Geography

@article{brigham1899physical,
    author = "Brigham, Albert Perry",
    title = "Physical Geography. William Morris Davis",
    year = "1899",
    journal = "The School Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/434027",
    doi = "10.1086/434027",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2512528039",
    pages = "248-249",
    volume = "7"
}

@misc{davis1899the2,
    author = "Davis, W. M",
    title = "The Geographical Cycle, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays",
    year = "1899",
    howpublished = "Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 249-278; 777 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davis, W. M., 1899, The Geographical Cycle, in Davis, W. M., ed., Geographical Essays: Boston, Ginn and Co., p. 249-278; 777 pp.}"
}

GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLE.continental coast, whichever it proves to be, along the Pacific to the meridian of Peter island.Magnetic observations, deep-sea soundings, and dredgings would be taken throughout the three seasons; but, looking to the uncertain movements of the pack-ice, and to our ignorance of the conditions obtaining over the unknown area, a very wide discretion will be given to the leader of the expedition.Simultaneously, the German expedition would proceed to its station at Kerguelen island, and thence to the scene of its labours, and, we hope, its discoveries.The ENDERBY or YALDIVIA and WEDDELL quadrants certainly comprise investigations of equal importance, including the discovery of that part of the continental land south of the Weddell sea, which is believed to comprise rocks other than volcanic.Here a landing-party will have work of even greater interest than that which lands in McMurdo bay.But it is not for me even to outline the contemplated German exploration, which has, doubtless, already been systematically planned by the able advisers of the expedition.I believe that this great geographical enterprise is one of the most important that has ever been conceived.It will add largely to the sum of human knowledge, and, in many ways, will be of direct benefit to mankind.It is a beneficent work, a work which makes for peace and good fellowship among nations.It must rejoice the hearts of all geographers that the countrymen of HuImboldt, of Ritter, of Kiepert, of Richthofen, and of Neumayer should combine with the countrymen of Banks, of Rennell, of Murchison, and of Sabine to achieve a grand scientific work which will redound to the honour of both nations.

@article{doi1023071774538,
    author = "Davis, William M.",
    title = "The Geographical Cycle",
    year = "1899",
    journal = "Geographical Journal",
    abstract = "GEOGRAPHICAL CYCLE.continental coast, whichever it proves to be, along the Pacific to the meridian of Peter island.Magnetic observations, deep-sea soundings, and dredgings would be taken throughout the three seasons; but, looking to the uncertain movements of the pack-ice, and to our ignorance of the conditions obtaining over the unknown area, a very wide discretion will be given to the leader of the expedition.Simultaneously, the German expedition would proceed to its station at Kerguelen island, and thence to the scene of its labours, and, we hope, its discoveries.The ENDERBY or YALDIVIA and WEDDELL quadrants certainly comprise investigations of equal importance, including the discovery of that part of the continental land south of the Weddell sea, which is believed to comprise rocks other than volcanic.Here a landing-party will have work of even greater interest than that which lands in McMurdo bay.But it is not for me even to outline the contemplated German exploration, which has, doubtless, already been systematically planned by the able advisers of the expedition.I believe that this great geographical enterprise is one of the most important that has ever been conceived.It will add largely to the sum of human knowledge, and, in many ways, will be of direct benefit to mankind.It is a beneficent work, a work which makes for peace and good fellowship among nations.It must rejoice the hearts of all geographers that the countrymen of HuImboldt, of Ritter, of Kiepert, of Richthofen, and of Neumayer should combine with the countrymen of Banks, of Rennell, of Murchison, and of Sabine to achieve a grand scientific work which will redound to the honour of both nations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1774538",
    doi = "10.2307/1774538",
    openalex = "W3021568154"
}

@article{mill1899professor,
    author = "Mill, Hugh Robert",
    title = "Professor Davis on Physical Geography",
    year = "1899",
    journal = "The Geographical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1774338",
    doi = "10.2307/1774338",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2331583728",
    pages = "183",
    volume = "14"
}

@article{goode1902elementary,
    author = "Goode, J. Paul",
    title = "Elementary Physical Geography. William Morris Davis",
    year = "1902",
    journal = "The School Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/434385",
    doi = "10.1086/434385",
    number = "8",
    openalex = "W2516555938",
    pages = "643-643",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{crossref1910geographical,
    title = "Geographical Essays. William Morris Davis, Douglas Wilson Johnson",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/621737",
    doi = "10.1086/621737",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W4248177936",
    pages = "296-296",
    volume = "18"
}

@article{slocum1910geographical,
    author = "Slocum, Frederick",
    title = "Geographical Essays by William Morris Davis",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "The Astrophysical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/141816",
    doi = "10.1086/141816",
    openalex = "W2055434689",
    pages = "327",
    volume = "32"
}

@article{crossref1954geographical,
    title = "Geographical essays",
    year = "1954",
    journal = "Journal of the Franklin Institute",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-0032(54)90052-6",
    doi = "10.1016/0016-0032(54)90052-6",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W4233265393",
    pages = "534",
    volume = "258"
}

@misc{chorley1971physical1,
    author = "Chorley, R. J. and Kennedy, B. A",
    title = "Physical Geography",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "A Systems Approach: London, Prentice-Hall, 370 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Chorley, R. J., and Kennedy, B. A., 1971, Physical Geography: A Systems Approach: London, Prentice-Hall, 370 p.}"
}

All the varied forms of the lands are dependent on—or, as the mathematician would say, are functions of—three variable quantities, which may be called structure, process, and time. In the beginning, when the forces of deformation and uplift determine the structure and attitude of a region, the form of its surface is in sympathy with its internal arrangement, and its height depends on the amount of uplift that it has suffered. If its rocks were unchangeable under the attack of external processes, its surface would remain unaltered until the forces of deformation and uplift acted again; and in this case structure would be alone in control of form. But no rocks are unchangeable; even the most resistant yield under the attack of the atmosphere, and their waste creeps and washes downhill as long as any hills remain; hence all forms, however high and however resistant, must be laid low, and thus destructive process gains rank equal to that of structure in determining the shape of a land mass. Process cannot, however, complete its work instantly, and the amount of change from initial form is therefore a function of time. Time thus completes the trio of geographical controls, and is, of the three, the one of the most frequent application and of a most practical value in geographical description.

@incollection{doi10100797813491550882,
    author = "Davis, W. M.",
    title = "The Geographical Cycle",
    year = "1973",
    abstract = "All the varied forms of the lands are dependent on—or, as the mathematician would say, are functions of—three variable quantities, which may be called structure, process, and time. In the beginning, when the forces of deformation and uplift determine the structure and attitude of a region, the form of its surface is in sympathy with its internal arrangement, and its height depends on the amount of uplift that it has suffered. If its rocks were unchangeable under the attack of external processes, its surface would remain unaltered until the forces of deformation and uplift acted again; and in this case structure would be alone in control of form. But no rocks are unchangeable; even the most resistant yield under the attack of the atmosphere, and their waste creeps and washes downhill as long as any hills remain; hence all forms, however high and however resistant, must be laid low, and thus destructive process gains rank equal to that of structure in determining the shape of a land mass. Process cannot, however, complete its work instantly, and the amount of change from initial form is therefore a function of time. Time thus completes the trio of geographical controls, and is, of the three, the one of the most frequent application and of a most practical value in geographical description.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15508-8\_2",
    doi = "10.1007/978-1-349-15508-8\_2",
    openalex = "W2324667229"
}

@article{beckinsale1981the,
    author = "Beckinsale, R. P. and King, Philip B. and Schumm, Stanley A.",
    title = "The Physical Geography (Geomorphology) of William Morris Davis",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "The Geographical Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/634558",
    doi = "10.2307/634558",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W2028036040",
    pages = "233",
    volume = "147"
}

In this paper the possibilities and hazards of a critical perspective on the history of geographical knowledge are considered. The focus is on the relations between modern geography and European colonialism during the ‘age of empire’ (circa 1870–1914). For writers as diverse as Joseph Conrad and Halford Mackinder, this was a moment of decisive importance for the making of the modern world. Although the interplay between geography, modernity, and colonialism has recently attracted attention from the historians of geography, it is argued in this paper that they have often conceived the role of geographical knowledge in somewhat narrow terms. The work of Edward Said is discussed at some length, as it highlights some of the key issues and dilemmas facing those who would rewrite critical histories of geographical discourse. A totalising view of ‘imaginative geographies’ (such as those of Orientalism) is argued against, and instead the heterogeneity of geographical knowledges is emphasised. The paper concludes with a more general question: Why have histories of geography at all, in these (post)modern times?

@article{doi101068d100023,
    author = "Driver, Felix",
    title = "Geography's Empire: Histories of Geographical Knowledge",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Environment and Planning D Society and Space",
    abstract = "In this paper the possibilities and hazards of a critical perspective on the history of geographical knowledge are considered. The focus is on the relations between modern geography and European colonialism during the ‘age of empire’ (circa 1870–1914). For writers as diverse as Joseph Conrad and Halford Mackinder, this was a moment of decisive importance for the making of the modern world. Although the interplay between geography, modernity, and colonialism has recently attracted attention from the historians of geography, it is argued in this paper that they have often conceived the role of geographical knowledge in somewhat narrow terms. The work of Edward Said is discussed at some length, as it highlights some of the key issues and dilemmas facing those who would rewrite critical histories of geographical discourse. A totalising view of ‘imaginative geographies’ (such as those of Orientalism) is argued against, and instead the heterogeneity of geographical knowledges is emphasised. The paper concludes with a more general question: Why have histories of geography at all, in these (post)modern times?",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1068/d100023",
    doi = "10.1068/d100023",
    openalex = "W1993156929",
    references = "doi101177007327538402200303"
}

The application of complex and nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) theory in physical geography and geosciences has proceeded through several stages, and has recently entered a phase where field‐testable hypotheses and historical or mechanistic explanations are being generated. However, there are some fundamental challenges. It seems clear that chaos and dynamical self‐organization are present, and may be common in earth surface systems, and that these phenomena have spatial manifestations in the landscape. However, NDS theory and methods have been formulated primarily in the temporal domain and are typically ill‐suited to real‐world spatial data. Spatial analytical methods are not generally capable of distinguishing deterministic complexity and uncertainty from noise. Thus, the detection of the signals of complex deterministic dynamics in real landscapes and spatial data is a major challenge. Entropy‐based methods of spatial analysis can be directly linked to nonlinear dynamics, and are at present the best available method to approach this problem. However, there is evidence in the spatial analysis literature suggesting that development of techniques to detect deterministic uncertainty is possible. Pending such a break‐through, three general approaches are described, based on spatial analysis of chronosequences, the characteriziation of changes in spatial structure over time, and the spatial‐domain testing of specific hypotheses relevant to deterministic uncertainty. Current trends generally suggest a shift in mathematical modeling and spatial analysis in physical geography away from traditional determinism toward approaches that incorporate locational, historical, and scale contingency.

@article{doi101111j153846321999tb00990x,
    author = "Phillips, Jonathan D.",
    title = "Spatial Analysis in Physical Geography and the Challenge of Deterministic Uncertainty",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Geographical Analysis",
    abstract = "The application of complex and nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) theory in physical geography and geosciences has proceeded through several stages, and has recently entered a phase where field‐testable hypotheses and historical or mechanistic explanations are being generated. However, there are some fundamental challenges. It seems clear that chaos and dynamical self‐organization are present, and may be common in earth surface systems, and that these phenomena have spatial manifestations in the landscape. However, NDS theory and methods have been formulated primarily in the temporal domain and are typically ill‐suited to real‐world spatial data. Spatial analytical methods are not generally capable of distinguishing deterministic complexity and uncertainty from noise. Thus, the detection of the signals of complex deterministic dynamics in real landscapes and spatial data is a major challenge. Entropy‐based methods of spatial analysis can be directly linked to nonlinear dynamics, and are at present the best available method to approach this problem. However, there is evidence in the spatial analysis literature suggesting that development of techniques to detect deterministic uncertainty is possible. Pending such a break‐through, three general approaches are described, based on spatial analysis of chronosequences, the characteriziation of changes in spatial structure over time, and the spatial‐domain testing of specific hypotheses relevant to deterministic uncertainty. Current trends generally suggest a shift in mathematical modeling and spatial analysis in physical geography away from traditional determinism toward approaches that incorporate locational, historical, and scale contingency.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1999.tb00990.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1538-4632.1999.tb00990.x",
    openalex = "W2076497234",
    references = "doi101111j153846321983tb00772x"
}

David Harvey is unquestionably the most influential, as well as the most cited, geographer of his generation. His reputation extends well beyond geography to sociology, planning, architecture, anthropology, literary studies and political science. This book brings together for the first time seminal articles published over three decades on the tensions between geographical knowledges and political power and on the capitalist production of space. Classic essays reprinted here include 'On the history and present condition of geography', 'The geography of capitalist accumulation' and 'The spatial fix: Hegel, von Thünen, and Marx'. Two new chapters represent the author's most recent thinking on cartographic identities and social movements. David Harvey's persistent challenge to the claims of ethical neutrality on behalf of science and geography runs like a thread throughout the book. He seeks to explain the geopolitics of capitalism and to ground spatial theory in social justice. In the process he engages with overlooked or misrepresented figures in the history of geography, placing them in the context of intellectual history. The presence here of Kant, Von Thünen, Humboldt, Lattimore, Leopold alongside Marx, Hegel, Heidegger, Darwin, Malthus, Foucault and many others shows the deep roots and significance of geographical thought. At the same time David Harvey's telling observations of current social, environmental, and political trends show just how vital that thought is to the understanding of the world as it is and as it might be

@book{doi1015159781474468954,
    author = "Harvey, David",
    title = "Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography",
    year = "2001",
    abstract = "David Harvey is unquestionably the most influential, as well as the most cited, geographer of his generation. His reputation extends well beyond geography to sociology, planning, architecture, anthropology, literary studies and political science. This book brings together for the first time seminal articles published over three decades on the tensions between geographical knowledges and political power and on the capitalist production of space. Classic essays reprinted here include 'On the history and present condition of geography', 'The geography of capitalist accumulation' and 'The spatial fix: Hegel, von Thünen, and Marx'. Two new chapters represent the author's most recent thinking on cartographic identities and social movements. David Harvey's persistent challenge to the claims of ethical neutrality on behalf of science and geography runs like a thread throughout the book. He seeks to explain the geopolitics of capitalism and to ground spatial theory in social justice. In the process he engages with overlooked or misrepresented figures in the history of geography, placing them in the context of intellectual history. The presence here of Kant, Von Thünen, Humboldt, Lattimore, Leopold alongside Marx, Hegel, Heidegger, Darwin, Malthus, Foucault and many others shows the deep roots and significance of geographical thought. At the same time David Harvey's telling observations of current social, environmental, and political trends show just how vital that thought is to the understanding of the world as it is and as it might be",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474468954",
    doi = "10.1515/9781474468954",
    openalex = "W1535873119"
}

Fundamentals of the Physical Environment has established itself as a well-respected core introductory book for students of physical geography and the environmental sciences. Taking a systems approach, it demonstrates how the various factors operating at Earth’s surface can and do interact, and how landscape can be used to decipher them. The nature of the earth, its atmosphere and its oceans, the main processes of geomorphology and key elements of ecosystems are also all explained. The final section on specific environments usefully sets in context the physical processes and human impacts. This fourth edition has been extensively revised to incorporate current thinking and knowledge and includes: a new section on the history and study of physical geography an updated and strengthened chapter on climate change (9) and a strengthened section on the work of the wind a revised chapter (15) on crysosphere systems - glaciers, ice and permafrost a new chapter (23) on the principles of environmental reconstruction a new joint chapter (24) on polar and alpine environments a key new joint chapter (28) on current environmental change and future environments new material on the Earth System and cycling of carbon and nutrients themed boxes highlighting processes, systems, applications, new developments and human impacts a support website at www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415395168 with discussion and essay questions, chapter summaries and extended case studies. Clearly written, well-structured and with over 450 informative colour diagrams and 150 colour photographs, this text provides students with the necessary grounding in fundamental processes whilst linking these to their impact on human society and their application to the science of the environment.

@book{doi1043249780203070123,
    author = "Smithson, Peter and Addison, Ken and Atkinson, Ken",
    title = "Fundamentals of the Physical Environment",
    year = "2013",
    abstract = "Fundamentals of the Physical Environment has established itself as a well-respected core introductory book for students of physical geography and the environmental sciences. Taking a systems approach, it demonstrates how the various factors operating at Earth’s surface can and do interact, and how landscape can be used to decipher them. The nature of the earth, its atmosphere and its oceans, the main processes of geomorphology and key elements of ecosystems are also all explained. The final section on specific environments usefully sets in context the physical processes and human impacts. This fourth edition has been extensively revised to incorporate current thinking and knowledge and includes: a new section on the history and study of physical geography an updated and strengthened chapter on climate change (9) and a strengthened section on the work of the wind a revised chapter (15) on crysosphere systems - glaciers, ice and permafrost a new chapter (23) on the principles of environmental reconstruction a new joint chapter (24) on polar and alpine environments a key new joint chapter (28) on current environmental change and future environments new material on the Earth System and cycling of carbon and nutrients themed boxes highlighting processes, systems, applications, new developments and human impacts a support website at www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415395168 with discussion and essay questions, chapter summaries and extended case studies. Clearly written, well-structured and with over 450 informative colour diagrams and 150 colour photographs, this text provides students with the necessary grounding in fundamental processes whilst linking these to their impact on human society and their application to the science of the environment.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203070123",
    doi = "10.4324/9780203070123",
    openalex = "W4300013383"
}

The word concept is widely used in physical geography but seldom defined. Developing from an earlier proposal of concept types in geomorphology, this paper considers a structure for categorising concepts in physical geography in the light of sciences and philosophy more generally. It reviews where our concepts derive from, and their relation to kinds, universals and categories, whilst also indicating the lack of an agreed clear distinction between them. Because an unstructured diversity of concepts has previously been proposed in physical geography by different authors, a new provisional hierarchy is constructed. This is cognisant of specific developments in a range of disciplines, including formal concept analysis, lattice theory and hierarchy theory. A ‘concept of concepts’ hierarchy of six categories is proposed in which multidisciplinary (superordinate, contextual meta-concepts) and fundamental, operational and ancillary categories provide a 6 × 5 framework. This enables attention to be focused on stimulating conceptual underpinnings that can be tested at different levels in future learning, teaching and research. This can support the formation of knowledge structures and monitoring procedures that keep in step with ways that are characterising other disciplines.

@article{doi1011770309133318794502,
    author = "Gregory, KJ and Lewin, John",
    title = "A hierarchical framework for concepts in physical geography",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Progress in Physical Geography Earth and Environment",
    abstract = "The word concept is widely used in physical geography but seldom defined. Developing from an earlier proposal of concept types in geomorphology, this paper considers a structure for categorising concepts in physical geography in the light of sciences and philosophy more generally. It reviews where our concepts derive from, and their relation to kinds, universals and categories, whilst also indicating the lack of an agreed clear distinction between them. Because an unstructured diversity of concepts has previously been proposed in physical geography by different authors, a new provisional hierarchy is constructed. This is cognisant of specific developments in a range of disciplines, including formal concept analysis, lattice theory and hierarchy theory. A ‘concept of concepts’ hierarchy of six categories is proposed in which multidisciplinary (superordinate, contextual meta-concepts) and fundamental, operational and ancillary categories provide a 6 × 5 framework. This enables attention to be focused on stimulating conceptual underpinnings that can be tested at different levels in future learning, teaching and research. This can support the formation of knowledge structures and monitoring procedures that keep in step with ways that are characterising other disciplines.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133318794502",
    doi = "10.1177/0309133318794502",
    openalex = "W2891950563",
    references = "doi101002esp3733"
}

@incollection{hart2020william,
    author = "Hart, M.G.",
    title = "William Morris Davis: the geographical cycle of erosion",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Geomorphology: Pure and Applied",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429263255-2",
    doi = "10.4324/9780429263255-2",
    openalex = "W3027268834",
    pages = "15-24"
}