Great lakes

The sea lamprey was inadvertently introduced above Niagara Falls by the development of the Welland Canal between Lakes Ontario and Erie. A major population did not develop in Lake Erie but the species rapidly established itself as a highly significant predator in all three upper lakes. Its most obvious effect was the virtual extermination of the lake trout which had been the mainstay of the fishery. Efforts were made to limit sea lamprey reproduction by blocking the major spawning runs. These measures helped define the scope of the problem and generated considerable knowledge of the fluvial phase of the animalˈs life history but apparently exerted no significant restraint on population growth. Later control measures employed lamprey specific, selective toxicants to destroy larval populations in stream and estuarine habitats. Introduced first on Lake Superior to conserve the only significant lake trout stock then remaining, vigorous prosecution of these “treatments” resulted in a reduction, in 1961–62, of the Lake Superior adult sea lamprey population to a fifth or less of its maximum level. Since then the decline has continued though much less precipitously. A marked decrease in the proportion of males to females has accompanied the reduction in numbers. Similar changes in the sex ratio of spawning run Lake Michigan sea lamprey presumably reflect successful extension of control measures to that lake. Treatment of lamprey infected Lake Huron tributaries is not yet complete. Further reductions in lamprey numbers can reasonably be expected to result from improving treatment techniques but it is clear that total extermination is an unrealistic goal. It is not yet clear whether the present degree of control will permit restoration of self sustaining stocks of lake trout and other depleted prey populations.

@article{doi10157715488659197099766tslitg20co2,
    author = "Lawrie, A. H.",
    title = "The Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society",
    abstract = "The sea lamprey was inadvertently introduced above Niagara Falls by the development of the Welland Canal between Lakes Ontario and Erie. A major population did not develop in Lake Erie but the species rapidly established itself as a highly significant predator in all three upper lakes. Its most obvious effect was the virtual extermination of the lake trout which had been the mainstay of the fishery. Efforts were made to limit sea lamprey reproduction by blocking the major spawning runs. These measures helped define the scope of the problem and generated considerable knowledge of the fluvial phase of the animalˈs life history but apparently exerted no significant restraint on population growth. Later control measures employed lamprey specific, selective toxicants to destroy larval populations in stream and estuarine habitats. Introduced first on Lake Superior to conserve the only significant lake trout stock then remaining, vigorous prosecution of these “treatments” resulted in a reduction, in 1961–62, of the Lake Superior adult sea lamprey population to a fifth or less of its maximum level. Since then the decline has continued though much less precipitously. A marked decrease in the proportion of males to females has accompanied the reduction in numbers. Similar changes in the sex ratio of spawning run Lake Michigan sea lamprey presumably reflect successful extension of control measures to that lake. Treatment of lamprey infected Lake Huron tributaries is not yet complete. Further reductions in lamprey numbers can reasonably be expected to result from improving treatment techniques but it is clear that total extermination is an unrealistic goal. It is not yet clear whether the present degree of control will permit restoration of self sustaining stocks of lake trout and other depleted prey populations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<766:tslitg>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1970)99<766:tslitg>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2152134729"
}

@article{braem1971albinism,
    author = "Braem, Robert A. and King, Everett L.",
    title = "Albinism in Lampreys in the Upper Great Lakes",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Copeia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1441626",
    doi = "10.2307/1441626",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W1986455107",
    pages = "176",
    volume = "1971"
}

@article{manion1972variations,
    author = "Manion, Patrick J.",
    title = "Variations in Melanophores among Lampreys in the Upper Great Lakes",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1972)101<662:vimali>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1972)101<662:vimali>2.0.co;2",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2060512151",
    pages = "662-666",
    volume = "101"
}

@article{anderson1978twotailed,
    author = "Anderson, William C. and Manion, Patrick J.",
    title = "Two-tailed Parasitic-phase Sea Lampreys from the Great Lakes",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "The Progressive Fish-Culturist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1978)40[107:tpslft]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1978)40[107:tpslft]2.0.co;2",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W2038694243",
    pages = "107-107",
    volume = "40"
}

@article{doi101515botm1979228511,
    author = "Mathieson, A.",
    title = "Vertical Distribution and Longevity of Subtidal Seaweeds in Northern New England, U.S.A.",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "Botanica Marina",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/920eb65a645c581202592616e5fc33b8f1761078",
    doi = "10.1515/botm.1979.22.8.511",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "8",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "32",
    semanticscholar_id = "920eb65a645c581202592616e5fc33b8f1761078",
    volume = "22"
}

@techreport{morman1979distribution1,
    author = "Morman, R. H",
    title = "Distribution and ecology of lampreys in the lower peninsula of Michigan, 1957-1975",
    year = "1979",
    howpublished = "Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report No. 33, 59 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Morman, R. H., 1979, Distribution and ecology of lampreys in the lower peninsula of Michigan, 1957-1975. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Technical Report No. 33, 59 pp.}"
}

Ammocoetes are relatively sedentary burrowing animals. Movement is related to water discharge, temperature, and season, and occurs predominantly downstream and at night. Growth is asymptotic and seasonal. At the end of larval life, the ammocoete ceases to increase markedly in length and starts to accumulate lipid. Length–frequency curves and data on kidney growth indicate that, in relatively stable and productive sites, ammocoetes of long established populations of the landlocked and anadromous sea lamprey take ~ 5 yr to reach metamorphosing length. Many animals probably enter transformation within a further 3 yr. information from an isolated population in the Big Garlic River and from other tributaries of lakes Superior and Michigan, some of which had been treated with larvicide, shows that the onset of metamorphosis can be highly variable and is apparently related to the growth rates and size of larvae. A short larval life is usually associated with a fast growth rate of ammocoetes, as is sometimes found in rivers where the use of larvicide has reduced population density. The landlocked sea lamprey tends to metamorphose at a longer length and at a greater age than other parasitic lampreys. During metamorphosis, which usually begins in the summer, lampreys maintain length but lose weight as a result of mobilization of lipid. The time between initiation of transformation and onset of feeding is generally 4–10 mo. The downstream migration of metamorphosed animals is nocturnal and is influenced by freshwater discharge. Comparisons are drawn between the sex ratios of sea lampreys in the upper Great Lakes and those of other populations.Key words: ammocoete, habitats, growth, mortality, larvicide, lipid, metamorphosis, migration, sex ratio, Great Lakes

@article{doi101139f80212,
    author = "Potter, I. C.",
    title = "Ecology of Larval and Metamorphosing Lampreys",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "Ammocoetes are relatively sedentary burrowing animals. Movement is related to water discharge, temperature, and season, and occurs predominantly downstream and at night. Growth is asymptotic and seasonal. At the end of larval life, the ammocoete ceases to increase markedly in length and starts to accumulate lipid. Length–frequency curves and data on kidney growth indicate that, in relatively stable and productive sites, ammocoetes of long established populations of the landlocked and anadromous sea lamprey take \textasciitilde\ 5 yr to reach metamorphosing length. Many animals probably enter transformation within a further 3 yr. information from an isolated population in the Big Garlic River and from other tributaries of lakes Superior and Michigan, some of which had been treated with larvicide, shows that the onset of metamorphosis can be highly variable and is apparently related to the growth rates and size of larvae. A short larval life is usually associated with a fast growth rate of ammocoetes, as is sometimes found in rivers where the use of larvicide has reduced population density. The landlocked sea lamprey tends to metamorphose at a longer length and at a greater age than other parasitic lampreys. During metamorphosis, which usually begins in the summer, lampreys maintain length but lose weight as a result of mobilization of lipid. The time between initiation of transformation and onset of feeding is generally 4–10 mo. The downstream migration of metamorphosed animals is nocturnal and is influenced by freshwater discharge. Comparisons are drawn between the sex ratios of sea lampreys in the upper Great Lakes and those of other populations.Key words: ammocoete, habitats, growth, mortality, larvicide, lipid, metamorphosis, migration, sex ratio, Great Lakes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-212",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-212",
    openalex = "W2080619392"
}

Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) entered the upper three Great Lakes in the late 1930s and began making sharp inroads into the fish stocks by the mid-1940s in lakes Huron and Michigan and the mid-1950s in Lake Superior. The first serious attempts to control the parasite began in 1950 with the installation of mechanical barriers along the United States shore of Lake Huron to block spawning runs. Electrical barriers, developed in 1952, were installed in 132 tributaries of the Great Lakes by 1960, but control measures did not become effective until after 1958, when a selective toxicant — the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) — was used to destroy larval lampreys in streams. In the 21 years, 1958–78, 1223 treatments of tributaries of the upper three lakes with TFM were completed in 334 streams — 91 in Canada and 243 in the United States. Evidence of the success of the control program was soon obvious: first by reduced sea lamprey spawning runs as measured by the numbers of adults taken at electrical barriers; second by significant decreases in the incidence of sea lamprey wounds on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); and finally by the excellent responses of major fish stocks to sea lamprey control. All three of the upper lakes have large numbers of lake trout, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and other salmonids available to the sport fishery and in some areas to the commercial fishing industry. Although the sea lamprey control program has been successful, it is important that emphasis be placed on developing new and innovative methods to reduce the dependence on lampricides. It is expected that a fully integrated program will eventually comprise several methods, including permanent barrier dams on selected streams and the use of sterilants, attractants, repellents, and biological controls, as well as chemical lampricides.Key words: sea lamprey, distribution, abundance, history, predation, integrated controls, Huron, Michigan, Superior

@article{doi101139f80222,
    author = "Smith, Bernard R. and Tibbles, J. J.",
    title = "Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior: History of Invasion and Control, 1936–78",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) entered the upper three Great Lakes in the late 1930s and began making sharp inroads into the fish stocks by the mid-1940s in lakes Huron and Michigan and the mid-1950s in Lake Superior. The first serious attempts to control the parasite began in 1950 with the installation of mechanical barriers along the United States shore of Lake Huron to block spawning runs. Electrical barriers, developed in 1952, were installed in 132 tributaries of the Great Lakes by 1960, but control measures did not become effective until after 1958, when a selective toxicant — the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) — was used to destroy larval lampreys in streams. In the 21 years, 1958–78, 1223 treatments of tributaries of the upper three lakes with TFM were completed in 334 streams — 91 in Canada and 243 in the United States. Evidence of the success of the control program was soon obvious: first by reduced sea lamprey spawning runs as measured by the numbers of adults taken at electrical barriers; second by significant decreases in the incidence of sea lamprey wounds on lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush); and finally by the excellent responses of major fish stocks to sea lamprey control. All three of the upper lakes have large numbers of lake trout, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), and other salmonids available to the sport fishery and in some areas to the commercial fishing industry. Although the sea lamprey control program has been successful, it is important that emphasis be placed on developing new and innovative methods to reduce the dependence on lampricides. It is expected that a fully integrated program will eventually comprise several methods, including permanent barrier dams on selected streams and the use of sterilants, attractants, repellents, and biological controls, as well as chemical lampricides.Key words: sea lamprey, distribution, abundance, history, predation, integrated controls, Huron, Michigan, Superior",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-222",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-222",
    openalex = "W1985752178"
}

Five species of lampreys are found in the upper three Great Lakes. All species require certain physical factors for successful spawning such as suitable bottom substrates, water velocities, and temperatures. Nest construction (usually started by males) and spawning behavior are similar although some differences exist. In sea lamprey an average spawning act lasts about 2–5 s and is repeated every 4–5 min; generally nesting is monogamous with little polyandrous nesting (1.2–5.0%); average egg production is about 60 000 eggs. An estimated 86% of the eggs of sea lamprey are not deposited in the nests; however, the fertilization and survival of eggs deposited in the nest is high and may approach 90%.Key words: Petromyzon marinus, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, I. castaneus, I. fossor, Lampetra lamottei, spawning requirement, nest construction, fecundity, nest productivity, water temperature

@article{manion1980spawning,
    author = "Manion, Patrick J. and Hanson, Lee H.",
    title = "Spawning Behavior and Fecundity of Lampreys from the Upper Three Great Lakes",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "Five species of lampreys are found in the upper three Great Lakes. All species require certain physical factors for successful spawning such as suitable bottom substrates, water velocities, and temperatures. Nest construction (usually started by males) and spawning behavior are similar although some differences exist. In sea lamprey an average spawning act lasts about 2–5 s and is repeated every 4–5 min; generally nesting is monogamous with little polyandrous nesting (1.2–5.0\%); average egg production is about 60 000 eggs. An estimated 86\% of the eggs of sea lamprey are not deposited in the nests; however, the fertilization and survival of eggs deposited in the nest is high and may approach 90\%.Key words: Petromyzon marinus, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis, I. castaneus, I. fossor, Lampetra lamottei, spawning requirement, nest construction, fecundity, nest productivity, water temperature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/f80-211",
    doi = "10.1139/f80-211",
    number = "11",
    openalex = "W2028849120",
    pages = "1635-1640",
    volume = "37"
}

@article{doi1023071381848,
    author = "Johnson, W. and Franklin, W.",
    title = "Feeding and Spatial Ecology of Felis geoffroyi in Southern Patagonia",
    year = "1991",
    journal = "Journal of Mammalogy",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/75532e7aa4f8a9b6e9991a6510275164783a791b",
    doi = "10.2307/1381848",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "815-820",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "93",
    semanticscholar_id = "75532e7aa4f8a9b6e9991a6510275164783a791b",
    volume = "72"
}

Recently metamorphosed sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus were captured in the Devil River, a tributary to Lake Huron, during summer and autumn 1990. They were tagged with a coded wire tag and returned to the river to continue their migration to Lake Huron to begin the parasitic (juvenile) phase of their life. During the spawning run in spring 1992 when the tagged animals were expected to mature and return to spawn, sea lampreys were trapped in nine tributaries to Lake Huron, including the Devil River; 47,946 animals were examined for coded wire tags, and 41 tagged animals were recovered. None of the 45 mature sea lampreys captured in the Devil River in 1992 were tagged, a proportion (0%) significantly lower than the proportion of the recently metamorphosed sea lampreys tagged in 1990. The distribution of tag recoveries among streams lakewide, however, was proportional to catch. Tagged sea lampreys did not appear to home, but instead seemed to select spawning streams through innate attraction to other sensory cues.

@article{doi1015771548865919951240235eflohb23co2,
    author = "Bergstedt, Roger A. and Seelye, James G.",
    title = "Evidence for Lack of Homing by Sea Lampreys",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society",
    abstract = "Recently metamorphosed sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus were captured in the Devil River, a tributary to Lake Huron, during summer and autumn 1990. They were tagged with a coded wire tag and returned to the river to continue their migration to Lake Huron to begin the parasitic (juvenile) phase of their life. During the spawning run in spring 1992 when the tagged animals were expected to mature and return to spawn, sea lampreys were trapped in nine tributaries to Lake Huron, including the Devil River; 47,946 animals were examined for coded wire tags, and 41 tagged animals were recovered. None of the 45 mature sea lampreys captured in the Devil River in 1992 were tagged, a proportion (0\%) significantly lower than the proportion of the recently metamorphosed sea lampreys tagged in 1990. The distribution of tag recoveries among streams lakewide, however, was proportional to catch. Tagged sea lampreys did not appear to home, but instead seemed to select spawning streams through innate attraction to other sensory cues.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0235:eflohb>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1577/1548-8659(1995)124<0235:eflohb>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W1993683466",
    references = "doi101007bf00698197, doi101139f80233"
}

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.

@article{s21ae950d88cf44cae771c4b796fca5d883bbe5d14,
    author = "Calhoun, J.",
    title = "The biogeography and ecology of Euphyes dukesi (Hesperiidae) in Florida",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Journal of The Lepidopterists Society",
    publisher = "Lepidopterists' Society",
    abstract = "(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1ae950d88cf44cae771c4b796fca5d883bbe5d14",
    doi = "10.5281/zenodo.16684945",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "1ae950d88cf44cae771c4b796fca5d883bbe5d14"
}

@article{doi101016s0380133003704742,
    author = "Christie, Gavin C. and Goddard, Chris",
    title = "Sea Lamprey International Symposium (SLIS II): Advances in the Integrated Management of Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(03)70474-2",
    doi = "10.1016/s0380-1330(03)70474-2",
    openalex = "W2067959536",
    references = "doi101016s0380133003704936, doi101139f80222, openalexw566484607, openalexw817114352, s23a98e59a754307ee654adec93e64df58927f80fc"
}

Invasions by exotic organisms have had devastating affects on aquatic ecosystems, both ecologically and economically. One striking example of a successful invader that has dramatically affected fish community structure in freshwater lakes of North America is the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We used eight microsatellite loci and multiple analytical techniques to examine competing hypotheses concerning the origins and colonization history of sea lamprey (n = 741). Analyses were based on replicated invasive populations from Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, populations of unknown origins from Lakes Ontario, Champlain, and Cayuga, and populations of anadromous putative progenitor populations in North America and Europe. Populations in recently colonized lakes were each established by few colonists through a series of genetic bottlenecks which resulted in lower allelic diversity in more recently established populations. The spatial genetic structure of invasive populations differed from that of native populations on the Atlantic coast, reflecting founder events and connectivity of invaded habitats. Anadromous populations were found to be panmictic (theta(P) = 0.002; 95% CI = -0.003-0.006; P > 0.05). In contrast, there was significant genetic differentiation between populations in the lower and upper Great Lakes (theta(P) = 0.007; P < 0.05; 95% CI = 0.003-0.009). Populations in Lakes Ontario, Champlain, and Cayuga are native. Alternative models that describe different routes and timing of colonization of freshwater habitats were examined using coalescent-based analyses, and demonstrated that populations likely originated from natural migrations via the St Lawrence River.

@article{doi101111j1365294x200502716x,
    author = "Bryan, Mara and ZALINSKI, D. and Filcek, Kristine B. and Libants, Scot and Li, W. and Scribner, Kim T.",
    title = "Patterns of invasion and colonization of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in North America as revealed by microsatellite genotypes",
    year = "2005",
    journal = "Molecular Ecology",
    abstract = "Invasions by exotic organisms have had devastating affects on aquatic ecosystems, both ecologically and economically. One striking example of a successful invader that has dramatically affected fish community structure in freshwater lakes of North America is the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). We used eight microsatellite loci and multiple analytical techniques to examine competing hypotheses concerning the origins and colonization history of sea lamprey (n = 741). Analyses were based on replicated invasive populations from Lakes Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, populations of unknown origins from Lakes Ontario, Champlain, and Cayuga, and populations of anadromous putative progenitor populations in North America and Europe. Populations in recently colonized lakes were each established by few colonists through a series of genetic bottlenecks which resulted in lower allelic diversity in more recently established populations. The spatial genetic structure of invasive populations differed from that of native populations on the Atlantic coast, reflecting founder events and connectivity of invaded habitats. Anadromous populations were found to be panmictic (theta(P) = 0.002; 95\% CI = -0.003-0.006; P > 0.05). In contrast, there was significant genetic differentiation between populations in the lower and upper Great Lakes (theta(P) = 0.007; P < 0.05; 95\% CI = 0.003-0.009). Populations in Lakes Ontario, Champlain, and Cayuga are native. Alternative models that describe different routes and timing of colonization of freshwater habitats were examined using coalescent-based analyses, and demonstrated that populations likely originated from natural migrations via the St Lawrence River.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02716.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-294x.2005.02716.x",
    openalex = "W2151185677",
    references = "doi1010079781461523819, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101093genetics14442001, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111573, doi101093oxfordjournalsjhereda111627, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040454, doi101111j155856461984tb05657x, doi101111j155856461989tb04220x, doi1023072532296, farmer1980biology, manion1980spawning, openalexw3199943451"
}

The lake sturgeon is one of the largest North American freshwater fish and was once common in most inland rivers and lakes of the US and Canadian Midwest. World demand for caviar and sturgeon meat led to a dramatic decline of lake sturgeon populations throughout much of its range. Along with overfishing, lake sturgeon populations have been negatively affected by habitat degradation. Recruitment factors and early life history are poorly understood. Today, renewed interest in lake sturgeon restoration has led to numerous state and federally-funded research activities. Research has focused on identifying and assessing the size structure of remnant stocks, the availability of spawning habitat, and factors affecting reproductive success. Additional studies are needed to improve hatchery techniques, to better understand recruitment mechanisms, and how genetic diversity among and within meta-populations may affect long-term recovery of depleted populations.

@article{doi101007s1116000690186,
    author = "Peterson, Douglas L. and Vecsei, Paul and Jennings, Cecil A.",
    title = "Ecology and biology of the lake sturgeon: a synthesis of current knowledge of a threatened North American Acipenseridae",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries",
    abstract = "The lake sturgeon is one of the largest North American freshwater fish and was once common in most inland rivers and lakes of the US and Canadian Midwest. World demand for caviar and sturgeon meat led to a dramatic decline of lake sturgeon populations throughout much of its range. Along with overfishing, lake sturgeon populations have been negatively affected by habitat degradation. Recruitment factors and early life history are poorly understood. Today, renewed interest in lake sturgeon restoration has led to numerous state and federally-funded research activities. Research has focused on identifying and assessing the size structure of remnant stocks, the availability of spawning habitat, and factors affecting reproductive success. Additional studies are needed to improve hatchery techniques, to better understand recruitment mechanisms, and how genetic diversity among and within meta-populations may affect long-term recovery of depleted populations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-006-9018-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s11160-006-9018-6",
    openalex = "W2047296400",
    references = "doi10100703064685494, doi1010079783642770579, doi101023a1007312524792, doi101023a1007370213924, doi101093bioscience1610752a, doi101146annureves08110177001351, doi1023071445079, doi1023071447582, openalexw2040817479, openalexw562173735"
}

One of the major impediments to the integration of lentic ecosystems into global environmental analyses has been fragmentary data on the extent and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments. We use new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies. A global model based on the Pareto distribution shows that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known (304 million lakes; 4.2 million km2 in area) and is dominated in area by millions of water bodies smaller than 1 km2. Similar analyses of impoundments based on inventories of large, engineered dams show that impounded waters cover approximately 0.26 million km2. However, construction of low-tech farm impoundments is estimated to be between 0.1% and 6% of farm area worldwide, dependent upon precipitation, and represents ≫77,000 km2 globally, at present. Overall, about 4.6 million km2 of the earth's continental “land” surface (≫3%) is covered by water. These analyses underscore the importance of explicitly considering lakes, ponds, and impoundments, especially small ones, in global analyses of rates and processes.

@article{doi104319lo20065152388,
    author = "Downing, John and Prairie, Yves T. and Cole, J. J. and Duarte, Carlos M. and Tranvik, Lars J. and Striegl, Robert G. and McDowell, William H. and Kortelainen, Pirkko and Caraco, N. F. and Mélack, John M. and Middelburg, Jack J.",
    title = "The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Limnology and Oceanography",
    abstract = "One of the major impediments to the integration of lentic ecosystems into global environmental analyses has been fragmentary data on the extent and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments. We use new data sources, enhanced spatial resolution, and new analytical approaches to provide new estimates of the global abundance of surface-water bodies. A global model based on the Pareto distribution shows that the global extent of natural lakes is twice as large as previously known (304 million lakes; 4.2 million km2 in area) and is dominated in area by millions of water bodies smaller than 1 km2. Similar analyses of impoundments based on inventories of large, engineered dams show that impounded waters cover approximately 0.26 million km2. However, construction of low-tech farm impoundments is estimated to be between 0.1\% and 6\% of farm area worldwide, dependent upon precipitation, and represents ≫77,000 km2 globally, at present. Overall, about 4.6 million km2 of the earth's continental “land” surface (≫3\%) is covered by water. These analyses underscore the importance of explicitly considering lakes, ponds, and impoundments, especially small ones, in global analyses of rates and processes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388",
    doi = "10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388",
    openalex = "W2137734568"
}

@article{s23ce249b44085a4f0f0cd45b1fd4dce91f6cfea8a,
    author = "Higgins, S. and Campbell, L. and Hiriart-Baer, V. and Malkin, S. and Howell, E. and Guildford, S. and Hecky, R.",
    title = "Appendix 1 . An Ecological Review of Cladophora in the Laurentian Great Lakes",
    year = "2007",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3ce249b44085a4f0f0cd45b1fd4dce91f6cfea8a",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "3ce249b44085a4f0f0cd45b1fd4dce91f6cfea8a"
}

@article{doi101023a1017194115361,
    author = "Kirchhofer, A. and Hefti, D.",
    title = "Conservation of endangered freshwater fish in Europe",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Biodiversity \& Conservation",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b21afa40ed6a3e0418aac0d1eba389bd94d99238",
    doi = "10.1023/A:1017194115361",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "409-410",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "91",
    semanticscholar_id = "b21afa40ed6a3e0418aac0d1eba389bd94d99238",
    volume = "7"
}

Abstract In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of ~8 and ~4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes, with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88% in Lake Ontario (most). The total loss for overall Great Lakes ice coverage is 71%, while Lake Superior places second with a 79% loss. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that a major response of ice cover to atmospheric forcing is in phase in all six lakes, accounting for 80.8% of the total variance. The second mode shows an out-of-phase spatial variability between the upper and lower lakes, accounting for 10.7% of the total variance. The regression of the first EOF-mode time series to sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and surface wind shows that lake ice mainly responds to the combined Arctic Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation patterns.

@article{doi1011752011jcli40661,
    author = "Wang, Jia and Bai, Xuezhi and Hu, Haoguo and Clites, Anne H. and Colton, Marie C. and Lofgren, Brent M.",
    title = "Temporal and Spatial Variability of Great Lakes Ice Cover, 1973–2010*",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Climate",
    abstract = "Abstract In this study, temporal and spatial variability of ice cover in the Great Lakes are investigated using historical satellite measurements from 1973 to 2010. The seasonal cycle of ice cover was constructed for all the lakes, including Lake St. Clair. A unique feature found in the seasonal cycle is that the standard deviations (i.e., variability) of ice cover are larger than the climatological means for each lake. This indicates that Great Lakes ice cover experiences large variability in response to predominant natural climate forcing and has poor predictability. Spectral analysis shows that lake ice has both quasi-decadal and interannual periodicities of \textasciitilde 8 and \textasciitilde 4 yr. There was a significant downward trend in ice coverage from 1973 to the present for all of the lakes, with Lake Ontario having the largest, and Lakes Erie and St. Clair having the smallest. The translated total loss in lake ice over the entire 38-yr record varies from 37\% in Lake St. Clair (least) to 88\% in Lake Ontario (most). The total loss for overall Great Lakes ice coverage is 71\%, while Lake Superior places second with a 79\% loss. An empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that a major response of ice cover to atmospheric forcing is in phase in all six lakes, accounting for 80.8\% of the total variance. The second mode shows an out-of-phase spatial variability between the upper and lower lakes, accounting for 10.7\% of the total variance. The regression of the first EOF-mode time series to sea level pressure, surface air temperature, and surface wind shows that lake ice mainly responds to the combined Arctic Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation patterns.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1175/2011jcli4066.1",
    doi = "10.1175/2011jcli4066.1",
    openalex = "W2046177159"
}

@article{doi1012019781439897591,
    author = "Tyus, H.",
    title = "Ecology and Conservation of Fishes",
    year = "2011",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2299dbd3398e618dc8c415df8f49acf7421a8f3e",
    doi = "10.1201/9781439897591",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "17",
    semanticscholar_id = "2299dbd3398e618dc8c415df8f49acf7421a8f3e"
}

Understanding the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up regulation of ecosystem structure is a fundamental ecological question, with implications for fisheries and water-quality management. For the Laurentian Great Lakes, where, since the early 1970s, nutrient inputs have been reduced, whereas top-predator biomass has increased, we describe trends across multiple trophic levels and explore their underlying drivers. Our analyses revealed increasing water clarity and declines in phytoplankton, native invertebrates, and prey fish since 1998 in at least three of the five lakes. Evidence for bottom-up regulation was strongest in Lake Huron, although each lake provided support in at least one pair of trophic levels. Evidence for top-down regulation was rare. Although nonindigenous dreissenid mussels probably have large impacts on nutrient cycling and phytoplankton, their effects on higher trophic levels remain uncertain. We highlight gaps for which monitoring and knowledge should improve the understanding of food-web dynamics and facilitate the implementation of ecosystem-based management.

@article{doi101093bioscibit001,
    author = "Bunnell, David B. and Barbiero, Richard P. and Ludsin, Stuart A. and Madenjian, Charles P. and Warren, Glenn J. and Dolan, David M. and Brenden, Travis O. and Briland, Ruth D. and Gorman, Owen T. and He, Ji X. and Johengen, Thomas H. and Lantry, Brian F. and Lesht, Barry M. and Nalepa, Thomas F. and Riley, Stephen C. and Riseng, Catherine M. and Treska, Ted and Tsehaye, Iyob and Walsh, Maureen G. and Warner, David M. and Weidel, Brian C.",
    title = "Changing Ecosystem Dynamics in the Laurentian Great Lakes: Bottom-Up and Top-Down Regulation",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "Understanding the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up regulation of ecosystem structure is a fundamental ecological question, with implications for fisheries and water-quality management. For the Laurentian Great Lakes, where, since the early 1970s, nutrient inputs have been reduced, whereas top-predator biomass has increased, we describe trends across multiple trophic levels and explore their underlying drivers. Our analyses revealed increasing water clarity and declines in phytoplankton, native invertebrates, and prey fish since 1998 in at least three of the five lakes. Evidence for bottom-up regulation was strongest in Lake Huron, although each lake provided support in at least one pair of trophic levels. Evidence for top-down regulation was rare. Although nonindigenous dreissenid mussels probably have large impacts on nutrient cycling and phytoplankton, their effects on higher trophic levels remain uncertain. We highlight gaps for which monitoring and knowledge should improve the understanding of food-web dynamics and facilitate the implementation of ecosystem-based management.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bit001",
    doi = "10.1093/biosci/bit001",
    openalex = "W2159960526",
    references = "openalexw817114352"
}

Ecology of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding in the Lower Great Lakes Region of the United States has not been investigated as comprehensively as mid‐continent populations of this species. We studied mallard breeding ecology in the Cowaselon Creek Watershed Area in New York during 2003–2004. Daily and 100‐day breeding season survival of female mallards (n = 41) was 0.997 and 0.782, respectively, and was positively influenced by female age and body mass at time of capture. Eight radiomarked female mallards were killed by either mammalian or avian predators. Earliest and latest nest initiation dates were 14 April and 24 May 2003–2004, respectively, and females initiated nests in wetlands 10 days earlier than in uplands. Overall, average clutch size was 9.4 ± 0.32 eggs (SE), and probability of reproductive success of females was 0.27, with nest success in wetlands and uplands of 0.71 and 0.42, respectively. Daily and 35‐day nest success was 0.968 and 0.326, respectively. We found an estimated 70% of all initiated nests prior to clutch destruction or hatch; thus, our estimates of nesting and re‐nesting effort may be biased low. Survival of breeding females and nest success were comparable or exceeded parameter estimates from other regions of the mallard breeding range. We suggest that wetland and upland habitats are both important to nesting mallards in New York and elsewhere in the Lower Great Lakes Region. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.

@article{kaminski2013mallard,
    author = "Kaminski, Matthew R. and Baldassarre, Guy A. and Davis, J. Brian and Wengert, Eric R. and Kaminski, Richard M.",
    title = "Mallard survival and nesting ecology in the Lower Great Lakes Region, New York",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Wildlife Society Bulletin",
    abstract = "Ecology of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding in the Lower Great Lakes Region of the United States has not been investigated as comprehensively as mid‐continent populations of this species. We studied mallard breeding ecology in the Cowaselon Creek Watershed Area in New York during 2003–2004. Daily and 100‐day breeding season survival of female mallards (n = 41) was 0.997 and 0.782, respectively, and was positively influenced by female age and body mass at time of capture. Eight radiomarked female mallards were killed by either mammalian or avian predators. Earliest and latest nest initiation dates were 14 April and 24 May 2003–2004, respectively, and females initiated nests in wetlands 10 days earlier than in uplands. Overall, average clutch size was 9.4 ± 0.32 eggs (SE), and probability of reproductive success of females was 0.27, with nest success in wetlands and uplands of 0.71 and 0.42, respectively. Daily and 35‐day nest success was 0.968 and 0.326, respectively. We found an estimated 70\% of all initiated nests prior to clutch destruction or hatch; thus, our estimates of nesting and re‐nesting effort may be biased low. Survival of breeding females and nest success were comparable or exceeded parameter estimates from other regions of the mallard breeding range. We suggest that wetland and upland habitats are both important to nesting mallards in New York and elsewhere in the Lower Great Lakes Region. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.310",
    doi = "10.1002/wsb.310",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1936134308",
    pages = "778-786",
    volume = "37",
    references = "doi10108000063659909477239, doi101111j193728172010tb01236x, doi101198tech2001s589, doi1018900012965820020833476atfman20co2, doi1023073536286, doi1023073797414, doi1023073801586, doi105962bhltitle4108, openalexw1498236876, openalexw3150756260"
}

The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus) is both an invasive non-native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America and an imperiled species in much of its native range in North America and Europe. To compare and contrast how understanding of population ecology is useful for control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in Europe, we review current understanding of the population ecology of the sea lamprey in its native and introduced range. Some attributes of sea lamprey population ecology are particularly useful for both control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in the native range. First, traps within fish ladders are beneficial for removing sea lampreys in Great Lakes streams and passing sea lampreys in the native range. Second, attractants and repellants are suitable for luring sea lampreys into traps for control in the Great Lakes and guiding sea lamprey passage for conservation in the native range. Third, assessment methods used for targeting sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes are useful for targeting habitat protection in the native range. Last, assessment methods used to quantify numbers of all life stages of sea lampreys would be appropriate for measuring success of control in the Great Lakes and success of conservation in the native range.

@article{doi101007s1116001694403,
    author = "Hansen, Michael J. and Madenjian, Charles P. and Slade, Jeffrey W. and Steeves, Todd B. and Almeida, Pedro R. and Quintella, Bernardo R.",
    title = "Population ecology of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) as an invasive species in the Laurentian Great Lakes and an imperiled species in Europe",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries",
    abstract = "The sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (Linnaeus) is both an invasive non-native species in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America and an imperiled species in much of its native range in North America and Europe. To compare and contrast how understanding of population ecology is useful for control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in Europe, we review current understanding of the population ecology of the sea lamprey in its native and introduced range. Some attributes of sea lamprey population ecology are particularly useful for both control programs in the Great Lakes and restoration programs in the native range. First, traps within fish ladders are beneficial for removing sea lampreys in Great Lakes streams and passing sea lampreys in the native range. Second, attractants and repellants are suitable for luring sea lampreys into traps for control in the Great Lakes and guiding sea lamprey passage for conservation in the native range. Third, assessment methods used for targeting sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes are useful for targeting habitat protection in the native range. Last, assessment methods used to quantify numbers of all life stages of sea lampreys would be appropriate for measuring success of control in the Great Lakes and success of conservation in the native range.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-016-9440-3",
    doi = "10.1007/s11160-016-9440-3",
    openalex = "W2474954362",
    references = "doi10100797894017930635, doi101007s1116000600058, doi101016s0380133003704936, doi101034j16000633200300010x, doi101038ng2568, doi101111j00221112200400429x, doi101111j1365294x200502716x, doi101111j15231739200800950x, doi101126science1067797, doi101139f80222, doi101139f80233, doi1023071445079, manion1980spawning, openalexw2300187422, openalexw817114352"
}

) control in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America is an example of using physiological knowledge to successfully control an invasive species and rehabilitate an ecosystem and valuable fishery. The parasitic sea lamprey contributed to the devastating collapse of native fish communities after invading the Great Lakes during the 1800s and early 1900s. Economic tragedy ensued with the loss of the fishery and severe impacts to property values and tourism resulting from sea lamprey-induced ecological changes. To control the sea lamprey and rehabilitate the once vibrant Great Lakes ecosystem and economy, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (Commission) was formed by treaty between Canada and the United States in 1955. The Commission has developed a sea lamprey control programme based on their physiological vulnerabilities, which includes (i) the application of selective pesticides (lampricides), which successfully kill sedentary sea lamprey larvae in their natal streams; (ii) barriers to spawning migrations and associated traps to prevent infestations of upstream habitats and remove adult sea lamprey before they reproduce; and (iii) the release of sterilized males to reduce the reproductive potential of spawning populations in select streams. Since 1958, the application of the sea lamprey control programme has suppressed sea lamprey populations by ~90% from peak abundance. Great Lakes fish populations have rebounded and the economy is now thriving. In hopes of further enhancing the efficacy and selectivity of the sea lamprey control programme, the Commission is exploring the use of (i) sea lamprey chemosensory cues (pheromones and alarm cues) to manipulate behaviours and physiologies, and (ii) genetics to identify and manipulate genes associated with key physiological functions, for control purposes. Overall, the Commission capitalizes on the unique physiology of the sea lamprey and strives to develop a diverse integrated programme to successfully control a once devastating invasive species.

@article{doi101093conphyscox031,
    author = "Siefkes, Michael J.",
    title = "Use of physiological knowledge to control the invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Conservation Physiology",
    abstract = ") control in the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America is an example of using physiological knowledge to successfully control an invasive species and rehabilitate an ecosystem and valuable fishery. The parasitic sea lamprey contributed to the devastating collapse of native fish communities after invading the Great Lakes during the 1800s and early 1900s. Economic tragedy ensued with the loss of the fishery and severe impacts to property values and tourism resulting from sea lamprey-induced ecological changes. To control the sea lamprey and rehabilitate the once vibrant Great Lakes ecosystem and economy, the Great Lakes Fishery Commission (Commission) was formed by treaty between Canada and the United States in 1955. The Commission has developed a sea lamprey control programme based on their physiological vulnerabilities, which includes (i) the application of selective pesticides (lampricides), which successfully kill sedentary sea lamprey larvae in their natal streams; (ii) barriers to spawning migrations and associated traps to prevent infestations of upstream habitats and remove adult sea lamprey before they reproduce; and (iii) the release of sterilized males to reduce the reproductive potential of spawning populations in select streams. Since 1958, the application of the sea lamprey control programme has suppressed sea lamprey populations by \textasciitilde 90\% from peak abundance. Great Lakes fish populations have rebounded and the economy is now thriving. In hopes of further enhancing the efficacy and selectivity of the sea lamprey control programme, the Commission is exploring the use of (i) sea lamprey chemosensory cues (pheromones and alarm cues) to manipulate behaviours and physiologies, and (ii) genetics to identify and manipulate genes associated with key physiological functions, for control purposes. Overall, the Commission capitalizes on the unique physiology of the sea lamprey and strives to develop a diverse integrated programme to successfully control a once devastating invasive species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cox031",
    doi = "10.1093/conphys/cox031",
    openalex = "W2619493253",
    references = "doi101007s1116001694403, doi101038ng2568, doi101038nrg2749, doi101073pnas1103317108, doi101093conphyscot001, doi101126science1067797, doi101126science1231143, doi101139f80212, doi101139f80222, farmer1980biology, manion1980spawning, openalexw817114352, s23a98e59a754307ee654adec93e64df58927f80fc"
}

Data collected from an ecological study of the mayfly Potamanthus rnyops (Walsh) in Michigan showed intraspecific variability in taxonomic characteristics that have been employed by previous investigators for species separation. Nymphal dorsal maculation patterns varied considerably within a single population. Also, the ratio of mandibular tusk length to head length increased with successive nymphal instars. Certain adult taxonomic characteristics, particularly relative male imago eye size and distance of separation, were either too poorly defined or too variable to be conclusive in species identification. Mayflies of the genus Potamanthus occur locally in scattered but concentrated populations in several larger rivers of southeastern Michigan. As a part of a larger study on the ecology, taxonomy, and life history of this group (Lord, 1975), the feasibility of developing a key to species based on nymphal characteristics was examined. There is very little information available concerning the taxonomic characteristics of Potamanthus nymphs, except for the recent publication by McCafferty (1975). Morgan (1913) was one of the first authors to mention that size and relative length of mandibular tusks may be a species distinguishing characteristic, while Ide (1935) attempted to differentiate nymphs on the basis of dorsal head maculation (Figure 1). Current Potamanthzis taxonomy, however, is based exclusively on adult characteristics. According to Walsh (1863), male imagos could be classified to species by employing eye size and the respective distance between them measured in terms of eye diameters. On this basis he described Potamanthus (originally Ephemera) myops and flaveola. Subsequently, this characteristic has been widely used by many authors in descriptions of new specles (i.e. Argo, 1927; Ide, 1935; Needham, et al., 1935). However, examination of these groupings by eye size and eye separation distance shows many discrepancies, in particular within the species Potal?mnthus verticis. This species was originally described by Say (1839), as possessing large eyes separated by a distance less than or equal to one eye diameter (male imago). McDunnough (1926) suggested that verticis and flaveola were synonyms because they shared this characteristic of eye sue. However, Argo (1927) put verticis into the Potamnthus group having small eyes separated by a distance of two or more eye diameters and retained flaveola in the large eyed group. Needham, et al. (1935) returned verticis to the large eyed group, but later, in their description of the new species P. neglectus, a species having small, widely separated eyes, they stated that neglectus may be a synonym of verticis! Burks (1953) is the only author to illustrate reIative eye sues (Figure 2) and includes P. distinctus in the "intermediate" eye size group. Male imago wing Iength, darkening of cross veins in both sexes, an& the presence of pale lateral abdominal markings were other adult taxonomic characteristics utilized for species separation by past researchers. Both Needham, et aL (1935) and Edmunds and Allen (1957) recognize eight species of Potamnthus in North America, n-hile Burks (1953) describes only four. A summary of adult taxonomic characteristics for these eight species by Edmunds and Allen (1957) is presented in Table 1. 'Department of Natural Resources, Brunswick, Georgia. 2~epa r tmen t of Environmental and Industrial Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 3Iichigan 481 09. 1 Lord and Meier: Intraspecific Variation in Taxonomic Characteristics of the Mayfl P blished by ValpoScholar, 1977 5 2 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 10, No. 2 Fig. 1. Dorsal maculation of Potamanthus nymphs (Ide, 1935). A) rufous; B) walkeri; C) flaveola; and D)-earIy instar o f flaveola. Fig. 2. Eye sizes of Potamanthus male imagos (Burks, 1953). A) large eyes-verticis; B) smalI eyes-myops; C) medium eyes-distinctus. METHODS The area of study was Michigan within a 50 mile radius of Detroit. Live material was collected and maintained from the Huron and Black Rivers. Nymphs were collected from May through'July, 1975, and adults from June through August, 1975. Some nymphs from each sampling area were reared in aquaria for association of nymphs to adult. Preserved material collected in 1970 by the author was examined from the Saline and Raisin Rivers. 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 10, No. 2 [1977], Art. 3 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol10/iss2/3 1977 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 5 3 Table 1. Adult Potamanthus species characteristics (after Needham, Traver, Hsu, 1935) wing length male eye size male cross-veins male female Species abdominal markings none 1. stripes distribution diaphanus distinctus lg med inequalis 17zyops (=m edius) neglectus rufous verticis (=flaveola) none midwest MD NY PA NY none* 1. spots 1. spots 1. spots midwest & northeast Ontario walkeri none *very pale spots in freshly killed specimens lg = large; med = medium; sm = small; hy = hyaline; dk = darkened; 1. = lateral

@article{doi1022543009002221295,
    author = "Lord, R. and Meier, P.",
    title = "Intraspecific Variation in Taxonomic Characteristics of the Mayfly Potamanthus Myops (Walsh)",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "The Great Lakes Entomologist",
    abstract = {Data collected from an ecological study of the mayfly Potamanthus rnyops (Walsh) in Michigan showed intraspecific variability in taxonomic characteristics that have been employed by previous investigators for species separation. Nymphal dorsal maculation patterns varied considerably within a single population. Also, the ratio of mandibular tusk length to head length increased with successive nymphal instars. Certain adult taxonomic characteristics, particularly relative male imago eye size and distance of separation, were either too poorly defined or too variable to be conclusive in species identification. Mayflies of the genus Potamanthus occur locally in scattered but concentrated populations in several larger rivers of southeastern Michigan. As a part of a larger study on the ecology, taxonomy, and life history of this group (Lord, 1975), the feasibility of developing a key to species based on nymphal characteristics was examined. There is very little information available concerning the taxonomic characteristics of Potamanthus nymphs, except for the recent publication by McCafferty (1975). Morgan (1913) was one of the first authors to mention that size and relative length of mandibular tusks may be a species distinguishing characteristic, while Ide (1935) attempted to differentiate nymphs on the basis of dorsal head maculation (Figure 1). Current Potamanthzis taxonomy, however, is based exclusively on adult characteristics. According to Walsh (1863), male imagos could be classified to species by employing eye size and the respective distance between them measured in terms of eye diameters. On this basis he described Potamanthus (originally Ephemera) myops and flaveola. Subsequently, this characteristic has been widely used by many authors in descriptions of new specles (i.e. Argo, 1927; Ide, 1935; Needham, et al., 1935). However, examination of these groupings by eye size and eye separation distance shows many discrepancies, in particular within the species Potal?mnthus verticis. This species was originally described by Say (1839), as possessing large eyes separated by a distance less than or equal to one eye diameter (male imago). McDunnough (1926) suggested that verticis and flaveola were synonyms because they shared this characteristic of eye sue. However, Argo (1927) put verticis into the Potamnthus group having small eyes separated by a distance of two or more eye diameters and retained flaveola in the large eyed group. Needham, et al. (1935) returned verticis to the large eyed group, but later, in their description of the new species P. neglectus, a species having small, widely separated eyes, they stated that neglectus may be a synonym of verticis! Burks (1953) is the only author to illustrate reIative eye sues (Figure 2) and includes P. distinctus in the "intermediate" eye size group. Male imago wing Iength, darkening of cross veins in both sexes, an\& the presence of pale lateral abdominal markings were other adult taxonomic characteristics utilized for species separation by past researchers. Both Needham, et aL (1935) and Edmunds and Allen (1957) recognize eight species of Potamnthus in North America, n-hile Burks (1953) describes only four. A summary of adult taxonomic characteristics for these eight species by Edmunds and Allen (1957) is presented in Table 1. 'Department of Natural Resources, Brunswick, Georgia. 2\textasciitilde epa r tmen t of Environmental and Industrial Health, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 3Iichigan 481 09. 1 Lord and Meier: Intraspecific Variation in Taxonomic Characteristics of the Mayfl P blished by ValpoScholar, 1977 5 2 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 10, No. 2 Fig. 1. Dorsal maculation of Potamanthus nymphs (Ide, 1935). A) rufous; B) walkeri; C) flaveola; and D)-earIy instar o f flaveola. Fig. 2. Eye sizes of Potamanthus male imagos (Burks, 1953). A) large eyes-verticis; B) smalI eyes-myops; C) medium eyes-distinctus. METHODS The area of study was Michigan within a 50 mile radius of Detroit. Live material was collected and maintained from the Huron and Black Rivers. Nymphs were collected from May through'July, 1975, and adults from June through August, 1975. Some nymphs from each sampling area were reared in aquaria for association of nymphs to adult. Preserved material collected in 1970 by the author was examined from the Saline and Raisin Rivers. 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 10, No. 2 [1977], Art. 3 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol10/iss2/3 1977 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 5 3 Table 1. Adult Potamanthus species characteristics (after Needham, Traver, Hsu, 1935) wing length male eye size male cross-veins male female Species abdominal markings none 1. stripes distribution diaphanus distinctus lg med inequalis 17zyops (=m edius) neglectus rufous verticis (=flaveola) none midwest MD NY PA NY none* 1. spots 1. spots 1. spots midwest \& northeast Ontario walkeri none *very pale spots in freshly killed specimens lg = large; med = medium; sm = small; hy = hyaline; dk = darkened; 1. = lateral},
    url = "https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1295\&context=tgle",
    doi = "10.22543/0090-0222.1295",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "3",
    semanticscholar_id = "6d9952d9a459fcd1f5789b35ac169e2ba5f937b0",
    volume = "10"
}

Microctonus aethiopoides, a braconid parasite of adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, is now established in southeastern Minnesota. Releases were made near Caledonia in Houston County, in 1978 and 1979, and near Rosemount in Dakota County, in 1979 and 1980. M. aethiopoides was recovered in Houston County in 1979, a new state record, and since has expanded its range more than 40 km from the release site. Establishment in Dakota County was unexpected because of low host densities, but parasites were recovered there in 1983. Other workers have recovered M. aethiopoides in Olmstead County. Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (=M. aethiops (Nees), the name misapplied by North American authors before 1975 [Loan 1975]) is a recently established braconid parasite of adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). M. aethiopoides is now one of the most important biological control agents of this pest in the eastern United States and southern Canada. First attempts to establish this parasite in North America were a series of apparently unsuccessful introductions in Canada and the United States, made between 1948 and 1957, against sweetclover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis (Filhr) (Day et al. 1971). Releases were made in Minnesota in 1953 (Loan and Holdaway 1961). In 1957, the parasite was reintroduced from France and released in New Jersey against alfalfa weevil (Dysart and Day 1976). Parasites were recovered in New Jersey for the first time in 1961, and the following year in Pennsylvania. Since then extensive recolonization and natural spread have resulted in widespread establishment of M. aethiopoides throughout the northeastern and north central United States. Alfalfa weevil was first reported in Minnesota from Houston County in the southeast corner of the state in 1970 (Radcliffe and Chiang 1972). The following year, personnel from the USDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory released M. aethiopoides near Freeburg, in Houston County, but apparently the parasite did not become established at that time". From 1978 to 1980, we undertook further attempts to colonize M. aethiopoides in Minnesota, and the results of those introductions are reported here. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four thousand adult weevils, ca. 85% parasitized, were shipped from Ohio and released 31 May 1978, on the farm of Roland Deters (NW Sec. 18, Winnebago Twp.6) near 'Contribution of the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Paper no. 13,662, Scientific J ouma! Series. =Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 'Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. Formerly with Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota. 'Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691. 1:nformation on 1971 release of M. aethiopoides in Minnesota provided by R. J. Dysart (pers. comm.), CSDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, Newark, DE 19713. 6Site designations given to nearest V. section (Sec.) of Township (Twp.); 1 section = 259 ha. 1 Radcliffe et al.: Establishment of the Alfalfa Weevil Parasite Microctonus Aethi Published by ValpoScholar, 1983 128 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 16, No, 4 Caledonia, in Houston County. A second lot of 4000 weevils, ca. 10% parasitized, was released at the same site 9 June 1979. Three releases, of 1500-2400 weevils each, 20-25% parasitized, were made at a site (SE Sec. 3, Empire Twp.) on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, near Rosemount in Dakota County; on 24 October 1979, 2 April 1980, and 30 May 1980. The fields used for these releases were small, ca. 1.5 ha at the Houston County site and less than 0.5 ha at the Dakota County site. Both sites were bordered by undisturbed wooded areas that appeared suitable for weevil aestivation. Following release of the parasitized weevils, the alfalfa was cut only once a season for the next two years, and that only after the summer adult weevils had left the field. No insecticides were sprayed on these or nearby fields. Surveys to determine parasite presence and levels of weevil parasitism were made in Houston County each year beginning in 1979, but in Dakota County only in 1983. The release site on the Deter farm and a site in NW Sec. 11, Wilmington Twp., 3.4 km distant were sampled each year. A third site, in NW Sec. 9, Sheldon Twp., 22.2 km distant, was sampled in 1980 and each year following. A site in SE Sec. 14, Wilmington County, 2.6 km distant, was sampled only in 1981. Five additional sites were sampled in 1983: two in Houston County, NE Sec. 11, Spring Grove Twp., 10.1 km distant, and SW Sec. 16, Blackhammer Twp., 18.0 km distant; two in Winona County, SW Sec. 8, Pleasant Hill Twp., 41.1 km distant, and SW Sec. 24, Hart Twp., 42.0 km distant; and in Dakota County, SE Sec. 4, Empire Twp., 0.6 km from the release in that county. Sampling was done at 275 CDD above a 9°C base in 1979 and at the Dakota County site in 1983, but otherwise at 175-200 CDD. We attempted to collect 100-200 weevils/site each sampling date, however, this was not always possible because weevil densities never exceeded 3 adults/lOO sweeps and in some fields averaged less than 1 adult/200 sweeps. The smallest samples were those collected in Spring Grove and Hart townships in 1983. These samples had only 87 and 23 weevils, respectively. The weevils were held at room temperature in screen-bottomed cages that permitted emerging parasites to drop through to a container below where they could spin their cocoons on strips of felt (Loan and Holdaway 1961). Cocoons were transferred to individual 3-dram vials and held for adult emergence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Recoveries are summarized in Table 1. In 1979, 24 adult M. aethiopoides were reared from ca. 300 adult weevils collected 9 June at the release site. This was a new state record for the parasite. Parasites were not recovered from weevils collected at the second site.. 3.4 km distant. In 1980, parasitism was 9% on the Deter farm and 4% at 3.4 km. Parasites were not recovered at the third site, 22.2 km distant. While parasitism at the release site was slightly lower than in 1979, recovery of M. aethiopoides at the second site suggested that establishment and dispersal in southeastern Minnesota was assured. Similar results were obtained in 1981, when parasitism levels at these same sites were 13%, 2%, and 0%, respectively. In 1982, greater levels of parasitism and an appreciable expansion of the range of distribution were found. Percentages of adult weevils parasitized by M. aethiopoides were 23% on the Deter farm, 9% at 2.6 km, 15% at 3.4 km, and 10% at 22.2 km. In 1983, M. aethiopoides were reared from weevils collected at all sites. In Houston County, parasitism was 38% on the Deter farm. 27% at 3.4 km, 12% at 10.1 km, 29% at 18.0 km and 48% at 22.2 km. In Winona County. parasitism was 22% at the 41.1 km site and 44% at the 42.0 km site. At the Dakota County site, parasitism was 7%, but the first parasite emerged from that sample within 24 h of host collection indicating some prior emergence probably had occurred. In 1980, APHIS personnel recovered M. aethiopoides from seven counties in Wiscon­ sin: Fond du Lac, Iowa, Jefferson, Juneau, Marathon, Shawano, and 'Itempealeau and 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 5 http://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/5 ------------------------------------------------1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 129 Table 1. Parasitism of overwintered, adult alfalfa weevil by Microctonus aethiopoides in southeastern ~nnesota, 1979-1983. Percentage of weevils parasitized Location. distance from release site 1979 198

@article{doi1022543009002221474,
    author = "Radcliffe, E. and Cuperus, G. and Flessel, J. K.",
    title = "Establishment of the Alfalfa Weevil Parasite Microctonus Aethiopoides (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Michigan",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "The Great Lakes Entomologist",
    abstract = {Microctonus aethiopoides, a braconid parasite of adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica, is now established in southeastern Minnesota. Releases were made near Caledonia in Houston County, in 1978 and 1979, and near Rosemount in Dakota County, in 1979 and 1980. M. aethiopoides was recovered in Houston County in 1979, a new state record, and since has expanded its range more than 40 km from the release site. Establishment in Dakota County was unexpected because of low host densities, but parasites were recovered there in 1983. Other workers have recovered M. aethiopoides in Olmstead County. Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (=M. aethiops (Nees), the name misapplied by North American authors before 1975 [Loan 1975]) is a recently established braconid parasite of adult alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal). M. aethiopoides is now one of the most important biological control agents of this pest in the eastern United States and southern Canada. First attempts to establish this parasite in North America were a series of apparently unsuccessful introductions in Canada and the United States, made between 1948 and 1957, against sweetclover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis (Filhr) (Day et al. 1971). Releases were made in Minnesota in 1953 (Loan and Holdaway 1961). In 1957, the parasite was reintroduced from France and released in New Jersey against alfalfa weevil (Dysart and Day 1976). Parasites were recovered in New Jersey for the first time in 1961, and the following year in Pennsylvania. Since then extensive recolonization and natural spread have resulted in widespread establishment of M. aethiopoides throughout the northeastern and north central United States. Alfalfa weevil was first reported in Minnesota from Houston County in the southeast corner of the state in 1970 (Radcliffe and Chiang 1972). The following year, personnel from the USDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory released M. aethiopoides near Freeburg, in Houston County, but apparently the parasite did not become established at that time". From 1978 to 1980, we undertook further attempts to colonize M. aethiopoides in Minnesota, and the results of those introductions are reported here. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four thousand adult weevils, ca. 85\% parasitized, were shipped from Ohio and released 31 May 1978, on the farm of Roland Deters (NW Sec. 18, Winnebago Twp.6) near 'Contribution of the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. Paper no. 13,662, Scientific J ouma! Series. =Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108. 'Department of Entomology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078. Formerly with Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota. 'Department of Entomology, Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691. 1:nformation on 1971 release of M. aethiopoides in Minnesota provided by R. J. Dysart (pers. comm.), CSDA Beneficial Insects Research Laboratory, Newark, DE 19713. 6Site designations given to nearest V. section (Sec.) of Township (Twp.); 1 section = 259 ha. 1 Radcliffe et al.: Establishment of the Alfalfa Weevil Parasite Microctonus Aethi Published by ValpoScholar, 1983 128 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 16, No, 4 Caledonia, in Houston County. A second lot of 4000 weevils, ca. 10\% parasitized, was released at the same site 9 June 1979. Three releases, of 1500-2400 weevils each, 20-25\% parasitized, were made at a site (SE Sec. 3, Empire Twp.) on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, near Rosemount in Dakota County; on 24 October 1979, 2 April 1980, and 30 May 1980. The fields used for these releases were small, ca. 1.5 ha at the Houston County site and less than 0.5 ha at the Dakota County site. Both sites were bordered by undisturbed wooded areas that appeared suitable for weevil aestivation. Following release of the parasitized weevils, the alfalfa was cut only once a season for the next two years, and that only after the summer adult weevils had left the field. No insecticides were sprayed on these or nearby fields. Surveys to determine parasite presence and levels of weevil parasitism were made in Houston County each year beginning in 1979, but in Dakota County only in 1983. The release site on the Deter farm and a site in NW Sec. 11, Wilmington Twp., 3.4 km distant were sampled each year. A third site, in NW Sec. 9, Sheldon Twp., 22.2 km distant, was sampled in 1980 and each year following. A site in SE Sec. 14, Wilmington County, 2.6 km distant, was sampled only in 1981. Five additional sites were sampled in 1983: two in Houston County, NE Sec. 11, Spring Grove Twp., 10.1 km distant, and SW Sec. 16, Blackhammer Twp., 18.0 km distant; two in Winona County, SW Sec. 8, Pleasant Hill Twp., 41.1 km distant, and SW Sec. 24, Hart Twp., 42.0 km distant; and in Dakota County, SE Sec. 4, Empire Twp., 0.6 km from the release in that county. Sampling was done at 275 CDD above a 9°C base in 1979 and at the Dakota County site in 1983, but otherwise at 175-200 CDD. We attempted to collect 100-200 weevils/site each sampling date, however, this was not always possible because weevil densities never exceeded 3 adults/lOO sweeps and in some fields averaged less than 1 adult/200 sweeps. The smallest samples were those collected in Spring Grove and Hart townships in 1983. These samples had only 87 and 23 weevils, respectively. The weevils were held at room temperature in screen-bottomed cages that permitted emerging parasites to drop through to a container below where they could spin their cocoons on strips of felt (Loan and Holdaway 1961). Cocoons were transferred to individual 3-dram vials and held for adult emergence. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Recoveries are summarized in Table 1. In 1979, 24 adult M. aethiopoides were reared from ca. 300 adult weevils collected 9 June at the release site. This was a new state record for the parasite. Parasites were not recovered from weevils collected at the second site.. 3.4 km distant. In 1980, parasitism was 9\% on the Deter farm and 4\% at 3.4 km. Parasites were not recovered at the third site, 22.2 km distant. While parasitism at the release site was slightly lower than in 1979, recovery of M. aethiopoides at the second site suggested that establishment and dispersal in southeastern Minnesota was assured. Similar results were obtained in 1981, when parasitism levels at these same sites were 13\%, 2\%, and 0\%, respectively. In 1982, greater levels of parasitism and an appreciable expansion of the range of distribution were found. Percentages of adult weevils parasitized by M. aethiopoides were 23\% on the Deter farm, 9\% at 2.6 km, 15\% at 3.4 km, and 10\% at 22.2 km. In 1983, M. aethiopoides were reared from weevils collected at all sites. In Houston County, parasitism was 38\% on the Deter farm. 27\% at 3.4 km, 12\% at 10.1 km, 29\% at 18.0 km and 48\% at 22.2 km. In Winona County. parasitism was 22\% at the 41.1 km site and 44\% at the 42.0 km site. At the Dakota County site, parasitism was 7\%, but the first parasite emerged from that sample within 24 h of host collection indicating some prior emergence probably had occurred. In 1980, APHIS personnel recovered M. aethiopoides from seven counties in Wiscon­ sin: Fond du Lac, Iowa, Jefferson, Juneau, Marathon, Shawano, and 'Itempealeau and 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 16, No. 4 [1983], Art. 5 http://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol16/iss4/5 ------------------------------------------------1983 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 129 Table 1. Parasitism of overwintered, adult alfalfa weevil by Microctonus aethiopoides in southeastern \textasciitilde nnesota, 1979-1983. Percentage of weevils parasitized Location. distance from release site 1979 198},
    url = "https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474\&context=tgle",
    doi = "10.22543/0090-0222.1474",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    semanticscholar_id = "14b462aa5a22f2042e3fbf31f33b70e712a52b30",
    volume = "16"
}

A total of 113 species of ants is recorded by county from the state of Michigan. The list is based upon literature records and specimens in the authors' collections and those of the University of Michigan Museum of Zool­ ogy and tbe Michigan State University De~artment of Entomology. The list includes 3 species in Ponerinae, 44 in Myrnucinae, 6 in Dolichoderinae, and 60 in Formicinae. Ten species represent new state records. Five distribution pat­ terns are evident: statewide (39 species), southern counties only (5), southern 3/4th of Lower Peninsula (10), Lower Peninsula (17), and Upper Peninsula (2). Forty species have been collected too infrequently to determine the distribu­ tion within the s ate. The earliest record of ants c llected in Michigan is W. M. Wheeler's (1905) description of Formica impexa, collected by O. McCreary in 1902 "on the Porcupine Mountains in northern Michigan" (Ontonagon County). This is the first of five species described from the state. In 1909 W. M. Wheeler described Formica adamsi from Isle Royale (Keweenaw County), collected in 1908. The specimens collected by C. C. Adams, H. A. Gleason, and Otto McCreary from Isle Royale and the Porcupine Mountains in the Upper Peninsula are in the collection of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. F. M. Gaige, curator of insects at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, was the first myrmecologist t live and work in Michigan. In 1910 he collected ants on Charity Island (Arenac County) and published a list of 20 species in 1914. He also published (1916) a list of 15 species from Whitefish Point (Chippewa County) that were collected in 1914 by N. A. Wood. 'I'wenty eight species are represented in these two studies. Gaige also collected exten­ sively In Schoolcraft and Washtenaw counties but did not publish these stud­ ies. Mary Talbot (1934) included species in extreme southwestern Michigan as part of a study of the ecology of ants in the region around Chicago, Illinois. In 1945 and for several years thereafter she studied the ecology of certain ants at the University of Michigan Biological Station in Cheboygan County (Talbot 1946, 1948). For 25 summers between 1951 and 1980 Talbot conducted research on the ants of the Edwin S. George Reserve in Livingston County. From the research on this 514 ha (1268 acre) sanctuary of the University of IDeceased. 2Research Associates, Florida State Collection f Arthropods. Address: 3338 NE 58th Avenue, Silver Springs. FL 34488-1867. 3Adjunct Curator of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Addre s: Department of Biology. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. ND 58202-9019. 1 Wheeler et al.: Checklist of the Ants of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Published by ValpoScholar, 1994 298 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST Vol. 26, No.4 Michigan she published 20 articles including a list of the 87 species found on the Reserve (1975b). She collected three new species of ants: Formica gynocra­ tes Snelling and Buren (1985), Formica talbotae Wilson (1976), and Monomo­ rium talbotae DuBois (19811. In addition, a specimen that Talbot collected at the Reserve was selected by Wing (1968) as a neotype for Acanthomyops latipes (Walsh). There are probably other species that will be described from her collections at the Reserve. In a study of the ants of the Chicago area Gregg (1944) found 95 species, of which 30 were from Berrien a d St. Joseph counties, Michigan. Taxonomic revisions by Creighton (1940), Francoeur (1973), Smith (1947, 1952), Weber (1948,1950), Wheeler (1910a, 1910b, 1913, 1915), Wilson (1955), and Wing (1968) recorded species from Michigan. Behavioral studies by Groskin (1944) and Kannowski (1957,1958, 1959a, 1959b, 1959c, 1967, 1970; Kannowski and Kannowski, 1957) were based upon species observed in Michigan. The list is based upon literature records an 4,692 collections: 2,382 in the Division of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan; 926 in the Department of Entomology, Michigan State University; 1,244 in the Ka ­ nowski collection; and 140 in the Wheeler collection. The specimens in the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Kannowski collec­ tions were identified by P. B. Kannowski between March 1989 and December 1992; the specimens in the Wheeler collection were checked by Jeanette Wheeler in 1991. Mary Talbot's collection, which is now in the Department of Biology at the University of Mis ouri-St. Louis, was not checked. However, there is a nearly complete synoptic collection of her records from the E. S. George Reserve in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, which was checked. Two species (Harpagoxenus canadensis M.R. Smith and Smithis­ truma ornata [Mayr]) have been included based upon the citation of Michigan as a locality by M. R. Smith (1951 for H. canadensis; 1967 for S. ornata). David Smith (personal communication, 1991) has been unable to locate the counties or the sources of those records. Some of the species names used in the literature referenced in this study are either synonyms or misidentifications. There are also several specimens in the Michigan State University collection that were collected by R. R. Dreis­ bach that appear to be incorrectly labelled. All suspect records have been omitted in this compilation. However, the specimens on which the studies by Gaige (1914, 1916) and Wheeler (1909) were based are in the collection at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. These were re-identified and incorporated int the list. Michigan has 83 counties, which are shown in Figure 1.

@article{doi1022543009002221831,
    author = "Wheeler, G. and Wheeler, J. and Kannowski, P. B.",
    title = "Checklist of the Ants of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "The Great Lakes Entomologist",
    abstract = {A total of 113 species of ants is recorded by county from the state of Michigan. The list is based upon literature records and specimens in the authors' collections and those of the University of Michigan Museum of Zool­ ogy and tbe Michigan State University De\textasciitilde artment of Entomology. The list includes 3 species in Ponerinae, 44 in Myrnucinae, 6 in Dolichoderinae, and 60 in Formicinae. Ten species represent new state records. Five distribution pat­ terns are evident: statewide (39 species), southern counties only (5), southern 3/4th of Lower Peninsula (10), Lower Peninsula (17), and Upper Peninsula (2). Forty species have been collected too infrequently to determine the distribu­ tion within the s ate. The earliest record of ants c llected in Michigan is W. M. Wheeler's (1905) description of Formica impexa, collected by O. McCreary in 1902 "on the Porcupine Mountains in northern Michigan" (Ontonagon County). This is the first of five species described from the state. In 1909 W. M. Wheeler described Formica adamsi from Isle Royale (Keweenaw County), collected in 1908. The specimens collected by C. C. Adams, H. A. Gleason, and Otto McCreary from Isle Royale and the Porcupine Mountains in the Upper Peninsula are in the collection of the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. F. M. Gaige, curator of insects at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, was the first myrmecologist t live and work in Michigan. In 1910 he collected ants on Charity Island (Arenac County) and published a list of 20 species in 1914. He also published (1916) a list of 15 species from Whitefish Point (Chippewa County) that were collected in 1914 by N. A. Wood. 'I'wenty eight species are represented in these two studies. Gaige also collected exten­ sively In Schoolcraft and Washtenaw counties but did not publish these stud­ ies. Mary Talbot (1934) included species in extreme southwestern Michigan as part of a study of the ecology of ants in the region around Chicago, Illinois. In 1945 and for several years thereafter she studied the ecology of certain ants at the University of Michigan Biological Station in Cheboygan County (Talbot 1946, 1948). For 25 summers between 1951 and 1980 Talbot conducted research on the ants of the Edwin S. George Reserve in Livingston County. From the research on this 514 ha (1268 acre) sanctuary of the University of IDeceased. 2Research Associates, Florida State Collection f Arthropods. Address: 3338 NE 58th Avenue, Silver Springs. FL 34488-1867. 3Adjunct Curator of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan. Addre s: Department of Biology. University of North Dakota, Grand Forks. ND 58202-9019. 1 Wheeler et al.: Checklist of the Ants of Michigan (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Published by ValpoScholar, 1994 298 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOlOGIST Vol. 26, No.4 Michigan she published 20 articles including a list of the 87 species found on the Reserve (1975b). She collected three new species of ants: Formica gynocra­ tes Snelling and Buren (1985), Formica talbotae Wilson (1976), and Monomo­ rium talbotae DuBois (19811. In addition, a specimen that Talbot collected at the Reserve was selected by Wing (1968) as a neotype for Acanthomyops latipes (Walsh). There are probably other species that will be described from her collections at the Reserve. In a study of the ants of the Chicago area Gregg (1944) found 95 species, of which 30 were from Berrien a d St. Joseph counties, Michigan. Taxonomic revisions by Creighton (1940), Francoeur (1973), Smith (1947, 1952), Weber (1948,1950), Wheeler (1910a, 1910b, 1913, 1915), Wilson (1955), and Wing (1968) recorded species from Michigan. Behavioral studies by Groskin (1944) and Kannowski (1957,1958, 1959a, 1959b, 1959c, 1967, 1970; Kannowski and Kannowski, 1957) were based upon species observed in Michigan. The list is based upon literature records an 4,692 collections: 2,382 in the Division of Insects, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan; 926 in the Department of Entomology, Michigan State University; 1,244 in the Ka ­ nowski collection; and 140 in the Wheeler collection. The specimens in the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, and Kannowski collec­ tions were identified by P. B. Kannowski between March 1989 and December 1992; the specimens in the Wheeler collection were checked by Jeanette Wheeler in 1991. Mary Talbot's collection, which is now in the Department of Biology at the University of Mis ouri-St. Louis, was not checked. However, there is a nearly complete synoptic collection of her records from the E. S. George Reserve in the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, which was checked. Two species (Harpagoxenus canadensis M.R. Smith and Smithis­ truma ornata [Mayr]) have been included based upon the citation of Michigan as a locality by M. R. Smith (1951 for H. canadensis; 1967 for S. ornata). David Smith (personal communication, 1991) has been unable to locate the counties or the sources of those records. Some of the species names used in the literature referenced in this study are either synonyms or misidentifications. There are also several specimens in the Michigan State University collection that were collected by R. R. Dreis­ bach that appear to be incorrectly labelled. All suspect records have been omitted in this compilation. However, the specimens on which the studies by Gaige (1914, 1916) and Wheeler (1909) were based are in the collection at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. These were re-identified and incorporated int the list. Michigan has 83 counties, which are shown in Figure 1.},
    url = "https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1831\&context=tgle",
    doi = "10.22543/0090-0222.1831",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "12",
    semanticscholar_id = "c889061a0e625cfc7edf910a19bfd52773792e90",
    volume = "24"
}

For more than two decades the Great Lakes Fishery Commission has sought tactics to complement, and potentially replace, the use of barriers and lampricides to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes, but thus far without success. This paper examines the potential of modern genetic technology to suppress these invasive populations. We identified six recombinant options that appeared to be moderately to highly feasible, most of which were judged by an expert panel as extremely low or low risk, and for which research and development was broadly supported by stakeholders. The two options judged to overall best combine high efficacy and low risks were a Mendelian “sex ratio drive” and genetically modifying a prey species combined with killing or sterilizing sea lamprey that fed on it. Core issues regarding use of genetic biocontrol in the Great Lakes include technical problems associated with maintaining a sea lamprey brood line, information gaps for most options, the extent of broader public support, and the extent and nature of national and international consultation required in making decisions about control options.

@article{doi101139cjfas20180153,
    author = "Thresher, Ronald E. and Jones, Michael L. and Drake, D. Andrew R.",
    title = "Evaluating active genetic options for the control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Laurentian Great Lakes",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "For more than two decades the Great Lakes Fishery Commission has sought tactics to complement, and potentially replace, the use of barriers and lampricides to control sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) in the Great Lakes, but thus far without success. This paper examines the potential of modern genetic technology to suppress these invasive populations. We identified six recombinant options that appeared to be moderately to highly feasible, most of which were judged by an expert panel as extremely low or low risk, and for which research and development was broadly supported by stakeholders. The two options judged to overall best combine high efficacy and low risks were a Mendelian “sex ratio drive” and genetically modifying a prey species combined with killing or sterilizing sea lamprey that fed on it. Core issues regarding use of genetic biocontrol in the Great Lakes include technical problems associated with maintaining a sea lamprey brood line, information gaps for most options, the extent of broader public support, and the extent and nature of national and international consultation required in making decisions about control options.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2018-0153",
    doi = "10.1139/cjfas-2018-0153",
    openalex = "W2888698853",
    references = "doi101098rspb20170262"
}

Modeling the effect of habitat on animal survival is critical for understanding population dynamics and developing effective habitat management strategies. Despite the importance of this information, knowledge of survival–habitat associations are often lacking, particularly for waterfowl species. Here we evaluated female Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758) survival during the breeding season in relation to habitat conditions within each individual’s home range. We implanted telemetry transmitters and tracked 283 female Mallards across nine study sites in the Great Lakes region. For each Mallard, we quantified core breeding season home ranges via the creation of utilization distributions (UDs). We then fit known-fate models in the program MARK to predict breeding season survival as a function of the proximity of core home ranges to various habitat types, the proportion of habitat types within the core areas, number of core areas, and home range size. We found that breeding season survival decreased as the proportion of forestland habitat within core home ranges increased (β = −1.740, SE = 0.787). No additional upland or wetland habitat types significantly affected breeding season survival. Managers striving to increase breeding season survival for Mallards should focus their efforts on restoring habitats in areas with low proportions of forestland habitat to mitigate the risk of predation.

@article{doi101139cjz20170224,
    author = "Boyer, Ryan A. and Coluccy, John M. and Montgomery, Robert A. and Redilla, Kyle and Winterstein, Scott R.",
    title = "The effect of habitat on the breeding season survival of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Great Lakes region",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Zoology",
    abstract = "Modeling the effect of habitat on animal survival is critical for understanding population dynamics and developing effective habitat management strategies. Despite the importance of this information, knowledge of survival–habitat associations are often lacking, particularly for waterfowl species. Here we evaluated female Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758) survival during the breeding season in relation to habitat conditions within each individual’s home range. We implanted telemetry transmitters and tracked 283 female Mallards across nine study sites in the Great Lakes region. For each Mallard, we quantified core breeding season home ranges via the creation of utilization distributions (UDs). We then fit known-fate models in the program MARK to predict breeding season survival as a function of the proximity of core home ranges to various habitat types, the proportion of habitat types within the core areas, number of core areas, and home range size. We found that breeding season survival decreased as the proportion of forestland habitat within core home ranges increased (β = −1.740, SE = 0.787). No additional upland or wetland habitat types significantly affected breeding season survival. Managers striving to increase breeding season survival for Mallards should focus their efforts on restoring habitats in areas with low proportions of forestland habitat to mitigate the risk of predation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2017-0224",
    doi = "10.1139/cjz-2017-0224",
    openalex = "W2783095360",
    references = "doi1010079780387217062, doi1010079781489932426, doi101016jecolmodel200603017, doi10108000063659909477239, doi1018637jssv012i06, doi1023071374834, doi1023072290358, doi1023072532535, doi1023073802723, doi105962bhltitle4108, kaminski2013mallard"
}

The first comprehensive faunal survey of the carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Wisconsin is presented. Six genera and 14 species are recorded from the state, including a new state record, Heterosilpha ramosa (Say). Nicrophorus americanus Olivier was not recovered during this study. An annotated checklist includes species-specific geographical and temporal distributions, remarks on foods and habitat, and counties of specimen collections for each species. ____________________ Faunal surveys of various Coleoptera (Cantharidae, Cleridae, Histeridae, Lycidae, Mordellidae, Nitidulidae, Pyrochroidae, Scarabaeoidea, Tenebrionidae) have recently been conducted in Wisconsin to better understand the state’s biodiversity. The family Silphidae is well known taxonomically and several regional works have recorded distribution information (Anderson and Peck 1985, Ratcliffe 1996), but no faunal survey specific to Wisconsin exists save for Rauterberg’s (1885) brief checklist. The objectives of this study were to complement the series of Wisconsin Coleoptera surveys already underway and to improve our knowledge of Wisconsin’s Silphidae by providing distributional, temporal, and habitat information specific to Wisconsin. Carrion beetles have recently attracted a great deal of attention, especially the federally endangered Nicrophorus americanus Olivier. In 1990 our carrion beetle survey was initiated in Wisconsin, searching especially for N. americanus in northeastern and central Wisconsin counties, and continued in 1992, focusing on southwestern counties. From 1993-2000, additional, lowintensity surveys were undertaken across most of the state. Family Silphidae. Silphidae consists of two subfamilies: Nicrophorinae and Silphinae. Worldwide there are about 175 species in 15 genera; 30 species in eight genera occur in North America (Peck 2001). Silphids are large beetles, 10-35 mm long. They are predominantly black, often with a yellow, orange or pink pattern on the pronotum. Most nicrophorines have bright orange, presumably aposematic markings on their elytra. The term “carrion beetle” is widely applied to species of Silphidae; the terms “burying beetles” or “sexton beetles” more strictly apply to species of Nicrophorinae, which bury small vertebrate carcasses in the ground. Silphids are important components of ecosystems, serving as scavengers and nutrient recyclers. A progression of scavengers can be seen throughout the decay process; different scavengers such as fungi, bacteria, and insects, are attracted to the carcass only after specific levels of decay have occurred. Silphids are attracted to carcasses in the early to middle stages of decay, depending on the subfamily. Nicrophorinae require fairly fresh carcasses to bury, a requisite for reproduction, though adults can be found on larger and older carcasses. Silphinae readily feed and breed on carcasses in a more advanced stage of decay and are often found alongside other invertebrate scavengers on the carcass. Members of this subfamily also may be found feeding on fungi and occasionally on dung. They are also known predators of fly larvae. 1Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190. 2Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706. 1 Katovich et al.: Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Wisconsin Published by ValpoScholar, 2005 2005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 31 Early synoptic treatments of North American silphids were conducted by LeConte (1853) and Horn (1880). Portevin (1926) was the first to split the genus Silpha into most of the genera currently recognized in the subfamily Silphinae. Portevin (1926) monographed the world fauna, and Hatch (1928) compiled a catalog of the world fauna. Leng (1920), Blackwelder and Arnett (1974), and Peck and Miller (1993) provided catalogs of the North American species. Anderson and Peck (1985) and Peck and Kaulbar (1987) gave a more comprehensive treatment of North American silphids (Canada and the U.S. north of Mexico), including species keys for adults and larvae, species diagnoses, distributions, temporal information and notes on natural history. Several workers have provided state or regional silphid checklists or taxonomic treatments: Fall and Cockerell (1907) for New Mexico, Blatchley (1910) for Indiana, Hatch and Rueter Jr. (1934) for Washington, Hatch (1957) for the Pacific Northwest, Lago and Miller (1983) for Mississippi, Lingafelter (1995) for Kansas, and Ratcliffe (1996) for Nebraska. Rauterberg (1885) compiled a list of Wisconsin’s silphids, providing brief notes on their abundance (“common”, “rare”, or “very rare”) and food preferences (“on carrion”). Trumbo and Thomas (1998) discussed species diversity, population density, and body size of various Nicrophorus species on the Apostle Islands of Douglas County, Wisconsin. Subfamily Nicrophorinae. This subfamily contains 65 extant species in three genera worldwide. The only nicrophorine genus in the United States is Nicrophorus with 61 species worldwide and 15 species in the U.S. (Sikes et al. 2002). Nicrophorus species (Coleoptera: Silphidae) are best known for interring small vertebrate remains for the purpose of rearing their young. Usually a male and female pair will bury and process a carcass together, and both will remain in the chamber to care for the young. Several experimental studies and observations have suggested the presence of the male as well as the female greatly reduces the chances of the chamber being overtaken by a conspecific intruder and the brood killed (Scott 1990, Trumbo 1990, 1991, Scott and Gladstein 1993). The larvae receive parental care for the duration of their growth. Both parents have been observed to regurgitate droplets of partially digested food for the larvae, however this behavior declines by the third and fourth days. After four days, the care is mostly in the form of defense against potential predators and preparing the feeding cavity on the carcass, removing fungi, and possibly slowing decay of the carcass with antibacterial salivary secretions (Ratcliffe 1996). Larvae of some species can develop normally without the parental feeding or care (Trumbo 1992, Scott 1994) and neither the duration of parental feeding nor carrion tending have a significant effect on larval weight (Fetherston et al. 1990). Rather, it is the number of larvae in the brood chamber that affects larval growth (Bartlett and Ashworth 1988, Scott and Traniello 1990). The larvae usually consume all soft tissue from the carcass within about a week. They then move into the soil to pupate, emerging as adults about a month later. Upon pupation of their larvae, the parents depart typically with the male leaving before the female. Adults are capable of breeding more than once in a season, but probably not more than two or three times. Most broods produced later in the season overwinter as adults, but broods of some species (e.g., Nicrophorus investigator Zetterstedt and Nicrophorus tomentosus Weber) overwinter as prepupae. Females can also mobilize sperm stored in the spermatheca to fertilize eggs without a male to assist in rearing. Burying beetles are adept at detecting the odor of a recently-dead animal. They were observed to find a one-hour dead mouse from as far away as two miles (Petruska 1975-1976). Typically burying beetles find carcasses that are one to two days old. Species of Nicrophorus are largely nocturnal, a strategy to perhaps reduce competition from diurnally active flies (Ratcliffe 1996). If flies manage to lay eggs on the carcass, it will rapidly become unfit for use by Nicrophorus. These beetles bury carcasses to secure them from the competition of other scavengers and to provide a safer environment in which to raise their young (Ratcliffe 1996). 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 38, No. 1 [2005], Art. 4 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/4 32 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 38, Nos. 1 & 2 Subfamily Silphinae. This subfamily is comprised of 119 species in 12 genera worldwide; 30 species in eight genera occur in the United States (Peck 2001). Instead of burying carcasses, adult silphines arrive at a carcass in the early to middle stages of decay (Payne 1965, Johnson 1974). Most species lay eggs in the soil adjacent to the carcass; eggs hatch in four to five days (Anderson 1982). Larvae crawl to the carcass to feed and pass through three instars, after which they pupate in earthen cells within the soil adjacent to the carcass. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine which species had been collected in Wisconsin, historical collection and literature records, as well as data from private and public regional collections, e.g., University of Wisconsin-Madison Insect Research Collection (WIRC), University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, and the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPMC), were compiled. Field sampling focused on counties where N. americanus had been collected, on less sampled areas, and areas that had historically proven to be interesting. Collection methods consisted of modified “live” pitfall traps baited with dead fish, examination of carcasses (most often encountered as road-killed vertebrates), and black light traps. The pitfall traps consisted of double-stacked, eight-inch plastic pots, with the bottom removed from each top pot. These were buried flush with the ground. A mesh-covered plastic cup containing a carrion bait (mostly fish) was placed in the center of the lower pot. Each trap was then covered by a wooden frame with a square of chicken wire stapled to it. The frame was secured by four, 30 cm spikes; each spike pushed into the ground through a three-inch square of carpeting to prevent the nail from slipping through the wire mesh (Fig.1). The depth of the traps prevented small animals, including raccoons, from destroying the bait cups, though many traps in northern counties were destroyed by black bears. The traps were designed to be “live” traps in the event that the endangered N.

@article{doi1022543009002222121,
    author = "Katovich, K. and Kriska, N. and Williams, Andrew H. and Young, D. K.",
    title = "Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Wisconsin",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "The Great Lakes Entomologist",
    abstract = "The first comprehensive faunal survey of the carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Wisconsin is presented. Six genera and 14 species are recorded from the state, including a new state record, Heterosilpha ramosa (Say). Nicrophorus americanus Olivier was not recovered during this study. An annotated checklist includes species-specific geographical and temporal distributions, remarks on foods and habitat, and counties of specimen collections for each species. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Faunal surveys of various Coleoptera (Cantharidae, Cleridae, Histeridae, Lycidae, Mordellidae, Nitidulidae, Pyrochroidae, Scarabaeoidea, Tenebrionidae) have recently been conducted in Wisconsin to better understand the state’s biodiversity. The family Silphidae is well known taxonomically and several regional works have recorded distribution information (Anderson and Peck 1985, Ratcliffe 1996), but no faunal survey specific to Wisconsin exists save for Rauterberg’s (1885) brief checklist. The objectives of this study were to complement the series of Wisconsin Coleoptera surveys already underway and to improve our knowledge of Wisconsin’s Silphidae by providing distributional, temporal, and habitat information specific to Wisconsin. Carrion beetles have recently attracted a great deal of attention, especially the federally endangered Nicrophorus americanus Olivier. In 1990 our carrion beetle survey was initiated in Wisconsin, searching especially for N. americanus in northeastern and central Wisconsin counties, and continued in 1992, focusing on southwestern counties. From 1993-2000, additional, lowintensity surveys were undertaken across most of the state. Family Silphidae. Silphidae consists of two subfamilies: Nicrophorinae and Silphinae. Worldwide there are about 175 species in 15 genera; 30 species in eight genera occur in North America (Peck 2001). Silphids are large beetles, 10-35 mm long. They are predominantly black, often with a yellow, orange or pink pattern on the pronotum. Most nicrophorines have bright orange, presumably aposematic markings on their elytra. The term “carrion beetle” is widely applied to species of Silphidae; the terms “burying beetles” or “sexton beetles” more strictly apply to species of Nicrophorinae, which bury small vertebrate carcasses in the ground. Silphids are important components of ecosystems, serving as scavengers and nutrient recyclers. A progression of scavengers can be seen throughout the decay process; different scavengers such as fungi, bacteria, and insects, are attracted to the carcass only after specific levels of decay have occurred. Silphids are attracted to carcasses in the early to middle stages of decay, depending on the subfamily. Nicrophorinae require fairly fresh carcasses to bury, a requisite for reproduction, though adults can be found on larger and older carcasses. Silphinae readily feed and breed on carcasses in a more advanced stage of decay and are often found alongside other invertebrate scavengers on the carcass. Members of this subfamily also may be found feeding on fungi and occasionally on dung. They are also known predators of fly larvae. 1Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin, Whitewater, WI 53190. 2Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706. 1 Katovich et al.: Carrion Beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) of Wisconsin Published by ValpoScholar, 2005 2005 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 31 Early synoptic treatments of North American silphids were conducted by LeConte (1853) and Horn (1880). Portevin (1926) was the first to split the genus Silpha into most of the genera currently recognized in the subfamily Silphinae. Portevin (1926) monographed the world fauna, and Hatch (1928) compiled a catalog of the world fauna. Leng (1920), Blackwelder and Arnett (1974), and Peck and Miller (1993) provided catalogs of the North American species. Anderson and Peck (1985) and Peck and Kaulbar (1987) gave a more comprehensive treatment of North American silphids (Canada and the U.S. north of Mexico), including species keys for adults and larvae, species diagnoses, distributions, temporal information and notes on natural history. Several workers have provided state or regional silphid checklists or taxonomic treatments: Fall and Cockerell (1907) for New Mexico, Blatchley (1910) for Indiana, Hatch and Rueter Jr. (1934) for Washington, Hatch (1957) for the Pacific Northwest, Lago and Miller (1983) for Mississippi, Lingafelter (1995) for Kansas, and Ratcliffe (1996) for Nebraska. Rauterberg (1885) compiled a list of Wisconsin’s silphids, providing brief notes on their abundance (“common”, “rare”, or “very rare”) and food preferences (“on carrion”). Trumbo and Thomas (1998) discussed species diversity, population density, and body size of various Nicrophorus species on the Apostle Islands of Douglas County, Wisconsin. Subfamily Nicrophorinae. This subfamily contains 65 extant species in three genera worldwide. The only nicrophorine genus in the United States is Nicrophorus with 61 species worldwide and 15 species in the U.S. (Sikes et al. 2002). Nicrophorus species (Coleoptera: Silphidae) are best known for interring small vertebrate remains for the purpose of rearing their young. Usually a male and female pair will bury and process a carcass together, and both will remain in the chamber to care for the young. Several experimental studies and observations have suggested the presence of the male as well as the female greatly reduces the chances of the chamber being overtaken by a conspecific intruder and the brood killed (Scott 1990, Trumbo 1990, 1991, Scott and Gladstein 1993). The larvae receive parental care for the duration of their growth. Both parents have been observed to regurgitate droplets of partially digested food for the larvae, however this behavior declines by the third and fourth days. After four days, the care is mostly in the form of defense against potential predators and preparing the feeding cavity on the carcass, removing fungi, and possibly slowing decay of the carcass with antibacterial salivary secretions (Ratcliffe 1996). Larvae of some species can develop normally without the parental feeding or care (Trumbo 1992, Scott 1994) and neither the duration of parental feeding nor carrion tending have a significant effect on larval weight (Fetherston et al. 1990). Rather, it is the number of larvae in the brood chamber that affects larval growth (Bartlett and Ashworth 1988, Scott and Traniello 1990). The larvae usually consume all soft tissue from the carcass within about a week. They then move into the soil to pupate, emerging as adults about a month later. Upon pupation of their larvae, the parents depart typically with the male leaving before the female. Adults are capable of breeding more than once in a season, but probably not more than two or three times. Most broods produced later in the season overwinter as adults, but broods of some species (e.g., Nicrophorus investigator Zetterstedt and Nicrophorus tomentosus Weber) overwinter as prepupae. Females can also mobilize sperm stored in the spermatheca to fertilize eggs without a male to assist in rearing. Burying beetles are adept at detecting the odor of a recently-dead animal. They were observed to find a one-hour dead mouse from as far away as two miles (Petruska 1975-1976). Typically burying beetles find carcasses that are one to two days old. Species of Nicrophorus are largely nocturnal, a strategy to perhaps reduce competition from diurnally active flies (Ratcliffe 1996). If flies manage to lay eggs on the carcass, it will rapidly become unfit for use by Nicrophorus. These beetles bury carcasses to secure them from the competition of other scavengers and to provide a safer environment in which to raise their young (Ratcliffe 1996). 2 The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 38, No. 1 [2005], Art. 4 https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss1/4 32 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 38, Nos. 1 \& 2 Subfamily Silphinae. This subfamily is comprised of 119 species in 12 genera worldwide; 30 species in eight genera occur in the United States (Peck 2001). Instead of burying carcasses, adult silphines arrive at a carcass in the early to middle stages of decay (Payne 1965, Johnson 1974). Most species lay eggs in the soil adjacent to the carcass; eggs hatch in four to five days (Anderson 1982). Larvae crawl to the carcass to feed and pass through three instars, after which they pupate in earthen cells within the soil adjacent to the carcass. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine which species had been collected in Wisconsin, historical collection and literature records, as well as data from private and public regional collections, e.g., University of Wisconsin-Madison Insect Research Collection (WIRC), University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, and the Milwaukee Public Museum (MPMC), were compiled. Field sampling focused on counties where N. americanus had been collected, on less sampled areas, and areas that had historically proven to be interesting. Collection methods consisted of modified “live” pitfall traps baited with dead fish, examination of carcasses (most often encountered as road-killed vertebrates), and black light traps. The pitfall traps consisted of double-stacked, eight-inch plastic pots, with the bottom removed from each top pot. These were buried flush with the ground. A mesh-covered plastic cup containing a carrion bait (mostly fish) was placed in the center of the lower pot. Each trap was then covered by a wooden frame with a square of chicken wire stapled to it. The frame was secured by four, 30 cm spikes; each spike pushed into the ground through a three-inch square of carpeting to prevent the nail from slipping through the wire mesh (Fig.1). The depth of the traps prevented small animals, including raccoons, from destroying the bait cups, though many traps in northern counties were destroyed by black bears. The traps were designed to be “live” traps in the event that the endangered N.",
    url = "https://scholar.valpo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2121\&context=tgle",
    doi = "10.22543/0090-0222.2121",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1 \& 2",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "4",
    semanticscholar_id = "f360fd9a9ef039fa18ce08b00c6c549b841ab67f",
    volume = "38"
}

@incollection{doi10100797894024168485,
    author = "Marsden, J. Ellen and Siefkes, Michael J.",
    title = "Control of Invasive Sea Lamprey in the Great Lakes, Lake Champlain, and Finger Lakes of New York",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8\_5",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-024-1684-8\_5",
    openalex = "W2948473916",
    references = "doi10100797894017930632, doi10100797894017930633, doi10100797894017930635, doi10100797894017930638, doi101016s0380133093711971, doi101038183055a0, doi101038nature06967, doi101038ng2568, doi101093conphyscox031, doi101098rspb20170262, doi101139f80222, doi101242jeb199183, doi1015771548844619970220012aepora20co2, doi10157715488446338372, doi1023071292845, farmer1980biology, manion1980spawning, openalexw2040817479"
}

The Cheboygan River, Michigan, is the only tributary to the upper Great Lakes where sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are known to complete their entire life cycle. The Upper and Lower reaches are separated by the Cheboygan Lock and Dam located about 2 km from Lake Huron. In the Upper River, the Pigeon, Sturgeon, and Maple Rivers provide nursery habitat for larval sea lamprey. Burt and Mullett Lakes provide feeding grounds for juvenile sea lamprey. Low levels of immigration from Lake Huron occur when adult sea lamprey bypass the lock and dam. Lampricide treatment in the Pigeon, Sturgeon, and Maple Rivers began in 1966 and 15 treatments have been conducted to date at a combined cost of $435,000 USD per treatment. Treatments may become more difficult due to recent dam removals in the Pigeon (2016) and Maple Rivers (2018) that expanded habitat available to valued fishes and sea lamprey. At present, the landlocked population is less than 200 spawning adults, and those adults are generally smaller and may spawn earlier in the spring than adult sea lamprey from Lake Huron. Frequency of sea lamprey-induced wounding on steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and northern pike (Esox lucius) in Mullett Lake is less than 5%. Given increasing challenges of lampricide treatment, efforts to test other means of control such as sterile male release technique is on-going. The Cheboygan River represents a microcosm of the Great Lakes and is useful for learning about sea lamprey ecology and testing controls that supplement lampricides and barriers.

@article{doi101016jjglr202009006,
    author = "Johnson, Nicholas S. and Jubar, Aaron K. and Keffer, David A. and Hrodey, Peter J. and Bravener, Gale and Freitas, Lauren E. and McCarter, Jesse T. and Siefkes, Michael J.",
    title = "A case study of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) control and ecology in a microcosm of the Great Lakes",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The Cheboygan River, Michigan, is the only tributary to the upper Great Lakes where sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are known to complete their entire life cycle. The Upper and Lower reaches are separated by the Cheboygan Lock and Dam located about 2 km from Lake Huron. In the Upper River, the Pigeon, Sturgeon, and Maple Rivers provide nursery habitat for larval sea lamprey. Burt and Mullett Lakes provide feeding grounds for juvenile sea lamprey. Low levels of immigration from Lake Huron occur when adult sea lamprey bypass the lock and dam. Lampricide treatment in the Pigeon, Sturgeon, and Maple Rivers began in 1966 and 15 treatments have been conducted to date at a combined cost of $435,000 USD per treatment. Treatments may become more difficult due to recent dam removals in the Pigeon (2016) and Maple Rivers (2018) that expanded habitat available to valued fishes and sea lamprey. At present, the landlocked population is less than 200 spawning adults, and those adults are generally smaller and may spawn earlier in the spring than adult sea lamprey from Lake Huron. Frequency of sea lamprey-induced wounding on steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and northern pike (Esox lucius) in Mullett Lake is less than 5\%. Given increasing challenges of lampricide treatment, efforts to test other means of control such as sterile male release technique is on-going. The Cheboygan River represents a microcosm of the Great Lakes and is useful for learning about sea lamprey ecology and testing controls that supplement lampricides and barriers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.09.006",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2020.09.006",
    openalex = "W3094168355",
    references = "jones2021eradication"
}

The sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, is a destructive invader in the Laurentian Great Lakes that relies on several complex chemical cues to complete their life cycle. The central roles of chemical cues in sea lamprey reproduction provide opportunities to leverage knowledge of sea lamprey chemical ecology when developing alternative or supplemental strategies for sea lamprey control. A solid foundation has been laid regarding sea lamprey chemical ecology, with recent advances in our understanding of the migratory pheromone, male sex pheromone, and alarm cues broadening our fundamental understanding of the diversity, complexity, and evolution of chemical cues used by sea lamprey. Additionally, research applying semiochemicals in differing management scenarios has provided useful insights into the challenges of incorporating chemical cues into the sea lamprey control program. Here, we synthesize new findings related to fundamental research of chemosensory cues along with knowledge learned from management-based tests and explore options for integrating an understanding of chemical ecology into sea lamprey control in light of new knowledge. We also highlight current unknowns and future research needs that should be addressed prior to implementation of sea lamprey chemical ecology into the sea lamprey control program.

@article{doi101016jjglr202102008,
    author = "Fissette, Skye D. and Buchinger, Tyler J. and Wagner, C. Michael and Johnson, Nicholas S. and Scott, Anne M. and Li, Weiming",
    title = "Progress towards integrating an understanding of chemical ecology into sea lamprey control",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, is a destructive invader in the Laurentian Great Lakes that relies on several complex chemical cues to complete their life cycle. The central roles of chemical cues in sea lamprey reproduction provide opportunities to leverage knowledge of sea lamprey chemical ecology when developing alternative or supplemental strategies for sea lamprey control. A solid foundation has been laid regarding sea lamprey chemical ecology, with recent advances in our understanding of the migratory pheromone, male sex pheromone, and alarm cues broadening our fundamental understanding of the diversity, complexity, and evolution of chemical cues used by sea lamprey. Additionally, research applying semiochemicals in differing management scenarios has provided useful insights into the challenges of incorporating chemical cues into the sea lamprey control program. Here, we synthesize new findings related to fundamental research of chemosensory cues along with knowledge learned from management-based tests and explore options for integrating an understanding of chemical ecology into sea lamprey control in light of new knowledge. We also highlight current unknowns and future research needs that should be addressed prior to implementation of sea lamprey chemical ecology into the sea lamprey control program.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.02.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.02.008",
    openalex = "W3138987045",
    references = "doi101016jaquatox201812012, doi101038s41598019542605, doi101098rspb20131966"
}

Ecosystem managers confronted with newly invasive species may respond with a program of suppression or eradication. Suppression of an invasive species refers to management of a species such that its effect on other biota in the local ecosystem is acceptable. Eradication is the removal of all individuals of a species from a defined region. We examine the cost and benefit trade-offs between suppression and eradication of Laurentian Great Lakes sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) based on discussions at the 3rd Sea Lamprey International Symposium (held in 2019). Substantial effort has been expended annually since the 1960s to suppress sea lampreys in the Great Lakes basin. Choosing between suppression and eradication is a value judgement, ideally made jointly by scientists, decision-makers, stakeholders, and society. Successful large-scale eradications have been limited to a small number of cases for which the cost to human society justified and supported the long-term commitment necessary for success. The greatest challenge to successful eradication of sea lampreys from the Great Lakes may be a suitable social, political, legal, and institutional environment. Preparations could be made now for a transition in which public pushback on current control methods (pesticide applications and barriers to fish passage) leads to more extensive use of an alternative control method, such as genetic control.

@article{doi101016jjglr202104005,
    author = "Adams, Jean V. and Birceanu, Oana and Chadderton, W. Lindsay and Jones, Michael L. and Lepak, Jesse M. and Seilheimer, Titus S. and Steeves, Todd B. and Sullivan, W. Paul and Wingfield, Jill",
    title = "Trade-offs between suppression and eradication of sea lampreys from the Great Lakes",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "Ecosystem managers confronted with newly invasive species may respond with a program of suppression or eradication. Suppression of an invasive species refers to management of a species such that its effect on other biota in the local ecosystem is acceptable. Eradication is the removal of all individuals of a species from a defined region. We examine the cost and benefit trade-offs between suppression and eradication of Laurentian Great Lakes sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) based on discussions at the 3rd Sea Lamprey International Symposium (held in 2019). Substantial effort has been expended annually since the 1960s to suppress sea lampreys in the Great Lakes basin. Choosing between suppression and eradication is a value judgement, ideally made jointly by scientists, decision-makers, stakeholders, and society. Successful large-scale eradications have been limited to a small number of cases for which the cost to human society justified and supported the long-term commitment necessary for success. The greatest challenge to successful eradication of sea lampreys from the Great Lakes may be a suitable social, political, legal, and institutional environment. Preparations could be made now for a transition in which public pushback on current control methods (pesticide applications and barriers to fish passage) leads to more extensive use of an alternative control method, such as genetic control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.04.005",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.04.005",
    openalex = "W3158327378",
    references = "jones2021eradication"
}

This paper synthesizes information on the at-sea ecology of ten anadromous lampreys, with emphasis on trophic ecology. The at-sea ecology of these lampreys concerns the juvenile stage, in which growth is most rapid. Anadromous lampreys can be categorized into four groups, based on feeding modalities: 1) scavenger (Caspian lamprey, Caspiomyzon wagneri); 2) parasite-predator (Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus); 3) predators (western river lamprey, Lampetra ayresii; European river lamprey, L. fluviatilis; Arctic lamprey, Lethenteron camtschaticum; pouched lamprey, Geotria australis; and Argentinian pouched lamprey, G. macrostoma); and 4) parasites (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus; Chilean lamprey, Mordacia lapicida; and short-headed lamprey, M. mordax). This paper discusses direct evidence for lamprey feeding ecology, as observed through lamprey-induced wounds on hosts and prey, and lamprey attachments on hosts and prey; and indirect evidence for feeding ecology, via analyses of fatty acids, stable isotopes, contaminants, and bioenergetics modelling. A part of the information presented on feeding ecology is from landlocked sea lamprey, and in some instances this information can be generalizable to anadromous populations. For most anadromous lampreys, but particularly for Southern Hemisphere taxa, little is known about their feeding ecology at sea. Duration of the trophic marine phase and habitat use are still subjects of debate. Species identified as lamprey hosts can be demersal or pelagic, possibly reflecting marine habitat preferences. To unlock understanding of the marine phase of anadromous lampreys, direct evidence of feeding ecology should be coupled with natural (i.e., biomarkers) and artificial (e.g., biologgers) markers to identify habitat use, movement patterns and dispersal.

@article{doi101016jjglr202107008,
    author = "Quintella, Bernardo R. and Clemens, Benjamin J. and Sutton, Trent M. and Lança, Maria João and Madenjian, Charles P. and Happel, Austin and Harvey, Chris J.",
    title = "At-sea feeding ecology of parasitic lampreys",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "This paper synthesizes information on the at-sea ecology of ten anadromous lampreys, with emphasis on trophic ecology. The at-sea ecology of these lampreys concerns the juvenile stage, in which growth is most rapid. Anadromous lampreys can be categorized into four groups, based on feeding modalities: 1) scavenger (Caspian lamprey, Caspiomyzon wagneri); 2) parasite-predator (Pacific lamprey, Entosphenus tridentatus); 3) predators (western river lamprey, Lampetra ayresii; European river lamprey, L. fluviatilis; Arctic lamprey, Lethenteron camtschaticum; pouched lamprey, Geotria australis; and Argentinian pouched lamprey, G. macrostoma); and 4) parasites (sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus; Chilean lamprey, Mordacia lapicida; and short-headed lamprey, M. mordax). This paper discusses direct evidence for lamprey feeding ecology, as observed through lamprey-induced wounds on hosts and prey, and lamprey attachments on hosts and prey; and indirect evidence for feeding ecology, via analyses of fatty acids, stable isotopes, contaminants, and bioenergetics modelling. A part of the information presented on feeding ecology is from landlocked sea lamprey, and in some instances this information can be generalizable to anadromous populations. For most anadromous lampreys, but particularly for Southern Hemisphere taxa, little is known about their feeding ecology at sea. Duration of the trophic marine phase and habitat use are still subjects of debate. Species identified as lamprey hosts can be demersal or pelagic, possibly reflecting marine habitat preferences. To unlock understanding of the marine phase of anadromous lampreys, direct evidence of feeding ecology should be coupled with natural (i.e., biomarkers) and artificial (e.g., biologgers) markers to identify habitat use, movement patterns and dispersal.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.07.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.07.008",
    openalex = "W3196025427",
    references = "doi101007s11160019095788, doi101371journalpone0233792"
}

The periodic application of chemical lampricides that selectively kill larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in their nursery habitats remains a primary component of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s (GLFC) Sea Lamprey Control Program in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lampricides include 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide, the 2-aminoethanol salt of 2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide, which may be used as an additive to TFM during stream treatments, or alone in a granular, bottom-release formulation to target sea lamprey larvae in deepwater environments where dilution would render TFM ineffective. During the early 1990s, the GLFC identified lampricide reduction targets in response to societal concerns with pesticide use, rising lampricide costs, and promising research into alternative controls. By 1999, the GLFC’s control agents, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), had reduced TFM use by 36%. However, without effective alternative methods to compensate for increasing larval and juvenile production, sea lamprey abundance and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) marking rates rose throughout the Great Lakes. Beginning in the early 2000s, the GLFC and its control agents responded to burgeoning sea lamprey populations by implementing measures to advance the use of lampricides, which included: 1) assessing and controlling sea lamprey larvae that survived treatment; 2) enhancing treatment efficacy; 3) developing new technology to effectively treat larval populations that inhabit deepwater environments; 4) increasing operational capacity to treat more tributaries and lentic areas at shorter intervals; and, 5) conducting large-scale and targeted treatment strategies. When comparing lampricide use between the decades of 1990–1999 and 2010–2019, significant increases occurred in the mean number of treatments and amounts of TFM and niclosamide applied annually. Concurrent with these actions, researchers undertook studies to identify factors that erode lampricide treatment efficiency, elucidate physiological mode of action, and investigate lethal and sub-lethal impacts of lampricide exposure on aquatic organisms. By integrating new operational tactics and strategies with advances in science and technology, the GLFC, DFO, and USFWS, with support from the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, have achieved unprecedented suppression of sea lampreys and reduction in lake trout marking in the Great Lakes. However, emerging challenges potentially threaten the future use of lampricides.

@article{doi101016jjglr202108009,
    author = "Sullivan, W. Paul and Burkett, Dale P. and Boogaard, Michael A. and Criger, Lori A. and Freiburger, Christopher E. and Hubert, Terrance D. and Leistner, Keith G. and Morrison, Bruce J. and Nowicki, Shawn M. and Robertson, Shawn N.P. and Rowlinson, Alan K. and Scotland, Barry J. and Sullivan, Timothy B.",
    title = "Advances in the use of lampricides to control sea lampreys in the Laurentian Great Lakes, 2000–2019",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The periodic application of chemical lampricides that selectively kill larval sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) in their nursery habitats remains a primary component of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission’s (GLFC) Sea Lamprey Control Program in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lampricides include 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) and niclosamide, the 2-aminoethanol salt of 2′, 5-dichloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide, which may be used as an additive to TFM during stream treatments, or alone in a granular, bottom-release formulation to target sea lamprey larvae in deepwater environments where dilution would render TFM ineffective. During the early 1990s, the GLFC identified lampricide reduction targets in response to societal concerns with pesticide use, rising lampricide costs, and promising research into alternative controls. By 1999, the GLFC’s control agents, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), had reduced TFM use by 36\%. However, without effective alternative methods to compensate for increasing larval and juvenile production, sea lamprey abundance and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) marking rates rose throughout the Great Lakes. Beginning in the early 2000s, the GLFC and its control agents responded to burgeoning sea lamprey populations by implementing measures to advance the use of lampricides, which included: 1) assessing and controlling sea lamprey larvae that survived treatment; 2) enhancing treatment efficacy; 3) developing new technology to effectively treat larval populations that inhabit deepwater environments; 4) increasing operational capacity to treat more tributaries and lentic areas at shorter intervals; and, 5) conducting large-scale and targeted treatment strategies. When comparing lampricide use between the decades of 1990–1999 and 2010–2019, significant increases occurred in the mean number of treatments and amounts of TFM and niclosamide applied annually. Concurrent with these actions, researchers undertook studies to identify factors that erode lampricide treatment efficiency, elucidate physiological mode of action, and investigate lethal and sub-lethal impacts of lampricide exposure on aquatic organisms. By integrating new operational tactics and strategies with advances in science and technology, the GLFC, DFO, and USFWS, with support from the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, have achieved unprecedented suppression of sea lampreys and reduction in lake trout marking in the Great Lakes. However, emerging challenges potentially threaten the future use of lampricides.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.009",
    openalex = "W3196734913",
    references = "doi101016jaquatox201812012, doi101038s41598019542605"
}

Beginning with the first lampricide treatments of Lake Huron streams in 1960, applying lampricides and maintaining barriers to migration in Lake Huron tributaries continue to be the primary methods of controlling sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). In years leading up to the new millennium, sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron remained at high levels, yet well below the pre-control adult abundance estimate of 700,000 adults. Two decades later, a variety of sea lamprey control strategies have been developed and employed to further reduce sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron. In recent years, record low numbers have been achieved and continue to be at or near target levels for sea lamprey abundance. The St. Marys River continues to be one of the largest producers of sea lampreys to Lake Huron and additional actions have been taken to address this challenge. Controlling larval abundance in the St. Marys River along with increasing lampricide treatments throughout the basin and focusing on the largest sea lamprey producing streams have contributed to the decline in sea lamprey abundance. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) restoration efforts along with increased sea lamprey control has facilitated natural reproduction and increase in wild stocks across the basin. The fish community objective for sea lampreys in Lake Huron has not been entirely met and efforts to achieve this objective are ongoing.

@article{doi101016jjglr202108016,
    author = "Nowicki, Shawn M. and Criger, Lori A. and Hrodey, Peter J. and Sullivan, W. Paul and Neave, Fraser B. and He, Ji X. and Gorenflo, Tom K.",
    title = "A case history of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) abundance and control in Lake Huron: 2000–2019",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "Beginning with the first lampricide treatments of Lake Huron streams in 1960, applying lampricides and maintaining barriers to migration in Lake Huron tributaries continue to be the primary methods of controlling sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus). In years leading up to the new millennium, sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron remained at high levels, yet well below the pre-control adult abundance estimate of 700,000 adults. Two decades later, a variety of sea lamprey control strategies have been developed and employed to further reduce sea lamprey abundance in Lake Huron. In recent years, record low numbers have been achieved and continue to be at or near target levels for sea lamprey abundance. The St. Marys River continues to be one of the largest producers of sea lampreys to Lake Huron and additional actions have been taken to address this challenge. Controlling larval abundance in the St. Marys River along with increasing lampricide treatments throughout the basin and focusing on the largest sea lamprey producing streams have contributed to the decline in sea lamprey abundance. Lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) restoration efforts along with increased sea lamprey control has facilitated natural reproduction and increase in wild stocks across the basin. The fish community objective for sea lampreys in Lake Huron has not been entirely met and efforts to achieve this objective are ongoing.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.016",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.08.016",
    openalex = "W3199598712",
    references = "jones2021eradication"
}

The lampricides TFM and niclosamide are added to streams to control invasive larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lampricide effectiveness depends upon TFM and niclosamide bioavailability which is influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors. For example, at lower pH, TFM bioavailability is higher because a greater proportion exists as un-ionized TFM (TFM-OH), which easily crosses the gills. At higher pH, however, the negatively charged ionized species of TFM (TFM-O−) predominates, which is less easily taken-up, meaning more TFM must be applied. Although water alkalinity does not directly affect TFM speciation, as a buffer it influences how much expired water crossing the gills is acidified by CO2 and metabolic acid excretion. In poorly buffered waters, greater acidification of the expired water increases TFM bioavailability in the gill microenvironment than in better buffered, higher alkalinity waters where more TFM must be applied. Hence, sea lamprey and non-target fishes such as lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are more sensitive to lampricides in low pH, low alkalinity waters. Differences in gill structure and microenvironment acidification might also explain why TFM sensitivity of young-of-the-year lake sturgeon approaches or exceeds that of sea lamprey in higher alkalinity waters. Other biotic factors such as body size and metabolic rate also contribute to differences in lampricide sensitivity. We conclude that better understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing lampricide bioavailability can be used to refine treatment protocols to improve lampricide effectiveness and to better protect non-target fishes from lampricide toxicity.

@article{doi101016jjglr202109005,
    author = "Wilkie, Michael P. and Tessier, Laura R. and Boogaard, Michael A. and O’Connor, Lisa and Birceanu, Oana and Steeves, Todd B. and Sullivan, W. Paul",
    title = "Lampricide bioavailability and toxicity to invasive sea lamprey and non-target fishes: The importance of alkalinity, pH, and the gill microenvironment",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The lampricides TFM and niclosamide are added to streams to control invasive larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Lampricide effectiveness depends upon TFM and niclosamide bioavailability which is influenced by both abiotic and biotic factors. For example, at lower pH, TFM bioavailability is higher because a greater proportion exists as un-ionized TFM (TFM-OH), which easily crosses the gills. At higher pH, however, the negatively charged ionized species of TFM (TFM-O−) predominates, which is less easily taken-up, meaning more TFM must be applied. Although water alkalinity does not directly affect TFM speciation, as a buffer it influences how much expired water crossing the gills is acidified by CO2 and metabolic acid excretion. In poorly buffered waters, greater acidification of the expired water increases TFM bioavailability in the gill microenvironment than in better buffered, higher alkalinity waters where more TFM must be applied. Hence, sea lamprey and non-target fishes such as lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) are more sensitive to lampricides in low pH, low alkalinity waters. Differences in gill structure and microenvironment acidification might also explain why TFM sensitivity of young-of-the-year lake sturgeon approaches or exceeds that of sea lamprey in higher alkalinity waters. Other biotic factors such as body size and metabolic rate also contribute to differences in lampricide sensitivity. We conclude that better understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing lampricide bioavailability can be used to refine treatment protocols to improve lampricide effectiveness and to better protect non-target fishes from lampricide toxicity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.09.005",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.09.005",
    openalex = "W3210177423",
    references = "doi101007s00360020013051"
}

The sensitivity of larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) varies with season, with highest sensitivity in spring and tolerance increasing by 2- to 3-fold in the mid-late summer. Until recently, the physiological basis for these differences was unresolved. Using previously published and unpublished findings, we illustrate how the acute toxicity of TFM (12-h LC50, 12-h LC99.9) changes with season in two populations of larval sea lamprey collected through the spring, summer and fall from Deer Creek and the Au Sable River, Michigan, U.S.A. Our findings reveal that the greater TFM tolerance of larval sea lamprey in the summer is most closely related to increases in water temperature. Although the energy reserves (glycogen, lipid) and body condition of larval sea lamprey may be lower in the spring after overwintering, these physiological indices have little impact on TFM sensitivity. We therefore conclude that water temperature, rather than energy stores or body condition, explains the greater tolerance of sea lamprey to TFM in the summer. We propose that as water temperature increases through the spring and summer, and approaches the thermal optima of larval sea lamprey, their metabolic rate and capacity to detoxify TFM increases, which slows the rate at which TFM accumulates in the body, despite concurrent increases in TFM uptake rate. We therefore recommend that water temperature be considered when planning and executing lampricide applications to mitigate temperature-induced increases in sea lamprey tolerance to TFM that could undermine sea lamprey control efforts in the Great Lakes.

@article{doi101016jjglr202110002,
    author = "Hlina, Benjamin L. and Birceanu, Oana and Robinson, Christopher and Dhiyebi, Hadi A. and Wilkie, Michael P.",
    title = "The relationship between thermal physiology and lampricide sensitivity in larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The sensitivity of larval sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) to the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) varies with season, with highest sensitivity in spring and tolerance increasing by 2- to 3-fold in the mid-late summer. Until recently, the physiological basis for these differences was unresolved. Using previously published and unpublished findings, we illustrate how the acute toxicity of TFM (12-h LC50, 12-h LC99.9) changes with season in two populations of larval sea lamprey collected through the spring, summer and fall from Deer Creek and the Au Sable River, Michigan, U.S.A. Our findings reveal that the greater TFM tolerance of larval sea lamprey in the summer is most closely related to increases in water temperature. Although the energy reserves (glycogen, lipid) and body condition of larval sea lamprey may be lower in the spring after overwintering, these physiological indices have little impact on TFM sensitivity. We therefore conclude that water temperature, rather than energy stores or body condition, explains the greater tolerance of sea lamprey to TFM in the summer. We propose that as water temperature increases through the spring and summer, and approaches the thermal optima of larval sea lamprey, their metabolic rate and capacity to detoxify TFM increases, which slows the rate at which TFM accumulates in the body, despite concurrent increases in TFM uptake rate. We therefore recommend that water temperature be considered when planning and executing lampricide applications to mitigate temperature-induced increases in sea lamprey tolerance to TFM that could undermine sea lamprey control efforts in the Great Lakes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.002",
    openalex = "W3209433451",
    references = "doi101016jaquatox201812012, doi101093conphyscox031, doi101098rspb20170262"
}

The invasive sea lamprey was a significant factor in the collapse of fish stocks in the Great Lakes, and it continues to threaten the multi-billion-dollar fishing industry. Thus, substantial resources are invested annually on sea lamprey control. Current control strategies have reduced sea lamprey populations by up to 90%, but they are expensive and have some limitations, e.g., lamprey-specific biocides applied to larval habitat impact native lampreys, and physical barriers that block adult lamprey access to spawning habitat impede migration of other fishes. Therefore, genetic control options which offer a theoretically powerful and effective pest control tool are being explored, although they have uncertain sociopolitical support, especially given the need to protect sea lamprey in their native range in Atlantic drainages. Here, we present an overview of genetic approaches with potential for application to sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes. We classify these approaches into two major categories: self-limiting (heritable sex ratio ratchet, Trojan gene, split gene drive) and self-sustaining (gene drive-based sex ratio distortion, homing suppression gene drive, toxin-antidote gene drives, and modification-type gene drives to aid suppression). We describe the technical aspects, challenges, and potential application of each method, focusing on gene drives, a fast-evolving research area that was only a distant option for sea lamprey control in previous reviews. We conclude that, given the risk of undesired spread of deleterious alleles from the Great Lakes, self-limiting genetic control options and confined gene drives will likely be preferred over unconfined gene drive options for sea lamprey control.

@article{doi101016jjglr202110018,
    author = "Ferreira-Martins, Diogo and Champer, Jackson and McCauley, David W. and Zhang, Zhe and Docker, Margaret F.",
    title = "Genetic control of invasive sea lamprey in the Great Lakes",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    abstract = "The invasive sea lamprey was a significant factor in the collapse of fish stocks in the Great Lakes, and it continues to threaten the multi-billion-dollar fishing industry. Thus, substantial resources are invested annually on sea lamprey control. Current control strategies have reduced sea lamprey populations by up to 90\%, but they are expensive and have some limitations, e.g., lamprey-specific biocides applied to larval habitat impact native lampreys, and physical barriers that block adult lamprey access to spawning habitat impede migration of other fishes. Therefore, genetic control options which offer a theoretically powerful and effective pest control tool are being explored, although they have uncertain sociopolitical support, especially given the need to protect sea lamprey in their native range in Atlantic drainages. Here, we present an overview of genetic approaches with potential for application to sea lamprey control in the Great Lakes. We classify these approaches into two major categories: self-limiting (heritable sex ratio ratchet, Trojan gene, split gene drive) and self-sustaining (gene drive-based sex ratio distortion, homing suppression gene drive, toxin-antidote gene drives, and modification-type gene drives to aid suppression). We describe the technical aspects, challenges, and potential application of each method, focusing on gene drives, a fast-evolving research area that was only a distant option for sea lamprey control in previous reviews. We conclude that, given the risk of undesired spread of deleterious alleles from the Great Lakes, self-limiting genetic control options and confined gene drives will likely be preferred over unconfined gene drive options for sea lamprey control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.018",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2021.10.018",
    openalex = "W3213624809",
    references = "doi10100797894024168485, doi101098rspb20170262, jones2021eradication"
}

The control of parasitic sea lamprey in Lake Champlain has been a necessary component of its fishery restoration and recovery goals for 30 years. While adopting the approach of the larger and established sea lamprey control program of the Laurentian Great Lakes, local differences emerged that shifted management focus and effort as the program evolved. Increased investment in lamprey assessment and monitoring revealed under-estimations of population density and distribution in the basin, where insufficient control efforts went unnoticed. As control efforts improved in response to a better understanding of the population, the effects of lamprey on the fishery lessened. A long-term evaluation of fishery responses when lamprey control was started, interrupted, delayed, and enhanced provided evidence of a recurring relationship between the level of control effort applied and the measured suppression of the parasitic sea lamprey population. Changes in levels of control efforts over time showed repeatedly that measurable suppression of the parasitic population required effective control of 80% of the known larval population. Understanding the importance of assessment and monitoring and the relationship between control effort and population suppression has led to recognition that a comprehensive, not incremental, approach is needed to achieve effective control of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain.

@article{doi103390fishes6010002,
    author = "Young, Bradley and Allaire, BJ and Smith, Stephen J.",
    title = "Achieving Sea Lamprey Control in Lake Champlain",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Fishes",
    abstract = "The control of parasitic sea lamprey in Lake Champlain has been a necessary component of its fishery restoration and recovery goals for 30 years. While adopting the approach of the larger and established sea lamprey control program of the Laurentian Great Lakes, local differences emerged that shifted management focus and effort as the program evolved. Increased investment in lamprey assessment and monitoring revealed under-estimations of population density and distribution in the basin, where insufficient control efforts went unnoticed. As control efforts improved in response to a better understanding of the population, the effects of lamprey on the fishery lessened. A long-term evaluation of fishery responses when lamprey control was started, interrupted, delayed, and enhanced provided evidence of a recurring relationship between the level of control effort applied and the measured suppression of the parasitic sea lamprey population. Changes in levels of control efforts over time showed repeatedly that measurable suppression of the parasitic population required effective control of 80\% of the known larval population. Understanding the importance of assessment and monitoring and the relationship between control effort and population suppression has led to recognition that a comprehensive, not incremental, approach is needed to achieve effective control of sea lamprey in Lake Champlain.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes6010002",
    doi = "10.3390/fishes6010002",
    openalex = "W3122589589",
    references = "jones2021eradication"
}

@article{jones2021eradication,
    author = "Jones, Michael L. and Adams, Jean V.",
    title = "Eradication of sea lampreys from the Laurentian Great Lakes is possible",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Great Lakes Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2020.04.011",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jglr.2020.04.011",
    openalex = "W3024158042",
    pages = "S776-S781",
    volume = "47",
    references = "doi101007s105300130495y, doi101016jbiocon201501009, doi101016jtree201207013, doi101016jtree201703007, doi101017cbo9780511790942, doi101098rsbl20150623, doi1015771548865919951240235eflohb23co2, doi1018637jssv012i03, openalexw1999748030, openalexw3036409601"
}

@article{adams2022estimation,
    author = "Adams, Jean V. and Jones, Michael L.",
    title = "Estimation of lake-scale stock-recruitment models for Great Lakes sea lampreys",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Ecological Modelling",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109916",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.109916",
    openalex = "W4214853723",
    pages = "109916",
    volume = "467",
    references = "doi101007bf00042883, doi101016jtree200612002, doi101080026647632013817041, doi101086282553, doi101111jac12220, doi101139f99201, doi1021105joss01686, doi1023072531565, doi1023073802723, jones2021eradication, openalexw1999748030"
}

Abstract Breeding mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations in the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, USA) declined by >40% between 2000–2022 based on abundance data collected during spring aerial surveys. Mallards are an important waterfowl species in this region, where an estimated 60–80% of the mallard harvest is composed of locally banded birds. Extensive population monitoring datasets are available for mallards, presenting an opportunity to address complex questions such as estimating productivity at large spatial and temporal scales, identifying the effects of harvest on mallard demography, quantifying mechanisms for harvest compensation, and integrating multiple datasets to quantify the demographic drivers of population change. Our objective was to simultaneously examine factors affecting demographic parameters and their relative contribution to Great Lakes mallard population dynamics. We used 32 years of banding, band recovery, and aerial survey data collected for mallards from Michigan and Wisconsin to develop an integrated population model (IPM). We used age ratios at banding to estimate productivity, band recoveries from hunter‐harvested birds to estimate annual survival and cause‐specific mortality (i.e., harvest or non‐hunting), and modeled abundance using aerial survey and demographic parameter estimates from 1991–2022. The IPM results indicated the decline in Great Lakes mallard abundance was caused by increased non‐hunting mortality and a decline in productivity. Productivity varied spatially but temporally declined with the loss of Conservation Reserve Program area. Moreover, our productivity assessment provided evidence of density dependence in reproduction. Non‐hunting mortality was 3.5–6.7 times and 1.3–4.2 times greater than harvest mortality for adult and juvenile female mallards, respectively, indicating environmental factors during spring and summer, not harvest, most greatly influenced annual mortality for female mallards. Our IPM reduced uncertainty in the factors affecting Great Lakes mallard population dynamics and indicated management actions that address non‐hunting mortality and productivity would be most effective in increasing Great Lakes mallard abundance.

@article{doi101002jwmg22702,
    author = "Luukkonen, Benjamin Z. and Winterstein, Scott R. and Hayes, Daniel B. and Fowler, Drew N. and Soulliere, Gregory J. and Coluccy, John M. and Shipley, Amy A. and Simpson, John and Shirkey, Brendan T. and Winiarski, Jason M. and O’Neal, Benjamin J. and Avers, Barbara A. and Urquhart, Gerald R. and Lavretsky, Philip",
    title = "Great Lakes mallard population dynamics",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of Wildlife Management",
    abstract = "Abstract Breeding mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations in the Great Lakes region (Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, USA) declined by >40\% between 2000–2022 based on abundance data collected during spring aerial surveys. Mallards are an important waterfowl species in this region, where an estimated 60–80\% of the mallard harvest is composed of locally banded birds. Extensive population monitoring datasets are available for mallards, presenting an opportunity to address complex questions such as estimating productivity at large spatial and temporal scales, identifying the effects of harvest on mallard demography, quantifying mechanisms for harvest compensation, and integrating multiple datasets to quantify the demographic drivers of population change. Our objective was to simultaneously examine factors affecting demographic parameters and their relative contribution to Great Lakes mallard population dynamics. We used 32 years of banding, band recovery, and aerial survey data collected for mallards from Michigan and Wisconsin to develop an integrated population model (IPM). We used age ratios at banding to estimate productivity, band recoveries from hunter‐harvested birds to estimate annual survival and cause‐specific mortality (i.e., harvest or non‐hunting), and modeled abundance using aerial survey and demographic parameter estimates from 1991–2022. The IPM results indicated the decline in Great Lakes mallard abundance was caused by increased non‐hunting mortality and a decline in productivity. Productivity varied spatially but temporally declined with the loss of Conservation Reserve Program area. Moreover, our productivity assessment provided evidence of density dependence in reproduction. Non‐hunting mortality was 3.5–6.7 times and 1.3–4.2 times greater than harvest mortality for adult and juvenile female mallards, respectively, indicating environmental factors during spring and summer, not harvest, most greatly influenced annual mortality for female mallards. Our IPM reduced uncertainty in the factors affecting Great Lakes mallard population dynamics and indicated management actions that address non‐hunting mortality and productivity would be most effective in increasing Great Lakes mallard abundance.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.22702",
    doi = "10.1002/jwmg.22702",
    openalex = "W4405337289",
    references = "doi101139cjz20170224"
}

Invasive sea lamprey inhabiting the North American Laurentian Great Lakes are the target of the world's longest running vertebrate invasive species control program. However, metapopulation dynamics comprising survival and dispersal during the sea lampreys’ lake-resident life stages are poorly understood. We applied acoustic telemetry and continuous-time multistate capture–recapture modeling to address this knowledge gap in Lake Erie. We acoustic-tagged sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (n = 619) and deployed acoustic receivers into all known connected waterways containing larval sea lamprey rearing habitat (n = 23), including the Detroit River (connecting Lake Erie to Lake Huron) and distributaries to Lake Ontario. Distribution of tagged sea lamprey to putative spawning waterways was shaped by heterogeneous stream attractiveness and distance-limited dispersal. Using parameter estimates from our capture–recapture model and simulation, we predicted survival and dispersal outcomes for a hypothetical sea lamprey population evenly distributed throughout Lake Erie at the beginning of January (34% pre-spawn mortality, 45% dispersal into Lake Erie tributaries, 19% dispersal into the Detroit River, and 2% dispersal into Lake Ontario). The methodology we applied may be widely useful for investigating dispersal and survival of aquatic organisms.

@article{doi101139cjfas20250103,
    author = "Lewandoski, Sean A. and Holbrook, Christopher M.",
    title = "Dispersal and survival of sea lamprey in Lake Erie and connected waterways",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences",
    abstract = "Invasive sea lamprey inhabiting the North American Laurentian Great Lakes are the target of the world's longest running vertebrate invasive species control program. However, metapopulation dynamics comprising survival and dispersal during the sea lampreys’ lake-resident life stages are poorly understood. We applied acoustic telemetry and continuous-time multistate capture–recapture modeling to address this knowledge gap in Lake Erie. We acoustic-tagged sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus (n = 619) and deployed acoustic receivers into all known connected waterways containing larval sea lamprey rearing habitat (n = 23), including the Detroit River (connecting Lake Erie to Lake Huron) and distributaries to Lake Ontario. Distribution of tagged sea lamprey to putative spawning waterways was shaped by heterogeneous stream attractiveness and distance-limited dispersal. Using parameter estimates from our capture–recapture model and simulation, we predicted survival and dispersal outcomes for a hypothetical sea lamprey population evenly distributed throughout Lake Erie at the beginning of January (34\% pre-spawn mortality, 45\% dispersal into Lake Erie tributaries, 19\% dispersal into the Detroit River, and 2\% dispersal into Lake Ontario). The methodology we applied may be widely useful for investigating dispersal and survival of aquatic organisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2025-0103",
    doi = "10.1139/cjfas-2025-0103",
    openalex = "W4413820633",
    references = "adams2022estimation"
}