Homonids

@article{willey1927descent,
    author = "WILLEY, ARTHUR",
    title = "Descent and Divergence",
    year = "1927",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/120840a0",
    doi = "10.1038/120840a0",
    number = "3032",
    openalex = "W1983619207",
    pages = "840-840",
    volume = "120"
}

Journal Article PHYLETIC DIVERGENCE DATES OF HOMINOID PRIMATES: A COMPARISON OF FOSSIL AND MOLECULAR DATA Get access Thomas Uzzell, Thomas Uzzell Departments of Biology and Anthropology and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Pilbeam David Pilbeam Departments of Biology and Anthropology and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1 December 1971, Pages 615–635, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01921.x Published: 01 December 1971 Article history Received: 14 May 1971 Published: 01 December 1971

@article{doi101111j155856461971tb01921x,
    author = "Uzzell, Thomas and Pilbeam, David",
    title = "PHYLETIC DIVERGENCE DATES OF HOMINOID PRIMATES: A COMPARISON OF FOSSIL AND MOLECULAR DATA",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Evolution",
    abstract = "Journal Article PHYLETIC DIVERGENCE DATES OF HOMINOID PRIMATES: A COMPARISON OF FOSSIL AND MOLECULAR DATA Get access Thomas Uzzell, Thomas Uzzell Departments of Biology and Anthropology and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar David Pilbeam David Pilbeam Departments of Biology and Anthropology and Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven Connecticut 06520 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Evolution, Volume 25, Issue 4, 1 December 1971, Pages 615–635, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01921.x Published: 01 December 1971 Article history Received: 14 May 1971 Published: 01 December 1971",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01921.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1971.tb01921.x",
    openalex = "W2333901848"
}

@article{uzzell1971phyletic,
    author = "Uzzell, Thomas and Pilbeam, David",
    title = "Phyletic Divergence Dates of Hominoid Primates: A Comparison of Fossil and Molecular Data",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2406944",
    doi = "10.2307/2406944",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4244358116",
    pages = "615",
    volume = "25"
}

@misc{uzzell1971phyletic5,
    author = "Uzzell, T. and Pilbeam, D",
    title = "Phyletic divergence dates of homomid primates - a comparison of fossil and molecular data",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 25, p. 615-635",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Uzzell, T., and Pilbeam, D., 1971, Phyletic divergence dates of homomid primates - a comparison of fossil and molecular data: Evolution, v. 25, p. 615-635.}"
}

@article{read1972phyletic,
    author = "Read, Dwight W. and Lestrel, Pete",
    title = "PHYLETIC DIVERGENCE DATES OF HOMINOID PRIMATES",
    year = "1972",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb01973.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.1972.tb01973.x",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W2328892247",
    pages = "669-670",
    volume = "26",
    references = "doi101073pnas581142, doi101111j155856461971tb01921x, doi101126science15838051200, doi101126science1683931578, doi1023072800861, openalexw788933220, uzzell1971phyletic"
}

@article{wolpoff1975allometry,
    author = "Wolpoff, Milford H. and Brace, C. Loring.",
    title = "Allometry and Early Hominids",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.806115",
    doi = "10.1126/science.806115",
    number = "4196",
    openalex = "W1621522830",
    pages = "61-63",
    volume = "189",
    references = "doi101002ajpa1330390303, doi101002ajpa1330390306, doi101002ajpa1330410304, doi101002ajpa1330430207, doi101038202007a0, doi101038232308a0, doi101038242447a0, doi101038248653a0, doi101038249174a0, doi101126science1864167892"
}

@misc{wolpoff1975allometry6,
    author = "Wolpoff, M. H. and Brace, C. L",
    title = "Allometry and early homonids",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 189, p. 61-63",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wolpoff, M. H., and Brace, C. L., 1975, Allometry and early homonids: Science, v. 189, p. 61-63.}"
}

@misc{simons1977ramipithecus4,
    author = "Simons, E. L",
    title = "Ramipithecus",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 236, no. 5, p. 28- 35",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Simons, E. L., 1977, Ramipithecus: Scientific American, v. 236, no. 5, p. 28- 35.}"
}

@misc{cronin1981tempo1,
    author = "Cronin, J. E. N. and Boaz, N. T. and Stringer, C. B. and Rak, Y",
    title = "Tempo and mode in homonid evolution",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "Nature, v. 292, p. 113-122",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cronin, J. E. N., Boaz, N. T., Stringer, C. B., and Rak, Y., 1981, Tempo and mode in homonid evolution: Nature, v. 292, p. 113-122.}"
}

@misc{lewin1983do2,
    author = "Lewin, R",
    title = "Do ape-size legs mean ape-like gait?",
    year = "1983",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 221, p. 537- 538",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Lewin, R., 1983, Do ape-size legs mean ape-like gait?: Science, v. 221, p. 537- 538.}"
}

@misc{pilbeam1984the3,
    author = "Pilbeam, D",
    title = "The descent of homonoids and homonids",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "Scientific American, v. 250, no. 3, p. 84-96",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Pilbeam, D., 1984, The descent of homonoids and homonids: Scientific American, v. 250, no. 3, p. 84-96.}"
}

@article{rambaut1998estimating,
    author = "Rambaut, A. and Bromham, L.",
    title = "Estimating divergence dates from molecular sequences",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Molecular Biology and Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025940",
    doi = "10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025940",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W1966957912",
    pages = "442-448",
    volume = "15",
    references = "doi101007bf00160154, doi101007bf00166252, doi101007bf01734359, doi101007bf02101694, doi1010160169534796100410, doi101016b9781483232119500097, doi101038381226a0, doi101093bioinformatics133235, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva040259, doi101126science2745287568"
}

@article{steiper2006primate,
    author = "Steiper, Michael E. and Young, Nathan M.",
    title = "Primate molecular divergence dates",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.021",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.021",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1976284211",
    pages = "384-394",
    volume = "41",
    references = "doi101007bf00160154, doi101007bf01734359, doi101016b9781483227344500176, doi10103831927, doi10103835054550, doi101093bioinformatics149817, doi101093oxfordjournalsmolbeva025892, doi101126science1067179, doi101126science147365368, doi105860choice355657"
}

Diverse bilaterian clades emerged apparently within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and ecological causes have been proposed to explain this abrupt appearance. A compilation of the patterns of fossil and molecular diversification, comparative developmental data, and information on ecological feeding strategies indicate that the major animal clades diverged many tens of millions of years before their first appearance in the fossil record, demonstrating a macroevolutionary lag between the establishment of their developmental toolkits during the Cryogenian [(850 to 635 million years ago (Ma)], and the later ecological success of metazoans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods. We argue that this diversification involved new forms of developmental regulation, as well as innovations in networks of ecological interaction within the context of permissive environmental circumstances.

@article{doi101126science1206375,
    author = "Erwin, Douglas H. and Laflamme, Marc and Tweedt, Sarah M. and Sperling, Erik A. and Pisani, Davide and Peterson, Kevin J.",
    title = "The Cambrian Conundrum: Early Divergence and Later Ecological Success in the Early History of Animals",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Diverse bilaterian clades emerged apparently within a few million years during the early Cambrian, and various environmental, developmental, and ecological causes have been proposed to explain this abrupt appearance. A compilation of the patterns of fossil and molecular diversification, comparative developmental data, and information on ecological feeding strategies indicate that the major animal clades diverged many tens of millions of years before their first appearance in the fossil record, demonstrating a macroevolutionary lag between the establishment of their developmental toolkits during the Cryogenian [(850 to 635 million years ago (Ma)], and the later ecological success of metazoans during the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) and Cambrian (541 to 488 Ma) periods. We argue that this diversification involved new forms of developmental regulation, as well as innovations in networks of ecological interaction within the context of permissive environmental circumstances.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1206375",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1206375",
    openalex = "W2111414198",
    references = "doi101016jasd200910002, doi101016jpalwor200610016, doi101017s000632310000548x, doi101017s0016756800007603, doi101017s0016756811000720, doi101017s0022336000036465, doi101017s009483730001681x, doi101017s1089332600001133, doi10103835318, doi101038nature04894, doi101038nature05345, doi101038nature06811, doi101038nature09038, doi101038ngeo934, doi101073pnas0902322106, doi10108000241160410004764, doi10108003115510508619300, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg180, doi101093bioinformaticsbtp368, doi101093molbevmsl150, doi101093molbevmsm193, doi101098rstb20090038, doi101111j150239311989tb01332x, doi101111j150239311990tb01373x, doi101111j155856461987tb02459x, doi101126science1113832, doi101126science1135013, doi101126science1139158, doi101126science28454232129, doi1011300091761319940220179pcbgsr23co2, doi1011300091761320030310431eocana20co2, doi101144gsjgs14940607, doi101146annurevearth33092203122519, doi101146annurevecolsys35112202130124, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi101371journalpbio1000602, doi101371journalpone0001121, doi101371journalpone0009586, doi10166609102r1, doi101826182003769311997, doi1018900012965819970781946paneoo20co2, doi1023072409086, doi10247510200701, doi104202app20090058, doi105962bhltitle82303"
}

@article{ma2016early,
    author = "Ma, Jun-Ye and Yang, Qun",
    title = "Early divergence dates of demosponges based on mitogenomics and evaluated fossil calibrations",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2015.03.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2015.03.004",
    number = "2",
    openalex = "W1967608393",
    pages = "292-302",
    volume = "25",
    references = "doi101093bioinformatics149817, doi101093bioinformatics178754, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg180, doi101093bioinformaticsbtu033, doi101093molbevmsm088, doi101093molbevmsm092, doi101109tac19741100705, doi101186147121487214, doi101371journalpbio0040088, doi1023071483846"
}

The potential connection between trends of within species variation, such as those of allometric change in morphology, and phylogenetic divergence has been a central topic in evolutionary biology for more than a century, including in the context of human evolution. In this study, I focus on size‐related shape change in craniofacial proportions using a sample of more than 3200 adult Old World monkeys belonging to 78 species, of which 2942 specimens of 51 species are selected for the analysis. Using geometric morphometrics, I assess whether the divergence in the direction of static allometries increases in relation to phyletic differences. Because both small samples and taxonomic sampling may bias the results, I explore the sensitivity of the main analyses to the inclusion of more or less taxa depending on the choice of a threshold for the minimum sample size of a species. To better understand the impact of sampling error, I also use randomized subsampling experiments in the largest species samples. The study shows that static allometries vary broadly in directions without any evident phylogenetic signal. This variation is much larger than previously found in ontogenetic trajectories of Old World monkeys, but the conclusion of no congruence with phylogenetic divergence is the same. Yet, the effect of sampling error clearly contributes to inaccuracies and tends to magnify the differences in allometric change. Thus, morphometric research at the boundary between micro‐ and macro‐evolution in primates, and more generally in mammals, critically needs very large and representative samples. Besides sampling error, I suggest other non‐mutually exclusive explanations for the lack of correspondence between allometric and phylogenetic divergence in Old World monkeys, and also discuss why directions might be more variable in static compared to ontogenetic trajectories. Even if allometric variation may be a poor source of information in relation to phylogeny, the evolution of allometry is a fascinating subject and the study of size‐related shape changes remains a fundamental piece of the puzzle to understand morphological variation within and between species in primates and other animals.

@article{cardini2025allometry,
    author = "Cardini, Andrea",
    title = "Allometry and phylogenetic divergence: Correspondence or incongruence?",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "The Anatomical Record",
    abstract = "The potential connection between trends of within species variation, such as those of allometric change in morphology, and phylogenetic divergence has been a central topic in evolutionary biology for more than a century, including in the context of human evolution. In this study, I focus on size‐related shape change in craniofacial proportions using a sample of more than 3200 adult Old World monkeys belonging to 78 species, of which 2942 specimens of 51 species are selected for the analysis. Using geometric morphometrics, I assess whether the divergence in the direction of static allometries increases in relation to phyletic differences. Because both small samples and taxonomic sampling may bias the results, I explore the sensitivity of the main analyses to the inclusion of more or less taxa depending on the choice of a threshold for the minimum sample size of a species. To better understand the impact of sampling error, I also use randomized subsampling experiments in the largest species samples. The study shows that static allometries vary broadly in directions without any evident phylogenetic signal. This variation is much larger than previously found in ontogenetic trajectories of Old World monkeys, but the conclusion of no congruence with phylogenetic divergence is the same. Yet, the effect of sampling error clearly contributes to inaccuracies and tends to magnify the differences in allometric change. Thus, morphometric research at the boundary between micro‐ and macro‐evolution in primates, and more generally in mammals, critically needs very large and representative samples. Besides sampling error, I suggest other non‐mutually exclusive explanations for the lack of correspondence between allometric and phylogenetic divergence in Old World monkeys, and also discuss why directions might be more variable in static compared to ontogenetic trajectories. Even if allometric variation may be a poor source of information in relation to phylogeny, the evolution of allometry is a fascinating subject and the study of size‐related shape changes remains a fundamental piece of the puzzle to understand morphological variation within and between species in primates and other animals.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.25544",
    doi = "10.1002/ar.25544",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W4400956477",
    pages = "868-891",
    volume = "308",
    references = "doi101002wics147, doi101007bf02291478, doi101038s415620170189z, doi101093bioinformatics124357, doi101093bioinformaticsbtg412, doi101111j001438202003tb00285x, doi101111j17550998201002924x, doi1023072992207, doi105860choice441281, openalexw260994251"
}