Hawaii

@article{crossref1895argon,
    title = "Argon and Helium",
    year = "1895",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican05111895-16145asupp",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican05111895-16145asupp",
    number = "1010supp",
    openalex = "W4252310757",
    pages = "16145-16145",
    volume = "39"
}

@article{crossref1896argon,
    title = "Argon and Helium",
    year = "1896",
    journal = "Scientific American",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican02291896-16809supp",
    doi = "10.1038/scientificamerican02291896-16809supp",
    number = "1052supp",
    openalex = "W4239953906",
    pages = "16809-16809",
    volume = "41"
}

@article{crossref1938hawaii,
    title = "Hawaii During the Age of Glaciers",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.88.2287.8.s",
    doi = "10.1126/science.88.2287.8.s",
    number = "2287",
    openalex = "W4237736196",
    pages = "8-8",
    volume = "88"
}

All beryl crystals appear to contain a quantity of helium and argon in great excess over that which can be acccounted for from radioactive decay. Other magnetic minerals which have structural sites suitable for large nonessential atoms such as cordierite and tourmaline also show this excess in variable amount. It seems that this excess inert gas must represent a sample of the magnetic gases in the immediate environment of the forming crystal amd as such can prowide useful information on magnetic conditions. Although there are considerable differences in the helium and argon concentration even in the same beryl crystal, these are small compared to the one hundred-fold difference belween crystals formed in the early Precambrian (--3.0 b.y.) and Paleozoic eras. This strong age effect is interpreted as suggesting more extensive history. (auth)

@article{openalexw184644159,
    author = "Damon, Paul E. and Kulp, J. Laurence",
    title = "Excess helium and argon in beryl and other minerals",
    year = "1958",
    journal = "American Mineralogist",
    abstract = "All beryl crystals appear to contain a quantity of helium and argon in great excess over that which can be acccounted for from radioactive decay. Other magnetic minerals which have structural sites suitable for large nonessential atoms such as cordierite and tourmaline also show this excess in variable amount. It seems that this excess inert gas must represent a sample of the magnetic gases in the immediate environment of the forming crystal amd as such can prowide useful information on magnetic conditions. Although there are considerable differences in the helium and argon concentration even in the same beryl crystal, these are small compared to the one hundred-fold difference belween crystals formed in the early Precambrian (--3.0 b.y.) and Paleozoic eras. This strong age effect is interpreted as suggesting more extensive history. (auth)",
    openalex = "W184644159"
}

Thirty-nine samples of natural gases representing varied chemical compositions and geological occurrences were analyzed for their helium, radiogenic argon, and atmospheric argon contents. The total range in the (He/A)_(rad) ratio was found to be 1.6 to 130 with most samples having values between 6 and 25. This range of values is essentially equal to the production ratio from the uranium, thorium, and potassium in average igneous rocks and a wide variety of sediments. This indicates that all of these natural gases have obtained their radiogenic gases from rather average rock types. This is true in spite of the fact that the gases range in helium content from 37 to 62,000 ppm. \n \nA theoretical discussion of the origin of helium and argon in natural gases is given. It can be shown from the ratio of nitrogen to atmospheric argon that most of the nitrogen in these gases cannot come from the entrapment of air. From a consideration of the concentration of atmospheric argon in natural gases it is possible to estimate the proportion of gaseous and aqueous phases assuming diffusive equilibrium. \n \nThe isotopic composition of the carbon in the methane of these gases was found to be very light. It was shown that for coexisting CH_4-CO_2 pairs the carbon dioxide was always isotopically heavier.

@article{doi101029jz066i001p00277,
    author = "Zartman, Robert E. and Wasserburg, G. J. and Reynolds, J. H.",
    title = "Helium, argon, and carbon in some natural gases",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Thirty-nine samples of natural gases representing varied chemical compositions and geological occurrences were analyzed for their helium, radiogenic argon, and atmospheric argon contents. The total range in the (He/A)\_(rad) ratio was found to be 1.6 to 130 with most samples having values between 6 and 25. This range of values is essentially equal to the production ratio from the uranium, thorium, and potassium in average igneous rocks and a wide variety of sediments. This indicates that all of these natural gases have obtained their radiogenic gases from rather average rock types. This is true in spite of the fact that the gases range in helium content from 37 to 62,000 ppm. \n \nA theoretical discussion of the origin of helium and argon in natural gases is given. It can be shown from the ratio of nitrogen to atmospheric argon that most of the nitrogen in these gases cannot come from the entrapment of air. From a consideration of the concentration of atmospheric argon in natural gases it is possible to estimate the proportion of gaseous and aqueous phases assuming diffusive equilibrium. \n \nThe isotopic composition of the carbon in the methane of these gases was found to be very light. It was shown that for coexisting CH\_4-CO\_2 pairs the carbon dioxide was always isotopically heavier.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jz066i001p00277",
    doi = "10.1029/jz066i001p00277",
    openalex = "W2154752254",
    references = "doi1010160016003257908694, doi1010160016703753900015, doi1010160016703753900519, doi10106311745698, doi10106311747785, doi101103physrev77789, doi101111j174966321955tb35366x, doi10113000167606195162399mopato20co2, doi101130001676061954651007accosi20co2, doi1023072986416, openalexw184644159"
}

Potassium-argon ages of sanidines, biotites, and basalts are found to be in essential agreement with time-sequential dating of Tertiary land mammals. A detailed time scale of the Tertiary based on an age breakdown is given.--H.C.W.S

@article{doi102475ajs2622145,
    author = "Evernden, Jack F. and Savage, Donald E. and Curtis, Garniss H. and James, G. T.",
    title = "Potassium-argon dates and the Cenozoic mammalian chronology of North America",
    year = "1964",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    abstract = "Potassium-argon ages of sanidines, biotites, and basalts are found to be in essential agreement with time-sequential dating of Tertiary land mammals. A detailed time scale of the Tertiary based on an age breakdown is given.--H.C.W.S",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.262.2.145",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.262.2.145",
    openalex = "W2327228188"
}

Most minerals, with the possible exception of micas, commonly contain fluid inclusions, Argon contained in such inclusions may be considered a possible source of error in dating very young or low potassium minerals by the K-Ar method. Wahler [1956] first demonstrated spectrographically the presence of Ar in fluid inclusions in quartz. Elinson and Polykovskii [1961, 1963] used a vacuum ball mill to extract the gases present in fluid inclusions in various pegmatite minerals. They obtained Ar from quartz in quantities up to 8.9×10−3 cc/g. Preisinger and Huber [1964] state that they determined the Ar content of the gas emitted by heating very small samples (10−6 g) of feldspar crystals from a granite in a cycloidal mass spectrometer. The total gas emitted (water-free basis) varied from 0.8 to 3.3×10−3 cc/g. Nesmelova [1959] found up to 1.7% (Ar + Kr + Xe) in the gas from gas inclusions in sylvites from the Bereznikovsk mine in the USSR. Hoy et al. [1962] found 0.4 volume % Ar in the gases of highpressure gas inclusions in ‘popping-salt’ from the Winnfield salt dome in Louisiana. Sample weight and total gas volume were not specified. Damon and Kulp [1958] extracted excess radiogenic Ar from beryl, cordierite, and tourmaline in quantities ranging from 10−5 cc/g to 10−2 cc/g, some of which was assumed to come from fluid inclusions (p. 449). Lippolt and Gentner [1963] reported the finding of excess radiogenic Ar of the order of 10−7 cc/g in several fluorite samples and indicated that much of the excess was probably contained in fluid inclusions.

@article{doi101029jz070i002p00509,
    author = "Rama, S. N. I. and Hart, Stanley R. and Roedder, Edwin",
    title = "Excess radiogenic argon in fluid inclusions",
    year = "1965",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Most minerals, with the possible exception of micas, commonly contain fluid inclusions, Argon contained in such inclusions may be considered a possible source of error in dating very young or low potassium minerals by the K-Ar method. Wahler [1956] first demonstrated spectrographically the presence of Ar in fluid inclusions in quartz. Elinson and Polykovskii [1961, 1963] used a vacuum ball mill to extract the gases present in fluid inclusions in various pegmatite minerals. They obtained Ar from quartz in quantities up to 8.9×10−3 cc/g. Preisinger and Huber [1964] state that they determined the Ar content of the gas emitted by heating very small samples (10−6 g) of feldspar crystals from a granite in a cycloidal mass spectrometer. The total gas emitted (water-free basis) varied from 0.8 to 3.3×10−3 cc/g. Nesmelova [1959] found up to 1.7\% (Ar + Kr + Xe) in the gas from gas inclusions in sylvites from the Bereznikovsk mine in the USSR. Hoy et al. [1962] found 0.4 volume \% Ar in the gases of highpressure gas inclusions in ‘popping-salt’ from the Winnfield salt dome in Louisiana. Sample weight and total gas volume were not specified. Damon and Kulp [1958] extracted excess radiogenic Ar from beryl, cordierite, and tourmaline in quantities ranging from 10−5 cc/g to 10−2 cc/g, some of which was assumed to come from fluid inclusions (p. 449). Lippolt and Gentner [1963] reported the finding of excess radiogenic Ar of the order of 10−7 cc/g in several fluorite samples and indicated that much of the excess was probably contained in fluid inclusions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jz070i002p00509",
    doi = "10.1029/jz070i002p00509",
    openalex = "W1987448099",
    references = "doi1010160016703756900643, doi101306bc7438bf16be11d78645000102c1865d, doi102113gsecongeo582167, doi102113gsecongeo583353, doi102113gsecongeo586886, openalexw171878364, openalexw184644159"
}

@article{funkhouser1968radiogenic,
    author = "Funkhouser, John G. and Naughton, John J.",
    title = "Radiogenic helium and argon in ultramafic inclusions from Hawaii",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb073i014p04601",
    doi = "10.1029/jb073i014p04601",
    number = "14",
    openalex = "W2111713749",
    pages = "4601-4607",
    volume = "73",
    references = "doi101007bf00518082, doi101007bf02597182, doi1010160032063363901132, doi101029jz066i001p00277, doi101029jz070i002p00509, doi101038202526a0, doi101086200619, openalexw184644159, openalexw2020861622, openalexw2952019671"
}

@article{funkhouser1968radiogenic1,
    author = "Funkhouser, J. G. and Naughton, J. J",
    title = "Radiogenic helium and argon in ultramafic inclusions in Hawaii",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 4601-4607",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Funkhouser, J. G., and Naughton, J. J., 1968, Radiogenic helium and argon in ultramafic inclusions in Hawaii: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 73, p. 4601-4607.}"
}

@book{macdonald1970volcanoes2,
    author = "Macdonald, G. A. and Abbott, A. T",
    title = "Volcanoes in the Sea",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "The Geology of Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, 441 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Macdonald, G. A., and Abbott, A. T., 1970, Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii: Honolulu, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press, 441 p.}"
}

Both potassium/argon and carbon-14 ages of lava flows and tephra layers interstratified with glacial deposits on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, indicate that four episodes of ice cap glaciation culminated about 20,000, 55,000, 135,000, and 250,000 years ago. These episodes are correlated with marine isotope stages 2, 4, 6, and 8, marking times of high global ice volume.

@article{porter1977chronology,
    author = "Porter, Stephen C. and Stuiver, Minze and Yang, I. C.",
    title = "Chronology of Hawaiian Glaciations",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Both potassium/argon and carbon-14 ages of lava flows and tephra layers interstratified with glacial deposits on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, indicate that four episodes of ice cap glaciation culminated about 20,000, 55,000, 135,000, and 250,000 years ago. These episodes are correlated with marine isotope stages 2, 4, 6, and 8, marking times of high global ice volume.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.195.4273.61",
    doi = "10.1126/science.195.4273.61",
    number = "4273",
    openalex = "W2053268004",
    pages = "61-63",
    volume = "195",
    references = "doi1010160033589473900525, doi1010160033589474900076, doi101029jz072i010p02603, doi101086627434, doi101126science1673919862, doi101126science1723981375, doi101126science1834124511, doi101126science1834128959, doi101130001676061972833607dmasfo20co2, doi101130001676061973841923sacolq20co2"
}

@misc{porter1977chronology3,
    author = "Porter, S. C. and Stuiver, M. and Yang, I. C",
    title = "Chronology of Hawaiian glaciers",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 195, p. 61-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Porter, S. C., Stuiver, M., and Yang, I. C., 1977, Chronology of Hawaiian glaciers: Science, v. 195, p. 61-63.}"
}

Helium mobility in geologic materials is a fundamental constraint on the petrogenetic origins of helium isotopic variability and on the application of radiogenic and cosmogenic helium geochronology.

@book{doi10157519125399,
    author = "Trull, Thomas W.",
    title = "Diffusion of helium isotopes in silicate glasses and minerals: implications for petrogenesis and geochronology",
    year = "1989",
    abstract = "Helium mobility in geologic materials is a fundamental constraint on the petrogenetic origins of helium isotopic variability and on the application of radiogenic and cosmogenic helium geochronology.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1575/1912/5399",
    doi = "10.1575/1912/5399",
    openalex = "W1845141885",
    references = "doi10100797836424607917, doi101007bf00373790, doi1010160009254180901072, doi1010160012821x76901187, doi101029jc092ic10p10767, doi101086629131, doi10111911974325, doi1023072284752, openalexw2338307172"
}

We present new volatile, trace element, and radiogenic isotopic compositions for rejuvenated‐stage lavas erupted on Niihau and its submarine northwest flank. Niihau rejuvenated‐stage Kiekie Basalt lavas are mildly alkalic and are isotopically similar to, though shifted to higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and lower 206 Pb/ 204 Pb than, rejuvenated‐stage lavas erupted on other islands and marginal seafloor settings. Kiekie lavas display trace element heterogeneity greater than that of other rejuvenated‐stage lavas, with enrichments in Ba, Sr, and light‐rare earth elements resulting in high and highly variable Ba/Th and Sr/Ce. The high Ba/Th lavas are among the least silica‐undersaturated of the rejuvenated‐stage suite, implying that the greatest enrichments are associated with the largest extents of melting. Kiekie lavas also have high and variable H 2 O/Ce and Cl/La, up to 620 and 39, respectively. We model the trace element concentrations of most rejuvenated‐stage lavas by small degrees (∼1% to 9%) of melting of depleted peridotite recently metasomatized by a few percent of an enriched incipient melt (0.5% melting) of the Hawaiian plume. Kiekie lavas are best explained by 4% to 13% partial melting of a peridotite source metasomatized by up to 0.2% carbonatite, similar in composition to oceanic carbonatites from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, with lower proportion of incipient melt than that for other rejuvenated‐stage lavas. Primary H 2 O and Cl of the carbonatite component must be high, but variability in the volatile data may be caused by heterogeneity in the carbonatite composition and/or interaction with seawater. Our model is consistent with predictions based on carbonated eclogite and peridotite melting experiments in which (1) carbonated eclogite and peridotite within the Hawaiian plume are the first to melt during plume ascent; (2) carbonatite melt metasomatizes plume and surrounding depleted peridotite; (3) as the plume rises, silica‐undersaturated silicate melts are also produced and contribute to the metasomatic signature. The metasomatic component is best preserved at the margins of the plume, where low extents of melting of the metasomatized depleted mantle surrounding the plume are sampled during flexural uplift. Formation of carbonatite melts may provide a mechanism to transfer plume He to the margins of the plume.

@article{doi1010292008gc002076,
    author = "Dixon, J. E. and Clague, David A. and Cousens, Brian and Monsalve, M. L. and Uhl, Jessika",
    title = "Carbonatite and silicate melt metasomatism of the mantle surrounding the Hawaiian plume: Evidence from volatiles, trace elements, and radiogenic isotopes in rejuvenated‐stage lavas from Niihau, Hawaii",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems",
    abstract = "We present new volatile, trace element, and radiogenic isotopic compositions for rejuvenated‐stage lavas erupted on Niihau and its submarine northwest flank. Niihau rejuvenated‐stage Kiekie Basalt lavas are mildly alkalic and are isotopically similar to, though shifted to higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and lower 206 Pb/ 204 Pb than, rejuvenated‐stage lavas erupted on other islands and marginal seafloor settings. Kiekie lavas display trace element heterogeneity greater than that of other rejuvenated‐stage lavas, with enrichments in Ba, Sr, and light‐rare earth elements resulting in high and highly variable Ba/Th and Sr/Ce. The high Ba/Th lavas are among the least silica‐undersaturated of the rejuvenated‐stage suite, implying that the greatest enrichments are associated with the largest extents of melting. Kiekie lavas also have high and variable H 2 O/Ce and Cl/La, up to 620 and 39, respectively. We model the trace element concentrations of most rejuvenated‐stage lavas by small degrees (∼1\% to 9\%) of melting of depleted peridotite recently metasomatized by a few percent of an enriched incipient melt (0.5\% melting) of the Hawaiian plume. Kiekie lavas are best explained by 4\% to 13\% partial melting of a peridotite source metasomatized by up to 0.2\% carbonatite, similar in composition to oceanic carbonatites from the Canary and Cape Verde Islands, with lower proportion of incipient melt than that for other rejuvenated‐stage lavas. Primary H 2 O and Cl of the carbonatite component must be high, but variability in the volatile data may be caused by heterogeneity in the carbonatite composition and/or interaction with seawater. Our model is consistent with predictions based on carbonated eclogite and peridotite melting experiments in which (1) carbonated eclogite and peridotite within the Hawaiian plume are the first to melt during plume ascent; (2) carbonatite melt metasomatizes plume and surrounding depleted peridotite; (3) as the plume rises, silica‐undersaturated silicate melts are also produced and contribute to the metasomatic signature. The metasomatic component is best preserved at the margins of the plume, where low extents of melting of the metasomatized depleted mantle surrounding the plume are sampled during flexural uplift. Formation of carbonatite melts may provide a mechanism to transfer plume He to the margins of the plume.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gc002076",
    doi = "10.1029/2008gc002076",
    openalex = "W1532991590",
    references = "doi101029gm128p0373"
}

@article{moore2021the,
    author = "Moore, L.R. and Gazel, E. and Bodnar, R.J.",
    title = "The volatile budget of Hawaiian magmatism: Constraints from melt inclusions from Haleakala volcano, Hawaii",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107144",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107144",
    openalex = "W3111725475",
    pages = "107144",
    volume = "410",
    references = "doi1010160012821x82901613, doi101016b008043751602123x, doi101016jepsl200812020, doi101016jepsl201006039, doi101038nature01073, doi101038nature03411, doi101038nature14876, doi101093oxfordjournalspetrologya037267, doi101093petrologyegr080"
}

) in the crystal structure of olivine phenocrysts measured through total fusion He release are much higher than the magmatic values previously obtained in the inclusions of the same olivines obtained by hydraulic crushing. Such high values indicate a cosmogenic origin and reveal an age of c. 4 Ma for the pre-caldera material, and c. 4.6 ka and 170 ka for the syn-caldera deposits. The result of c. 4.6 ka for the caldera collapse episode is consistent with previous age estimations based on tephrochronology, whereas the c. 170 ka result reveals the presence of pre-caldera olivines embedded in the syn-caldera deposits that experienced less exposure to cosmic rays compared to the samples with ages of 4 Ma. This oldest age estimate represents the first quantitative geochronological approach attempting to date Deception Island formation.

@article{doi101038s41598025039255,
    author = "Álvarez‐Valero, Antonio M. and Sumino, Hirochika and Burgess, R. and Arribas, Lara and Sánchez, Antonio Polo and Geyer, Adelina and Caracausi, Antonio and Albert, Helena and Aulinas, Meritxell and Ban, Masao and Borrajo, Javier and García‐Arias, Marcos and Ichikawa, Go and Kereszturi, Gábor and Rodríguez, José Antonio Lozano",
    title = "Cosmogenic helium signatures at Deception Island volcano (Antarctica): geochronological implications for its eruptive history",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Scientific Reports",
    abstract = ") in the crystal structure of olivine phenocrysts measured through total fusion He release are much higher than the magmatic values previously obtained in the inclusions of the same olivines obtained by hydraulic crushing. Such high values indicate a cosmogenic origin and reveal an age of c. 4 Ma for the pre-caldera material, and c. 4.6 ka and 170 ka for the syn-caldera deposits. The result of c. 4.6 ka for the caldera collapse episode is consistent with previous age estimations based on tephrochronology, whereas the c. 170 ka result reveals the presence of pre-caldera olivines embedded in the syn-caldera deposits that experienced less exposure to cosmic rays compared to the samples with ages of 4 Ma. This oldest age estimate represents the first quantitative geochronological approach attempting to date Deception Island formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-03925-5",
    doi = "10.1038/s41598-025-03925-5",
    openalex = "W4412153885",
    references = "doi1010160012821x9190220c, doi1010160012821x9500169d, doi101016s0012821x99003106, doi101016s0169555x98000865, doi101029jb090ib10p08729, doi101038nature01711, doi101144gsjgs13960787, doi101146annurevea22050194001421, doi102138rmg2002478, doi102138rmg2002479"
}