificatory hierarchy (phylogenetic definitions and Linnaean diagnoses are given for critical positions in the topology). This analysis suggests that there is a fundamental split amongst the more derived (clypeodontan) ornithopod ornithischians into the clades Hypsilophodontia and Iguanodontia. There is evidence for anatomical parallelism and convergence (homoplasy) particularly between large-bodied representatives of both clades. Hypselospinus is one of the earliest known styracosternan iguanodontians and displays anatomical characteristics that presage the evolution of the extraordinarily abundant and diverse hadrosaurs of the latest Cretaceous (Campanian−Maastrichtian). These observations cast fresh light on the phylogeny, classification, diversity, and biology of derived ornithopods. There is little doubt that Hy. fittoni could have been understood far better more than a century ago. That this statement is undoubtedly true is reflected in the century of doubt and confusion that has surrounded this taxon and its original incarnation as Iguanodon fittoni.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12193",
    doi = "10.1111/zoj.12193",
    openalex = "W1485001018",
    references = "doi10108002724631003763516, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101126science28454232137, doi101146annureves23110192002313, doi10129879781933789439, doi101371journalpone0014075, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0045712, doi1016710390290428, doi1023071005355, doi1023071292217, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105860choice392183, doi105860choice503272, openalexw2473973115, openalexw3215057009, openalexw575814759, openalexw638862129, ostrom2020stratigraphy"
}

Herbivorous dinosaurs were abundant, species-rich components of Late Triassic–Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate high-fiber herbivory evolved independently on several occasions within Dinosauria, through the intermediary step of omnivory. Anatomical character complexes associated with this diet exhibit high levels of convergence and morphological disparity, and may have evolved by correlated progression. Dinosaur faunas changed markedly during the Mesozoic, from early faunas dominated by taxa with simple, uniform feeding mechanics to Cretaceous biomes including diverse sophisticated sympatric herbivores; the environmental and biological drivers causing these changes remain unclear. Isotopic, taphonomic, and anatomical evidence implies that niche partitioning reduced competition between sympatric herbivores, via morphological differentiation, dietary preferences, and habitat selection. Large body size in dinosaur herbivores is associated with low plant productivity, and gave these animals prominent roles as ecosystem engineers. Although dinosaur herbivores lived through several major events in floral evolution, there is currently no evidence for plant-dinosaur coevolutionary interactions.

@article{doi101146annurevearth042711105515,
    author = "Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Paleobiology of Herbivorous Dinosaurs",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Herbivorous dinosaurs were abundant, species-rich components of Late Triassic–Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems. Obligate high-fiber herbivory evolved independently on several occasions within Dinosauria, through the intermediary step of omnivory. Anatomical character complexes associated with this diet exhibit high levels of convergence and morphological disparity, and may have evolved by correlated progression. Dinosaur faunas changed markedly during the Mesozoic, from early faunas dominated by taxa with simple, uniform feeding mechanics to Cretaceous biomes including diverse sophisticated sympatric herbivores; the environmental and biological drivers causing these changes remain unclear. Isotopic, taphonomic, and anatomical evidence implies that niche partitioning reduced competition between sympatric herbivores, via morphological differentiation, dietary preferences, and habitat selection. Large body size in dinosaur herbivores is associated with low plant productivity, and gave these animals prominent roles as ecosystem engineers. Although dinosaur herbivores lived through several major events in floral evolution, there is currently no evidence for plant-dinosaur coevolutionary interactions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105515",
    openalex = "W2127568739",
    references = "doi10100797836426953391, doi101007s0001501000206, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101111j14209101201102427x, doi101111j150239311985tb00690x, doi101146annureves26110195002305, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi105860choice490282, openalexw2971401580"
}

Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.

@article{doi101371journalpbio1001853,
    author = "Benson, Roger and Campione, Nicolás E. and Carrano, Matthew T. and Mannion, Philip D. and Sullivan, Corwin and Upchurch, Paul and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Rates of Dinosaur Body Mass Evolution Indicate 170 Million Years of Sustained Ecological Innovation on the Avian Stem Lineage",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS Biology",
    abstract = "Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pbio.1001853",
    openalex = "W2155522161",
    references = "doi101007b97636, doi101017s009483730001263x, doi101017s009483730001280x, doi10103835086500, doi10103844766, doi101038nature11631, doi10108010635150490445706, doi101086284325, doi101093bioinformaticsbtm538, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101093oso97801985404720010001, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15585646201201723x, doi101126science1144066, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173447, doi101159000452856, doi101186174170071060, doi101198tech2003s146, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0007390, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi10166612041, martinsander2006bone, openalexw2145250129"
}

Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.

@article{doi101371journalpone0098605,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C. and Anderson, Jason S.",
    title = "The Functional and Palaeoecological Implications of Tooth Morphology and Wear for the Megaherbivorous Dinosaurs from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian) of Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "PLoS ONE",
    abstract = "Megaherbivorous dinosaurs were exceptionally diverse on the Late Cretaceous island continent of Laramidia, and a growing body of evidence suggests that this diversity was facilitated by dietary niche partitioning. We test this hypothesis using the fossil megaherbivore assemblage from the Dinosaur Park Formation (upper Campanian) of Alberta as a model. Comparative tooth morphology and wear, including the first use of quantitative dental microwear analysis in the context of Cretaceous palaeosynecology, are used to infer the mechanical properties of the foods these dinosaurs consumed. The phylliform teeth of ankylosaurs were poorly adapted for habitually processing high-fibre plant matter. Nevertheless, ankylosaur diets were likely more varied than traditionally assumed: the relatively large, bladed teeth of nodosaurids would have been better adapted to processing a tougher, more fibrous diet than the smaller, cusp-like teeth of ankylosaurids. Ankylosaur microwear is characterized by a preponderance of pits and scratches, akin to modern mixed feeders, but offers no support for interspecific dietary differences. The shearing tooth batteries of ceratopsids are much better adapted to high-fibre herbivory, attested by their scratch-dominated microwear signature. There is tentative microwear evidence to suggest differences in the feeding habits of centrosaurines and chasmosaurines, but statistical support is not significant. The tooth batteries of hadrosaurids were capable of both shearing and crushing functions, suggestive of a broad dietary range. Their microwear signal overlaps broadly with that of ankylosaurs, and suggests possible dietary differences between hadrosaurines and lambeosaurines. Tooth wear evidence further indicates that all forms considered here exhibited some degree of masticatory propaliny. Our findings reveal that tooth morphology and wear exhibit different, but complimentary, dietary signals that combine to support the hypothesis of dietary niche partitioning. The inferred mechanical and dietary patterns appear constant over the 1.5 Myr timespan of the Dinosaur Park Formation megaherbivore chronofauna, despite continual species turnover.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0098605",
    openalex = "W2033356851",
    references = "brinkman1990paleooecology, doi1010029780470750711, doi101002jmor10372, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017cbo9780511564345, doi101046j14429993200101070x, doi101080089129632012688589, doi101086653688, doi101093behecoarh107, doi101111j14429993200101070ppx, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi1016690883135120010160482ttoaco20co2, doi101671027246342003231apfast20co2, doi1023072291098, doi105860choice326223, doi105962bhltitle115853, openalexw1540596182, openalexw2138825607, openalexw2183707334, openalexw575814759"
}

@article{doi101016jcretres201507003,
    author = "Vila, Bernat and Sellés, Albert G. and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "Diversity and faunal changes in the latest Cretaceous dinosaur communities of southwestern Europe",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Cretaceous Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cretres.2015.07.003",
    openalex = "W1033901886",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi104202app20120121"
}

The Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous, quadrupedal, armoured dinosaurs subdivided into at least two major clades, the Ankylosauridae and the Nodosauridae. The most derived members of Ankylosauridae had a unique tail club formed from modified, tightly interlocking distal caudal vertebrae and enlarged osteoderms that envelop the terminus of the tail. We review all known ankylosaurid species, as well as ankylosaurs of uncertain affinities, in order to conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis of the clade. The revised phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ankylosauridae consisting of Ahshislepelta, Aletopelta, Gastonia, Gobisaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Shamosaurus and a suite of derived ankylosaurids (Ankylosaurinae). There is convincing evidence for the presence of nodosaurids in Asia during the Early Cretaceous. In the mid Cretaceous, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the Albian and Campanian, where they diversified into a clade of ankylosaurines, here named Ankylosaurini, characterized by arched snouts and numerous flat cranial caputegulae. There is no evidence for any ankylosaurids in Gondwana; Ankylosauridae appears to be completely restricted to Asia and North America. The genus Crichtonpelta gen. nov. is created, type species Crichtonsaurus benxiensis Lü et al.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE5B88A3-3353-4FB6-B9A2-FCF0F99770EB

@article{doi1010801477201920151059985,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous, quadrupedal, armoured dinosaurs subdivided into at least two major clades, the Ankylosauridae and the Nodosauridae. The most derived members of Ankylosauridae had a unique tail club formed from modified, tightly interlocking distal caudal vertebrae and enlarged osteoderms that envelop the terminus of the tail. We review all known ankylosaurid species, as well as ankylosaurs of uncertain affinities, in order to conduct a revised phylogenetic analysis of the clade. The revised phylogenetic analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ankylosauridae consisting of Ahshislepelta, Aletopelta, Gastonia, Gobisaurus, Liaoningosaurus, Shamosaurus and a suite of derived ankylosaurids (Ankylosaurinae). There is convincing evidence for the presence of nodosaurids in Asia during the Early Cretaceous. In the mid Cretaceous, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the Albian and Campanian, where they diversified into a clade of ankylosaurines, here named Ankylosaurini, characterized by arched snouts and numerous flat cranial caputegulae. There is no evidence for any ankylosaurids in Gondwana; Ankylosauridae appears to be completely restricted to Asia and North America. The genus Crichtonpelta gen. nov. is created, type species Crichtonsaurus benxiensis Lü et al.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EE5B88A3-3353-4FB6-B9A2-FCF0F99770EB",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985",
    openalex = "W4232331209",
    references = "doi101002ar20794, doi101016002532279290061l, doi101016jympev201004011, doi10108002724634199510011230, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j109636422001tb01314x, doi101126science2562999, doi101126science9231776, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi105860choice393984, openalexw1535663436, openalexw2173200745, openalexw2912219260"
}

The Late Cretaceous was a time of tremendous global change, as the final stages of the Age of Dinosaurs were shaped by climate and sea level fluctuations and witness to marked paleogeographic and faunal changes, before the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. The terrestrial fossil record of Late Cretaceous Europe is becoming increasingly better understood, based largely on intensive fieldwork over the past two decades, promising new insights into latest Cretaceous faunal evolution. We review the terrestrial Late Cretaceous record from Europe and discuss its importance for understanding the paleogeography, ecology, evolution, and extinction of land-dwelling vertebrates. We review the major Late Cretaceous faunas from Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, and Romania, as well as more fragmentary records from elsewhere in Europe. We discuss the paleogeographic background and history of assembly of these faunas, and argue that they are comprised of an endemic 'core' supplemented with various immigration waves. These faunas lived on an island archipelago, and we describe how this insular setting led to ecological peculiarities such as low diversity, a preponderance of primitive taxa, and marked changes in morphology (particularly body size dwarfing). We conclude by discussing the importance of the European record in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction and show that there is no clear evidence that dinosaurs or other groups were undergoing long-term declines in Europe prior to the bolide impact.

@article{doi103897zookeys4698439,
    author = "Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán and Buffetaut, Éric and Ősi, Attila and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "Island life in the Cretaceous - faunal composition, biogeography, evolution, and extinction of land-living vertebrates on the Late Cretaceous European archipelago",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "ZooKeys",
    abstract = "The Late Cretaceous was a time of tremendous global change, as the final stages of the Age of Dinosaurs were shaped by climate and sea level fluctuations and witness to marked paleogeographic and faunal changes, before the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. The terrestrial fossil record of Late Cretaceous Europe is becoming increasingly better understood, based largely on intensive fieldwork over the past two decades, promising new insights into latest Cretaceous faunal evolution. We review the terrestrial Late Cretaceous record from Europe and discuss its importance for understanding the paleogeography, ecology, evolution, and extinction of land-dwelling vertebrates. We review the major Late Cretaceous faunas from Austria, Hungary, France, Spain, Portugal, and Romania, as well as more fragmentary records from elsewhere in Europe. We discuss the paleogeographic background and history of assembly of these faunas, and argue that they are comprised of an endemic 'core' supplemented with various immigration waves. These faunas lived on an island archipelago, and we describe how this insular setting led to ecological peculiarities such as low diversity, a preponderance of primitive taxa, and marked changes in morphology (particularly body size dwarfing). We conclude by discussing the importance of the European record in understanding the end-Cretaceous extinction and show that there is no clear evidence that dinosaurs or other groups were undergoing long-term declines in Europe prior to the bolide impact.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.469.8439",
    doi = "10.3897/zookeys.469.8439",
    openalex = "W2133891947",
    references = "apesteguía2011tunasniyoj, doi101002mmng20010040112, doi101006cres20000236, doi101007s0001500812473, doi101007s0011401209171, doi101016004019518690199x, doi101016jcretres200802004, doi101016jearscirev201009005, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201312007, doi101016jpalaeo200412005, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206008, doi101016s0012825202000752, doi101016s1631068303000022, doi101017cbo9780511608377011, doi101017s0016756800012413, doi101017s1477201907002246, doi101038nature04633, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101038sjhdy6885841, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101073pnas1211526110, doi101080089129632012763034, doi101080089129632013777533, doi10108010420940601006859, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101111brv12128, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111j10963642201000642x, doi101111j13652699200501314x, doi101111j136531211990tb00103x, doi101126science23547931156, doi1011302014250315, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93176, doi101144gsljgs1934090010405, doi101146annurevearth31100901141308, doi1012067481, doi101371journalpbio0040321, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0020011, doi101371journalpone0044318, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101525california97805202420980030015, doi10166612041, doi10167102724634200727931dtftco20co2, doi1016710390290428, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20120121, doi105860choice435902, doi105860choice514447, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle68064, garilli2009first, lehman1987late, leloeuff1994the, martinsander2006bone, openalexw3015256845, openalexw51761775"
}

The Ypresian Cambay Shale Formation at Vastan and Mangrol lignite mines in Gujarat, western India, has yielded a rich vertebrate fauna with numerous taxa of European affinities. Here we report a new, approximately contemporary vertebrate assemblage from two fossiliferous layers in the nearby mine of Tadkeshwar. These layers have yielded a similar mammal fauna with the co-occurrence of the perissodactyl-like cambaytheriid Cambaytherium thewissi, the adapoid primates Marcgodinotius indicus and cf. Asiadapis cambayensis, and the hyaenodontid Indohyaenodon raoi. The presence of these species in both Vastan and Tadkeshwar mines and at different levels suggests that the deposits between the two major lignite seams represent a single land mammal age. Apart from the aforementioned species there is a new, smaller species of Cambaytherium, and a new genus and species of esthonychid tillodont. This fauna also contains the first large early Eocene vertebrates from India, including an unidentified Coryphodon-like pantodont, a dyrosaurid crocodyliform and a new giant madtsoiid snake. Among the Tadkeshwar vertebrates several taxa are of Gondwana affinities, such as Pelomedusoides turtles, dyrosaurids, and large madtsoiids, attesting that the early Eocene was a crucial period in India during which Laurasian taxa of European affinities co-existed with relict taxa from Gondwana before the India-Asia collision. Our results suggest that terrestrial faunas could have dispersed to or from Europe during episodes of contact between the Indian subcontinent and different island blocks along the northern margin of the Neotethys, such as the Kohistan–Ladakh island-arc system. Gondwana taxa might represent remnants of ghost lineages shared with Madagascar, which reached the Indian subcontinent during the late Cretaceous; alternatively they might have come from North Africa and passed along the southern margin of the Neotethys to reach the Indian subcontinent. These dispersals would have been possible as a result of favourable paleogeographic conditions such as the particular Neotethys conformation during the beginning of the early Eocene.

@article{doi101016jgsf201605001,
    author = "Smith, Thierry and Kumar, Kishor and Rana, R. S. and Folie, Annelise and Solé, Floréal and Noiret, Corentin and Steeman, Thomas and Sahni, Ashok and Rose, Kenneth D.",
    title = "New early Eocene vertebrate assemblage from western India reveals a mixed fauna of European and Gondwana affinities",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "The Ypresian Cambay Shale Formation at Vastan and Mangrol lignite mines in Gujarat, western India, has yielded a rich vertebrate fauna with numerous taxa of European affinities. Here we report a new, approximately contemporary vertebrate assemblage from two fossiliferous layers in the nearby mine of Tadkeshwar. These layers have yielded a similar mammal fauna with the co-occurrence of the perissodactyl-like cambaytheriid Cambaytherium thewissi, the adapoid primates Marcgodinotius indicus and cf. Asiadapis cambayensis, and the hyaenodontid Indohyaenodon raoi. The presence of these species in both Vastan and Tadkeshwar mines and at different levels suggests that the deposits between the two major lignite seams represent a single land mammal age. Apart from the aforementioned species there is a new, smaller species of Cambaytherium, and a new genus and species of esthonychid tillodont. This fauna also contains the first large early Eocene vertebrates from India, including an unidentified Coryphodon-like pantodont, a dyrosaurid crocodyliform and a new giant madtsoiid snake. Among the Tadkeshwar vertebrates several taxa are of Gondwana affinities, such as Pelomedusoides turtles, dyrosaurids, and large madtsoiids, attesting that the early Eocene was a crucial period in India during which Laurasian taxa of European affinities co-existed with relict taxa from Gondwana before the India-Asia collision. Our results suggest that terrestrial faunas could have dispersed to or from Europe during episodes of contact between the Indian subcontinent and different island blocks along the northern margin of the Neotethys, such as the Kohistan–Ladakh island-arc system. Gondwana taxa might represent remnants of ghost lineages shared with Madagascar, which reached the Indian subcontinent during the late Cretaceous; alternatively they might have come from North Africa and passed along the southern margin of the Neotethys to reach the Indian subcontinent. These dispersals would have been possible as a result of favourable paleogeographic conditions such as the particular Neotethys conformation during the beginning of the early Eocene.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.05.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2016.05.001",
    openalex = "W2399682341",
    references = "doi103897zookeys4698439"
}

Tyrannosauroids--the group of carnivores including Tyrannosaurs rex--are some of the most familiar dinosaurs of all. A surge of recent discoveries has helped clarify some aspects of their evolution, but competing phylogenetic hypotheses raise questions about their relationships, biogeography, and fossil record quality. We present a new phylogenetic dataset, which merges published datasets and incorporates recently discovered taxa. We analyze it with parsimony and, for the first time for a tyrannosauroid dataset, Bayesian techniques. The parsimony and Bayesian results are highly congruent, and provide a framework for interpreting the biogeography and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroids. Our phylogenies illustrate that the body plan of the colossal species evolved piecemeal, imply no clear division between northern and southern species in western North America as had been argued, and suggest that T. rex may have been an Asian migrant to North America. Over-reliance on cranial shape characters may explain why published parsimony studies have diverged and filling three major gaps in the fossil record holds the most promise for future work.

@article{doi101038srep20252,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and Carr, Thomas D.",
    title = "The phylogeny and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroid dinosaurs",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Tyrannosauroids--the group of carnivores including Tyrannosaurs rex--are some of the most familiar dinosaurs of all. A surge of recent discoveries has helped clarify some aspects of their evolution, but competing phylogenetic hypotheses raise questions about their relationships, biogeography, and fossil record quality. We present a new phylogenetic dataset, which merges published datasets and incorporates recently discovered taxa. We analyze it with parsimony and, for the first time for a tyrannosauroid dataset, Bayesian techniques. The parsimony and Bayesian results are highly congruent, and provide a framework for interpreting the biogeography and evolutionary history of tyrannosauroids. Our phylogenies illustrate that the body plan of the colossal species evolved piecemeal, imply no clear division between northern and southern species in western North America as had been argued, and suggest that T. rex may have been an Asian migrant to North America. Over-reliance on cranial shape characters may explain why published parsimony studies have diverged and filling three major gaps in the fossil record holds the most promise for future work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/srep20252",
    doi = "10.1038/srep20252",
    openalex = "W2327114096",
    references = "doi101007bf01734359, doi101007s001140090614x, doi101016b9781483232102500066, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi101016jcretres201103005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature04511, doi101038nature10906, doi101038ncomms4788, doi10108001621459199510476572, doi101080106351501753462876, doi10108010635150490264699, doi10108010635150600755396, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j10963642200400130x, doi101111j10963642200900591x, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101126science1193304, doi10120637172, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0021376, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi105860choice393984"
}

Whether dinosaurs were in a long-term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda), where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K-Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.

@article{doi101073pnas1521478113,
    author = "Sakamoto, Manabu and Benton, Michael J. and Venditti, Chris",
    title = "Dinosaurs in decline tens of millions of years before their final extinction",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Whether dinosaurs were in a long-term decline or whether they were reigning strong right up to their final disappearance at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event 66 Mya has been debated for decades with no clear resolution. The dispute has continued unresolved because of a lack of statistical rigor and appropriate evolutionary framework. Here, for the first time to our knowledge, we apply a Bayesian phylogenetic approach to model the evolutionary dynamics of speciation and extinction through time in Mesozoic dinosaurs, properly taking account of previously ignored statistical violations. We find overwhelming support for a long-term decline across all dinosaurs and within all three dinosaurian subclades (Ornithischia, Sauropodomorpha, and Theropoda), where speciation rate slowed down through time and was ultimately exceeded by extinction rate tens of millions of years before the K-Pg boundary. The only exceptions to this general pattern are the morphologically specialized herbivores, the Hadrosauriformes and Ceratopsidae, which show rapid species proliferations throughout the Late Cretaceous instead. Our results highlight that, despite some heterogeneity in speciation dynamics, dinosaurs showed a marked reduction in their ability to replace extinct species with new ones, making them vulnerable to extinction and unable to respond quickly to and recover from the final catastrophic event.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1521478113",
    openalex = "W2341385457",
    references = "doi101016jcub201408034, doi101038nature11631, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101093oso97801985052350010001, doi101111brv12128, doi101111j14679868200500503x, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science23547931156, doi1018637jssv033i02, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, openalexw2097360283, sloan1986gradual"
}

BACKGROUND: The Belly River Group of southern Alberta is one of the best-sampled Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunal assemblages in the world. This system provides a high-resolution biostratigraphic record of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and faunal turnover, and it has considerable potential to be a model system for testing hypotheses of dinosaur palaeoecological dynamics, including important aspects of palaeoecommunity structure, trophic interactions, and responses to environmental change. Vertebrate fossil microsites (assemblages of small bones and teeth concentrated together over a relatively short time and thought to be representative of community composition) offer an unparalleled dataset to better test these hypotheses by ameliorating problems of sample size, geography, and chronostratigraphic control that hamper other palaeoecological analyses. Here, we assembled a comprehensive relative abundance dataset of microsites sampled from the entire Belly River Group and performed a series of analyses to test the influence of environmental factors on site and taxon clustering, and assess the stability of faunal assemblages both temporally and spatially. We also test the long-held idea that populations of large dinosaur taxa were particularly sensitive to small-scale environmental gradients, such as the paralic (coastal) to alluvial (inland) regimes present within the time-equivalent depositional basin of the upper Oldman and lower Dinosaur Park Formations. RESULTS: Palaeoenvironment (i.e. reconstructed environmental conditions, related to relative amount of alluvial, fluvial, and coastal influence in associated sedimentary strata) was found to be strongly associated with clustering of sites by relative-abundance faunal assemblages, particularly in relation to changes in faunal assemblage composition and marine-terrestrial environmental transitions. Palaeogeography/palaeolandscape were moderately associated to site relative abundance assemblage clustering, with depositional setting and time (i.e. vertical position within stratigraphic unit) more weakly associated. Interestingly, while vertebrate relative abundance assemblages as a whole were strongly correlated with these marine-terrestrial transitions, the dinosaur fauna does not appear to be particularly sensitive to them. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms that depositional setting (i.e. the sediment type/sorting and associated characteristics) has little effect on faunal assemblage composition, in contrast to the effect of changes in the broader palaeoenvironment (e.g. upper vs. lower coastal plain, etc.), with marine-terrestrial transitions driving temporal faunal dynamics within the Belly River Group. The similarity of the dinosaur faunal assemblages between the time-equivalent portions of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation suggests that either these palaeoenvironments are more similar than characterized in the literature, or that the dinosaurs are less sensitive to variation in palaeoenvironment than has often been suggested. A lack of sensitivity to subtle environmental gradients casts doubt on these forces acting as a driver of putative endemism of dinosaur populations in the Late Cretaceous of North America.

@article{doi101186s1289801601068,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Palaeoenvironmental drivers of vertebrate community composition in the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada, with implications for dinosaur biogeography",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BMC Ecology",
    abstract = "BACKGROUND: The Belly River Group of southern Alberta is one of the best-sampled Late Cretaceous terrestrial faunal assemblages in the world. This system provides a high-resolution biostratigraphic record of terrestrial vertebrate diversity and faunal turnover, and it has considerable potential to be a model system for testing hypotheses of dinosaur palaeoecological dynamics, including important aspects of palaeoecommunity structure, trophic interactions, and responses to environmental change. Vertebrate fossil microsites (assemblages of small bones and teeth concentrated together over a relatively short time and thought to be representative of community composition) offer an unparalleled dataset to better test these hypotheses by ameliorating problems of sample size, geography, and chronostratigraphic control that hamper other palaeoecological analyses. Here, we assembled a comprehensive relative abundance dataset of microsites sampled from the entire Belly River Group and performed a series of analyses to test the influence of environmental factors on site and taxon clustering, and assess the stability of faunal assemblages both temporally and spatially. We also test the long-held idea that populations of large dinosaur taxa were particularly sensitive to small-scale environmental gradients, such as the paralic (coastal) to alluvial (inland) regimes present within the time-equivalent depositional basin of the upper Oldman and lower Dinosaur Park Formations. RESULTS: Palaeoenvironment (i.e. reconstructed environmental conditions, related to relative amount of alluvial, fluvial, and coastal influence in associated sedimentary strata) was found to be strongly associated with clustering of sites by relative-abundance faunal assemblages, particularly in relation to changes in faunal assemblage composition and marine-terrestrial environmental transitions. Palaeogeography/palaeolandscape were moderately associated to site relative abundance assemblage clustering, with depositional setting and time (i.e. vertical position within stratigraphic unit) more weakly associated. Interestingly, while vertebrate relative abundance assemblages as a whole were strongly correlated with these marine-terrestrial transitions, the dinosaur fauna does not appear to be particularly sensitive to them. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis confirms that depositional setting (i.e. the sediment type/sorting and associated characteristics) has little effect on faunal assemblage composition, in contrast to the effect of changes in the broader palaeoenvironment (e.g. upper vs. lower coastal plain, etc.), with marine-terrestrial transitions driving temporal faunal dynamics within the Belly River Group. The similarity of the dinosaur faunal assemblages between the time-equivalent portions of the Dinosaur Park Formation and Oldman Formation suggests that either these palaeoenvironments are more similar than characterized in the literature, or that the dinosaurs are less sensitive to variation in palaeoenvironment than has often been suggested. A lack of sensitivity to subtle environmental gradients casts doubt on these forces acting as a driver of putative endemism of dinosaur populations in the Late Cretaceous of North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12898-016-0106-8",
    doi = "10.1186/s12898-016-0106-8",
    openalex = "W2549529320",
    references = "doi1010079780387981413, doi101023a1008959721342, doi101038282296a0, doi101139e93016, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi105860choice260307, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2187850523"
}

The cranial and postcranial anatomy of the basal hadrosaurid dinosaur Eotrachodon orientalis, from the uppermost Santonian of southern Appalachia (southeastern U.S.A.), is described in detail. This animal is the only known pre-Campanian non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, and the most complete hadrosauroid known from Appalachia. E. orientalis possesses a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters in the context of Hadrosauroidea. Characters shared with basal hadrosauroids include a short and sloping maxillary ectopterygoid shelf, caudally prominent maxillary jugal process, one functional tooth per alveolus on the maxillary occlusal plane, a jugal rostral process with a shallow caudodorsal margin and medioventrally facing articular facet, a vertical dentary coronoid process with a poorly expanded apex, and tooth crowns with accessory ridges. Derived characters shared with other hadrosaurids include a circumnarial depression compartmented into three fossae (as in brachylophosaurins and Edmontosaurus), a thin everted premaxillary oral margin (as in Gryposaurus, Prosaurolophus, and Saurolophus), and a maxilla with a deep and rostrocaudally extensive rostrodorsal region with a steeply sloping premaxillary margin (as in Gryposaurus). Eotrachodon orientalis differs primarily from the other hadrosauroid from the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama, Lophorhothon atopus, in having a slender and crestless nasal whose caudodorsal margin is not invaded by the circumnarial depression. Hadrosaurus foulkii, the only other known hadrosaurid from Appalachia, is distinct from E. orientalis in having dentary teeth lacking accessory ridges and a dorsally curved shaft of the ischium. A histological section of the tibia of the E. orientalis holotype (MSC 7949) suggests that this individual was actively growing at the time of death and, thus, had the potential to become a larger animal later in development.

@article{doi107717peerj1872,
    author = "Prieto‐Márquez, Albert and Erickson, Gregory M. and Ebersole, Jun A.",
    title = "Anatomy and osteohistology of the basal hadrosaurid dinosaur Eotrachodon from the uppermost Santonian (Cretaceous) of southern Appalachia",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "The cranial and postcranial anatomy of the basal hadrosaurid dinosaur Eotrachodon orientalis, from the uppermost Santonian of southern Appalachia (southeastern U.S.A.), is described in detail. This animal is the only known pre-Campanian non-lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, and the most complete hadrosauroid known from Appalachia. E. orientalis possesses a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived characters in the context of Hadrosauroidea. Characters shared with basal hadrosauroids include a short and sloping maxillary ectopterygoid shelf, caudally prominent maxillary jugal process, one functional tooth per alveolus on the maxillary occlusal plane, a jugal rostral process with a shallow caudodorsal margin and medioventrally facing articular facet, a vertical dentary coronoid process with a poorly expanded apex, and tooth crowns with accessory ridges. Derived characters shared with other hadrosaurids include a circumnarial depression compartmented into three fossae (as in brachylophosaurins and Edmontosaurus), a thin everted premaxillary oral margin (as in Gryposaurus, Prosaurolophus, and Saurolophus), and a maxilla with a deep and rostrocaudally extensive rostrodorsal region with a steeply sloping premaxillary margin (as in Gryposaurus). Eotrachodon orientalis differs primarily from the other hadrosauroid from the Mooreville Chalk of Alabama, Lophorhothon atopus, in having a slender and crestless nasal whose caudodorsal margin is not invaded by the circumnarial depression. Hadrosaurus foulkii, the only other known hadrosaurid from Appalachia, is distinct from E. orientalis in having dentary teeth lacking accessory ridges and a dorsally curved shaft of the ischium. A histological section of the tibia of the E. orientalis holotype (MSC 7949) suggests that this individual was actively growing at the time of death and, thus, had the potential to become a larger animal later in development.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1872",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.1872",
    openalex = "W2337568842",
    references = "doi101017pab201519, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101371journalpone0045712, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi1016710390290428, doi104202app20110051, erickson2014on"
}

Predator-prey dynamics are an important evolutionary driver of escalating predation mode and efficiency, and commensurate responses of prey [1-3]. Among these strategies, camouflage is important for visual concealment, with countershading the most universally observed [4-6]. Extant terrestrial herbivores free of significant predation pressure, due to large size or isolation, do not exhibit countershading. Modern predator-prey dynamics may not be directly applicable to those of the Mesozoic due to the dominance of very large, visually oriented theropod dinosaurs [7]. Despite thyreophoran dinosaurs' possessing extensive dermal armor, some of the most extreme examples of anti-predator structures [8, 9], little direct evidence of predation on these and other dinosaur megaherbivores has been documented. Here we describe a new, exquisitely three-dimensionally preserved nodosaurid ankylosaur, Borealopelta markmitchelli gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous of Alberta, which preserves integumentary structures as organic layers, including continuous fields of epidermal scales and intact horn sheaths capping the body armor. We identify melanin in the organic residues through mass spectroscopic analyses and observe lighter pigmentation of the large parascapular spines, consistent with display, and a pattern of countershading across the body. With an estimated body mass exceeding 1,300 kg, B. markmitchelli was much larger than modern terrestrial mammals that either are countershaded or experience significant predation pressure as adults. Presence of countershading suggests predation pressure strong enough to select for concealment in this megaherbivore despite possession of massive dorsal and lateral armor, illustrating a significant dichotomy between Mesozoic predator-prey dynamics and those of modern terrestrial systems.

@article{doi101016jcub201706071,
    author = "Brown, Caleb M. and Henderson, Donald M. and Vinther, Jakob and Fletcher, Ian and Sistiaga, Ainara and Bethencourt, Jorsua Herrera and Summons, Roger E.",
    title = "An Exceptionally Preserved Three-Dimensional Armored Dinosaur Reveals Insights into Coloration and Cretaceous Predator-Prey Dynamics",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Current Biology",
    abstract = "Predator-prey dynamics are an important evolutionary driver of escalating predation mode and efficiency, and commensurate responses of prey [1-3]. Among these strategies, camouflage is important for visual concealment, with countershading the most universally observed [4-6]. Extant terrestrial herbivores free of significant predation pressure, due to large size or isolation, do not exhibit countershading. Modern predator-prey dynamics may not be directly applicable to those of the Mesozoic due to the dominance of very large, visually oriented theropod dinosaurs [7]. Despite thyreophoran dinosaurs' possessing extensive dermal armor, some of the most extreme examples of anti-predator structures [8, 9], little direct evidence of predation on these and other dinosaur megaherbivores has been documented. Here we describe a new, exquisitely three-dimensionally preserved nodosaurid ankylosaur, Borealopelta markmitchelli gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous of Alberta, which preserves integumentary structures as organic layers, including continuous fields of epidermal scales and intact horn sheaths capping the body armor. We identify melanin in the organic residues through mass spectroscopic analyses and observe lighter pigmentation of the large parascapular spines, consistent with display, and a pattern of countershading across the body. With an estimated body mass exceeding 1,300 kg, B. markmitchelli was much larger than modern terrestrial mammals that either are countershaded or experience significant predation pressure as adults. Presence of countershading suggests predation pressure strong enough to select for concealment in this megaherbivore despite possession of massive dorsal and lateral armor, illustrating a significant dichotomy between Mesozoic predator-prey dynamics and those of modern terrestrial systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    doi = "10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.071",
    openalex = "W2741141745",
    references = "doi101007s003590050286, doi101016jcub201606065, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101016s0065345408601059, doi101017s0094837300005352, doi101017s0952836905007508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101086668011, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j1469185x1993tb00738x, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0017932, doi101371journalpone0051925, doi105860choice273305, druckenmiller2010a, openalexw1528487914, openalexw3215057009, stevens2006binocular"
}

During their long evolutionary history, neornithischian dinosaurs diverged into several clades with distinctive adaptations. However, the early evolution within Neornithischia and the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of taxa situated near the base of the clade remain problematic. This is especially true for those taxa traditionally placed at the base of Ornithopoda, either as ‘hypsilophodontids’ or at the base of the diverse clade Iguanodontia. Recent studies are improving our understanding of the anatomy and relationships of these taxa, with discoveries of several new non-ankylopollexian ornithopods from South America and Europe providing key insights into early ornithopod evolution and palaeobiogeography. Here, we describe a new basal ornithopod, Burianosaurus augustai gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved femur from the upper Cenomanian strata (Korycany Beds of the Peruc-Korycany Formation) of the Czech Republic. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique suite of characters and represents the only occurrence of a Cenomanian non-avian dinosaur in Central Europe north of the Alpine Tethyan areas. Histological examination of the type specimen reveals the presence of a loosely packed Haversian system which suggests relatively mature bone from a possible young adult. Phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, selected to test the placement of B. augustai in various parts of the neornithischian tree, reconstruct B. augustai as a basal ornithopod, firmly nested outside Ankylopollexia. These results also support a diverse Elasmaria as a basal clade within Ornithopoda and reconstruct Hypsilophodon outside Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to Cerapoda. However, the relationships of ‘hypsilophodontids’ within Neornithischia remain contentious.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D28A9FB8-A253-4032-8710-4F51668A1E4F

@article{doi1010801477201920171371258,
    author = "Madzia, Daniel and Boyd, Clint and Mazuch, Martin",
    title = "A basal ornithopod dinosaur from the Cenomanian of the Czech Republic",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "During their long evolutionary history, neornithischian dinosaurs diverged into several clades with distinctive adaptations. However, the early evolution within Neornithischia and the resolution of the phylogenetic relationships of taxa situated near the base of the clade remain problematic. This is especially true for those taxa traditionally placed at the base of Ornithopoda, either as ‘hypsilophodontids’ or at the base of the diverse clade Iguanodontia. Recent studies are improving our understanding of the anatomy and relationships of these taxa, with discoveries of several new non-ankylopollexian ornithopods from South America and Europe providing key insights into early ornithopod evolution and palaeobiogeography. Here, we describe a new basal ornithopod, Burianosaurus augustai gen. et sp. nov., based on a well-preserved femur from the upper Cenomanian strata (Korycany Beds of the Peruc-Korycany Formation) of the Czech Republic. The new taxon is diagnosed by a unique suite of characters and represents the only occurrence of a Cenomanian non-avian dinosaur in Central Europe north of the Alpine Tethyan areas. Histological examination of the type specimen reveals the presence of a loosely packed Haversian system which suggests relatively mature bone from a possible young adult. Phylogenetic analyses of two different data sets, selected to test the placement of B. augustai in various parts of the neornithischian tree, reconstruct B. augustai as a basal ornithopod, firmly nested outside Ankylopollexia. These results also support a diverse Elasmaria as a basal clade within Ornithopoda and reconstruct Hypsilophodon outside Ornithopoda as the sister taxon to Cerapoda. However, the relationships of ‘hypsilophodontids’ within Neornithischia remain contentious.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D28A9FB8-A253-4032-8710-4F51668A1E4F",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2017.1371258",
    openalex = "W2760542243",
    references = "doi101017s1477201903001032, doi101017s1477201907002271, doi101080027246342013746229, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111j10963642200900617x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science1253351, doi101126science28454232137, doi101127njgpa210199841, doi101371journalpone0014075, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi103897zookeys4698439, doi105962p313819, doi107717peerj1523, openalexw2173200745, openalexw225597919"
}

The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.

@article{doi101111brv12255,
    author = "Tennant, Jonathan P and Mannion, Philip D and Upchurch, Paul and Sutton, Mark D and Price, Gregory D",
    title = "Biotic and environmental dynamics through the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous transition: evidence for protracted faunal and ecological turnover.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "The Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous interval represents a time of environmental upheaval and cataclysmic events, combined with disruptions to terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Historically, the Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary was classified as one of eight mass extinctions. However, more recent research has largely overturned this view, revealing a much more complex pattern of biotic and abiotic dynamics than has previously been appreciated. Here, we present a synthesis of our current knowledge of Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous events, focusing particularly on events closest to the J/K boundary. We find evidence for a combination of short-term catastrophic events, large-scale tectonic processes and environmental perturbations, and major clade interactions that led to a seemingly dramatic faunal and ecological turnover in both the marine and terrestrial realms. This is coupled with a great reduction in global biodiversity which might in part be explained by poor sampling. Very few groups appear to have been entirely resilient to this J/K boundary 'event', which hints at a 'cascade model' of ecosystem changes driving faunal dynamics. Within terrestrial ecosystems, larger, more-specialised organisms, such as saurischian dinosaurs, appear to have suffered the most. Medium-sized tetanuran theropods declined, and were replaced by larger-bodied groups, and basal eusauropods were replaced by neosauropod faunas. The ascent of paravian theropods is emphasised by escalated competition with contemporary pterosaur groups, culminating in the explosive radiation of birds, although the timing of this is obfuscated by biases in sampling. Smaller, more ecologically diverse terrestrial non-archosaurs, such as lissamphibians and mammaliaforms, were comparatively resilient to extinctions, instead documenting the origination of many extant groups around the J/K boundary. In the marine realm, extinctions were focused on low-latitude, shallow marine shelf-dwelling faunas, corresponding to a significant eustatic sea-level fall in the latest Jurassic. More mobile and ecologically plastic marine groups, such as ichthyosaurs, survived the boundary relatively unscathed. High rates of extinction and turnover in other macropredaceous marine groups, including plesiosaurs, are accompanied by the origin of most major lineages of extant sharks. Groups which occupied both marine and terrestrial ecosystems, including crocodylomorphs, document a selective extinction in shallow marine forms, whereas turtles appear to have diversified. These patterns suggest that different extinction selectivity and ecological processes were operating between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, which were ultimately important in determining the fates of many key groups, as well as the origins of many major extant lineages. We identify a series of potential abiotic candidates for driving these patterns, including multiple bolide impacts, several episodes of flood basalt eruptions, dramatic climate change, and major disruptions to oceanic systems. The J/K transition therefore, although not a mass extinction, represents an important transitional period in the co-evolutionary history of life on Earth.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6849608/",
    doi = "10.1111/brv.12255",
    openalex = "W2283352195",
    pmcid = "PMC6849608",
    pmid = "26888552",
    references = "doi101007s1143001040949, doi1010160031018274900194, doi101016b9780444594259000263, doi101016jcretres201112005, doi101016jcretres201304001, doi101016jcub201408034, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jgloplacha201105009, doi101016s0009254199000819, doi101017s0016756812000994, doi1010291998rg000054, doi10102993rg02508, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms7987, doi101038ncomms9438, doi101080027246342012694385, doi10108014772011003603556, doi101080147720192011630927, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101086319243, doi101111brv12038, doi101111j1469185x200900107x, doi101111zoj12029, doi101126science1095964, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science17540271199, doi101126science21545391501, doi101126science23547931156, doi101126scienceaaa3716, doi101144gslsp20032170111, doi101144sp35813, doi101371journalpone0029234, doi101371journalpone0103152, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi1016660022336020040780989dapftc20co2, doi1016660094837320000260056cefisg20co2, doi1026879529, doi103090610262296200073181198, doi104202app20110144"
}

Interbasinal stratigraphic correlation provides the foundation for all consequent continental-scale geological and paleontological analyses. Correlation requires synthesis of lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and geochronologic data, and must be periodically updated to accord with advances in dating techniques, changing standards for radiometric dates, new stratigraphic concepts, hypotheses, fossil specimens, and field data. Outdated or incorrect correlation exposes geological and paleontological analyses to potential error. The current work presents a high-resolution stratigraphic chart for terrestrial Late Cretaceous units of North America, combining published chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data. 40Ar / 39Ar radiometric dates are newly recalibrated to both current standard and decay constant pairings. Revisions to the stratigraphic placement of most units are slight, but important changes are made to the proposed correlations of the Aguja and Javelina formations, Texas, and recalibration corrections in particular affect the relative age positions of the Belly River Group, Alberta; Judith River Formation, Montana; Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; and Fruitland and Kirtland formations, New Mexico. The stratigraphic ranges of selected clades of dinosaur species are plotted on the chronostratigraphic framework, with some clades comprising short-duration species that do not overlap stratigraphically with preceding or succeeding forms. This is the expected pattern that is produced by an anagenetic mode of evolution, suggesting that true branching (speciation) events were rare and may have geographic significance. The recent hypothesis of intracontinental latitudinal provinciality of dinosaurs is shown to be affected by previous stratigraphic miscorrelation. Rapid stepwise acquisition of display characters in many dinosaur clades, in particular chasmosaurine ceratopsids, suggests that they may be useful for high resolution biostratigraphy.

@article{doi101371journalpone0188426,
    author = "Fowler, Denver Warwick",
    title = "Revised geochronology, correlation, and dinosaur stratigraphic ranges of the Santonian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) formations of the Western Interior of North America.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "Interbasinal stratigraphic correlation provides the foundation for all consequent continental-scale geological and paleontological analyses. Correlation requires synthesis of lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and geochronologic data, and must be periodically updated to accord with advances in dating techniques, changing standards for radiometric dates, new stratigraphic concepts, hypotheses, fossil specimens, and field data. Outdated or incorrect correlation exposes geological and paleontological analyses to potential error. The current work presents a high-resolution stratigraphic chart for terrestrial Late Cretaceous units of North America, combining published chronostratigraphic, lithostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic data. 40Ar / 39Ar radiometric dates are newly recalibrated to both current standard and decay constant pairings. Revisions to the stratigraphic placement of most units are slight, but important changes are made to the proposed correlations of the Aguja and Javelina formations, Texas, and recalibration corrections in particular affect the relative age positions of the Belly River Group, Alberta; Judith River Formation, Montana; Kaiparowits Formation, Utah; and Fruitland and Kirtland formations, New Mexico. The stratigraphic ranges of selected clades of dinosaur species are plotted on the chronostratigraphic framework, with some clades comprising short-duration species that do not overlap stratigraphically with preceding or succeeding forms. This is the expected pattern that is produced by an anagenetic mode of evolution, suggesting that true branching (speciation) events were rare and may have geographic significance. The recent hypothesis of intracontinental latitudinal provinciality of dinosaurs is shown to be affected by previous stratigraphic miscorrelation. Rapid stepwise acquisition of display characters in many dinosaur clades, in particular chasmosaurine ceratopsids, suggests that they may be useful for high resolution biostratigraphy.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5699823/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0188426",
    openalex = "W2544476050",
    pmcid = "PMC5699823",
    pmid = "29166406",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016016896228790025x, doi101016037594749090598g, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016jsedgeo200610001, doi101016s0009254197001599, doi101016s0016703799002045, doi101016s0375947497006131, doi101126science1154339, doi101130001676061952631011cotcfo20co2, doi101130b310761, doi101139e93016, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0025186, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi10167102724634200727373aarolm20co2, doi105860choice514447, lehman1987late, openalexw2025327988"
}

The non-avian dinosaurs died out at the end of the Cretaceous, ~66 million years ago, after an asteroid impact. The prevailing hypothesis is that the effects of the impact suddenly killed the dinosaurs, but the poor fossil record of latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) dinosaurs from outside Laurasia (and even more particularly, North America) makes it difficult to test specific extinction scenarios. Over the past few decades, a wealth of new discoveries from the Bauru Group of Brazil has revealed a unique window into the evolution of terminal Cretaceous dinosaurs from the southern continents. We review this record and demonstrate that there was a diversity of dinosaurs, of varying body sizes, diets, and ecological roles, that survived to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 72-66 million years ago) in Brazil, including a core fauna of titanosaurian sauropods and abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, along with a variety of small-to-mid-sized theropods. We argue that this pattern best fits the hypothesis that southern dinosaurs, like their northern counterparts, were still diversifying and occupying prominent roles in their ecosystems before the asteroid suddenly caused their extinction. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested with more refined paleontological and geochronological data, and we give suggestions for future work.

@article{doi10159000013765201720160918,
    author = "Brusatte, Stephen L. and dos Anjos Candeiro, Carlos Roberto and Simbras, Felipe Medeiros",
    title = "The last dinosaurs of Brazil: The Bauru Group and its implications for the end-Cretaceous mass extinction",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências",
    abstract = "The non-avian dinosaurs died out at the end of the Cretaceous, \textasciitilde 66 million years ago, after an asteroid impact. The prevailing hypothesis is that the effects of the impact suddenly killed the dinosaurs, but the poor fossil record of latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) dinosaurs from outside Laurasia (and even more particularly, North America) makes it difficult to test specific extinction scenarios. Over the past few decades, a wealth of new discoveries from the Bauru Group of Brazil has revealed a unique window into the evolution of terminal Cretaceous dinosaurs from the southern continents. We review this record and demonstrate that there was a diversity of dinosaurs, of varying body sizes, diets, and ecological roles, that survived to the very end of the Cretaceous (Maastrichtian: 72-66 million years ago) in Brazil, including a core fauna of titanosaurian sauropods and abelisaurid and carcharodontosaurid theropods, along with a variety of small-to-mid-sized theropods. We argue that this pattern best fits the hypothesis that southern dinosaurs, like their northern counterparts, were still diversifying and occupying prominent roles in their ecosystems before the asteroid suddenly caused their extinction. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested with more refined paleontological and geochronological data, and we give suggestions for future work.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160918",
    doi = "10.1590/0001-3765201720160918",
    openalex = "W2755022597",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201509003, doi101016jcretres201512004, doi101371journalpone0072579, doi101371journalpone0163373"
}

Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234-232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced.

@article{doi101038s41467018039961,
    author = "Bernardi, Massimo and Gianolla, Piero and Petti, Fabio Massimo and Mietto, Paolo and Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Dinosaur diversification linked with the Carnian Pluvial Episode",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs diversified in two steps during the Triassic. They originated about 245 Ma, during the recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction, and then remained insignificant until they exploded in diversity and ecological importance during the Late Triassic. Hitherto, this Late Triassic explosion was poorly constrained and poorly dated. Here we provide evidence that it followed the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), dated to 234-232 Ma, a time when climates switched from arid to humid and back to arid again. Our evidence comes from a combined analysis of skeletal evidence and footprint occurrences, and especially from the exquisitely dated ichnofaunas of the Italian Dolomites. These provide evidence of tetrapod faunal compositions through the Carnian and Norian, and show that dinosaur footprints appear exactly at the time of the CPE. We argue then that dinosaurs diversified explosively in the mid Carnian, at a time of major climate and floral change and the extinction of key herbivores, which the dinosaurs opportunistically replaced.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-03996-1",
    openalex = "W2802601955",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016jcub201311063, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jepsl201107015, doi101016jgr201801005, doi101016jpalaeo200911006, doi101016jpalaeo201611005, doi101016s0012825202001046, doi101016s001669959880123x, doi101038nature21700, doi101038nature22037, doi101038s4155901703055, doi101073pnas1402369111, doi101073pnas1505252112, doi101073pnas1512541112, doi1010800891296320171333609, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101126science1198467, doi1011300091761319890170265soccae23co2, doi1023071223352, doi10247506201401, doi104202app001432014, openalexw114509570"
}

In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.

@article{doi101038s41467019089972,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro and Mannion, Philip D. and Lunt, Daniel J. and Farnsworth, Alex and Jones, Lewis A. and Kelland, Sarah-Jane and Allison, Peter A.",
    title = "Ecological niche modelling does not support climatically-driven dinosaur diversity decline before the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "In the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction, dinosaur diversity is argued to have been either in long-term decline, or thriving until their sudden demise. The latest Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian [83-66 Ma]) of North America provides the best record to address this debate, but even here diversity reconstructions are biased by uneven sampling. Here we combine fossil occurrences with climatic and environmental modelling to quantify latest Cretaceous North American dinosaur habitat. Ecological niche modelling shows a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian habitability decrease in areas with present-day rock-outcrop. However, a continent-wide projection demonstrates habitat stability, or even a Campanian-to-Maastrichtian increase, that is not preserved. This reduction of the spatial sampling window resulted from formation of the proto-Rocky Mountains and sea-level regression. We suggest that Maastrichtian North American dinosaur diversity is therefore likely to be underestimated, with the apparent decline a product of sampling bias, and not due to a climatically-driven decrease in habitability as previously hypothesised.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-019-08997-2",
    openalex = "W2919866498",
    references = "doi101016jecolmodel201312012, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038nature15697, doi101038ncomms1815, doi101073pnas0901637106, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi10108008912969009386535, doi101111ecog03049, doi101111j13652664200601214x, doi101111j14724642201000725x, doi101111pala12329, doi101126science3287615, doi1012019781315140919, doi101371journalpone0079420, doi1018900721531, doi1023071931034, doi103897zookeys4698439, lehman1987late"
}

Modern megaherbivore community richness is limited by bottom-up controls, such as resource limitation and resultant dietary competition. However, the extent to which these same controls impacted the richness of fossil megaherbivore communities is poorly understood. The present study investigates the matter with reference to the megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage from the middle to upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Using a meta-analysis of 21 ecomorphological variables measured across 14 genera, contemporaneous taxa are demonstrably well-separated in ecomorphospace at the family/subfamily level. Moreover, this pattern is persistent through the approximately 1.5 Myr timespan of the formation, despite continual species turnover, indicative of underlying structural principles imposed by long-term ecological competition. After considering the implications of ecomorphology for megaherbivorous dinosaur diet, it is concluded that competition structured comparable megaherbivorous dinosaur communities throughout the Late Cretaceous of western North America.

@article{doi101038s41598019517095,
    author = "Mallon, Jordan C.",
    title = "Competition structured a Late Cretaceous megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "Modern megaherbivore community richness is limited by bottom-up controls, such as resource limitation and resultant dietary competition. However, the extent to which these same controls impacted the richness of fossil megaherbivore communities is poorly understood. The present study investigates the matter with reference to the megaherbivorous dinosaur assemblage from the middle to upper Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada. Using a meta-analysis of 21 ecomorphological variables measured across 14 genera, contemporaneous taxa are demonstrably well-separated in ecomorphospace at the family/subfamily level. Moreover, this pattern is persistent through the approximately 1.5 Myr timespan of the formation, despite continual species turnover, indicative of underlying structural principles imposed by long-term ecological competition. After considering the implications of ecomorphology for megaherbivorous dinosaur diet, it is concluded that competition structured comparable megaherbivorous dinosaur communities throughout the Late Cretaceous of western North America.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51709-5",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-019-51709-5",
    openalex = "W2981425882",
    references = "doi101007978146124018114, doi101017cbo9780511565441, doi101017cbo9780511608551, doi101017cbo9780511735011, doi101086653688, doi101093biomet301281, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139e10005, doi101139e78109, doi101186147267851314, doi1012060003008220023660001aitrou20co2, doi101371journalpone0098605, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023073545850, doi1023075663, doi102475ajs2628975, openalexw2183707334"
}

Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (~85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlaa173,
    author = "Poropat, Stephen F. and Kundrát, Martin and Mannion, Philip D. and Upchurch, Paul and Tischler, Travis R. and Elliott, David A.",
    title = "Second specimen of the Late Cretaceous Australian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae provides new anatomical information on the skull and neck of early titanosaurs",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract The titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae is represented by two individuals from the Cenomanian–lower Turonian ‘upper’ Winton Formation of central Queensland, north-eastern Australia. The type specimen has been described in detail, whereas the referred specimen, which includes several elements not present in the type series (partial skull, atlas, axis and postaxial cervical vertebrae), has only been described briefly. Herein, we provide a comprehensive description of this referred specimen, including a thorough assessment of the external and internal anatomy of the braincase, and identify several new autapomorphies of D. matildae. Via an expanded data matrix consisting of 125 taxa scored for 552 characters, we recover a close, well-supported relationship between Diamantinasaurus and its contemporary, Savannasaurus elliottorum. Unlike previous iterations of this data matrix, under a parsimony framework we consistently recover Diamantinasaurus and Savannasaurus as early-diverging members of Titanosauria using both equal weighting and extended implied weighting, with the overall topology largely consistent between analyses. We erect a new clade, named Diamantinasauria herein, that also includes the contemporaneous Sarmientosaurus musacchioi from southern Argentina, which shares several cranial features with the referred Diamantinasaurus specimen. Thus, Diamantinasauria is represented in the mid-Cretaceous of both South America and Australia, supporting the hypothesis that some titanosaurians, in addition to megaraptoran theropods and possibly some ornithopods, were able to disperse between these two continents via Antarctica. Conversely, there is no evidence for rebbachisaurids in Australia, which might indicate that they were unable to expand into high latitudes before their extinction in the Cenomanian–Turonian. Likewise, there is no evidence for titanosaurs with procoelous caudal vertebrae in the mid-Cretaceous Australian record, despite scarce but compelling evidence for their presence in both Antarctica and New Zealand during the Campanian–Maastrichtian. These later titanosaurs presumably dispersed into these landmasses from South America before the Campanian (\textasciitilde 85 Mya), when seafloor spreading between Zealandia and Australia commenced. Although Australian mid-Cretaceous dinosaur faunas appear to be cosmopolitan at higher taxonomic levels, closer affinities with South America at finer scales are becoming better supported for sauropods, theropods and ornithopods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa173",
    openalex = "W3124534006",
    references = "doi101016jgr201403014, doi101016jjsames2019102460, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038srep34467, doi101080027246342013776562, doi1010800272463420161269539, doi1010800311551820181453085, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093zoolinneanzlx103, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi1011646zootaxa370131, doi1011646zootaxa384811, doi101371journalpone0030060, doi101371journalpone0054991, doi101371journalpone0151661, doi1029920070860302, doi105710amegh261210131889, openalexw3015256845"
}

The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.

@article{doi101098rspb20202258,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Canale, Juan I. and Apesteguı́a, Sebastián and Smith, Nathan D. and Hu, Dongyu and Makovicky, Peter J.",
    title = "Osteohistological analyses reveal diverse strategies of theropod dinosaur body-size evolution",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences",
    abstract = "The independent evolution of gigantism among dinosaurs has been a topic of long-standing interest, but it remains unclear if gigantic theropods, the largest bipeds in the fossil record, all achieved massive sizes in the same manner, or through different strategies. We perform multi-element histological analyses on a phylogenetically broad dataset sampled from eight theropod families, with a focus on gigantic tyrannosaurids and carcharodontosaurids, to reconstruct the growth strategies of these lineages and test if particular bones consistently preserve the most complete growth record. We find that in skeletally mature gigantic theropods, weight-bearing bones consistently preserve extensive growth records, whereas non-weight-bearing bones are remodelled and less useful for growth reconstruction, contrary to the pattern observed in smaller theropods and some other dinosaur clades. We find a heterochronic pattern of growth fitting an acceleration model in tyrannosaurids, with allosauroid carcharodontosaurids better fitting a model of hypermorphosis. These divergent growth patterns appear phylogenetically constrained, representing extreme versions of the growth patterns present in smaller coelurosaurs and allosauroids, respectively. This provides the first evidence of a lack of strong mechanistic or physiological constraints on size evolution in the largest bipeds in the fossil record and evidence of one of the longest-living individual dinosaurs ever documented.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2258",
    doi = "10.1098/rspb.2020.2258",
    openalex = "W3110230871",
    references = "doi101016jcub201408034, doi101017s0094837300006588, doi101017s0094837300021308, doi101029sc005p0175, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101073pnas0708903105, doi101098rspb20122526, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1225376, doi101126science1258750, doi101146annurevearth060313054858, doi101186174170071060, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0033539, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi10560219780801881206, doi105860choice490282, erickson2014on"
}

Abstract In the Cretaceous of North America, environmental sensitivity and habitat specialization have been hypothesized to explain the surprisingly restricted geographic ranges of many large-bodied dinosaurs. Understanding the drivers behind this are key to determining broader trends of dinosaur species and community response to climate change under greenhouse conditions. However, previous studies of this question have commonly examined only small components of the paleo-ecosystem or operated without comparison to similar modern systems from which to constrain interpretations. Here we perform a high-resolution multi-taxic δ13C and δ18O study of a Cretaceous coastal floodplain ecosystem, focusing on species interactions and paleotemperature estimation, and compare with similar data from extant systems. Bioapatite δ13C preserves predator-prey offsets between tyrannosaurs and ornithischians (large herbivorous dinosaurs), and between aquatic reptiles and fish. Large ornithischians had broadly overlapping stable isotope ranges, contrary to hypothesized niche partitioning driven by specialization on coastal or inland subhabitat use. Comparisons to a modern analogue coastal floodplain show similar patterns of ecological guild structure and aquatic-terrestrial resource interchange. Multi-taxic oxygen isotope temperature estimations yield results for the Campanian of Alberta (Canada) consistent with the few other paleotemperature proxies available, and are validated when applied for extant species from a modern coastal floodplain, suggesting that this approach is a simple and effective avenue for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Together, these new data suggest that dinosaur niche partitioning was more complex than previously hypothesized, and provide a framework for future research on dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic floodplain communities.

@article{doi101130g473991,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Longstaffe, Fred J. and Wortmann, Ulrich G. and Huang, L. and Fanti, Federico and Goodwin, Mark B. and Ryan, Michael J. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Large-scale stable isotope characterization of a Late Cretaceous dinosaur-dominated ecosystem",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "Abstract In the Cretaceous of North America, environmental sensitivity and habitat specialization have been hypothesized to explain the surprisingly restricted geographic ranges of many large-bodied dinosaurs. Understanding the drivers behind this are key to determining broader trends of dinosaur species and community response to climate change under greenhouse conditions. However, previous studies of this question have commonly examined only small components of the paleo-ecosystem or operated without comparison to similar modern systems from which to constrain interpretations. Here we perform a high-resolution multi-taxic δ13C and δ18O study of a Cretaceous coastal floodplain ecosystem, focusing on species interactions and paleotemperature estimation, and compare with similar data from extant systems. Bioapatite δ13C preserves predator-prey offsets between tyrannosaurs and ornithischians (large herbivorous dinosaurs), and between aquatic reptiles and fish. Large ornithischians had broadly overlapping stable isotope ranges, contrary to hypothesized niche partitioning driven by specialization on coastal or inland subhabitat use. Comparisons to a modern analogue coastal floodplain show similar patterns of ecological guild structure and aquatic-terrestrial resource interchange. Multi-taxic oxygen isotope temperature estimations yield results for the Campanian of Alberta (Canada) consistent with the few other paleotemperature proxies available, and are validated when applied for extant species from a modern coastal floodplain, suggesting that this approach is a simple and effective avenue for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Together, these new data suggest that dinosaur niche partitioning was more complex than previously hypothesized, and provide a framework for future research on dinosaur-dominated Mesozoic floodplain communities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/g47399.1",
    doi = "10.1130/g47399.1",
    openalex = "W3011136744",
    references = "doi101007b110345, doi101016003101828790040x, doi101016jepsl200407015, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101016s0016703796002402, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101073pnas1004933107, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi101098rsos161086, doi101186147267851314, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0012292, doi1016660094837336180, doi1018901540929520075429anfie20co2, doi102475ajs3047612"
}

Pittman, Michael, Xu, Xing (2020): Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (440): 1-353, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1

@article{doi1012060003009044011,
    author = "Pittman, Michael and Xu, Xing",
    title = "Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress and New Frontiers",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History",
    abstract = "Pittman, Michael, Xu, Xing (2020): Pennaraptoran Theropod Dinosaurs Past Progress And New Frontiers. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (440): 1-353, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1",
    doi = "10.1206/0003-0090.440.1.1",
    openalex = "W3000686130",
    references = "cau2018redescription, doi101002ar24241, doi101007s0011401209171, doi101007s0011401311075, doi101007s0011401411439, doi101016jcretres200806007, doi101016jcub201508003, doi101016jcub201804062, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jjsames201810005, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi101017njg201815, doi1010292018gc007584, doi101038nature13467, doi101038nature14423, doi101038nature19417, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms14972, doi101038s4146701909259x, doi101073pnas1006970107, doi101073pnas1813206116, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080027246342012719176, doi101080147720192010488045, doi101098rsbl20060523, doi101111cla12160, doi101111evo12150, doi101111j109600311993tb00209x, doi101111j109600311999tb00278x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101111j109636421978tb01049x, doi101126science1126377, doi101126science1157704, doi101126science1253451, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101144001676492006032, doi101371journalpone0014329, doi101371journalpone0036790, doi101371journalpone0080557, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0126791, doi1015468gcrned, doi10159023174889201500020001, doi101590s000137652011000100008, doi1016660022336020010750208lcsdaf20co2, doi10166613052, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1022179revmacn12239, doi1022179revmacn8325, doi1033740140540102, doi103389feart201800252, doi105281zenodo16171435, doi105962p339375, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj2159, doi107717peerj4558, doi107717peerj7247, lee2019a, longrich2008a, osmólska1982hulsanpes, sues1978a, xu2010a"
}

embryos are remarkably rare. Here we report an exceptionally preserved, articulated oviraptorid embryo inside an elongatoolithid egg, from the Late Cretaceous Hekou Formation of southern China. The head lies ventral to the body, with the feet on either side, and the back curled along the blunt pole of the egg, in a posture previously unrecognized in a non-avian dinosaur, but reminiscent of a late-stage modern bird embryo. Comparison to other late-stage oviraptorid embryos suggests that prehatch oviraptorids developed avian-like postures late in incubation, which in modern birds are related to coordinated embryonic movements associated with tucking - a behavior controlled by the central nervous system, critical for hatching success. We propose that such pre-hatching behavior, previously considered unique to birds, may have originated among non-avian theropods, which can be further investigated with additional discoveries of embryo fossils.

@article{doi101016jisci2021103516,
    author = "Xing, Lida and Niu, Kecheng and Ma, Waisum and Zelenitsky, Darla K. and Yang, Tzu-Ruei and Brusatte, Stephen L.",
    title = "An exquisitely preserved in-ovo theropod dinosaur embryo sheds light on avian-like prehatching postures",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "iScience",
    abstract = "embryos are remarkably rare. Here we report an exceptionally preserved, articulated oviraptorid embryo inside an elongatoolithid egg, from the Late Cretaceous Hekou Formation of southern China. The head lies ventral to the body, with the feet on either side, and the back curled along the blunt pole of the egg, in a posture previously unrecognized in a non-avian dinosaur, but reminiscent of a late-stage modern bird embryo. Comparison to other late-stage oviraptorid embryos suggests that prehatch oviraptorids developed avian-like postures late in incubation, which in modern birds are related to coordinated embryonic movements associated with tucking - a behavior controlled by the central nervous system, critical for hatching success. We propose that such pre-hatching behavior, previously considered unique to birds, may have originated among non-avian theropods, which can be further investigated with additional discoveries of embryo fossils.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516",
    doi = "10.1016/j.isci.2021.103516",
    openalex = "W4200185644",
    references = "doi101038ncomms4788, doi1012060003009044011, doi101642auk152161, doi1033740140540102, lee2019a"
}

The question why non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago (Ma) remains unresolved because of the coarseness of the fossil record. A sudden extinction caused by an asteroid is the most accepted hypothesis but it is debated whether dinosaurs were in decline or not before the impact. We analyse the speciation-extinction dynamics for six key dinosaur families, and find a decline across dinosaurs, where diversification shifted to a declining-diversity pattern ~76 Ma. We investigate the influence of ecological and physical factors, and find that the decline of dinosaurs was likely driven by global climate cooling and herbivorous diversity drop. The latter is likely due to hadrosaurs outcompeting other herbivores. We also estimate that extinction risk is related to species age during the decline, suggesting a lack of evolutionary novelty or adaptation to changing environments. These results support an environmentally driven decline of non-avian dinosaurs well before the asteroid impact.

@article{doi101038s41467021237540,
    author = "Condamine, Fabien L. and Guinot, Guillaume and Benton, Michael J. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Dinosaur biodiversity declined well before the asteroid impact, influenced by ecological and environmental pressures",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Nature Communications",
    abstract = "The question why non-avian dinosaurs went extinct 66 million years ago (Ma) remains unresolved because of the coarseness of the fossil record. A sudden extinction caused by an asteroid is the most accepted hypothesis but it is debated whether dinosaurs were in decline or not before the impact. We analyse the speciation-extinction dynamics for six key dinosaur families, and find a decline across dinosaurs, where diversification shifted to a declining-diversity pattern \textasciitilde 76 Ma. We investigate the influence of ecological and physical factors, and find that the decline of dinosaurs was likely driven by global climate cooling and herbivorous diversity drop. The latter is likely due to hadrosaurs outcompeting other herbivores. We also estimate that extinction risk is related to species age during the decline, suggesting a lack of evolutionary novelty or adaptation to changing environments. These results support an environmentally driven decline of non-avian dinosaurs well before the asteroid impact.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23754-0",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-021-23754-0",
    openalex = "W3160661672",
    references = "alvarez1980extraterrestrial, close2020the, doi101016jcub202006105, doi101016jgloplacha201804004, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101016jtree202009001, doi101038307360a0, doi101038nature06588, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms9296, doi101038s41467019089972, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101046j14610248200200354x, doi101073pnas1521478113, doi101073pnas1902693116, doi101073pnas2006087117, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111nph13264, doi101126sciadvaaw4486, doi101126science1059412, doi101126science1116412, doi101126science1177265, doi101126science1211028, doi101126scienceabd9220, doi101139cjes20170031, doi10120639651, doi101371journalpone0028964, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi101371journalpone0067182, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi103389feart201800252, doi107717peerj1032, doi107717peerj5749, doi107717peerj7247, doi107717peerj8672, openalexw2145250129"
}

Abstract The dinosaur track record features numerous examples of trackways with elongated metatarsal marks. Such ‘elongate tracks’ are often highly variable and characterized by indistinct outlines and abbreviated or missing digit impressions. Elongate dinosaur tracks are well‐known from the Paluxy River bed of Texas, where some have been interpreted as ‘man tracks’ by creationists due to their superficially human‐like appearance. The horizontal orientation of the metatarsal marks led to the now widely accepted idea of a facultative plantigrade, or ‘flat‐footed’, mode of locomotion in a variety of dinosaurian trackmakers small to large. This hypothesis, however, is at odds with the observation that elongate tracks do not indicate reduced locomotion speeds and increased pace angulation values, but instead are correlated with low anatomical fidelity. We here interpret elongate tracks as deep penetrations of the foot in soft sediment. Sediment may collapse above parts of the descending foot, leaving a shallow surface track that preserves a metatarsal mark. The length of a metatarsal mark is determined by multiple factors and is not necessarily correlated with the length of the metatarsus. Other types of posterior marks in dinosaur footprints, such as drag and slip marks, are reviewed.

@article{doi101111pala12584,
    author = "Lallensack, Jens N. and Farlow, James O. and Falkingham, Peter",
    title = "A new solution to an old riddle: elongate dinosaur tracks explained as deep penetration of the foot, not plantigrade locomotion",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The dinosaur track record features numerous examples of trackways with elongated metatarsal marks. Such ‘elongate tracks’ are often highly variable and characterized by indistinct outlines and abbreviated or missing digit impressions. Elongate dinosaur tracks are well‐known from the Paluxy River bed of Texas, where some have been interpreted as ‘man tracks’ by creationists due to their superficially human‐like appearance. The horizontal orientation of the metatarsal marks led to the now widely accepted idea of a facultative plantigrade, or ‘flat‐footed’, mode of locomotion in a variety of dinosaurian trackmakers small to large. This hypothesis, however, is at odds with the observation that elongate tracks do not indicate reduced locomotion speeds and increased pace angulation values, but instead are correlated with low anatomical fidelity. We here interpret elongate tracks as deep penetrations of the foot in soft sediment. Sediment may collapse above parts of the descending foot, leaving a shallow surface track that preserves a metatarsal mark. The length of a metatarsal mark is determined by multiple factors and is not necessarily correlated with the length of the metatarsus. Other types of posterior marks in dinosaur footprints, such as drag and slip marks, are reviewed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12584",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12584",
    openalex = "W4200240294",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi10103820167, doi10108002724634199510011574, doi1010800272463420171314298, doi1010800272463420201781142, doi101080104209402013817405, doi10108010420940601006859, doi101111j146979981983tb02087x, doi101111pala12502, doi101111pala12584, doi101242jeb1051147, doi101371journalpone0004591, doi1023071311183, doi1026879529, doi10297960650, doi105860choice273305, doi105860choice393984, doi107717peerj2059, openalexw114509570, openalexw2618301958, openalexw2619609965"
}

Despite dominating biodiversity in the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were not speciose. Oviparity constrained even gigantic dinosaurs to less than 15 kg at birth; growth through multiple morphologies led to the consumption of different resources at each stage. Such disparity between neonates and adults could have influenced the structure and diversity of dinosaur communities. Here, we quantified this effect for 43 communities across 136 million years and seven continents. We found that megatheropods (more than 1000 kg) such as tyrannosaurs had specific effects on dinosaur community structure. Although herbivores spanned the body size range, communities with megatheropods lacked carnivores weighing 100 to 1000 kg. We demonstrate that juvenile megatheropods likely filled the mesocarnivore niche, resulting in reduced overall taxonomic diversity. The consistency of this pattern suggests that ontogenetic niche shift was an important factor in generating dinosaur community structure and diversity.

@article{doi101126scienceabd9220,
    author = "Schroeder, Katlin and Lyons, S. Kathleen and Smith, Felisa A.",
    title = "The influence of juvenile dinosaurs on community structure and diversity",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Despite dominating biodiversity in the Mesozoic, dinosaurs were not speciose. Oviparity constrained even gigantic dinosaurs to less than 15 kg at birth; growth through multiple morphologies led to the consumption of different resources at each stage. Such disparity between neonates and adults could have influenced the structure and diversity of dinosaur communities. Here, we quantified this effect for 43 communities across 136 million years and seven continents. We found that megatheropods (more than 1000 kg) such as tyrannosaurs had specific effects on dinosaur community structure. Although herbivores spanned the body size range, communities with megatheropods lacked carnivores weighing 100 to 1000 kg. We demonstrate that juvenile megatheropods likely filled the mesocarnivore niche, resulting in reduced overall taxonomic diversity. The consistency of this pattern suggests that ontogenetic niche shift was an important factor in generating dinosaur community structure and diversity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9220",
    doi = "10.1126/science.abd9220",
    openalex = "W3130388974",
    references = "doi101007s0011401311075, doi101016jcub201610043, doi101016jpalaeo200909018, doi101016jpalaeo201206024, doi101017s0094837300016900, doi101038202234a0, doi101038nature02699, doi101038nature24679, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038ncomms4788, doi101038s41598017052726, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101080027246342012717567, doi101080089129632012688589, doi1010800891296320181563784, doi101093zoolinneanzly068, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspb20090229, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j146979981985tb04915x, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1161833, doi101127njgpm19821982440, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139e11017, doi101146annurevecolsys151393, doi101146annureves15110184002141, doi1011646zootaxa375911, doi1012066391, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0024487, doi101371journalpone0032623, doi101371journalpone0044012, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0092022, doi101371journalpone0093190, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0125819, doi101371journalpone0151453, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101666100041, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2, doi1016710272463420050250897anotmf20co2, doi1016710272463420072787antdtf20co2, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1017161pc180818764, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi1033740140540102, doi104202app20090075, doi104202app20120121, doi105281zenodo3382461, doi105962bhltitle115853, doi107717peerj7803, doi107717peerj9192, gates2018a, openalexw2912219260, osmólska1982hulsanpes, padian1989presence, tsogtbaatar2019a, vonhuene1923carnivorous"
}

The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, has produced one of the most diverse dinosaur faunas, with the record favouring large-bodied taxa, in terms of number and completeness of skeletons. Although small theropods are well documented in the assemblage, taxonomic assessments are frequently based on isolated, fragmentary skeletal elements. Here we reassess DPF theropod biodiversity using morphological comparisons, high-resolution biostratigraphy, and morphometric analyses, with a focus on specimens/taxa originally described from isolated material. In addition to clarifying taxic diversity, we test whether DPF theropods preserve faunal zonation/turnover patterns similar to those previously documented for megaherbivores. Frontal bones referred to a therizinosaur (cf. Erlikosaurus), representing among the only skeletal record of the group from the Campanian–Maastrichtian (83–66 Ma) fossil record of North America, plot most closely to troodontids in morphospace, distinct from non-DPF therizinosaurs, a placement supported by a suite of troodontid anatomical frontal characters. Postcranial material referred to cf. Erlikosaurus in North America is also reviewed and found most similar in morphology to caenagnathids, rather than therizinosaurs. Among troodontids, we document considerable morphospace and biostratigraphic overlap between Stenonychosaurus and the recently described Latenivenatrix, as well as a variable distribution of putatively autapomorphic characters, calling the validity of the latter taxon into question. Biostratigraphically, there are no broad-scale patterns of faunal zonation similar to those previously documented in ornithischians from the DPF, with many theropods ranging throughout much of the formation and overlapping extensively, possibly reflecting a lack of sensitivity to environmental changes, or other cryptic ecological or evolutionary factors.

@article{doi101139cjes20200145,
    author = "Cullen, Thomas M. and Zanno, Lindsay E. and Larson, Derek W. and Todd, Erinn and Currie, Philip J. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Anatomical, morphometric, and stratigraphic analyses of theropod biodiversity in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, has produced one of the most diverse dinosaur faunas, with the record favouring large-bodied taxa, in terms of number and completeness of skeletons. Although small theropods are well documented in the assemblage, taxonomic assessments are frequently based on isolated, fragmentary skeletal elements. Here we reassess DPF theropod biodiversity using morphological comparisons, high-resolution biostratigraphy, and morphometric analyses, with a focus on specimens/taxa originally described from isolated material. In addition to clarifying taxic diversity, we test whether DPF theropods preserve faunal zonation/turnover patterns similar to those previously documented for megaherbivores. Frontal bones referred to a therizinosaur (cf. Erlikosaurus), representing among the only skeletal record of the group from the Campanian–Maastrichtian (83–66 Ma) fossil record of North America, plot most closely to troodontids in morphospace, distinct from non-DPF therizinosaurs, a placement supported by a suite of troodontid anatomical frontal characters. Postcranial material referred to cf. Erlikosaurus in North America is also reviewed and found most similar in morphology to caenagnathids, rather than therizinosaurs. Among troodontids, we document considerable morphospace and biostratigraphic overlap between Stenonychosaurus and the recently described Latenivenatrix, as well as a variable distribution of putatively autapomorphic characters, calling the validity of the latter taxon into question. Biostratigraphically, there are no broad-scale patterns of faunal zonation similar to those previously documented in ornithischians from the DPF, with many theropods ranging throughout much of the formation and overlapping extensively, possibly reflecting a lack of sensitivity to environmental changes, or other cryptic ecological or evolutionary factors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0145",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0145",
    openalex = "W3183001791",
    references = "béland1979ectothermy, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101002ar24241, doi1010079780387981413, doi10100797833192427749, doi101016jcub201803042, doi101016jpalaeo201206027, doi1011112041210x12035, doi101111j2041210x201100153x, doi101130g473991, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139e09050, doi101139e72031, doi101139e93016, doi101186s1289801601068, doi1018435vamp29362, doi1023072669711, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice435902, openalexw2561546966"
}

Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.

@article{doi101139cjes20200174,
    author = "Holtz, Thomas R.",
    title = "Theropod guild structure and the tyrannosaurid niche assimilation hypothesis: implications for predatory dinosaur macroecology and ontogeny in later Late Cretaceous Asiamerica 1",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Well-sampled dinosaur communities from the Jurassic through the early Late Cretaceous show greater taxonomic diversity among larger (>50 kg) theropod taxa than communities of the Campano-Maastrichtian, particularly to those of eastern/central Asia and Laramidia. The large carnivore guilds in Asiamerican assemblages are monopolized by tyrannosaurids, with adult medium-sized (50–500 kg) predators rare or absent. In contrast, various clades of theropods are found to occupy these body sizes in earlier faunas, including early tyrannosauroids. Assemblages with “missing middle-sized” predators are not found to have correspondingly sparser diversity of potential prey species recorded in these same faunas. The “missing middle-sized” niches in the theropod guilds of Late Cretaceous Laramidia and Asia may have been assimilated by juvenile and subadults of tyrannosaurid species, functionally distinct from their adult ecomorphologies. It is speculated that if tyrannosaurids assimilated the niches previously occupied by mid-sized theropod predators, we would expect the evolution of distinct transitions in morphology and possibly the delay of the achievement of somatic maturity in species of this taxon.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2020-0174",
    openalex = "W3168560974",
    references = "doi101016jcub201803042, doi101017pab201519, doi101017s0094837300011891, doi10103846266, doi101038nature02699, doi101038ncomms3827, doi101038s4155901908880, doi101038s41598019517095, doi101038srep20252, doi101073pnas1600140113, doi101093nsrnwu055, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12638, doi101111j1469185x201000137x, doi101111j15023931200900187x, doi101126sciadvaax6250, doi101126science1065522, doi101126science1161833, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139cjes20120185, doi101139cjes20170031, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101371journalpone0054329, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1017161paleo180818764, doi1023071942327, doi1023072411924, doi1029920070860302, doi103897zookeys92847517, doi107717peerj9192, openalexw2183707334, openalexw2971401580"
}

Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.

@article{doi107717peerj12362,
    author = "Madzia, Daniel and Arbour, Victoria M. and Boyd, Clint and Farke, Andrew A. and Cruzado‐Caballero, Penélope and Evans, David C.",
    title = "The phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Ornithischians form a large clade of globally distributed Mesozoic dinosaurs, and represent one of their three major radiations. Throughout their evolutionary history, exceeding 134 million years, ornithischians evolved considerable morphological disparity, expressed especially through the cranial and osteodermal features of their most distinguishable representatives. The nearly two-century-long research history on ornithischians has resulted in the recognition of numerous diverse lineages, many of which have been named. Following the formative publications establishing the theoretical foundation of phylogenetic nomenclature throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many of the proposed names of ornithischian clades were provided with phylogenetic definitions. Some of these definitions have proven useful and have not been changed, beyond the way they were formulated, since their introduction. Some names, however, have multiple definitions, making their application ambiguous. Recent implementation of the International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ICPN, or PhyloCode) offers the opportunity to explore the utility of previously proposed definitions of established taxon names. Since the Articles of the ICPN are not to be applied retroactively, all phylogenetic definitions published prior to its implementation remain informal (and ineffective) in the light of the Code. Here, we revise the nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaur clades; we revisit 76 preexisting ornithischian clade names, review their recent and historical use, and formally establish their phylogenetic definitions. Additionally, we introduce five new clade names: two for robustly supported clades of later-diverging hadrosaurids and ceratopsians, one uniting heterodontosaurids and genasaurs, and two for clades of nodosaurids. Our study marks a key step towards a formal phylogenetic nomenclature of ornithischian dinosaurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12362",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.12362",
    openalex = "W4200166441",
    references = "crossref1998dinosaurs, doi101007s1254202100555w, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s4158602030114, doi101038s41598020678541, doi101080027246342012694385, doi101080027246342013746229, doi1010800272463420181509866, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010801477201920151059985, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101093sysbiosyab045, doi101098rsos161086, doi101098rspl18870117, doi101111pala12329, doi101111zoj12193, doi101126science28454232137, doi101139e11017, doi101146annureves23110192002313, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0141304, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi101371journalpone0188426, doi1023071005355, doi1023071441916, doi1023072992353, doi102475ajss319111253, doi104202app006982019, doi104202app20110033, doi104202app20110051, doi105860choice353642, doi105860choice393984, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107717peerj1523, doi107717peerj4066, doi107717peerj7963, openalexw568618627, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.

@article{doi101038s4159802219896w,
    author = "Ramezani, Jahandar and Beveridge, Tegan L and Rogers, Raymond R and Eberth, David A and Roberts, Eric M",
    title = "Calibrating the zenith of dinosaur diversity in the Campanian of the Western Interior Basin by CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb geochronology.",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The spectacular fossil fauna and flora preserved in the Upper Cretaceous terrestrial strata of North America's Western Interior Basin record an exceptional peak in the diversification of fossil vertebrates in the Campanian, which has been termed the 'zenith of dinosaur diversity'. The wide latitudinal distribution of rocks and fossils that represent this episode, spanning from northern Mexico to the northern slopes of Alaska, provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into dinosaur paleoecology and to address outstanding questions regarding faunal provinciality in connection to paleogeography and climate. Whereas reliable basin-wide correlations are fundamental to investigations of this sort, three decades of radioisotope geochronology of various vintages and limited compatibility has complicated correlation of distant fossil-bearing successions and given rise to contradictory paleobiogeographic and evolutionary hypotheses. Here we present new U-Pb geochronology by the CA-ID-TIMS method for 16 stratigraphically well constrained bentonite beds, ranging in age from 82.419 ± 0.074 Ma to 73.496 ± 0.039 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties), and the resulting Bayesian age models for six key fossil-bearing formations over a 1600 km latitudinal distance from northwest New Mexico, USA to southern Alberta, Canada. Our high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework for the upper Campanian of the Western Interior Basin reveals that despite their contrasting depositional settings and basin evolution histories, significant age overlap exists between the main fossil-bearing intervals of the Kaiparowits Formation (southern Utah), Judith River Formation (central Montana), Two Medicine Formation (western Montana) and Dinosaur Park Formation (southern Alberta). Pending more extensive paleontologic collecting that would allow more rigorous faunal analyses, our results support a first-order connection between paleoecologic and fossil diversities and help overcome the chronostratigraphic ambiguities that have impeded the testing of proposed models of latitudinal provinciality of dinosaur taxa during the Campanian.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9512893/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-022-19896-w",
    pmcid = "PMC9512893",
    pmid = "36163377"
}

Rhabdodontid dinosaurs were a group of medium-sized iguanodontian ornithopods from the Late Cretaceous of Europe. The uppermost Cretaceous continental deposits from the Haţeg Basin of western Romania yielded a very rich assemblage of vertebrates including abundant rhabdodontid remains, which have been exclusively referred to the genus Zalmoxes thus far. Here we describe a new rhabdodontid dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin. The holotype of the new taxon was discovered in early–late Maastrichtian strata near Pui in the eastern part of the basin and comprises the articulated basicranium and both frontals. Transylvanosaurus differs from all previously reported rhabdodontids in having particularly wide and crested frontals, elongated and straight paroccipital processes that make only a gentle lateral curve and project mostly posterolaterally, prominent and massive prootic processes that extend mainly anterolaterally and ventrally, wide and crest-like basal tubera that meet the long axis of the braincase at a very flat angle, widely splayed basipterygoid processes that extend mainly ventrolaterally and slightly anteriorly, as well as a well-developed notch on the lateral side of the basicranium that is continuous, straight, and inclined anteroventrally. Phylogenetic analyses employing two different datasets consistently recovered the new taxon within the Rhabdodontidae, at the base of the iguanodontian radiation. Based on the morphological comparisons presented herein, we propose a particularly close relationship between Transylvanosaurus and Rhabdodon from southern France, which in turn provides evidence for a more complex biogeographic history of the Rhabdodontidae than previously thought.

@article{doi1010800272463420222133610,
    author = "Augustin, Felix J. and Bastiaans, Dylan and Dumbravă, Mihai D. and Csiki‐Sava, Zoltán",
    title = "A new ornithopod dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria: Ornithischia), from the Upper Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin, Romania",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "Rhabdodontid dinosaurs were a group of medium-sized iguanodontian ornithopods from the Late Cretaceous of Europe. The uppermost Cretaceous continental deposits from the Haţeg Basin of western Romania yielded a very rich assemblage of vertebrates including abundant rhabdodontid remains, which have been exclusively referred to the genus Zalmoxes thus far. Here we describe a new rhabdodontid dinosaur, Transylvanosaurus platycephalus gen. et sp. nov., from the uppermost Cretaceous of the Haţeg Basin. The holotype of the new taxon was discovered in early–late Maastrichtian strata near Pui in the eastern part of the basin and comprises the articulated basicranium and both frontals. Transylvanosaurus differs from all previously reported rhabdodontids in having particularly wide and crested frontals, elongated and straight paroccipital processes that make only a gentle lateral curve and project mostly posterolaterally, prominent and massive prootic processes that extend mainly anterolaterally and ventrally, wide and crest-like basal tubera that meet the long axis of the braincase at a very flat angle, widely splayed basipterygoid processes that extend mainly ventrolaterally and slightly anteriorly, as well as a well-developed notch on the lateral side of the basicranium that is continuous, straight, and inclined anteroventrally. Phylogenetic analyses employing two different datasets consistently recovered the new taxon within the Rhabdodontidae, at the base of the iguanodontian radiation. Based on the morphological comparisons presented herein, we propose a particularly close relationship between Transylvanosaurus and Rhabdodon from southern France, which in turn provides evidence for a more complex biogeographic history of the Rhabdodontidae than previously thought.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2022.2133610",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2022.2133610",
    openalex = "W4309859469",
    references = "doi101016jcretres201509003, doi101080027246342013746229, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010801477201920171371258, doi101111j10963642201000620x, doi107717peerj12362"
}

Tridactyl theropod and ornithischian dinosaur tracks and trackways from Imilchil and Isli formations (Middle–?Late Jurassic, Bajocian–?) of the central High Atlas region (Morocco) are described. The Imilchil Formationconsists of brackish marine-continental deposits, and the Isli Formation is a continental red-bed succession. Considering numerous new footprint discoveries, including recently described Polyonyx sauropod trackways, tridactyl dinosaur tracks from the Imilchil-Tounfite region are revised. Dominating are theropod footprints resembling the ichnogenus Changpeipus and known from Lower-Middle Jurassic deposits of China. Other theropod ichnotaxa are Trisauropodiscus isp., cf. Wildeichnus isp.,Carmelopodus isp., Megalosauripus isp., Kayentapus isp. and an indeterminate small grallatorid. Ornithischians are represented by small indeterminate ornithischian tracks, large ornithischian footprints cf. Stegopodus isp. and a large indeterminate ornithopod form. Makers of the small theropod trackswere small coelurosaurs or basal tetanurans, larger forms belong toceratosaurs, megalosauroids, allosauroids or tyrannosauroids. Ornithischian tracks suggest dryomorphs, iguanodontians and thyreophorans as producers. Together with crocodylomorph and pterosaur tracks, invertebrate traces and plants, the Imilchil and Isli formations document a flourishing ecosystem and dinosaur habitat. Remarkable is the presence of Changpeipus theropod tracks known from abundant occurrences in East Asia. This suggests an exchange of dinosaur faunas between this region and northern Africa during the Middle Jurassic.

@article{doi1010800891296320222042808,
    author = "Klein, Hendrik and Gierliński, Gerard D. and Oukassou, Mostafa and Saber, Hafid and Lallensack, Jens N. and Lagnaoui, Abdelouahed and Hminna, Abdelkbir and Charrière, André",
    title = "Theropod and ornithischian dinosaur track assemblages from Middle to?Late Jurassic deposits of the Central High Atlas, Morocco",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Historical Biology",
    abstract = "Tridactyl theropod and ornithischian dinosaur tracks and trackways from Imilchil and Isli formations (Middle–?Late Jurassic, Bajocian–?) of the central High Atlas region (Morocco) are described. The Imilchil Formationconsists of brackish marine-continental deposits, and the Isli Formation is a continental red-bed succession. Considering numerous new footprint discoveries, including recently described Polyonyx sauropod trackways, tridactyl dinosaur tracks from the Imilchil-Tounfite region are revised. Dominating are theropod footprints resembling the ichnogenus Changpeipus and known from Lower-Middle Jurassic deposits of China. Other theropod ichnotaxa are Trisauropodiscus isp., cf. Wildeichnus isp.,Carmelopodus isp., Megalosauripus isp., Kayentapus isp. and an indeterminate small grallatorid. Ornithischians are represented by small indeterminate ornithischian tracks, large ornithischian footprints cf. Stegopodus isp. and a large indeterminate ornithopod form. Makers of the small theropod trackswere small coelurosaurs or basal tetanurans, larger forms belong toceratosaurs, megalosauroids, allosauroids or tyrannosauroids. Ornithischian tracks suggest dryomorphs, iguanodontians and thyreophorans as producers. Together with crocodylomorph and pterosaur tracks, invertebrate traces and plants, the Imilchil and Isli formations document a flourishing ecosystem and dinosaur habitat. Remarkable is the presence of Changpeipus theropod tracks known from abundant occurrences in East Asia. This suggests an exchange of dinosaur faunas between this region and northern Africa during the Middle Jurassic.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2022.2042808",
    doi = "10.1080/08912963.2022.2042808",
    openalex = "W4220773572",
    references = "doi101016jjop201711004, doi101038srep31494, doi1010800272463420201781142, doi10108008912960903503345, doi10108010420940601006792, doi101371journalpone0103613, doi101371journalpone0180289"
}

, which are localized to the flanks in the hip region rather than distributed randomly across the body, consistent with injuries inflicted by lateral tail-swinging and ritualized combat. We failed to find convincing evidence for predation as a key selective pressure in the evolution of the tail club. High variation in tail club size through time, and delayed ontogenetic growth of the tail club further support the sexual selection hypothesis. There is little doubt that the tail club could have been used in defence when needed, but our results suggest that sexual selection drove the evolution of this impressive weapon. This changes the prevailing view of ankylosaurs, suggesting they were behaviorally complex animals that likely engaged in ritualized combat for social dominance as in other ornithischian dinosaurs and mammals.

@article{doi101098rsbl20220404,
    author = "Arbour, Victoria M. and Zanno, Lindsay E. and Evans, David C.",
    title = "Palaeopathological evidence for intraspecific combat in ankylosaurid dinosaurs",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = ", which are localized to the flanks in the hip region rather than distributed randomly across the body, consistent with injuries inflicted by lateral tail-swinging and ritualized combat. We failed to find convincing evidence for predation as a key selective pressure in the evolution of the tail club. High variation in tail club size through time, and delayed ontogenetic growth of the tail club further support the sexual selection hypothesis. There is little doubt that the tail club could have been used in defence when needed, but our results suggest that sexual selection drove the evolution of this impressive weapon. This changes the prevailing view of ankylosaurs, suggesting they were behaviorally complex animals that likely engaged in ritualized combat for social dominance as in other ornithischian dinosaurs and mammals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2022.0404",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2022.0404",
    openalex = "W4312093706",
    references = "doi101016jcub201706071, doi101073pnas0602994103, doi101086285955, doi101086699410, doi101098rsbl20220404, doi101146annurevecolsys39110707173502, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101371journalpone0016574, doi101642000480382006123601adibam20co2, doi105281zenodo16226902, doi105860choice415307, doi105860choice462667"
}

Abstract Reconstructing dinosaur trophic structure prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary may provide information about ecosystem organization and evolution. Using calcium isotopes, we investigate preserved biogenic isotope compositions in a set of dinosaur teeth from three continental formations from Alberta, Canada, to assess latest Cretaceous food web structure. Tooth enamel δ44/42Ca values are presented for tyrannosaurids (n = 34) and potential large herbivorous prey (n = 42) in the upper Campanian Dinosaur Provincial Park Formation, upper-most Campanian–Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and upper Maastrichtian–lower Paleocene Scollard Formation, spanning the last ~10 m.y. of the Cretaceous. The influence of diagenesis is assessed in a subset sample through major and trace elemental concentrations and ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectra, which provides a framework for interpreting calcium isotope values. In the Dinosaur Park Formation, hadrosaurid δ44/42Ca values are systematically heavier than ceratopsid values, a difference that is interpreted to reflect niche partitioning among megaherbivores. Tyrannosaurid δ44/42Ca values are scattered but on average, they are 44Ca-depleted relative to herbivorous dinosaurs in all three formations. As interpreted from the Dinosaur Park data set, tyrannosaurids may have preferentially fed on hadrosaurids. These analyses offer possibilities for testing whether trophic structure among non-avian dinosaur ecosystems changed several millions of years prior to the K–Pg boundary.

@article{doi101130b362221,
    author = "Martin, Jeremy E. and Hassler, Auguste and Montagnac, Gilles and Therrien, François and Balter, Vincent",
    title = "The stability of dinosaur communities before the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary: A perspective from southern Alberta using calcium isotopes as a dietary proxy",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract Reconstructing dinosaur trophic structure prior to the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary may provide information about ecosystem organization and evolution. Using calcium isotopes, we investigate preserved biogenic isotope compositions in a set of dinosaur teeth from three continental formations from Alberta, Canada, to assess latest Cretaceous food web structure. Tooth enamel δ44/42Ca values are presented for tyrannosaurids (n = 34) and potential large herbivorous prey (n = 42) in the upper Campanian Dinosaur Provincial Park Formation, upper-most Campanian–Maastrichtian Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and upper Maastrichtian–lower Paleocene Scollard Formation, spanning the last \textasciitilde 10 m.y. of the Cretaceous. The influence of diagenesis is assessed in a subset sample through major and trace elemental concentrations and ultraviolet (UV) Raman spectra, which provides a framework for interpreting calcium isotope values. In the Dinosaur Park Formation, hadrosaurid δ44/42Ca values are systematically heavier than ceratopsid values, a difference that is interpreted to reflect niche partitioning among megaherbivores. Tyrannosaurid δ44/42Ca values are scattered but on average, they are 44Ca-depleted relative to herbivorous dinosaurs in all three formations. As interpreted from the Dinosaur Park data set, tyrannosaurids may have preferentially fed on hadrosaurids. These analyses offer possibilities for testing whether trophic structure among non-avian dinosaur ecosystems changed several millions of years prior to the K–Pg boundary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b36222.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b36222.1",
    openalex = "W4211074789",
    references = "doi101130g473991, doi101139cjes20190019"
}

ABSTRACT Iguanodontia is a diverse clade of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs that were speciose and abundant during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Although the monophyly of Iguanodontia is well supported, their internal relationships have sparked heated debate due to several phylogenetic paradigm shifts. Late Jurassic basally branching iguanodontians in particular are not well understood in terms of their systematic affinities and evolutionary relevance. Their fossil record in Europe is meager compared with North America, with only a few species currently recognized. Two taxa are currently known from the Upper Jurassic of England, the basally branching styracosternan Cumnoria prestwichii and the putative dryosaurid Callovosaurus leedsi. In the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, the styracosternan Draconyx loureiroi and the dryosaurid Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis are presently the only described basally branching iguanodontians. Here we report a new species of early diverging iguanodontian from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of western-central Portugal. The new species is clearly distinguished from all other coeval taxa by an exclusive combination of characters that include a tibia with a cnemial crest that is directed craniolaterally and a fibular condyle that is angled at 90° with respect to the proximal epiphysis, a fibula with symmetrical proximal margins, and a reduced metatarsal I. The phylogenetic relationships of the Lourinhã iguanodontian were explored using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The two analyses recover the Lourinhã iguanodontian as an indeterminate dryomorphan, with more precise affinities precluded due to the current available material. Body size is estimated between 3 and 4 meters for the holotype specimen, adding to the diversity of small ornithopods already recognized in the paleoichnological record of the Lourinhã Formation.

@article{doi1010800272463420242310066,
    author = "Rotatori, Filippo Maria and Ferrari, Lucrezia and Sequero, C. and Camilo, Bruno and Mateus, Octávio and Moreno‐Azanza, M.",
    title = "An Unexpected Early-Diverging Iguanodontian Dinosaur (Ornithischia, Ornithopoda) from the Upper Jurassic of Portugal",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Iguanodontia is a diverse clade of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs that were speciose and abundant during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Although the monophyly of Iguanodontia is well supported, their internal relationships have sparked heated debate due to several phylogenetic paradigm shifts. Late Jurassic basally branching iguanodontians in particular are not well understood in terms of their systematic affinities and evolutionary relevance. Their fossil record in Europe is meager compared with North America, with only a few species currently recognized. Two taxa are currently known from the Upper Jurassic of England, the basally branching styracosternan Cumnoria prestwichii and the putative dryosaurid Callovosaurus leedsi. In the Upper Jurassic of Portugal, the styracosternan Draconyx loureiroi and the dryosaurid Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis are presently the only described basally branching iguanodontians. Here we report a new species of early diverging iguanodontian from the Upper Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of western-central Portugal. The new species is clearly distinguished from all other coeval taxa by an exclusive combination of characters that include a tibia with a cnemial crest that is directed craniolaterally and a fibular condyle that is angled at 90° with respect to the proximal epiphysis, a fibula with symmetrical proximal margins, and a reduced metatarsal I. The phylogenetic relationships of the Lourinhã iguanodontian were explored using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. The two analyses recover the Lourinhã iguanodontian as an indeterminate dryomorphan, with more precise affinities precluded due to the current available material. Body size is estimated between 3 and 4 meters for the holotype specimen, adding to the diversity of small ornithopods already recognized in the paleoichnological record of the Lourinhã Formation.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/66e07b92d08793e7d9d155e6ff5fed9b4506c1b4",
    doi = "10.1080/02724634.2024.2310066",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "7",
    semanticscholar_id = "66e07b92d08793e7d9d155e6ff5fed9b4506c1b4",
    volume = "43",
    references = "doi101038s41559021016515"
}

The armoured dinosaurs (Thyreophora) were a significant component of Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, appearing in the earliest Jurassic and surviving until the latest Cretaceous, and fossils of the group have been found on all continents, including Antarctica. However, a patchy fossil record and highly modified anatomy has hindered reconstruction of their evolutionary history. For example, the relationships of many early-diverging taxa are labile and the degree of convergence between the two major clades, Ankylosauria and Stegosauria, has been difficult to assess. There has never been a species-level phylogenetic analysis of the thyreophoran dinosaurs; until recently, the computational ability to analyse such a dataset did not exist and, consequently, the interrelationships of taxa within the group are debated. Here, we address these issues with a new phylogenetic dataset that includes the majority of named thyreophoran taxa (340 characters, 91 taxa). This dataset was analysed using equal- and implied-weights parsimony and Bayesian inference, and further explored using constraint trees and partitioned datasets. Stratigraphical congruence was used to identify a ‘preferred tree’ and these analyses reveal a novel hypothesis for thyreophoran relationships. The traditional ankylosaurian dichotomy is not supported: instead, four distinct ankylosaur clades are identified, with the long-standing ‘traditional’ clade Nodosauridae rendered paraphyletic. Ankylosauridae, Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae have distinct morphotypes, typified by Euoplocephalus, Edmontonia/Panoplosaurus, Gastonia and Struthiosaurus, respectively. Isaberrysaura is an early stegosaur and Scelidosaurus is a non-eurypodan. Many characters related to feeding and quadrupedality are coincident with the diversification of Eurypoda. Unstable taxa in the analyses are generally highly incomplete but other better-known taxa are also unstable, suggesting the need for taxonomic revisions. Partitioned datasets show a high degree of convergence in thyreophoran postcrania and that osteoderm characters do not contain a strong phylogenetic signal.

@article{doi1010801477201920232205433,
    author = "Raven, Thomas J. and Barrett, Paul M. and Joyce, Christopher and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "The phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of the armoured dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "The armoured dinosaurs (Thyreophora) were a significant component of Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, appearing in the earliest Jurassic and surviving until the latest Cretaceous, and fossils of the group have been found on all continents, including Antarctica. However, a patchy fossil record and highly modified anatomy has hindered reconstruction of their evolutionary history. For example, the relationships of many early-diverging taxa are labile and the degree of convergence between the two major clades, Ankylosauria and Stegosauria, has been difficult to assess. There has never been a species-level phylogenetic analysis of the thyreophoran dinosaurs; until recently, the computational ability to analyse such a dataset did not exist and, consequently, the interrelationships of taxa within the group are debated. Here, we address these issues with a new phylogenetic dataset that includes the majority of named thyreophoran taxa (340 characters, 91 taxa). This dataset was analysed using equal- and implied-weights parsimony and Bayesian inference, and further explored using constraint trees and partitioned datasets. Stratigraphical congruence was used to identify a ‘preferred tree’ and these analyses reveal a novel hypothesis for thyreophoran relationships. The traditional ankylosaurian dichotomy is not supported: instead, four distinct ankylosaur clades are identified, with the long-standing ‘traditional’ clade Nodosauridae rendered paraphyletic. Ankylosauridae, Panoplosauridae, Polacanthidae and Struthiosauridae have distinct morphotypes, typified by Euoplocephalus, Edmontonia/Panoplosaurus, Gastonia and Struthiosaurus, respectively. Isaberrysaura is an early stegosaur and Scelidosaurus is a non-eurypodan. Many characters related to feeding and quadrupedality are coincident with the diversification of Eurypoda. Unstable taxa in the analyses are generally highly incomplete but other better-known taxa are also unstable, suggesting the need for taxonomic revisions. Partitioned datasets show a high degree of convergence in thyreophoran postcrania and that osteoderm characters do not contain a strong phylogenetic signal.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2023.2205433",
    openalex = "W4377081745",
    references = "breeden2021the, doi101016jcub201706071, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101038s41598022155356, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi101093sysbiosys029, doi101093sysbiosyy032, doi101098rsos161086, doi101111cla12160, doi101111j10960031200700161x, doi101111j10960031200800217x, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0080405, doi101371journalpone0108804, doi1018814epiiugs2013v36i3002, doi102475ajss319111253, doi105962bhltitle50608, doi107554elife75248, doi107717peerj12362, openalexw634659594"
}

Abstract Dinosaurs were the dominant megaherbivores during the Cretaceous when angiosperms, the flowering plants, emerged and diversified. How herbivorous dinosaurs responded to the increasing diversity of angiosperms is largely unknown due to the lack of methods that can reconstruct diet directly from body fossils. We applied dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), an approach that quantifies microtopography of diet‐induced wear marks on tooth surfaces, to ornithopods, the dinosaur clade that includes taxa with the most sophisticated masticatory system. We found that Late Cretaceous ornithopods have significantly rougher dental microwear texture (DMT) compared to pre‐Late Cretaceous ornithopods, and DMT variation increased in hadrosaurids, a derived Late Cretaceous ornithopod clade. These changes indicate a likely temporal dietary shift towards more abrasive foodstuffs within ornithopods, probably due to the increased ingestion of phytoliths (amorphous silica bodies in plants). Phytoliths are a main source of rough DMT in modern herbivores, along with exogenous dust and grit, and were generally more concentrated in Late Cretaceous angiosperms than in other major plant groups. Our results show that DMTA of the occlusal enamel surface can be used to reconstruct the diets of herbivorous dinosaurs, with a resolution superior to conventional methods.

@article{doi101111pala12681,
    author = "Kubo, Tai and Kubo, Mugino O. and Sakamoto, Manabu and Winkler, Daniela and Shibata, Masateru and Zheng, Wenjie and Jin, Xingsheng and You, Hai‐Lu",
    title = "Dental microwear texture analysis reveals a likely dietary shift within Late Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract Dinosaurs were the dominant megaherbivores during the Cretaceous when angiosperms, the flowering plants, emerged and diversified. How herbivorous dinosaurs responded to the increasing diversity of angiosperms is largely unknown due to the lack of methods that can reconstruct diet directly from body fossils. We applied dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA), an approach that quantifies microtopography of diet‐induced wear marks on tooth surfaces, to ornithopods, the dinosaur clade that includes taxa with the most sophisticated masticatory system. We found that Late Cretaceous ornithopods have significantly rougher dental microwear texture (DMT) compared to pre‐Late Cretaceous ornithopods, and DMT variation increased in hadrosaurids, a derived Late Cretaceous ornithopod clade. These changes indicate a likely temporal dietary shift towards more abrasive foodstuffs within ornithopods, probably due to the increased ingestion of phytoliths (amorphous silica bodies in plants). Phytoliths are a main source of rough DMT in modern herbivores, along with exogenous dust and grit, and were generally more concentrated in Late Cretaceous angiosperms than in other major plant groups. Our results show that DMTA of the occlusal enamel surface can be used to reconstruct the diets of herbivorous dinosaurs, with a resolution superior to conventional methods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12681",
    doi = "10.1111/pala.12681",
    openalex = "W4389249235",
    references = "doi101130g473991, doi107717peerj12362"
}

In the dusk of the Mesozoic, advanced duck-billed dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae) were so successful that they likely outcompeted other herbivores, contributing to declines in dinosaur diversity. From Laurasia, hadrosaurids dispersed widely, colonizing Africa, South America, and, allegedly, Antarctica. Here, we present the first species of a duck-billed dinosaur from a subantarctic region, Gonkoken nanoi, of early Maastrichtian age in Magallanes, Chile. Unlike duckbills further north in Patagonia, Gonkoken descends from North American forms diverging shortly before the origin of Hadrosauridae. However, at the time, non-hadrosaurids in North America had become replaced by hadrosaurids. We propose that the ancestors of Gonkoken arrived earlier in South America and reached further south, into regions where hadrosaurids never arrived: All alleged subantarctic and Antarctic remains of hadrosaurids could belong to non-hadrosaurid duckbills like Gonkoken. Dinosaur faunas of the world underwent qualitatively different changes before the Cretaceous-Paleogene asteroid impact, which should be considered when discussing their possible vulnerability.

@article{doi101126sciadvadg2456,
    author = "Alarcón-Muñoz, Jhonatan and Vargas, Alexander O. and Püschel, Hans P. and Soto‐Acuña, Sergio and Manríquez, Leslie M.E. and Leppe, Marcelo and Kaluza, Jonatan and Milla, Verónica and Gutstein, Carolina S. and Palma-Liberona, José and Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang and Frey, Eberhard and Pino, Juan Pablo and Bajor, Dániel and Núñez, Elaine and Ortíz, Héctor and Rubilar-Rogers, David and Cruzado‐Caballero, Penélope",
    title = "Relict duck-billed dinosaurs survived into the last age of the dinosaurs in subantarctic Chile",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Science Advances",
    abstract = "In the dusk of the Mesozoic, advanced duck-billed dinosaurs (Hadrosauridae) were so successful that they likely outcompeted other herbivores, contributing to declines in dinosaur diversity. From Laurasia, hadrosaurids dispersed widely, colonizing Africa, South America, and, allegedly, Antarctica. Here, we present the first species of a duck-billed dinosaur from a subantarctic region, Gonkoken nanoi, of early Maastrichtian age in Magallanes, Chile. Unlike duckbills further north in Patagonia, Gonkoken descends from North American forms diverging shortly before the origin of Hadrosauridae. However, at the time, non-hadrosaurids in North America had become replaced by hadrosaurids. We propose that the ancestors of Gonkoken arrived earlier in South America and reached further south, into regions where hadrosaurids never arrived: All alleged subantarctic and Antarctic remains of hadrosaurids could belong to non-hadrosaurid duckbills like Gonkoken. Dinosaur faunas of the world underwent qualitatively different changes before the Cretaceous-Paleogene asteroid impact, which should be considered when discussing their possible vulnerability.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adg2456",
    doi = "10.1126/sciadv.adg2456",
    openalex = "W4380989179",
    references = "doi101016jjsames2021103369, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101111cla12524, doi101371journalpone0045712, doi1016711110, doi104202app20110051, doi107717peerj11290, doi107717peerj12362, longrich2016a, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

In amniotes, the predominant developmental strategy underlying body size evolution is thought to be adjustments to the rate of growth rather than its duration. However, most theoretical and experimental studies supporting this axiom focus on pairwise comparisons and/or lack an explicit phylogenetic framework. We present the first large-scale phylogenetic comparative analysis examining developmental strategies underlying the evolution of body size, focusing on non-avialan theropod dinosaurs. We reconstruct ancestral states of growth rate and body mass in a taxonomically rich dataset, finding that contrary to expectations, changes in the rate and duration of growth played nearly equal roles in the evolution of the vast body size disparity present in non-avialan theropods-and perhaps that of amniotes in general.

@article{doi101126scienceadc8714,
    author = "D’Emic, Michael D. and O’Connor, Patrick M. and Sombathy, Riley S. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Pascucci, Thomas R. and Varricchio, David J. and Pol, Diego and Dave, Anjali and Coria, Rodolfo A. and Rogers, Kristina A. Curry",
    title = "Developmental strategies underlying gigantism and miniaturization in non-avialan theropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "In amniotes, the predominant developmental strategy underlying body size evolution is thought to be adjustments to the rate of growth rather than its duration. However, most theoretical and experimental studies supporting this axiom focus on pairwise comparisons and/or lack an explicit phylogenetic framework. We present the first large-scale phylogenetic comparative analysis examining developmental strategies underlying the evolution of body size, focusing on non-avialan theropod dinosaurs. We reconstruct ancestral states of growth rate and body mass in a taxonomically rich dataset, finding that contrary to expectations, changes in the rate and duration of growth played nearly equal roles in the evolution of the vast body size disparity present in non-avialan theropods-and perhaps that of amniotes in general.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adc8714",
    doi = "10.1126/science.adc8714",
    openalex = "W4321749260",
    references = "doi101017s0094837300006588, doi101038nature02699, doi101038s41598019453069, doi101073pnas0611235104, doi10108002724634199610011283, doi101080147720192011630927, doi101086410622, doi101093oso97801951060840010001, doi101098rspb20202258, doi101111brv12822, doi101111j2041210x201100169x, doi101371journalpbio1001853, doi101371journalpone0121476, doi1016710272463420000200115lbhoth20co2"
}

The 100 m thick stratigraphic section exposed at Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP; southern Alberta) contains bentonites that have been used for more than 30 years to date DPP’s rocks and fossils using the K–Ar decay scheme. Limited reproducibility among different vintages of K–Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages inhibited the development of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy. Here, we employ and further test a recently completed U–Pb geochronology and associated age-stratigraphy model to update temporal constraints on the Park’s bentonites, formational contacts, and other markers. In turn, we document rock accumulation rates and calibrate ages and durations of informal megaherbivore dinosaur assemblage zones and other biozones. Weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages from five bentonites range from 76.718 ± 0.020 to 74.289 ± 0.014 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties) through an interval of 88.75 m, indicating a duration of ∼2.43 Myr and an overall rock accumulation rate of 3.65 ± 0.04 cm/ka. An increase in rate above the Oldman–Dinosaur Park formational contact conforms to a regionally expressed pattern of increased accommodation at ∼76.3 Ma across Alberta and Montana. Palynological biozone data suggest a condensed section/hiatus in the uppermost portion of the Oldman Formation. Dinosaur assemblage zones exhibit durations of ∼700–600 kyr and are significantly shorter than those in the overlying Horseshoe Canyon Formation. A decreased rate in dinosaur assemblage turnovers in the last eight million years of the Mesozoic in western Canada may be explained by withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway and the expansion of ecologically homogenous lowlands in its wake.

@article{doi101139cjes20230037,
    author = "Eberth, David A. and Evans, David C. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Kamo, Sandra L. and Brown, Caleb M. and Currie, Philip J. and Braman, Dennis R.",
    title = "Calibrating geologic strata, dinosaurs, and other fossils at Dinosaur Provincial Park (Alberta, Canada) using a new CA-ID-TIMS U–Pb geochronology",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The 100 m thick stratigraphic section exposed at Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP; southern Alberta) contains bentonites that have been used for more than 30 years to date DPP’s rocks and fossils using the K–Ar decay scheme. Limited reproducibility among different vintages of K–Ar and 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages inhibited the development of a high-resolution chronostratigraphy. Here, we employ and further test a recently completed U–Pb geochronology and associated age-stratigraphy model to update temporal constraints on the Park’s bentonites, formational contacts, and other markers. In turn, we document rock accumulation rates and calibrate ages and durations of informal megaherbivore dinosaur assemblage zones and other biozones. Weighted mean 206 Pb/ 238 U ages from five bentonites range from 76.718 ± 0.020 to 74.289 ± 0.014 Ma (2σ internal uncertainties) through an interval of 88.75 m, indicating a duration of ∼2.43 Myr and an overall rock accumulation rate of 3.65 ± 0.04 cm/ka. An increase in rate above the Oldman–Dinosaur Park formational contact conforms to a regionally expressed pattern of increased accommodation at ∼76.3 Ma across Alberta and Montana. Palynological biozone data suggest a condensed section/hiatus in the uppermost portion of the Oldman Formation. Dinosaur assemblage zones exhibit durations of ∼700–600 kyr and are significantly shorter than those in the overlying Horseshoe Canyon Formation. A decreased rate in dinosaur assemblage turnovers in the last eight million years of the Mesozoic in western Canada may be explained by withdrawal of the Western Interior Seaway and the expansion of ecologically homogenous lowlands in its wake.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    doi = "10.1139/cjes-2023-0037",
    openalex = "W4383217081",
    references = "doi101006cres19941022, doi101016jcretres2019104308, doi101016jgca201006017, doi101016jgca201106021, doi101016jquascirev200807009, doi101038s4159802219896w, doi101046j13653091200000008x, doi101086684289, doi101126science1154339, doi101126science1215507, doi101139cjes20190019, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101139e09050, doi101186s1289801601068, doi101525california97805202420980010001, doi1018435vamp29362, doi102110palo2014084, doi105860choice393984, doi105860choice435902, openalexw1654781408, openalexw2561546966"
}

In the Late Cretaceous, northern and southern hemispheres evolved distinct dinosaurian faunas. Titanosaurians and abelisaurids dominated the Gondwanan continents; hadrosaurids, ceratopsians and tyrannosaurs dominated North America and Asia. Recently, a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, Ajnabia odysseus, was reported from the late Maastrichtian phosphates of the Oulad Abdoun Basin Morocco, suggesting dispersal between Laurasia and Gondwana. Here we report new fossils from the phosphates of Morocco showing lambeosaurines achieved high diversity in the late Maastrichtian of North Africa. A skull represents a new dwarf lambeosaurine, Minqaria bata. Minqaria resembles Ajnabia odysseus in size, but differs in the ventrally positioned jugal facet and sinusoidal toothrow. The animal is small, ~ 3.5 m long, but the fused braincase shows it was mature. A humerus and a femur belong to larger hadrosaurids, ~ 6 m long, implying at least three species coexisted. The diversity of hadrosaurids in Europe and Africa suggests a dispersal-driven radiation, with lambeosaurines diversifying to take advantage of low ornithischian diversity. African lambeosaurines are small compared to North American and Asia hadrosaurids however, perhaps due to competition with titanosaurians. Hadrosaurids are unknown from eastern Africa, suggesting Moroccan hadrosaurids may be part of a distinct insular fauna, and represent an island radiation.

@article{doi101038s41598024534479,
    author = "Longrich, Nicholas R. and Suberbiola, Xabier Pereda and Bardet, Nathalie and Jalil, Nour‐Eddine",
    title = "A new small duckbilled dinosaur (Hadrosauridae: Lambeosaurinae) from Morocco and dinosaur diversity in the late Maastrichtian of North Africa",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = "In the Late Cretaceous, northern and southern hemispheres evolved distinct dinosaurian faunas. Titanosaurians and abelisaurids dominated the Gondwanan continents; hadrosaurids, ceratopsians and tyrannosaurs dominated North America and Asia. Recently, a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, Ajnabia odysseus, was reported from the late Maastrichtian phosphates of the Oulad Abdoun Basin Morocco, suggesting dispersal between Laurasia and Gondwana. Here we report new fossils from the phosphates of Morocco showing lambeosaurines achieved high diversity in the late Maastrichtian of North Africa. A skull represents a new dwarf lambeosaurine, Minqaria bata. Minqaria resembles Ajnabia odysseus in size, but differs in the ventrally positioned jugal facet and sinusoidal toothrow. The animal is small, \textasciitilde\ 3.5 m long, but the fused braincase shows it was mature. A humerus and a femur belong to larger hadrosaurids, \textasciitilde\ 6 m long, implying at least three species coexisted. The diversity of hadrosaurids in Europe and Africa suggests a dispersal-driven radiation, with lambeosaurines diversifying to take advantage of low ornithischian diversity. African lambeosaurines are small compared to North American and Asia hadrosaurids however, perhaps due to competition with titanosaurians. Hadrosaurids are unknown from eastern Africa, suggesting Moroccan hadrosaurids may be part of a distinct insular fauna, and represent an island radiation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-53447-9",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-024-53447-9",
    openalex = "W4391770790",
    references = "doi101016jgr201010005, doi101016jjsames2021103369, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi103390fossils2010001, doi104202app20110051, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

A new iguanodontian dinosaur, Comptonatus chasei gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. These strata provide an important record of a critical time in the development of iguanodontian diversity. The specimen, which is described here for the first time, was found and excavated in 2013 and represents the most complete iguanodontian skeleton discovered in the Wealden Group for a century. A new taxon is diagnosed by several autapomorphies found in the neurocranium, teeth, coracoid and other parts of the body, together with a unique suite of characters. These include a dentary with a straight ventral border, and a markedly expanded prepubic blade. These features set it apart from the sympatric Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Brighstoneus simmondsi and Iguanodon cf. bernissartensis, increasing the known diversity of this clade in the Barremian–early Aptian of England. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F3125A5-BDEF-4835-8829-92104752A86F

@article{doi1010801477201920242346573,
    author = "Lockwood, Jeremy A. F. and Martill, David M. and Maidment, Susannah C. R.",
    title = "Comptonatus chasei, a new iguanodontian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of Systematic Palaeontology",
    abstract = "A new iguanodontian dinosaur, Comptonatus chasei gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Lower Cretaceous Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight. These strata provide an important record of a critical time in the development of iguanodontian diversity. The specimen, which is described here for the first time, was found and excavated in 2013 and represents the most complete iguanodontian skeleton discovered in the Wealden Group for a century. A new taxon is diagnosed by several autapomorphies found in the neurocranium, teeth, coracoid and other parts of the body, together with a unique suite of characters. These include a dentary with a straight ventral border, and a markedly expanded prepubic blade. These features set it apart from the sympatric Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis, Brighstoneus simmondsi and Iguanodon cf. bernissartensis, increasing the known diversity of this clade in the Barremian–early Aptian of England. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2F3125A5-BDEF-4835-8829-92104752A86F",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573",
    doi = "10.1080/14772019.2024.2346573",
    openalex = "W4400439377",
    references = "doi101111joa13363, doi101371journalpone0045712, doi101371journalpone0175253, doi102307jctt1zxz1md6, doi104202app20110051, gates2018a, tsogtbaatar2019a"
}

Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic and biogeographic changes, calling for a 'deep-time' macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations and the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, ecological diversity and biogeographic history. Recent improvements in the dinosaur fossil record have enabled large-scale studies of their responses to tectonic, geographic and climatic shifts. Trends in species diversity, body size and reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning and Bayesian inference. These patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order macroecological rules (e.g. species-area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann's rule). Accurate reconstructions of palaeobiodiversity and niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions and detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeoclimatology helps uncover the environmental conditions driving dinosaur adaptations. Fieldwork in under-sampled regions, particularly at latitudinal extremes, is crucial for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of dinosaur ecosystems across the planet. Open science initiatives and online databases play a key role in advancing this field, enriching our understanding of deep-time ecological processes, and offering new insights into dinosaur macroecology and its broader implications.

@article{doi101098rsbl20240392,
    author = "Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro",
    title = "The macroecology of Mesozoic dinosaurs",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs thrived for over 160 million years in Mesozoic ecosystems, displaying diverse ecological and evolutionary adaptations. Their ecology was shaped by large-scale climatic and biogeographic changes, calling for a 'deep-time' macroecological investigation. These factors include temperature fluctuations and the break up of Pangaea, influencing species richness, ecological diversity and biogeographic history. Recent improvements in the dinosaur fossil record have enabled large-scale studies of their responses to tectonic, geographic and climatic shifts. Trends in species diversity, body size and reproductive traits can now be analysed using quantitative approaches like phylogenetic comparative methods, machine learning and Bayesian inference. These patterns sometimes align with, but also deviate from, first-order macroecological rules (e.g. species-area relationship, latitudinal biodiversity gradient, Bergmann's rule). Accurate reconstructions of palaeobiodiversity and niche partitioning require ongoing taxonomic revisions and detailed anatomical descriptions. Interdisciplinary research combining sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeoclimatology helps uncover the environmental conditions driving dinosaur adaptations. Fieldwork in under-sampled regions, particularly at latitudinal extremes, is crucial for understanding the spatial heterogeneity of dinosaur ecosystems across the planet. Open science initiatives and online databases play a key role in advancing this field, enriching our understanding of deep-time ecological processes, and offering new insights into dinosaur macroecology and its broader implications.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0392",
    openalex = "W4404328467",
    references = "chiarenza2024early, doi101002spp21487, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101038s41467024468432, doi1010801477201920242346577, doi101111pala12591, doi101139cjes20200145, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi102110palo2016041, doi104202app001522015"
}

Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.

@article{doi101098rsbl20240429,
    author = "Upchurch, Paul and Chiarenza, Alfio Alessandro",
    title = "A brief review of non-avian dinosaur biogeography: state-of-the-art and prospectus",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Dinosaurs potentially originated in the mid-palaeolatitudes of Gondwana 245-235 million years ago (Ma) and may have been restricted to cooler, humid areas by low-latitude arid zones until climatic amelioration made northern dispersals feasible ca 215 Ma. However, this scenario is challenged by new Carnian Laurasian fossils and evidence that even the earliest dinosaurs had adaptations for arid conditions. After becoming globally distributed in the Early-Middle Jurassic (200-160 Ma), dinosaurs experienced vicariance driven by Pangaean fragmentation. Regional extinctions and trans-oceanic dispersals also played a role, and the formation of ephemeral land connections meant that older vicariance patterns were repeatedly overprinted by younger ones, creating a reticulate biogeographic history. Palaeoclimates shaped dispersal barriers and corridors, including filters that had differential effects on different types of dinosaurs. Dinosaurian biogeographic research faces many challenges, not the least of which is the patchiness of the fossil record. However, new fossils, extensive databasing and improved analytical methods help distinguish signal from noise and generate fresh perspectives. In the future, developing techniques for quantifying and ameliorating sampling biases and modelling the dispersal capacities of dinosaurs are likely to be two of the key components in our modern research programme.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0429",
    openalex = "W4403856200",
    references = "chiarenza2024early, crossref1998encyclopedia, doi101016jcretres201603008, doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jcub202111061, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jjsames2021103341, doi101016jpalaeo201602033, doi101017s1755691013000431, doi101038s41467018051281, doi101038s41559021016515, doi101038s4158602205133x, doi101038s41598020576677, doi101038s41598021837455, doi101073pnas2020778118, doi101080027246342010520779, doi1010800272463420232199810, doi1010800891296320201793979, doi1010800891296320242336992, doi10108010635150701883881, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101086648217, doi101093sysbiosyu056, doi101098rsbl20180431, doi101111pala12496, doi101111pala12514, doi101126science1161833, doi101146annurevearth081320064052, doi101371journalpone0012553, doi101371journalpone0112055, doi101371journalpone0235078, doi1021425f55419694, doi1023072413039, doi1023073243019, doi1029920070860302, doi105860choice353642"
}

Much of our view on Mesozoic dinosaur diversity is obscured by biases in the fossil record. In particular, spatiotemporal sampling heterogeneity affects identification of the timing and geographical location of radiations, the recognition of the latitudinal diversity gradient, as well as interpretation of purported extinctions, faunal turnovers and their drivers, including the Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event and across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. The current distribution of sampling means it is impossible to robustly determine whether these 'events' were globally synchronous and geologically instantaneous or spatiotemporally staggered. Accounting for sampling heterogeneity is also paramount to reconciling notable differences in results based on sampling-standardized dinosaur species richness versus reconstructions of diversification rates, particularly with regards to the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction. Incorporation of a greater proportion of stratigraphically well-resolved dinosaurs into analyses is also imperative and must include the substantial Mesozoic radiation of birds. Given the relative rarity of temporally successive, well-sampled spatial windows, it remains possible that dinosaur species richness and diversification rate showed little change after the clade's initial radiation until the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. However, better understanding of underlying sampling, combined with a holistic approach to reconstructing dinosaur diversity and diversification, is an important step in testing this hypothesis.

@article{doi101098rsbl20240443,
    author = "Mannion, Philip D.",
    title = "The spatiotemporal distribution of Mesozoic dinosaur diversity",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Much of our view on Mesozoic dinosaur diversity is obscured by biases in the fossil record. In particular, spatiotemporal sampling heterogeneity affects identification of the timing and geographical location of radiations, the recognition of the latitudinal diversity gradient, as well as interpretation of purported extinctions, faunal turnovers and their drivers, including the Early Jurassic Jenkyns Event and across the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary. The current distribution of sampling means it is impossible to robustly determine whether these 'events' were globally synchronous and geologically instantaneous or spatiotemporally staggered. Accounting for sampling heterogeneity is also paramount to reconciling notable differences in results based on sampling-standardized dinosaur species richness versus reconstructions of diversification rates, particularly with regards to the lead-up to the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction. Incorporation of a greater proportion of stratigraphically well-resolved dinosaurs into analyses is also imperative and must include the substantial Mesozoic radiation of birds. Given the relative rarity of temporally successive, well-sampled spatial windows, it remains possible that dinosaur species richness and diversification rate showed little change after the clade's initial radiation until the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary. However, better understanding of underlying sampling, combined with a holistic approach to reconstructing dinosaur diversity and diversification, is an important step in testing this hypothesis.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0443",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2024.0443",
    openalex = "W4405257820",
    references = "doi101016jcub202105041, doi101016jearscirev201004001, doi101016jearscirev2023104537, doi101016jearscirev2023104630, doi101038nature03150, doi101038nature11631, doi1010801477201920242346577, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111pala12496, doi101126science1189910, doi101126science17740541065, doi101126science28454232137, doi101371journalpone0297637, doi1018901119521, sereno1997the"
}

Abstract The Campanian Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana, USA, is richly fossiliferous, and discoveries made within the unit over the past century have greatly advanced our appreciation of dinosaur paleobiology and evolution. Previously undifferentiated from a lithostratigraphic perspective, the formation is now subdivided into four new members that include (from base to top) (1) the Rock City Member, (2) the Shields Crossing Member, (3) the Hagans Crossing Member, and (4) the Flag Butte Member. These new formal units and their associated fossil occurrences are also now included in an age model founded on eight high-resolution chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb ages. New age data confirm that the Two Medicine Formation accumulated during much of the Campanian, with deposition spanning ca. 82.4 Ma to 74.4 Ma. New age data further indicate that a major reorganization of depositional systems, marked by a shift from predominantly lacustrine to alluvial facies and accompanied by a dramatic increase in accommodation, transpired near the base of the new Flag Butte Member at ca. 76.3 Ma. This change in depositional regime correlates in age with the Judith River–Belly River discontinuity, which marks the contact between the McClelland Ferry and Coal Ridge Members in the Judith River Formation and coincides with the onset of the Bearpaw transgression in north-central Montana. The new lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic framework for the Two Medicine Formation serves to contextualize and calibrate the formation’s rich dinosaur fossil record, which can now be interrogated with increased clarity and precision. These results also provide ground truth for numerical models that explore the structure of the fossil record in relation to alluvial architecture and terrestrial sequence stratigraphy.

@article{doi101130b374981,
    author = "Rogers, Raymond R. and Horner, John R. and Ramezani, Jahandar and Roberts, Eric M. and Varricchio, David J.",
    title = "Updating the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Two Medicine Formation of Montana: Lithostratigraphic revisions, new CA-ID-TIMS U-Pb ages, and a calibrated framework for dinosaur occurrences",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract The Campanian Two Medicine Formation of northwestern Montana, USA, is richly fossiliferous, and discoveries made within the unit over the past century have greatly advanced our appreciation of dinosaur paleobiology and evolution. Previously undifferentiated from a lithostratigraphic perspective, the formation is now subdivided into four new members that include (from base to top) (1) the Rock City Member, (2) the Shields Crossing Member, (3) the Hagans Crossing Member, and (4) the Flag Butte Member. These new formal units and their associated fossil occurrences are also now included in an age model founded on eight high-resolution chemical abrasion–isotope dilution–thermal ionization mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS) U-Pb ages. New age data confirm that the Two Medicine Formation accumulated during much of the Campanian, with deposition spanning ca. 82.4 Ma to 74.4 Ma. New age data further indicate that a major reorganization of depositional systems, marked by a shift from predominantly lacustrine to alluvial facies and accompanied by a dramatic increase in accommodation, transpired near the base of the new Flag Butte Member at ca. 76.3 Ma. This change in depositional regime correlates in age with the Judith River–Belly River discontinuity, which marks the contact between the McClelland Ferry and Coal Ridge Members in the Judith River Formation and coincides with the onset of the Bearpaw transgression in north-central Montana. The new lithostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic framework for the Two Medicine Formation serves to contextualize and calibrate the formation’s rich dinosaur fossil record, which can now be interrogated with increased clarity and precision. These results also provide ground truth for numerical models that explore the structure of the fossil record in relation to alluvial architecture and terrestrial sequence stratigraphy.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b37498.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b37498.1",
    openalex = "W4400724459",
    references = "doi101139cjes20200169, doi101139cjes20230037"
}

Studies on pathological fossil bones have allowed improving the knowledge of physiology and ecology, and consequently the life history of extinct organisms. Among extinct vertebrates, non-avian dinosaurs have drawn attention in terms of pathological evidence, since a wide array of fossilized lesions and diseases were noticed in these ancient organisms. Here, we evaluate the pathological conditions observed in individuals of different brachyrostran (Theropoda, Abelisauridae) taxa, including Aucasaurus garridoi, Elemgasem nubilus, and Quilmesaurus curriei. For this, we use multiple methodological approaches such as histology and computed tomography, in addition to the macroscopic evaluation. The holotype of Aucasaurus shows several pathognomonic traits of a failure of the vertebral segmentation during development, causing the presence of two fused caudal vertebrae. The occurrence of this condition in Aucasaurus is the first case to be documented so far in non-tetanuran theropods. Regarding the holotype of Elemgasem, the histology of two fused vertebrae shows an intervertebral space between the centra, thus the fusion is limited to the distal rim of the articular surfaces. This pathology is here considered as spondyloarthropathy, the first evidence for a non-tetanuran theropod. The microstructural arrangement of the right tibia of Quilmesaurus shows a marked variation in a portion of the outer cortex, probably due to the presence of the radial fibrolamellar bone tissue. Although similar bone tissue is present in other extinct vertebrates and the cause of its formation is still debated, it could be a response to some kind of pathology. Among non-avian theropods, traumatic injuries are better represented than other maladies (e.g., infection, congenital or metabolic diseases, etc.). These pathologies are recovered mainly among large-sized theropods such as Abelisauridae, Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, and Tyrannosauridae, and distributed principally among axial elements. Statistical tests on the distribution of injuries in these theropod clades show a strong association between taxa-pathologies, body regions-pathologies, and taxa-body regions, suggesting different life styles and behaviours may underlie the frequency of different injuries among theropod taxa.

@article{doi101186s1286202302187x,
    author = "Baiano, Mattia A. and Cerda, Ignacio A. and Bertozzo, Filippo and Pol, Diego",
    title = "New information on paleopathologies in non-avian theropod dinosaurs: a case study on South American abelisaurids",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "BMC Ecology and Evolution",
    abstract = "Studies on pathological fossil bones have allowed improving the knowledge of physiology and ecology, and consequently the life history of extinct organisms. Among extinct vertebrates, non-avian dinosaurs have drawn attention in terms of pathological evidence, since a wide array of fossilized lesions and diseases were noticed in these ancient organisms. Here, we evaluate the pathological conditions observed in individuals of different brachyrostran (Theropoda, Abelisauridae) taxa, including Aucasaurus garridoi, Elemgasem nubilus, and Quilmesaurus curriei. For this, we use multiple methodological approaches such as histology and computed tomography, in addition to the macroscopic evaluation. The holotype of Aucasaurus shows several pathognomonic traits of a failure of the vertebral segmentation during development, causing the presence of two fused caudal vertebrae. The occurrence of this condition in Aucasaurus is the first case to be documented so far in non-tetanuran theropods. Regarding the holotype of Elemgasem, the histology of two fused vertebrae shows an intervertebral space between the centra, thus the fusion is limited to the distal rim of the articular surfaces. This pathology is here considered as spondyloarthropathy, the first evidence for a non-tetanuran theropod. The microstructural arrangement of the right tibia of Quilmesaurus shows a marked variation in a portion of the outer cortex, probably due to the presence of the radial fibrolamellar bone tissue. Although similar bone tissue is present in other extinct vertebrates and the cause of its formation is still debated, it could be a response to some kind of pathology. Among non-avian theropods, traumatic injuries are better represented than other maladies (e.g., infection, congenital or metabolic diseases, etc.). These pathologies are recovered mainly among large-sized theropods such as Abelisauridae, Allosauridae, Carcharodontosauridae, and Tyrannosauridae, and distributed principally among axial elements. Statistical tests on the distribution of injuries in these theropod clades show a strong association between taxa-pathologies, body regions-pathologies, and taxa-body regions, suggesting different life styles and behaviours may underlie the frequency of different injuries among theropod taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x",
    doi = "10.1186/s12862-023-02187-x",
    openalex = "W4392788624",
    references = "doi101098rsbl20220404, doi101111joa13363, doi101126scienceadc8714, zhao2019ontogenetic"
}

The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Belly River Group (BRG) of southern Alberta has a complex internal stratigraphic architecture derived from differential geometries of its component formations that resulted from regionalized tectonic influences and shifting source areas. A full understanding of BRG architecture has been compromised heretofore by a limited understanding of subsurface data in southwestern- and southeastern-most Alberta. In this study outcrop exposures throughout southern Alberta are tied to reference well logs and subsurface cross-sections allowing a more precise understanding of BRG architecture and how it relates to well-known vertebrate fossil producing areas. Modifications to an existing stratigraphic model of the BRG show that the Oldman and the Dinosaur Park formations have reciprocal north-to-south wedge-shaped geometries and a diachronous contact that become prominently expressed south of Twp 12. The updated model also demonstrates that the Oldman Formation thickens stratigraphically up-section to the south, and that the Foremost-Oldman contact is, essentially, a datum across much of southern Alberta. Identification of the Oldman Formation in the subsurface remains based on its relatively high gamma-ray response in mudstone successions, but it is also recognized that many of its sandstones exhibit relatively low gamma-ray responses like those in underlying and overlying formations. Nomenclature and subdivisions of the Oldman Formation are revised to accommodate this updated understanding, and modifications are also made to the definition of the Judith River-Belly River discontinuity, a newly recognized surface that marks the onset of accommodation and eustatic rise in sea-level in the northern Western Interior Basin at \textasciitilde 76.3 Ma.

@article{doi101371journalpone0292318,
    author = "Eberth, David A",
    title = "Stratigraphic architecture of the Belly River Group (Campanian, Cretaceous) in the plains of southern Alberta: Revisions and updates to an existing model and implications for correlating dinosaur-rich strata.",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "PloS one",
    abstract = "The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Belly River Group (BRG) of southern Alberta has a complex internal stratigraphic architecture derived from differential geometries of its component formations that resulted from regionalized tectonic influences and shifting source areas. A full understanding of BRG architecture has been compromised heretofore by a limited understanding of subsurface data in southwestern- and southeastern-most Alberta. In this study outcrop exposures throughout southern Alberta are tied to reference well logs and subsurface cross-sections allowing a more precise understanding of BRG architecture and how it relates to well-known vertebrate fossil producing areas. Modifications to an existing stratigraphic model of the BRG show that the Oldman and the Dinosaur Park formations have reciprocal north-to-south wedge-shaped geometries and a diachronous contact that become prominently expressed south of Twp 12. The updated model also demonstrates that the Oldman Formation thickens stratigraphically up-section to the south, and that the Foremost-Oldman contact is, essentially, a datum across much of southern Alberta. Identification of the Oldman Formation in the subsurface remains based on its relatively high gamma-ray response in mudstone successions, but it is also recognized that many of its sandstones exhibit relatively low gamma-ray responses like those in underlying and overlying formations. Nomenclature and subdivisions of the Oldman Formation are revised to accommodate this updated understanding, and modifications are also made to the definition of the Judith River-Belly River discontinuity, a newly recognized surface that marks the onset of accommodation and eustatic rise in sea-level in the northern Western Interior Basin at \textasciitilde 76.3 Ma.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10810474/",
    doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0292318",
    openalex = "W4391215830",
    pmcid = "PMC10810474",
    pmid = "38271406",
    references = "doi101006cres19941022, doi101016jpalaeo201512015, doi101038s4159802219896w, doi101086684289, doi101139cjes20230037, doi101139e05029, doi101139e93016, doi102110palo2014084, doi1035767gscpgbull444654, doi1035767gscpgbull452155"
}

Two hundred years after the naming of the first dinosaur, taxonomic studies remain an important component of dinosaur research. Around 50 new dinosaurs are named each year and are discovered from across the globe. The rate of new dinosaur discovery shows no signs of slowing, but not all geographical areas and temporal windows have been equally investigated. The potential for new dinosaur discoveries in India and Africa seems particularly high, while the Carnian, when dinosaurs probably originated, and the Middle Jurassic, when the major clades diversified, offer the best opportunities to make discoveries that will fundamentally change our understanding of dinosaur evolution. A major challenge to the discovery of new dinosaurs is funding. Frontier fieldwork is sometimes viewed as too risky to fund, while basic taxonomic work is considered to lack impact. As a consequence, we risk an 'extinction of experience', where researchers have limited training in the basic field- and specimen-based research that underpins our discipline. Going forward, new remote sensing techniques may help to find prospective areas, while three-dimensional scanning apps on smartphones will allow us to quickly record field data. Artificial intelligence is likely to be used increasingly for computed tomography segmentation and identification of problematic fossils.

@article{doi101098rsbl20250045,
    author = "Maidment, Susannah C. R. and Butler, Richard J.",
    title = "New frontiers in dinosaur exploration",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Biology Letters",
    abstract = "Two hundred years after the naming of the first dinosaur, taxonomic studies remain an important component of dinosaur research. Around 50 new dinosaurs are named each year and are discovered from across the globe. The rate of new dinosaur discovery shows no signs of slowing, but not all geographical areas and temporal windows have been equally investigated. The potential for new dinosaur discoveries in India and Africa seems particularly high, while the Carnian, when dinosaurs probably originated, and the Middle Jurassic, when the major clades diversified, offer the best opportunities to make discoveries that will fundamentally change our understanding of dinosaur evolution. A major challenge to the discovery of new dinosaurs is funding. Frontier fieldwork is sometimes viewed as too risky to fund, while basic taxonomic work is considered to lack impact. As a consequence, we risk an 'extinction of experience', where researchers have limited training in the basic field- and specimen-based research that underpins our discipline. Going forward, new remote sensing techniques may help to find prospective areas, while three-dimensional scanning apps on smartphones will allow us to quickly record field data. Artificial intelligence is likely to be used increasingly for computed tomography segmentation and identification of problematic fossils.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2025.0045",
    doi = "10.1098/rsbl.2025.0045",
    openalex = "W4409965177",
    references = "doi101016jtree201309012, doi1010801477201920242345333, doi101093zoolinneanzlab072, doi101098rsbl20240443, doi101098rsbl20250045, doi101098rspb20080715, doi101098rspb20121745, doi101111j1469185x200900094x, doi101111j2041210x201200223x, doi101126science28253921298, doi101139cjes20230037, doi10157900447447200837114ecitbs20co2, doi1054991jop202115, openalexw3215057009, sereno1997the"
}

Troodontidae is a family of small-bodied theropods known predominantly from Asia but are comparatively scarce in North America. In the Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, they are known predominantly from isolated material, precluding taxonomic and ontogenetic precision for this clade. Previously never sampled histologically within the DPF, here we attempt to fill in gaps in our knowledge about the life histories of the clade in this formation by histologically surveying metatarsals, which are among the most abundant and identifiable troodontid elements in the DPF. We sampled 11 metatarsals (three metatarsal IIs, three metatarsal IIIs and five metatarsal IVs) of varying sizes and included three pathological individuals to describe the microanatomy of both healthy and pathological metatarsals, determine the ontogenetic status of each element and graph their pattern of growth. Osteohistology reveals that troodontid metatarsals grew and remodelled asymmetrically within the cortex, ceasing growth and remodelling primarily along articular surfaces and entheses. Pathological individuals ranged from displaying features of response to localised stress (chronic callus formation and avulsion/chip fracture) to extreme modification in response to trauma and inflammation at the distal joint. Only the latter appeared to be related to overall growth, suggesting the condition either developed early and stunted growth or another underlying cause was responsible for both the stunted growth and the resulting pathological features observed. Overall, tracking the growth of the specimens reveals that there are at least two growth trajectories within the DPF differentiated by the timing of major growth spurts and growth plateaus. Whether this represents sexual dimorphism, taxonomic diversity, or another form of variation warrants further investigation.

@article{doi101111joa14262,
    author = "Garros, Christiana and Powers, Mark J. and Dyer, Aaron D. and Currie, Philip J.",
    title = "Osteohistological analysis of metatarsals reveals new information on pathology and life history of troodontids from the Campanian Dinosaur Park Formation, Alberta, Canada",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Anatomy",
    abstract = "Troodontidae is a family of small-bodied theropods known predominantly from Asia but are comparatively scarce in North America. In the Dinosaur Park Formation (DPF) of Alberta, Canada, they are known predominantly from isolated material, precluding taxonomic and ontogenetic precision for this clade. Previously never sampled histologically within the DPF, here we attempt to fill in gaps in our knowledge about the life histories of the clade in this formation by histologically surveying metatarsals, which are among the most abundant and identifiable troodontid elements in the DPF. We sampled 11 metatarsals (three metatarsal IIs, three metatarsal IIIs and five metatarsal IVs) of varying sizes and included three pathological individuals to describe the microanatomy of both healthy and pathological metatarsals, determine the ontogenetic status of each element and graph their pattern of growth. Osteohistology reveals that troodontid metatarsals grew and remodelled asymmetrically within the cortex, ceasing growth and remodelling primarily along articular surfaces and entheses. Pathological individuals ranged from displaying features of response to localised stress (chronic callus formation and avulsion/chip fracture) to extreme modification in response to trauma and inflammation at the distal joint. Only the latter appeared to be related to overall growth, suggesting the condition either developed early and stunted growth or another underlying cause was responsible for both the stunted growth and the resulting pathological features observed. Overall, tracking the growth of the specimens reveals that there are at least two growth trajectories within the DPF differentiated by the timing of major growth spurts and growth plateaus. Whether this represents sexual dimorphism, taxonomic diversity, or another form of variation warrants further investigation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.14262",
    doi = "10.1111/joa.14262",
    openalex = "W4409599580",
    references = "doi101038s41598021837455, doi101111joa14053, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20200145, doi107717peerj10855"
}

Troodontids are small-bodied paravian theropod dinosaurs that are conspicuous for their close evolutionary relationship with modern birds and unique bauplan among Mesozoic non-avian theropods, part of which has been interpreted as suggestive of a distinctive ecological niche as highly cursorial predators who primarily hunted small prey items or of an increased portion of plant material in their diet compared to other theropods. Despite the increased interest in paleobiology of bird-like dinosaurs more recently, however, feeding biomechanics of troodontids remains largely uninvestigated. Here, the feeding and predatory behaviours of five troodontids are investigated, using beam theory on their mandibles. Mandibular strength profiles reveal that the anterior extremity of the jaws in troodontids, even in early-diverging forms, is better adapted to endure mediolateral and torsional loads compared to most other theropods such as dromaeosaurids. In later-diverging, relatively large-bodied taxa, the anterior half of the dentary is strengthened in terms of its mediolateral bending rigidity. Such unique profiles suggest the anterior part of the lower jaw played an important role in the life habits of troodontids. These results could be interpreted that the anterior region of the troodontid dentary was used to crop off plant material, or assisted in prey capture when the prey was subdued by the pes of an animal.

@article{doi1018261let5813,
    author = "Yun, Chan‐gyu",
    title = "Jaw biomechanics of Troodontidae and their implications for the palaeobiology of this lineage of bird-like theropod dinosaurs",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "Troodontids are small-bodied paravian theropod dinosaurs that are conspicuous for their close evolutionary relationship with modern birds and unique bauplan among Mesozoic non-avian theropods, part of which has been interpreted as suggestive of a distinctive ecological niche as highly cursorial predators who primarily hunted small prey items or of an increased portion of plant material in their diet compared to other theropods. Despite the increased interest in paleobiology of bird-like dinosaurs more recently, however, feeding biomechanics of troodontids remains largely uninvestigated. Here, the feeding and predatory behaviours of five troodontids are investigated, using beam theory on their mandibles. Mandibular strength profiles reveal that the anterior extremity of the jaws in troodontids, even in early-diverging forms, is better adapted to endure mediolateral and torsional loads compared to most other theropods such as dromaeosaurids. In later-diverging, relatively large-bodied taxa, the anterior half of the dentary is strengthened in terms of its mediolateral bending rigidity. Such unique profiles suggest the anterior part of the lower jaw played an important role in the life habits of troodontids. These results could be interpreted that the anterior region of the troodontid dentary was used to crop off plant material, or assisted in prey capture when the prey was subdued by the pes of an animal.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18261/let.58.1.3",
    doi = "10.18261/let.58.1.3",
    openalex = "W4409689639",
    references = "doi101002spp21487, doi101139cjes20170034, doi101139cjes20200184, wang2025a"
}

Among the the mid-Cretaceous strata in China, considerable dinosaur record are preserved in the southeastern mountainous and arc-related basins. The Shanghang Basin is one of the sporadic red-stratified basins distributed in western Fujian, SE China, and has previously been discovered as the home of an ornithopod-dominaited ichnofauna, which is also characterized by the large troodontid ichnogenera Fujianipus. Include the newly discovered fossils, further confirming that this tracksite is dominated by ornithopods, characterized by a significant proportion (>27%) of large ornithopods, with deinonychosaurians as the possible apex predators. As the only extensive mid-Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite in southeastern China, Longxing offers a temporal comparison with skeletal records from Zhejiang (SE China) and other fauna globally. The Longxiang herbivorous assemblage may suggesting limited faunal turnover by aligning more closely with pre-Cenomanian than the contemporaneous faunas in Zhejiang. Besides, unlike South American patterns associated with OAE2, the faunal shifts of SE China are relatively mild and appear more influenced by regional factors-topographic barriers and volcanic activities-rather than global climatic signal affected by marine conditions. Further research is needed to refine faunal chronology and assess the impact of regional environmental factors in shaping Cretaceous ecosystems of SE China.

@article{doi107717peerj19597,
    author = "Xing, Lida and Niu, Kecheng and Chen, Qiyan and Klein, Hendrik and Romilio, Anthony and Chen, Runsheng and Lin, Min and Deng, Ke and Tang, Jianrong",
    title = "Dinosaur track assemblages from mid-Cretaceous of Fujian Province, southeastern China: ichnotaxonomic review and faunal comparison.",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Among the the mid-Cretaceous strata in China, considerable dinosaur record are preserved in the southeastern mountainous and arc-related basins. The Shanghang Basin is one of the sporadic red-stratified basins distributed in western Fujian, SE China, and has previously been discovered as the home of an ornithopod-dominaited ichnofauna, which is also characterized by the large troodontid ichnogenera Fujianipus. Include the newly discovered fossils, further confirming that this tracksite is dominated by ornithopods, characterized by a significant proportion (>27\%) of large ornithopods, with deinonychosaurians as the possible apex predators. As the only extensive mid-Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite in southeastern China, Longxing offers a temporal comparison with skeletal records from Zhejiang (SE China) and other fauna globally. The Longxiang herbivorous assemblage may suggesting limited faunal turnover by aligning more closely with pre-Cenomanian than the contemporaneous faunas in Zhejiang. Besides, unlike South American patterns associated with OAE2, the faunal shifts of SE China are relatively mild and appear more influenced by regional factors-topographic barriers and volcanic activities-rather than global climatic signal affected by marine conditions. Further research is needed to refine faunal chronology and assess the impact of regional environmental factors in shaping Cretaceous ecosystems of SE China.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12204092/",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.19597",
    openalex = "W4411611726",
    pmcid = "PMC12204092",
    pmid = "40585330",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016b9780123875822500381, doi101016c20110051190, doi101016jearscirev201403008, doi1010292009gc002788, doi101038261129a0, doi101038s415610180236z, doi101103revmodphys65851, doi1023073514816, openalexw2106559152"
}

Among the the mid-Cretaceous strata in China, considerable dinosaur record are preserved in the southeastern mountainous and arc-related basins. The Shanghang Basin is one of the sporadic red-stratified basins distributed in western Fujian, SE China, and has previously been discovered as the home of an ornithopod-dominaited ichnofauna, which is also characterized by the large troodontid ichnogenera Fujianipus. Include the newly discovered fossils, further confirming that this tracksite is dominated by ornithopods, characterized by a significant proportion (>27%) of large ornithopods, with deinonychosaurians as the possible apex predators. As the only extensive mid-Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite in southeastern China, Longxing offers a temporal comparison with skeletal records from Zhejiang (SE China) and other fauna globally. The Longxiang herbivorous assemblage may suggesting limited faunal turnover by aligning more closely with pre-Cenomanian than the contemporaneous faunas in Zhejiang. Besides, unlike South American patterns associated with OAE2, the faunal shifts of SE China are relatively mild and appear more influenced by regional factors—topographic barriers and volcanic activities—rather than global climatic signal affected by marine conditions. Further research is needed to refine faunal chronology and assess the impact of regional environmental factors in shaping Cretaceous ecosystems of SE China.

@article{xing2025dinosaur,
    author = "Xing, Lida and Niu, Kecheng and Chen, Qiyan and Klein, Hendrik and Romilio, Anthony and Chen, Runsheng and Lin, Min and Deng, Ke and Tang, Jianrong",
    title = "Dinosaur track assemblages from mid-Cretaceous of Fujian Province, southeastern China: ichnotaxonomic review and faunal comparison",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "PeerJ",
    abstract = "Among the the mid-Cretaceous strata in China, considerable dinosaur record are preserved in the southeastern mountainous and arc-related basins. The Shanghang Basin is one of the sporadic red-stratified basins distributed in western Fujian, SE China, and has previously been discovered as the home of an ornithopod-dominaited ichnofauna, which is also characterized by the large troodontid ichnogenera Fujianipus. Include the newly discovered fossils, further confirming that this tracksite is dominated by ornithopods, characterized by a significant proportion (>27\%) of large ornithopods, with deinonychosaurians as the possible apex predators. As the only extensive mid-Cretaceous dinosaur tracksite in southeastern China, Longxing offers a temporal comparison with skeletal records from Zhejiang (SE China) and other fauna globally. The Longxiang herbivorous assemblage may suggesting limited faunal turnover by aligning more closely with pre-Cenomanian than the contemporaneous faunas in Zhejiang. Besides, unlike South American patterns associated with OAE2, the faunal shifts of SE China are relatively mild and appear more influenced by regional factors—topographic barriers and volcanic activities—rather than global climatic signal affected by marine conditions. Further research is needed to refine faunal chronology and assess the impact of regional environmental factors in shaping Cretaceous ecosystems of SE China.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.19597",
    doi = "10.7717/peerj.19597",
    openalex = "W4411611726",
    pages = "e19597",
    volume = "13",
    references = "doi1010079789400904095, doi101016b9780123875822500381, doi101016c20110051190, doi101016jearscirev201403008, doi1010292009gc002788, doi101038261129a0, doi101038s415610180236z, doi1010800891296320242318406, doi101103revmodphys65851, doi1023073514816, openalexw2106559152"
}

Differences in skull and tooth morphology, stomach contents, and estimated bite force between medium-to-large sized (≥100 kg) predatory theropod dinosaurs have long been suspected to correlate with differences in their diets and dietary guilds (e.g., hypercarnivory, piscivory). However, excluding exceptionally rare specimens with associated stomach contents or coprolites, the diets and dietary guilds of these taxa can be difficult to infer in detail. To enable comparisons across a wider array of taxa, especially those lacking stomach contents, an accurate, reliable proxy for diet needs to be employed. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) has been used to investigate the diets of extant and extinct diapsids through examination of micron-scale surface textures. Here, we present a pilot study to determine the utility of DMTA for assessing diet in theropod dinosaurs and whether single teeth can act as a proxy for microwear across the entire dentition. To accomplish this, we examined texture variation along the tooth row in four medium-to-large-bodied theropods: Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Irritator, and Tyrannosaurus. Our results suggest that tooth position does affect DMTA and therefore DMT samples should be constrained using the following three guidelines: teeth should be sampled from within a single cranial element (premaxilla, maxilla or dentary); if comparing across elements, samples should be constrained to a single side of the teeth (labial or lingual); and comparisons across the labial surfaces of the dentary and maxillary teeth should be avoided. Our findings imply that taxonomically distinct isolated theropod teeth can be used to infer the dietary ecology of theropod faunal assemblages if constrained sampling occurs.

@article{doi101002ar70170,
    author = "Morrison, Cassius and Gregory, James and Jackson, C. Loring and Bestwick, Jordan and Schroeder, Katlin and Gascoigne, Samuel J.L. and Bills, Paul J. and Porro, Laura B. and Mannion, Philip D. and Barrett, Paul M.",
    title = "Inter‐ and intraspecific variation in theropod dinosaur dental microwear and its palaeoecological implications",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "Differences in skull and tooth morphology, stomach contents, and estimated bite force between medium-to-large sized (≥100 kg) predatory theropod dinosaurs have long been suspected to correlate with differences in their diets and dietary guilds (e.g., hypercarnivory, piscivory). However, excluding exceptionally rare specimens with associated stomach contents or coprolites, the diets and dietary guilds of these taxa can be difficult to infer in detail. To enable comparisons across a wider array of taxa, especially those lacking stomach contents, an accurate, reliable proxy for diet needs to be employed. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) has been used to investigate the diets of extant and extinct diapsids through examination of micron-scale surface textures. Here, we present a pilot study to determine the utility of DMTA for assessing diet in theropod dinosaurs and whether single teeth can act as a proxy for microwear across the entire dentition. To accomplish this, we examined texture variation along the tooth row in four medium-to-large-bodied theropods: Allosaurus, Ceratosaurus, Irritator, and Tyrannosaurus. Our results suggest that tooth position does affect DMTA and therefore DMT samples should be constrained using the following three guidelines: teeth should be sampled from within a single cranial element (premaxilla, maxilla or dentary); if comparing across elements, samples should be constrained to a single side of the teeth (labial or lingual); and comparisons across the labial surfaces of the dentary and maxillary teeth should be avoided. Our findings imply that taxonomically distinct isolated theropod teeth can be used to infer the dietary ecology of theropod faunal assemblages if constrained sampling occurs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.70170",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.70170",
    openalex = "W7134250799",
    references = "doi101111pala12591"
}