Green revolution

@misc{brown1970seeds1,
    author = "Brown, J. L",
    title = "Seeds of change. The green revolution and development in the 1970's",
    year = "1970",
    howpublished = "New York, Praeger",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brown, J. L., 1970, Seeds of change. The green revolution and development in the 1970's: New York, Praeger.}"
}

@book{openalexw2074230936,
    author = "Brown, Lester R.",
    title = "Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Medical Entomology and Zoology",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2074230936",
    openalex = "W2074230936"
}

@article{ruttan1970seeds,
    author = "Ruttan, V. W.",
    title = "Seeds of Change. The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's. Lester R. Brown. Published for the Overseas Development Council by Praeger, New York, 1970. xvi + 208 pp., illus. Cloth, $6.95; paper, $2.50",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.168.3932.690-a",
    doi = "10.1126/science.168.3932.690-a",
    number = "3932",
    openalex = "W2083301746",
    pages = "690-691",
    volume = "168"
}

@article{doi1023072172758,
    author = "Pirie, N. W. and Brown, Lester R.",
    title = "Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's.",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Population Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2172758",
    doi = "10.2307/2172758",
    openalex = "W2564654609"
}

@article{hunsberger1971agricultural,
    author = "Hunsberger, Warren S.",
    title = "Agricultural Development in Asia ed. by R. T. Shand, and: Seeds of Change. The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970’s by Lester R. Brown (review)",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Technology and Culture",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1353/tech.1971.a894034",
    doi = "10.1353/tech.1971.a894034",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4383460419",
    pages = "146-150",
    volume = "12"
}

@article{pirie1971seeds,
    author = "Pirie, N. W. and Brown, Lester R.",
    title = "Seeds of Change: The Green Revolution and Development in the 1970's.",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Population Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2172758",
    doi = "10.2307/2172758",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2564654609",
    pages = "149",
    volume = "25"
}

Misleading findings Useful surveys Total immersion: long and lost?Cost-effectiveness Four ways in and out -Ladejinsky's tourism and the green revolution -Senaratne's windows into regions -Reconnaissance for crop improvement -BRAC and the net Conclusions CHAPTER FOUR Whose knowledge?Knowledge, power and prejudice Outsiders' biases Rural people's knowledge 82 -farming practices -knowledge of the environment -rural people's faculties -rural people's experiments The best of both CHAPTER FIVE Integrated rural poverty Outsiders' views of the poor Clusters of disadvantage The deprivation trap 111 -poverty 112 -physical weakness 112 -isolation 113 -vulnerability 113 -powerlessness 113 Vulnerability and poverty ratchets 114 -social conventions 115 -disasters 116 -physical incapacity 116 -unproductive expenditure

@book{openalexw2010189956,
    author = "Chambers, Robert",
    title = "Rural development: putting the last first",
    year = "1983",
    booktitle = "OpenDocs (Institute of Development Studies)",
    abstract = "Misleading findings Useful surveys Total immersion: long and lost?Cost-effectiveness Four ways in and out -Ladejinsky's tourism and the green revolution -Senaratne's windows into regions -Reconnaissance for crop improvement -BRAC and the net Conclusions CHAPTER FOUR Whose knowledge?Knowledge, power and prejudice Outsiders' biases Rural people's knowledge 82 -farming practices -knowledge of the environment -rural people's faculties -rural people's experiments The best of both CHAPTER FIVE Integrated rural poverty Outsiders' views of the poor Clusters of disadvantage The deprivation trap 111 -poverty 112 -physical weakness 112 -isolation 113 -vulnerability 113 -powerlessness 113 Vulnerability and poverty ratchets 114 -social conventions 115 -disasters 116 -physical incapacity 116 -unproductive expenditure",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2010189956",
    openalex = "W2010189956"
}

This article evaluates the impact of the Green Revolution with regard to its impact on food production and production fluctuations, its direct impact on poverty and nutrition, and its indirect income and employment effects. It also considers the role of women in technological change and the environmental effects of the Green Revolution.

@article{doi10108087559128509540765,
    author = "Pinstrup‐Andersen, Per and Hazell, Peter",
    title = "The impact of the green revolution and prospects for the future",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Food Reviews International",
    abstract = "This article evaluates the impact of the Green Revolution with regard to its impact on food production and production fluctuations, its direct impact on poverty and nutrition, and its indirect income and employment effects. It also considers the role of women in technological change and the environmental effects of the Green Revolution.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/87559128509540765",
    doi = "10.1080/87559128509540765",
    openalex = "W2143570438"
}

The choice of the word ‘perspective’ in the title of this lecture exploits the ambiguity to which the English language so happily lends itself. For the lecture will, on the one hand, look back over the valley of the years at the research project on technology and agrarian change in two rice-growing areas, one in Sri Lanka and the other in Tamil Nadu, which was organized from the Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridgejust over ten years ago, remembering some of its findings (see Farmer, 1977) and discussing certain further changes that have taken place in the study area and elsewhere in South Asia in those ten years. The project, it should be said, was inter-disciplinary; involved both sample surveys and studies in depth; and can claim to have attained the fruitful relationship between disciplines and between techniques of field study that some have described as ‘hard to achieve’ (e.g., Hoben and Timberg, 1980).

@article{doi101017s0026749x00013627,
    author = "Farmer, B. H.",
    title = "Perspectives on the ‘Green Revolution’ in South Asia",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Modern Asian Studies",
    abstract = "The choice of the word ‘perspective’ in the title of this lecture exploits the ambiguity to which the English language so happily lends itself. For the lecture will, on the one hand, look back over the valley of the years at the research project on technology and agrarian change in two rice-growing areas, one in Sri Lanka and the other in Tamil Nadu, which was organized from the Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridgejust over ten years ago, remembering some of its findings (see Farmer, 1977) and discussing certain further changes that have taken place in the study area and elsewhere in South Asia in those ten years. The project, it should be said, was inter-disciplinary; involved both sample surveys and studies in depth; and can claim to have attained the fruitful relationship between disciplines and between techniques of field study that some have described as ‘hard to achieve’ (e.g., Hoben and Timberg, 1980).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00013627",
    doi = "10.1017/s0026749x00013627",
    openalex = "W2140844686",
    references = "doi1010160309586x82900565, doi10108003066158108438146, doi10108087559128509540765, doi101086449689, doi1023072172758, doi1023072230054, doi1023072616094, openalexw1995526475, openalexw2010189956, openalexw2074230936, openalexw601401578, pirie1971seeds"
}

* Introduction * 1. Science and Politics in the Green Revolution * 2. 'Miracle Seeds' and the Destruction of Genetic Diversity * 3. Chemical Fertilizers and Soil Fertility * 4. Intensive Irrigation, Large Dams and Water Conflicts * 5. The political and Cultural Costs of the Green Revolution * 6. Pepsico for peace? The Ecological and Political Risks of the Biotechnology Revolution * 7. The Seed and the Spinning Wheel: The Political Ecology of Technological Change

@article{doi1023072760145,
    author = "Leaf, Murray J. and Shiva, Vandana",
    title = "The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and Politics.",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Pacific Affairs",
    abstract = "* Introduction * 1. Science and Politics in the Green Revolution * 2. 'Miracle Seeds' and the Destruction of Genetic Diversity * 3. Chemical Fertilizers and Soil Fertility * 4. Intensive Irrigation, Large Dams and Water Conflicts * 5. The political and Cultural Costs of the Green Revolution * 6. Pepsico for peace? The Ecological and Political Risks of the Biotechnology Revolution * 7. The Seed and the Spinning Wheel: The Political Ecology of Technological Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2760145",
    doi = "10.2307/2760145",
    openalex = "W2130018650"
}

A review of more than 300 studies on the Green Revolution published during 1970–1989 shows that about 80% of those studies which had conclusions on the distributional effects of the new technology found that inequality increased, both interfarm and interregional. This evidence diverges from the position of action agencies which support and participate in this technological strategy toward agricultural and rural development. An evaluation of the studies, using their results as data for a statistical analysis, reveals that the authors' conclusions on the question of whether income concentration increased depended on such structural and methodological characteristics as the regional origin of authors, location of the study area, methodology followed, and the geographic extension of the study area. For example, studies done by Western developed-country authors, those employing an essay approach, and those looking at a multicountry region are most likely to conclude that income inequalities increased. By contrast, work done by Asian-origin authors, with study areas located in India or the Philippines, and using the case method are more likely to conclude that increasing inequality is not associated with the new technology.

@article{doi1010160305750x9400116g,
    author = "Freebairn, Donald K.",
    title = "Did the Green Revolution Concentrate Incomes? A Quantitative Study of Research Reports",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "World Development",
    abstract = "A review of more than 300 studies on the Green Revolution published during 1970–1989 shows that about 80\% of those studies which had conclusions on the distributional effects of the new technology found that inequality increased, both interfarm and interregional. This evidence diverges from the position of action agencies which support and participate in this technological strategy toward agricultural and rural development. An evaluation of the studies, using their results as data for a statistical analysis, reveals that the authors' conclusions on the question of whether income concentration increased depended on such structural and methodological characteristics as the regional origin of authors, location of the study area, methodology followed, and the geographic extension of the study area. For example, studies done by Western developed-country authors, those employing an essay approach, and those looking at a multicountry region are most likely to conclude that income inequalities increased. By contrast, work done by Asian-origin authors, with study areas located in India or the Philippines, and using the case method are more likely to conclude that increasing inequality is not associated with the new technology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(94)00116-g",
    doi = "10.1016/0305-750x(94)00116-g",
    openalex = "W1998228356",
    references = "doi1010160149718982900118, doi1010160304387887900691, doi1010370003066x329752, doi101111j146764351959tb01824x, doi1023071174772, doi1023072172758, doi1023072228861, doi1023072230054, doi1023072282657, doi1023073438684, doi1031020013189x005010003, openalexw2074230936, pirie1971seeds"
}

In the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.

@article{doi101139g99044,
    author = "Khush, G. S.",
    title = "Green revolution: preparing for the 21st century",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Genome",
    abstract = {In the 1960s there were large-scale concerns about the world's ability to feed itself. However, widespread adoption of "green revolution" technology led to major increases in food-grain production. Between 1966 and 1990, the population of the densely populated low-income countries grew by 80\%, but food production more than doubled. The technological advance that led to the dramatic achievements in world food production over the last 30 years was the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. These varieties are responsive to fertilizer inputs, are lodging resistant, and their yield potential is 2-3 times that of varieties available prior to the green revolution. In addition, these varieties have multiple resistance to diseases and insects and thus have yield stability. The development of irrigation facilities, the availability of inorganic fertilizers, and benign government policies have all facilitated the adoption of green-revolution technology. In the 1990s, the rate of growth in food-grain production has been lower than the rate of growth in population. If this trend is not reversed, serious food shortages will occur in the next century. To meet the challenge of feeding 8 billion people by 2020, we have to prepare now and develop the technology for raising farm productivity. We have to develop cereal cultivars with higher yield potential and greater yield stability. We must also develop strategies for integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, and efficient utilization of water and soil resources.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/g99-044",
    doi = "10.1139/g99-044",
    openalex = "W2080443106"
}

@article{doi101016s016788090000219x,
    author = "Singh, Ruchika",
    title = "Environmental consequences of agricultural development: a case study from the Green Revolution state of Haryana, India",
    year = "2000",
    journal = "Agriculture Ecosystems \& Environment",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00219-x",
    doi = "10.1016/s0167-8809(00)00219-x",
    openalex = "W2139796096"
}

We summarize the findings of a recently completed study of the productivity impacts of international crop genetic improvement research in developing countries. Over the period 1960 to 2000, international agricultural research centers, in collaboration with national research programs, contributed to the development of "modern varieties" for many crops. These varieties have contributed to large increases in crop production. Productivity gains, however, have been uneven across crops and regions. Consumers generally benefited from declines in food prices. Farmers benefited only where cost reductions exceeded price reductions.

@article{doi101126science1078710,
    author = "Evenson, Robert E. and Gollin, Douglas",
    title = "Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = {We summarize the findings of a recently completed study of the productivity impacts of international crop genetic improvement research in developing countries. Over the period 1960 to 2000, international agricultural research centers, in collaboration with national research programs, contributed to the development of "modern varieties" for many crops. These varieties have contributed to large increases in crop production. Productivity gains, however, have been uneven across crops and regions. Consumers generally benefited from declines in food prices. Farmers benefited only where cost reductions exceeded price reductions.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1078710",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1078710",
    openalex = "W2074382743"
}

Investigates the circumstances and processes required to establish the new Gene Revolution in which genetically modified crops are tailored to address chronic agricultural problems in specific regions of the world The world is now on the cusp of a new agricultural revolution, the so-called Gene Revolution, in which genetically modified (GM) crops are tailored to address chronic agricultural problems in certain regions of the world. This monograph report investigates the circumstances and processes that can induce and sustain this new agricultural revolution. The authors compare the Green Revolution of the 20th century with the GM crop movement to assess the agricultural, technological, sociological, and political differences between the two movements.

@book{openalexw638400612,
    author = "Wu, Felicia and Butz, William",
    title = "The Future of Genetically Modified Crops: Lessons from the Green Revolution",
    year = "2004",
    abstract = "Investigates the circumstances and processes required to establish the new Gene Revolution in which genetically modified crops are tailored to address chronic agricultural problems in specific regions of the world The world is now on the cusp of a new agricultural revolution, the so-called Gene Revolution, in which genetically modified (GM) crops are tailored to address chronic agricultural problems in certain regions of the world. This monograph report investigates the circumstances and processes that can induce and sustain this new agricultural revolution. The authors compare the Green Revolution of the 20th century with the GM crop movement to assess the agricultural, technological, sociological, and political differences between the two movements.",
    openalex = "W638400612",
    references = "doi101017s0026749x00013627"
}

Abstract This paper analyses the experiences of over 35 years of Green Revolution (GR) technology in villages of the Bulandshahr District, western UP. Fieldwork in three villages revealed that perceptions of GR were extremely positive because higher yields brought food security for all in the area, and financial security for many. Indirect benefits, such as urban development, have improved employment opportunities – which have benefited even the poorest – and rural electrification has transformed rural livelihoods, especially for women. Predictably, the benefits of GR technology are not equally spread: the poorest are better off, but the gap between rich and poor is now greater than ever. As gently declining yields are paralleled by growing populations, farmers are interested in further increasing land productivity.

@article{doi10108000220380601125180,
    author = "Baker, Kathleen M. and Jewitt, Sarah",
    title = "Evaluating 35 years of Green Revolution technology in villages of Bulandshahr district, western UP, North India",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "The Journal of Development Studies",
    abstract = "Abstract This paper analyses the experiences of over 35 years of Green Revolution (GR) technology in villages of the Bulandshahr District, western UP. Fieldwork in three villages revealed that perceptions of GR were extremely positive because higher yields brought food security for all in the area, and financial security for many. Indirect benefits, such as urban development, have improved employment opportunities – which have benefited even the poorest – and rural electrification has transformed rural livelihoods, especially for women. Predictably, the benefits of GR technology are not equally spread: the poorest are better off, but the gap between rich and poor is now greater than ever. As gently declining yields are paralleled by growing populations, farmers are interested in further increasing land productivity.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380601125180",
    doi = "10.1080/00220380601125180",
    openalex = "W2011104552",
    references = "doi101017s0026749x00013627"
}

A detailed retrospective of the Green Revolution, its achievement and limits in terms of agricultural productivity improvement, and its broader impact at social, environmental, and economic levels is provided. Lessons learned and the strategic insights are reviewed as the world is preparing a "redux" version of the Green Revolution with more integrative environmental and social impact combined with agricultural and economic development. Core policy directions for Green Revolution 2.0 that enhance the spread and sustainable adoption of productivity enhancing technologies are specified.

@article{doi101073pnas0912953109,
    author = "Pingali, Prabhu",
    title = "Green Revolution: Impacts, limits, and the path ahead",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = {A detailed retrospective of the Green Revolution, its achievement and limits in terms of agricultural productivity improvement, and its broader impact at social, environmental, and economic levels is provided. Lessons learned and the strategic insights are reviewed as the world is preparing a "redux" version of the Green Revolution with more integrative environmental and social impact combined with agricultural and economic development. Core policy directions for Green Revolution 2.0 that enhance the spread and sustainable adoption of productivity enhancing technologies are specified.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0912953109",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.0912953109",
    openalex = "W2095867549",
    references = "doi101016jgloenvcha200310008, doi101017cbo9780511817434, doi101073pnas0914216107, doi101093wber1011, doi101098rstb20051744, doi101126science1078710, doi105860choice454765, openalexw2066376885, openalexw2561755977, openalexw3013984851"
}

To combat climate change and hunger, a number of governments, foundations and aid agencies have called for a ‘New Green Revolution’. Such calls obfuscate the dynamics of the Green Revolution. Using Arrighi's analysis of capital accumulation cycles, it is possible to trace a Long Green Revolution that spans the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Such an analysis illuminates commonalities in past and present Green Revolutions, including their bases in class struggles and crises of accumulation, modes of governance – particularly in the links between governments and philanthropic institutions – and the institutions through which truths about agricultural change were produced and became known. Such an analysis also suggests processes of continuity between the original Green Revolution and features of twenty-first-century agricultural change, while providing a historical grounding in international financial capital's structural changes to help explain some of the novel features that accompany the New Green Revolution, such as ‘land grabs’, patents on life, and nutritionism.

@article{doi101080030661502012719224,
    author = "Patel, Raj",
    title = "The Long Green Revolution",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "The Journal of Peasant Studies",
    abstract = "To combat climate change and hunger, a number of governments, foundations and aid agencies have called for a ‘New Green Revolution’. Such calls obfuscate the dynamics of the Green Revolution. Using Arrighi's analysis of capital accumulation cycles, it is possible to trace a Long Green Revolution that spans the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Such an analysis illuminates commonalities in past and present Green Revolutions, including their bases in class struggles and crises of accumulation, modes of governance – particularly in the links between governments and philanthropic institutions – and the institutions through which truths about agricultural change were produced and became known. Such an analysis also suggests processes of continuity between the original Green Revolution and features of twenty-first-century agricultural change, while providing a historical grounding in international financial capital's structural changes to help explain some of the novel features that accompany the New Green Revolution, such as ‘land grabs’, patents on life, and nutritionism.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.719224",
    doi = "10.1080/03066150.2012.719224",
    openalex = "W2029983019",
    references = "doi1010160305750x9400116g, doi101080030661502012674940"
}

In the face of recurrent global food crises, institutions of the corporate food regime propose a new Green Revolution coupled with a continuation of neoliberal economic policies. Because these are causes of the crises to begin with, this approach can worsen rather than end hunger. Building a countermovement depends in part on forging strong strategic alliances between agroecology and food sovereignty. Agroecologists face important choices between reformist and radical versions of agroecology. The former version attempts to co-opt agroecology into the Green Revolution; the latter centers agroecology within a politically transformative peasant movement for food sovereignty.

@article{doi101080104400462012716388,
    author = "Holt-Giménez, Eric and Altieri, Miguel A.",
    title = "Agroecology, Food Sovereignty and the New Green Revolution",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Sustainable Agriculture",
    abstract = "In the face of recurrent global food crises, institutions of the corporate food regime propose a new Green Revolution coupled with a continuation of neoliberal economic policies. Because these are causes of the crises to begin with, this approach can worsen rather than end hunger. Building a countermovement depends in part on forging strong strategic alliances between agroecology and food sovereignty. Agroecologists face important choices between reformist and radical versions of agroecology. The former version attempts to co-opt agroecology into the Green Revolution; the latter centers agroecology within a politically transformative peasant movement for food sovereignty.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.716388",
    doi = "10.1080/10440046.2012.716388",
    openalex = "W2037378567",
    references = "doi1010160305750x9400116g"
}

Green Revolution policies are again being pursued to drive agricultural growth and reduce poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However conditions have changed since the well-documented successes of the 1960s and 1970s benefitted smallholders in southern Asia and beyond. We argue that under contemporary constraints the mechanisms for achieving improvements in the lives of smallholder farmers through such policies are unclear and that both policy rationale and means of governing agricultural innovation are crucial for pro-poor impacts. To critically analyze Rwanda’s Green Revolution policies and impacts from a local perspective, a mixed methods, multidimensional wellbeing approach is applied in rural areas in mountainous western Rwanda. Here Malthusian policy framing has been used to justify imposed rather than “induced innovation”. The policies involve a substantial transformation for rural farmers from a traditional polyculture system supporting subsistence and local trade to the adoption of modern seed varieties, inputs, and credit in order to specialize in marketable crops and achieve increased production and income. Although policies have been deemed successful in raising yields and conventionally measured poverty rates have fallen over the same period, such trends were found to be quite incongruous with local experiences. Disaggregated results reveal that only a relatively wealthy minority were able to adhere to the enforced modernization and policies appear to be exacerbating landlessness and inequality for poorer rural inhabitants. Negative impacts were evident for the majority of households as subsistence practices were disrupted, poverty exacerbated, local systems of knowledge, trade, and labor were impaired, and land tenure security and autonomy were curtailed. In order to mitigate the effects we recommend that inventive pro-poor forms of tenure and cooperation (none of which preclude improvements to input availability, market linkages, and infrastructure) may provide positive outcomes for rural people, and importantly in Rwanda, for those who have become landless in recent years. We conclude that policies promoting a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa should not all be considered to be pro-poor or even to be of a similar type, but rather should be the subject of rigorous impact assessment. Such assessment should be based not only on consistent, objective indicators but pay attention to localized impacts on land tenure, agricultural practices, and the wellbeing of socially differentiated people.

@article{doi101016jworlddev201510008,
    author = "Dawson, Neil and Martin, Adrian and Sikor, Thomas",
    title = "Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications of Imposed Innovation for the Wellbeing of Rural Smallholders",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "World Development",
    abstract = "Green Revolution policies are again being pursued to drive agricultural growth and reduce poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However conditions have changed since the well-documented successes of the 1960s and 1970s benefitted smallholders in southern Asia and beyond. We argue that under contemporary constraints the mechanisms for achieving improvements in the lives of smallholder farmers through such policies are unclear and that both policy rationale and means of governing agricultural innovation are crucial for pro-poor impacts. To critically analyze Rwanda’s Green Revolution policies and impacts from a local perspective, a mixed methods, multidimensional wellbeing approach is applied in rural areas in mountainous western Rwanda. Here Malthusian policy framing has been used to justify imposed rather than “induced innovation”. The policies involve a substantial transformation for rural farmers from a traditional polyculture system supporting subsistence and local trade to the adoption of modern seed varieties, inputs, and credit in order to specialize in marketable crops and achieve increased production and income. Although policies have been deemed successful in raising yields and conventionally measured poverty rates have fallen over the same period, such trends were found to be quite incongruous with local experiences. Disaggregated results reveal that only a relatively wealthy minority were able to adhere to the enforced modernization and policies appear to be exacerbating landlessness and inequality for poorer rural inhabitants. Negative impacts were evident for the majority of households as subsistence practices were disrupted, poverty exacerbated, local systems of knowledge, trade, and labor were impaired, and land tenure security and autonomy were curtailed. In order to mitigate the effects we recommend that inventive pro-poor forms of tenure and cooperation (none of which preclude improvements to input availability, market linkages, and infrastructure) may provide positive outcomes for rural people, and importantly in Rwanda, for those who have become landless in recent years. We conclude that policies promoting a Green Revolution in Sub-Saharan Africa should not all be considered to be pro-poor or even to be of a similar type, but rather should be the subject of rigorous impact assessment. Such assessment should be based not only on consistent, objective indicators but pay attention to localized impacts on land tenure, agricultural practices, and the wellbeing of socially differentiated people.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.008",
    doi = "10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.008",
    openalex = "W1867949399"
}

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of consumers’ collectivism and long-term orientation (LTO) cultural values on their purchase intention in relation to environment-friendly products. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts a hypo-deductive research design. A unique conceptual model was developed by linking cultural values to key determinants of green purchase behaviour. This model was then tested using a quantitative survey of 682 shoppers in popular Vietnamese electrical appliance stores. Findings Analysis using structural equation modelling reveals that consumers with greater adherence to collectivism and LTO tend to engage in green purchase behaviour owing to their positive environmental attitudes, strong subjective norms and tolerance of inconvenience associated with eco-friendly product purchase. Gender is found to moderate the relationship between the determinants and purchase intention. Practical implications Marketers including manufacturers and policymakers must endeavour (change globally) to reduce or eliminate perceived inconvenience associated with green purchases. They should also effectively communicate messages stressing that eco-friendly product purchases are crucial for environmental protection and benefit consumer groups including family, peers and society in the long-run. Originality/value This research is the first of its kind which links consumers’ cultural values at a personal level to all the elements of the theory of planned behaviour. This research also extends current knowledge about green purchase behaviour in emerging markets by focussing on Vietnam.

@article{doi101108mip0820160131,
    author = "Nguyen, Ninh and Lobo, Antonio and Greenland, Steven J.",
    title = "The influence of cultural values on green purchase behaviour",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Marketing Intelligence \& Planning",
    abstract = "Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of consumers’ collectivism and long-term orientation (LTO) cultural values on their purchase intention in relation to environment-friendly products. Design/methodology/approach This research adopts a hypo-deductive research design. A unique conceptual model was developed by linking cultural values to key determinants of green purchase behaviour. This model was then tested using a quantitative survey of 682 shoppers in popular Vietnamese electrical appliance stores. Findings Analysis using structural equation modelling reveals that consumers with greater adherence to collectivism and LTO tend to engage in green purchase behaviour owing to their positive environmental attitudes, strong subjective norms and tolerance of inconvenience associated with eco-friendly product purchase. Gender is found to moderate the relationship between the determinants and purchase intention. Practical implications Marketers including manufacturers and policymakers must endeavour (change globally) to reduce or eliminate perceived inconvenience associated with green purchases. They should also effectively communicate messages stressing that eco-friendly product purchases are crucial for environmental protection and benefit consumer groups including family, peers and society in the long-run. Originality/value This research is the first of its kind which links consumers’ cultural values at a personal level to all the elements of the theory of planned behaviour. This research also extends current knowledge about green purchase behaviour in emerging markets by focussing on Vietnam.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1108/mip-08-2016-0131",
    doi = "10.1108/mip-08-2016-0131",
    openalex = "W2607264454",
    references = "doi101108qmr0620120030"
}

@incollection{aguilarrivera2019green,
    author = "Aguilar-Rivera, Noé and Michel-Cuello, Christian and Cárdenas-González, Juan Fernando",
    title = "Green Revolution and Sustainable Development",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Sustainability in Higher Education",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2\_87-1",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-63951-2\_87-1",
    openalex = "W3044537099",
    pages = "1-19",
    references = "doi101007s1328001607936, doi101007s1359301704457, doi101016jrenene201602057, doi101016jworlddev201510008, doi101016s016788090000219x, doi101038s4189301801140, doi101080030661502012719224, doi101093aobmcu205, doi101111gcbb12410, doi1023071311994"
}

The evidence on yields, food-production, food-calories per capita, and declining levels of malnutrition in countries experiencing a Green Revolution are commonly cited in support of the claim that the GR sought to maximise food production. If one looks closely at the actual design of GR programmes (in India and elsewhere), however, it is clear that they were instead intended to boost yields and profitability in a small number of targeted areas. The underlying rationale for targeting was that achieving very high yields in such regions would persuade farmers to abandon subsistence farming in favour of commercial production, relying upon the market for the purchase of inputs as well as the sale of produce. In response to widespread criticism of the Green Revolution ca. 1970 for neglecting the needs of peasant farmers (as well as accentuating rural unrest), the World Bank and other donors began to direct more attention and resources to smallholders, but the aim of commercialising farming remained unchanged.

@article{doi1010801473590320191637236,
    author = "Harwood, Jonathan",
    title = "Was the Green Revolution intended to maximise food production?",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability",
    abstract = "The evidence on yields, food-production, food-calories per capita, and declining levels of malnutrition in countries experiencing a Green Revolution are commonly cited in support of the claim that the GR sought to maximise food production. If one looks closely at the actual design of GR programmes (in India and elsewhere), however, it is clear that they were instead intended to boost yields and profitability in a small number of targeted areas. The underlying rationale for targeting was that achieving very high yields in such regions would persuade farmers to abandon subsistence farming in favour of commercial production, relying upon the market for the purchase of inputs as well as the sale of produce. In response to widespread criticism of the Green Revolution ca. 1970 for neglecting the needs of peasant farmers (as well as accentuating rural unrest), the World Bank and other donors began to direct more attention and resources to smallholders, but the aim of commercialising farming remained unchanged.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1637236",
    doi = "10.1080/14735903.2019.1637236",
    openalex = "W2955178675",
    references = "doi1010160305750x91902224, doi101080030661502012719224, doi1023072172758, doi102307220377, doi1023072229531, doi1023072282657, doi1023072760145, doi105860choice262113, doi105860choice480984, openalexw2559992568, openalexw584069860, pirie1971seeds"
}

Abstract The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production in order to alleviate hunger and poverty. Post-Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice doubled due to initiatives of the government, but the production of other food crops such as indigenous rice varieties and millets declined. This led to the loss of distinct indigenous crops from cultivation and also caused extinction. This review deals with the impacts the Green Revolution had on the production of indigenous crops, its effects on society, environment, nutrition intake, and per capita availability of foods, and also the methods that can be implemented to revive the indigenous crops back into cultivation and carry the knowledge to the future generation forward.

@article{doi101186s4277901900119,
    author = "Nelson, Ann Raeboline Lincy Eliazer and Ravichandran, Kavitha and Antony, Usha",
    title = "The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Ethnic Foods",
    abstract = "Abstract The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production in order to alleviate hunger and poverty. Post-Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice doubled due to initiatives of the government, but the production of other food crops such as indigenous rice varieties and millets declined. This led to the loss of distinct indigenous crops from cultivation and also caused extinction. This review deals with the impacts the Green Revolution had on the production of indigenous crops, its effects on society, environment, nutrition intake, and per capita availability of foods, and also the methods that can be implemented to revive the indigenous crops back into cultivation and carry the knowledge to the future generation forward.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9",
    doi = "10.1186/s42779-019-0011-9",
    openalex = "W2977243988",
    references = "doi101007s1319701105849, doi101016jfoodchem201005115, doi101016jjhazmat200810061, doi101016jscitotenv201412041, doi101021jf100868b, doi101139g99044, doi10129879780300188479007, doi1023071227572, doi1023072760145, doi104060ca9692en, openalexw2074230936"
}

Abstract Consumers are increasingly worried that their current consumption patterns have negative environmental impacts, which in turn shapes their green purchase intentions. Based on the signaling theory and stimulus–organism–response model, the purpose of this research is to construct a theoretical framework to understand consumer intentions to buy eco‐labeled products. Empirical results from 671 questionnaires show that as expected, green advertising receptivity positively affects intention, and the relationship between green advertising receptivity and intention is also moderated by promotion focus and mediated by system trust and personal trust. However, the relationship between green advertising receptivity and purchase intention is not moderated by prevention focus. Hence, this research suggests that stakeholders should conduct truthful green advertising campaigns to dispel consumer suspicion and target different consumers with different green advertising and marketing campaigns to increase sales.

@article{doi101002bse2648,
    author = "Ying, Sun and Luo, Biao and Wang, Shanyong and Fang, Wenpei",
    title = "What you see is meaningful: Does green advertising change the intentions of consumers to purchase eco‐labeled products?",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Business Strategy and the Environment",
    abstract = "Abstract Consumers are increasingly worried that their current consumption patterns have negative environmental impacts, which in turn shapes their green purchase intentions. Based on the signaling theory and stimulus–organism–response model, the purpose of this research is to construct a theoretical framework to understand consumer intentions to buy eco‐labeled products. Empirical results from 671 questionnaires show that as expected, green advertising receptivity positively affects intention, and the relationship between green advertising receptivity and intention is also moderated by promotion focus and mediated by system trust and personal trust. However, the relationship between green advertising receptivity and purchase intention is not moderated by prevention focus. Hence, this research suggests that stakeholders should conduct truthful green advertising campaigns to dispel consumer suspicion and target different consumers with different green advertising and marketing campaigns to increase sales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2648",
    doi = "10.1002/bse.2648",
    openalex = "W3092064998",
    references = "doi101108apjml0320190178"
}

Abstract Radical technological advancements and the relentless progression of climate change compel organisations to ensure their workforce consistently exercise their creativity toward innovative green initiatives. These endeavours are essential to achieve the United Nations' (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs). To do so, organisations require competencies fundamental to smart technologies, artificial intelligence, robotics and algorithms (STARA). STARA competencies are relevant for leaders to bolster green organisational innovative evidence (GOIE). GOIE can help to attract potential investors keen on advancing the UN's SDG agenda on environmental sustainability. However, eclipsed by a volatile environment, and despite the green innovation potential of several manufacturing organisations, investors are reluctant to invest and commit funds without evidence of green innovation. We therefore, investigate how leader STARA competence (LSC), green creativity components (task motivation, creativity skills and expertise) and environmental dynamism can aid organisations to boost their GOIE. Our key findings are as follows: (a) though green task motivation shows a stronger association with green creativity skills, LSC has a large influence on green creativity skills; (b) green creativity skills exert a strong influence on GOIE while also playing a competitive and complimentary mediating role in our model and (c) environmental dynamism is negatively associated with green creativity skills and GOIE. Furthermore, to validate indirect (v) effects size in mediation analysis, we propose a new and more approachable benchmark for v effect size estimations. Organisational and environmental policy implications are discussed.

@article{doi101002bse2754,
    author = "Ogbeibu, Samuel and Jabbour, Charbel José Chiappetta and Gaskin, James and Senadjki, Abdelhak and Hughes, Mathew",
    title = "Leveraging STARA competencies and green creativity to boost green organisational innovative evidence: A praxis for sustainable development",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Business Strategy and the Environment",
    abstract = "Abstract Radical technological advancements and the relentless progression of climate change compel organisations to ensure their workforce consistently exercise their creativity toward innovative green initiatives. These endeavours are essential to achieve the United Nations' (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs). To do so, organisations require competencies fundamental to smart technologies, artificial intelligence, robotics and algorithms (STARA). STARA competencies are relevant for leaders to bolster green organisational innovative evidence (GOIE). GOIE can help to attract potential investors keen on advancing the UN's SDG agenda on environmental sustainability. However, eclipsed by a volatile environment, and despite the green innovation potential of several manufacturing organisations, investors are reluctant to invest and commit funds without evidence of green innovation. We therefore, investigate how leader STARA competence (LSC), green creativity components (task motivation, creativity skills and expertise) and environmental dynamism can aid organisations to boost their GOIE. Our key findings are as follows: (a) though green task motivation shows a stronger association with green creativity skills, LSC has a large influence on green creativity skills; (b) green creativity skills exert a strong influence on GOIE while also playing a competitive and complimentary mediating role in our model and (c) environmental dynamism is negatively associated with green creativity skills and GOIE. Furthermore, to validate indirect (v) effects size in mediation analysis, we propose a new and more approachable benchmark for v effect size estimations. Organisational and environmental policy implications are discussed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2754",
    doi = "10.1002/bse.2754",
    openalex = "W3132499592",
    references = "doi103390su10020001"
}

Food production has seen various advancements globally in developing countries, such as India. One such advancement was the green revolution. Notably, the World Bank applauds the introduction of the green revolution as it reduced the rural poverty in India for a certain time. Despite the success of the green revolution, the World Bank reported that health outcomes have not been improved. During the post-green revolution period, several notable negative impacts arose. Exclusive studies were not conducted on the benefits and harms before the introduction of the green revolution. Some of such interventions deviate from the natural laws of balance and functioning and are unsustainable practices. To avoid the adverse effects of some of these developments, a review of these interventions is necessary.

@article{doi103389fsufs2021644559,
    author = "John, Daisy A. and Babu, Giridhara R.",
    title = "Lessons From the Aftermaths of Green Revolution on Food System and Health",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems",
    abstract = "Food production has seen various advancements globally in developing countries, such as India. One such advancement was the green revolution. Notably, the World Bank applauds the introduction of the green revolution as it reduced the rural poverty in India for a certain time. Despite the success of the green revolution, the World Bank reported that health outcomes have not been improved. During the post-green revolution period, several notable negative impacts arose. Exclusive studies were not conducted on the benefits and harms before the introduction of the green revolution. Some of such interventions deviate from the natural laws of balance and functioning and are unsustainable practices. To avoid the adverse effects of some of these developments, a review of these interventions is necessary.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2021.644559",
    doi = "10.3389/fsufs.2021.644559",
    openalex = "W3132214732",
    references = "doi101186s4277901900119"
}

Recent advancements in green and innovative technologies have resulted in a number of innovations in manufacturing operations to accelerate sustainable development (SD). Despite several benefits of green innovation adoption (GIA), the adoption rate of these initiatives is still abysmal in manufacturing organisations. To fill this gap, we have developed and validated the GIA model grounded on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), which compels organisations to implement these novel technologies. Data was collected through a survey of 516 respondents from Pakistani manufacturing industries and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) and the artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The deliverables of SEM and ANN approaches demonstrated that all green integrated constructs of the research model, such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, social influence, facilitating conditions, and innovation cost, predict green behavioural intention (GBI). Besides, GBI was found to have a strong direct and mediating effect among integrated constructs towards GIA. In addition, the moderation of organisational size highlighted the differentiation among small, medium and large size enterprises. Additionally, ANN specifies the robustness and relative importance of all integrated constructs, whereas green facilitating conditions have the highest relative importance value for GIA. The proposed integrated model offers novel insights for decision-makers and suggests various implications for adopting and implementing innovative green technologies to achieve SD objectives.

@article{doi101016jjik2022100231,
    author = "Shahzad, Mohsin and Qu, Ying and Rehman, Saif Ur and Zafar, Abaid Ullah",
    title = "Adoption of green innovation technology to accelerate sustainable development among manufacturing industry",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Journal of Innovation \& Knowledge",
    abstract = "Recent advancements in green and innovative technologies have resulted in a number of innovations in manufacturing operations to accelerate sustainable development (SD). Despite several benefits of green innovation adoption (GIA), the adoption rate of these initiatives is still abysmal in manufacturing organisations. To fill this gap, we have developed and validated the GIA model grounded on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), which compels organisations to implement these novel technologies. Data was collected through a survey of 516 respondents from Pakistani manufacturing industries and analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) and the artificial neural network (ANN) approach. The deliverables of SEM and ANN approaches demonstrated that all green integrated constructs of the research model, such as performance expectancy, effort expectancy, hedonic motivation, social influence, facilitating conditions, and innovation cost, predict green behavioural intention (GBI). Besides, GBI was found to have a strong direct and mediating effect among integrated constructs towards GIA. In addition, the moderation of organisational size highlighted the differentiation among small, medium and large size enterprises. Additionally, ANN specifies the robustness and relative importance of all integrated constructs, whereas green facilitating conditions have the highest relative importance value for GIA. The proposed integrated model offers novel insights for decision-makers and suggests various implications for adopting and implementing innovative green technologies to achieve SD objectives.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100231",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jik.2022.100231",
    openalex = "W4288747417",
    references = "doi101016jjretconser201808015"
}

century. It offers a critical appraisal of recent calls to decolonize political geography by locating the role played by actors and institutions in the Global South within the broader narrative of the Green Revolution. Historical accounts of the Green Revolution have only recently started to incorporate perspectives of and attribute agency to actors in the Global South. However, Brazil has largely been left out of the geographical scope of the Green Revolution. This article focuses on U.S.-Brazilian geopolitical relations behind an effort to reproduce the U.S. model of higher education, rural extension and agricultural research in Brazil. I argue that the confluence of Brazil's geopolitical importance with opportunities for foreign investment in its agricultural sector brought together U.S. and Brazilian experts and expertise to modernize Brazilian agriculture. The case of transnational soybean research illustrates the importance of this relationship in transforming Brazil's agricultural sector and limiting alternatives. This article offers an account of how the geopolitics of knowledge production shape the long-term institutional legacies of national research institutions.

@article{doi101016jpolgeo2021102574,
    author = "Nehring, Ryan",
    title = "The Brazilian Green Revolution",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Political Geography",
    abstract = "century. It offers a critical appraisal of recent calls to decolonize political geography by locating the role played by actors and institutions in the Global South within the broader narrative of the Green Revolution. Historical accounts of the Green Revolution have only recently started to incorporate perspectives of and attribute agency to actors in the Global South. However, Brazil has largely been left out of the geographical scope of the Green Revolution. This article focuses on U.S.-Brazilian geopolitical relations behind an effort to reproduce the U.S. model of higher education, rural extension and agricultural research in Brazil. I argue that the confluence of Brazil's geopolitical importance with opportunities for foreign investment in its agricultural sector brought together U.S. and Brazilian experts and expertise to modernize Brazilian agriculture. The case of transnational soybean research illustrates the importance of this relationship in transforming Brazil's agricultural sector and limiting alternatives. This article offers an account of how the geopolitics of knowledge production shape the long-term institutional legacies of national research institutions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102574",
    doi = "10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102574",
    openalex = "W4206250245",
    references = "doi1010801473590320191637236"
}

Agricultural intensification riding on the Green Revolution ushered bountiful production of selected staples (rice, wheat, maize) in the developing nations and caused a significant economic growth. It showered a new hope through a package of high-yielding seeds of rice and wheat, laying networks of irrigation and facilitating ground-water usage, over-dependence on agro-chemicals, primarily nitrogenous fertilizers, and broad institutional support that claimed to have changed the trajectory of agricultural growth of India. However, its negative impacts have become apparent now. Looking closely and locally at the eastern state of India, I examine various detrimental effects, in terms of agricultural biodiversity, HYV acceptance, and water, and agrochemical usage. In summarizing, I also analyze the findings in terms of environmental sustainability. The major shrinkage of aus or autumn rice acreage and near extinction of landraces, the establishment of a few high-yielding varieties are a few key changes overly visible in the rice cultivation system of West Bengal state. It has also become heavily dependent on groundwater, nitrogenous fertilizers, and pesticides. The side-effects of indiscriminate use of groundwater took a toll on human health through heavy metal poisoning. Monocropping of HYVs also accelerated a heavy onslaught of pests causing major crop loss. Building on these results, it does not seem to grow endlessly and remain sustainable in the long run. The study reinforces its snowballing vulnerability to climate change endangering food systems.

@article{doi101016jwds2022100028,
    author = "Ray, Avik",
    title = "The darker side of agricultural intensification - disappearance of autumn or aus rice, entry of HYVs, and implications in terms of environmental sustainability in a ‘Green Revolution' state of eastern India",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "World Development Sustainability",
    abstract = "Agricultural intensification riding on the Green Revolution ushered bountiful production of selected staples (rice, wheat, maize) in the developing nations and caused a significant economic growth. It showered a new hope through a package of high-yielding seeds of rice and wheat, laying networks of irrigation and facilitating ground-water usage, over-dependence on agro-chemicals, primarily nitrogenous fertilizers, and broad institutional support that claimed to have changed the trajectory of agricultural growth of India. However, its negative impacts have become apparent now. Looking closely and locally at the eastern state of India, I examine various detrimental effects, in terms of agricultural biodiversity, HYV acceptance, and water, and agrochemical usage. In summarizing, I also analyze the findings in terms of environmental sustainability. The major shrinkage of aus or autumn rice acreage and near extinction of landraces, the establishment of a few high-yielding varieties are a few key changes overly visible in the rice cultivation system of West Bengal state. It has also become heavily dependent on groundwater, nitrogenous fertilizers, and pesticides. The side-effects of indiscriminate use of groundwater took a toll on human health through heavy metal poisoning. Monocropping of HYVs also accelerated a heavy onslaught of pests causing major crop loss. Building on these results, it does not seem to grow endlessly and remain sustainable in the long run. The study reinforces its snowballing vulnerability to climate change endangering food systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100028",
    doi = "10.1016/j.wds.2022.100028",
    openalex = "W4293216787",
    references = "doi1010801473590320191637236"
}

The breakthrough of organic food plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. This is based on several research findings stating that organic food can reduce the use of chemicals, improve soil conditions, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support biodiversity. However, the high price constraint of organic food leads most people to prefer non-organic food daily. The focus of this research is to determine the level of consumer willingness to pay more (WTPM) for organic food by examining the role of knowledge of organic food (OFK), price consciousness (PC), and consumer attitudes (CA). The 300 respondents were collected from all islands in Indonesia, including Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung, and Papua. This study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the research hypothesis. The research results indicate that OFK and PC directly and significantly influence CA. Furthermore, PC and CA also directly and significantly affect WTPM. Interestingly, OFK does not directly drive consumer WTPM. On the other hand, CA plays a significant mediating role between OFK and PC regarding WTPM. The implications of this research finding are that to increase the adoption of organic food as a climate change mitigation measure; efforts are needed to enhance consumers' knowledge and awareness of the benefits of organic food to form a more positive attitude towards the product. This, in turn, can improve their willingness to pay a slightly higher price to support organic food consumption in Indonesia.

@article{andika2023green,
    author = "Andika, Andika and Putri, Wika Harisa and Luthfiana, Della Nanda and Najmudin, Mohamad",
    title = "Green harvest: consumer attitudes as seeds of change towards a sustainable food revolution",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "E3S Web of Conferences",
    abstract = "The breakthrough of organic food plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. This is based on several research findings stating that organic food can reduce the use of chemicals, improve soil conditions, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and support biodiversity. However, the high price constraint of organic food leads most people to prefer non-organic food daily. The focus of this research is to determine the level of consumer willingness to pay more (WTPM) for organic food by examining the role of knowledge of organic food (OFK), price consciousness (PC), and consumer attitudes (CA). The 300 respondents were collected from all islands in Indonesia, including Java, Bali, Kalimantan, Sumatra, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi, Bangka Belitung, and Papua. This study uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the research hypothesis. The research results indicate that OFK and PC directly and significantly influence CA. Furthermore, PC and CA also directly and significantly affect WTPM. Interestingly, OFK does not directly drive consumer WTPM. On the other hand, CA plays a significant mediating role between OFK and PC regarding WTPM. The implications of this research finding are that to increase the adoption of organic food as a climate change mitigation measure; efforts are needed to enhance consumers' knowledge and awareness of the benefits of organic food to form a more positive attitude towards the product. This, in turn, can improve their willingness to pay a slightly higher price to support organic food consumption in Indonesia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346706001",
    doi = "10.1051/e3sconf/202346706001",
    openalex = "W4390016863",
    pages = "06001",
    volume = "467",
    references = "doi101016074959789190020t, doi101016jism201504001, doi101016jjhtm201710010, doi101016jjretconser201808015, doi101016s0148296300002149, doi101108apjml0320190178, doi101108qmr0620120030, doi101111joca12092, doi103390ijerph16061037, doi103390su10020001"
}

Implementing the Sustainable Green Revolution Strategy in Afghanistan is thoroughly examined in this paper, with a focus on how it might boost food security and promote economic growth. The fact that agriculture employs 61.6% of the workforce and accounts for roughly 23% of the country's GDP highlights the importance of this sector to Afghanistan's economy. To ensure greater output while protecting biodiversity, the study presents the idea of "Green Revolution 2.0," which aims to modify past agricultural advances to Afghanistan's particular socioeconomic and environmental challenges. Important prospects for agricultural development are noted, such as various climates, foreign assistance, and the involvement of young people. The paper also discusses urgent issues like poor infrastructure, budgetary limitations, and how climate change affects agricultural productivity. A successful implementation approach is suggested, emphasizing education, climate-smart agriculture, credit availability, and infrastructure development. A Gantt chart, which involves stakeholders including the Afghan government, non-governmental organizations, and foreign organizations, provides an organized schedule for the actions required to carry out the strategy successfully. The results highlight the significance of strengthening community involvement, encouraging sustainable farming methods, and creating a supporting governance structure. In the end, this paper promotes a multifaceted strategy for agricultural development that seeks to enhance rural Afghanistan's general quality of life in addition to productivity, opening the door for long-term resilience and economic stability.

@article{doi1062810jnsrv2ispecialissue163,
    author = "Jauhar, Safiullah",
    title = "Implementing a Sustainable Green Revolution Strategy for Comprehensive Economic Development in Afghanistan",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of Natural Science Review",
    abstract = {Implementing the Sustainable Green Revolution Strategy in Afghanistan is thoroughly examined in this paper, with a focus on how it might boost food security and promote economic growth. The fact that agriculture employs 61.6\% of the workforce and accounts for roughly 23\% of the country's GDP highlights the importance of this sector to Afghanistan's economy. To ensure greater output while protecting biodiversity, the study presents the idea of "Green Revolution 2.0," which aims to modify past agricultural advances to Afghanistan's particular socioeconomic and environmental challenges. Important prospects for agricultural development are noted, such as various climates, foreign assistance, and the involvement of young people. The paper also discusses urgent issues like poor infrastructure, budgetary limitations, and how climate change affects agricultural productivity. A successful implementation approach is suggested, emphasizing education, climate-smart agriculture, credit availability, and infrastructure development. A Gantt chart, which involves stakeholders including the Afghan government, non-governmental organizations, and foreign organizations, provides an organized schedule for the actions required to carry out the strategy successfully. The results highlight the significance of strengthening community involvement, encouraging sustainable farming methods, and creating a supporting governance structure. In the end, this paper promotes a multifaceted strategy for agricultural development that seeks to enhance rural Afghanistan's general quality of life in addition to productivity, opening the door for long-term resilience and economic stability.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.62810/jnsr.v2ispecial.issue.163",
    doi = "10.62810/jnsr.v2ispecial.issue.163",
    openalex = "W4404643108",
    references = "aguilarrivera2019green"
}