Hydraulics

@article{anonymous1862physics,
    author = "Anonymous",
    title = "Physics and hydraulics of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1862",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s2-33.98.181",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s2-33.98.181",
    number = "98",
    openalex = "W4210642362",
    pages = "181-189",
    volume = "s2-33"
}

@article{barnard1863hydraulics,
    author = "Barnard, F. A. P.",
    title = "Hydraulics of the report on the Mississippi River of Humphreys and Abbot; discussion",
    year = "1863",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.s2-36.106.16",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.s2-36.106.16",
    number = "106",
    openalex = "W2326202188",
    pages = "16-37",
    volume = "s2-36"
}

@misc{humphreys1876report1,
    author = "Humphreys, A. A. and Abbott, H. L",
    title = "Report on the physics and hydraulics of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1876",
    howpublished = "United States Army Corps of Engineers, Professional Paper, v. 13, p. 92-95",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Humphreys, A. A., and Abbott, H. L., 1876, Report on the physics and hydraulics of the Mississippi River: United States Army Corps of Engineers, Professional Paper, v. 13, p. 92-95.}"
}

@book{openalexw2960971103,
    author = "Haupt, Lewis M.",
    title = "The Mississippi River Problem",
    year = "1904",
    booktitle = "Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution)",
    openalex = "W2960971103"
}

@article{brown1910report,
    author = "Brown, R. M.",
    title = "Report of the Mississippi River Commission",
    year = "1910",
    journal = "Bulletin of the American Geographical Society",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/199371",
    doi = "10.2307/199371",
    number = "6",
    openalex = "W2797624364",
    pages = "467",
    volume = "42"
}

During August, 1919, the writer made a study of the vegetation of western Kentucky along the Mississippi River. An earlier report' of this work dealt particularly with the history of an island which was formed in chute number 5, a channel separating Wolf Island from the state of Missouri. This island began to form in 1913, as the result of the stranding of a barge on a rock bar in the chute as the memorable floods of that year receded.

@article{doi1023072421249,
    author = "Shull, C. A.",
    title = "Observations of General Vegetational Changes on a River Island in the Mississippi River",
    year = "1944",
    journal = "The American Midland Naturalist",
    abstract = "During August, 1919, the writer made a study of the vegetation of western Kentucky along the Mississippi River. An earlier report' of this work dealt particularly with the history of an island which was formed in chute number 5, a channel separating Wolf Island from the state of Missouri. This island began to form in 1913, as the result of the stranding of a barge on a rock bar in the chute as the memorable floods of that year receded.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2421249",
    doi = "10.2307/2421249",
    openalex = "W2089078011"
}

The Mississippi River Commission has studied the meandering of the Mississippi River for many years.A great tltOl'e of factual data on stage, discharge, slopes, character of bed and bank materials, bank caving and movement of bed load has been collected.River engineers and also steamboat men who have spent years on the river have acquired an understanding of its habits which enables them to predict with considerable accuracy what it is going,to do.While what the river is doing and the trend of its changes may be clearly apparent to the trained observer, the reasons t.herefor often are obscure or, if suspected, cannot be proved.This is so because there are so many interdependent variables in the river's cquation that no one of them can be isolated and studied by itself.Cost aside, it is impossible to make surveys of a sufficient length of a rapidly changing river often enough to determine what is cause and what is effect.In a great river it is impossible to see the movement of sand along the bottom and to observe how the bars are formed.It. is impossible to determine where the material caved from banks goes or from whence come the materials deposited on bars.We believed that by using small streams flowing in selected erodible materials, we could so reduce the linear, discharge, and time scales as to permit of observations which would improve our understanding of the complicated phenomenon of river meander.This paper gives the results of our laboratory work to elaLe.It is hoped that it will discussion and be of help to river engineers,

@article{openalexw2892246688,
    author = "Friedkin, Joseph F. and Tyler, Max C.",
    title = "A laboratory study of the meandering of alluvial rivers",
    year = "1945",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "The Mississippi River Commission has studied the meandering of the Mississippi River for many years.A great tltOl'e of factual data on stage, discharge, slopes, character of bed and bank materials, bank caving and movement of bed load has been collected.River engineers and also steamboat men who have spent years on the river have acquired an understanding of its habits which enables them to predict with considerable accuracy what it is going,to do.While what the river is doing and the trend of its changes may be clearly apparent to the trained observer, the reasons t.herefor often are obscure or, if suspected, cannot be proved.This is so because there are so many interdependent variables in the river's cquation that no one of them can be isolated and studied by itself.Cost aside, it is impossible to make surveys of a sufficient length of a rapidly changing river often enough to determine what is cause and what is effect.In a great river it is impossible to see the movement of sand along the bottom and to observe how the bars are formed.It. is impossible to determine where the material caved from banks goes or from whence come the materials deposited on bars.We believed that by using small streams flowing in selected erodible materials, we could so reduce the linear, discharge, and time scales as to permit of observations which would improve our understanding of the complicated phenomenon of river meander.This paper gives the results of our laboratory work to elaLe.It is hoped that it will discussion and be of help to river engineers,",
    openalex = "W2892246688"
}

The project authorized by the 1944 Act for stabilizing and deepening the Lower Mississippi River between Cairo, Ill., and Baton Rouge, La., included in flood control bill H. R. 4485 (approved December 22, 1944) and Public Law No. 534 (78th Congress, Chapter 665—second session), is the necessary sequel to the flood control and navigation improvement hitherto accomplished, which it is designed to supplement and protect.

@article{doi101061taceat0006071,
    author = "Senour, Charles",
    title = "New Project for Stabilizing and Deepening Lower Mississippi River",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers",
    abstract = "The project authorized by the 1944 Act for stabilizing and deepening the Lower Mississippi River between Cairo, Ill., and Baton Rouge, La., included in flood control bill H. R. 4485 (approved December 22, 1944) and Public Law No. 534 (78th Congress, Chapter 665—second session), is the necessary sequel to the flood control and navigation improvement hitherto accomplished, which it is designed to supplement and protect.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/taceat.0006071",
    doi = "10.1061/taceat.0006071",
    openalex = "W2231815138"
}

@article{doi102307211375,
    author = "Flint, Richard Foster and Fisk, H. N.",
    title = "Geological Investigation of the Alluvial Valley of the Lower Mississippi River",
    year = "1947",
    journal = "Geographical Review",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/211375",
    doi = "10.2307/211375",
    openalex = "W2327685420"
}

Natural and artificial cutoffs on the Lower Mississippi River in the 50-mile stretch north of Vicksburg, Miss., are described with respect to their effect on river shortening and flood-stage lowering. Historical and physical facts are given which explain why, during the period from 1884 to 1932, natural cutoffs were dreaded and engineering measures were taken to prevent their occurrence, thus permitting the river to become considerably lengthened. The paper describes the unforeseen circumstances which caused a cutoff at Yucatan Bend to occur unexpectedly during the low-water season of 1929; and it relates how the satisfactory, manner in which the cutoff developed unassisted gave impetus to the launching of a program of river shortening by artificial cutoffs, the first of which, across Diamond Point, was opened on January 8, 1933. The technique adopted avoided making cutoffs across narrow necks, except where conditions made this necessary, and also avoided the pitfalls of European practice. Since that date fourteen additional cutoffs have been constructed, making a total of sixteen. In connection with other forms of channel rectification and dredging operations, these cutoffs have shortened the Lower Mississippi a total of 170 miles between Memphis, Tenn., and Baton Rouge, La., in an original 680-mile river length, or 25%. The appreciable lowering of flood stages which resulted from the cutoffs has saved vast outlays in levee construction. The cutoff data presented are from the records of the Mississippi River Commission.

@article{doi101061taceat0006144,
    author = "Matthes, Gerard H.",
    title = "Mississippi River Cutoffs",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers",
    abstract = "Natural and artificial cutoffs on the Lower Mississippi River in the 50-mile stretch north of Vicksburg, Miss., are described with respect to their effect on river shortening and flood-stage lowering. Historical and physical facts are given which explain why, during the period from 1884 to 1932, natural cutoffs were dreaded and engineering measures were taken to prevent their occurrence, thus permitting the river to become considerably lengthened. The paper describes the unforeseen circumstances which caused a cutoff at Yucatan Bend to occur unexpectedly during the low-water season of 1929; and it relates how the satisfactory, manner in which the cutoff developed unassisted gave impetus to the launching of a program of river shortening by artificial cutoffs, the first of which, across Diamond Point, was opened on January 8, 1933. The technique adopted avoided making cutoffs across narrow necks, except where conditions made this necessary, and also avoided the pitfalls of European practice. Since that date fourteen additional cutoffs have been constructed, making a total of sixteen. In connection with other forms of channel rectification and dredging operations, these cutoffs have shortened the Lower Mississippi a total of 170 miles between Memphis, Tenn., and Baton Rouge, La., in an original 680-mile river length, or 25\%. The appreciable lowering of flood stages which resulted from the cutoffs has saved vast outlays in levee construction. The cutoff data presented are from the records of the Mississippi River Commission.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/taceat.0006144",
    doi = "10.1061/taceat.0006144",
    openalex = "W2753536573"
}

@article{peyronnin1961hydraulics,
    author = "Peyronnin, Chester A.",
    title = "Hydraulics of Southwest Pass, Mississippi River",
    year = "1961",
    journal = "Journal of the Hydraulics Division",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/jyceaj.0000547",
    doi = "10.1061/jyceaj.0000547",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2260292955",
    pages = "103-116",
    volume = "87"
}

Abstract: A comprehensive study of the historical geomorphology of the Middle Mississippi River was made to determine the physical impact of river contraction works on river morphology and behavior, and subsequent effects on the side channels. The studies included physical model studies of the river and side channels, the combined effects of navigation improvement structures and flood protection works on flood stages, and a review of the history of development and modification of the Middle Mississippi River.

@article{openalexw244848745,
    author = "Simons, Daryl B. and Schumm, Stanley A. and Stevens, Michael A.",
    title = "Geomorphology of the Middle Mississippi River",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Digital Collections of Colorado (Colorado State University)",
    abstract = "Abstract: A comprehensive study of the historical geomorphology of the Middle Mississippi River was made to determine the physical impact of river contraction works on river morphology and behavior, and subsequent effects on the side channels. The studies included physical model studies of the river and side channels, the combined effects of navigation improvement structures and flood protection works on flood stages, and a review of the history of development and modification of the Middle Mississippi River.",
    openalex = "W244848745",
    references = "doi102307213147, doi1023072421249, openalexw2892246688"
}

The objectives of this study are to determine the interaction of riverine dredging operations with the morphology and hydraulics of a river system; to examine current open water disposal practices in relation to river morphology; and to investigate the feasibility of disposing dredged material in the main channel region of the river. In the primary study area, the Mississippi River above Cairo, Illinois, construction of contraction works and navigation dams has taken place concurrently with dredging, and each simultaneously affected water and sediment transport characteristics of the river. Consequently, the analysis of this study establishes, first, the morphology of the natural river, then the combined effects of development activities on the river, and, finally, the response of the system to the activity of primary concern, dredging and disposal operations. (Author)

@article{openalexw174653188,
    author = "Lagasse, P. F.",
    title = "Interaction of River Hydraulics and Morphology with Riverine Dredging Operations.",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)",
    abstract = "The objectives of this study are to determine the interaction of riverine dredging operations with the morphology and hydraulics of a river system; to examine current open water disposal practices in relation to river morphology; and to investigate the feasibility of disposing dredged material in the main channel region of the river. In the primary study area, the Mississippi River above Cairo, Illinois, construction of contraction works and navigation dams has taken place concurrently with dredging, and each simultaneously affected water and sediment transport characteristics of the river. Consequently, the analysis of this study establishes, first, the morphology of the natural river, then the combined effects of development activities on the river, and, finally, the response of the system to the activity of primary concern, dredging and disposal operations. (Author)",
    openalex = "W174653188"
}

This report is a study of the past and present geomorphic features of the reach of the Upper Mississippi River which includes Pools 24, 25, and 26 and the lower reach of the Illinois River. In addition, the report presents the anticipated future geomorphic changes that will result from past, present, and planned future developments of these reaches. The study was based primarily on data collected by the Corps of Engineers, aided with a mathematical model of the river system. On the basis of this study of the past geomorphic changes in Pools 24, 25, and 26 and with the mathematical simulation of future river response, it was concluded that 50 years from now the study area will be essentially as it is today. The present day manner of operation does not have any serious detrimental effects on the geomorphology or hydraulics of the river system in the study area.

@article{openalexw282846760,
    author = "Simons, Daryl B. and Schumm, Stanley A. and Stevens, Maarten and Chen, Y. H. and Lagasse, P. F.",
    title = "Environmental Inventory and Assessment of Navigation Pools 24, 25, and 26, Upper Mississippi and Lower Illinois Rivers. A Geomorphic Study.",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)",
    abstract = "This report is a study of the past and present geomorphic features of the reach of the Upper Mississippi River which includes Pools 24, 25, and 26 and the lower reach of the Illinois River. In addition, the report presents the anticipated future geomorphic changes that will result from past, present, and planned future developments of these reaches. The study was based primarily on data collected by the Corps of Engineers, aided with a mathematical model of the river system. On the basis of this study of the past geomorphic changes in Pools 24, 25, and 26 and with the mathematical simulation of future river response, it was concluded that 50 years from now the study area will be essentially as it is today. The present day manner of operation does not have any serious detrimental effects on the geomorphology or hydraulics of the river system in the study area.",
    openalex = "W282846760"
}

Potamology Report

@article{openalexw137700060,
    author = "Winkley, Brien R.",
    title = "Man-Made Cutoffs on the Lower Mississippi River, Conception, Construction, and River Response.",
    year = "1977",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "Potamology Report",
    openalex = "W137700060"
}

The unusally high 1973 and 1975 flood seasons on the Mississippi River revealed apparent significant reductions in flood-carrying capacity. In addition, a heretofore unappreciated phenomenon known as loop effect appeared to have a large impact on stage-discharge relations. As a part of a general re-analysis of the design flood flow line, a study was initiated to help quantify the dynamic loop effect. The purpose of the study was to estimate the loop magnitude at the design flood to be added to the separately evaluated steady-state design flood flow line.

@article{openalexw346844282,
    author = "Huval, Carl J.",
    title = "The Dynamic Loop Effect on the Mississippi River Project Design Flood Flow Line.",
    year = "1979",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "The unusally high 1973 and 1975 flood seasons on the Mississippi River revealed apparent significant reductions in flood-carrying capacity. In addition, a heretofore unappreciated phenomenon known as loop effect appeared to have a large impact on stage-discharge relations. As a part of a general re-analysis of the design flood flow line, a study was initiated to help quantify the dynamic loop effect. The purpose of the study was to estimate the loop magnitude at the design flood to be added to the separately evaluated steady-state design flood flow line.",
    openalex = "W346844282"
}

The present potamology program was initiated after the major flood of 1973, which confirmed that significant flood control capacity has been lost over a major portion of the lower Mississippi River. Objectives of the program are to obtain a better understanding of: the river's reaction to various parameters, why these reactions occur, and how to control these reactions and/or predict future changes resulting from them. The studies described in this report consisted of detailed investigation of four major parameters: hydrology, sedimentation, channel geometry, and man-made modifications. Of the four parameters studied, effective management of the sediment parameter offers the greatest potential toward achievement of a stable, dependable channel for both flood control and navigation. The second most significant parameter, one interrelated with sediment transport and storage, is channel geometry and alignment. Future potamology programs should focus primarily on the major objective of improving the balance between hydraulic parameters and sediment transport capabilities for a full range of flows, locally and throughout the middle and lower Mississippi River.

@article{openalexw346426417,
    author = "Tuttle, James R and Pinner, William",
    title = "Analysis of Major Parameters Affecting the Behavior of the Mississippi River.",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "The present potamology program was initiated after the major flood of 1973, which confirmed that significant flood control capacity has been lost over a major portion of the lower Mississippi River. Objectives of the program are to obtain a better understanding of: the river's reaction to various parameters, why these reactions occur, and how to control these reactions and/or predict future changes resulting from them. The studies described in this report consisted of detailed investigation of four major parameters: hydrology, sedimentation, channel geometry, and man-made modifications. Of the four parameters studied, effective management of the sediment parameter offers the greatest potential toward achievement of a stable, dependable channel for both flood control and navigation. The second most significant parameter, one interrelated with sediment transport and storage, is channel geometry and alignment. Future potamology programs should focus primarily on the major objective of improving the balance between hydraulic parameters and sediment transport capabilities for a full range of flows, locally and throughout the middle and lower Mississippi River.",
    openalex = "W346426417"
}

@article{openalexw3108496182,
    author = "Mc, Reese and Ks, Lubinski",
    title = "A survey and annotated checklist of late summer aquatic and floodplain vascular flora, middle and lower pool 26, Mississippi and Illinois Rivers.",
    year = "1983",
    journal = "Castanea",
    openalex = "W3108496182",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

@article{chen1986hydrology,
    author = "Chen, Yung Ha and Simons, Daryl B.",
    title = "Hydrology, hydraulics, and geomorphology of the Upper Mississippi River system",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00051500",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00051500",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2082635481",
    pages = "5-19",
    volume = "136",
    references = "openalexw174653188, openalexw244848745, openalexw282846760, openalexw3197931850"
}

@article{doi101007bf00051501,
    author = "Bhowmik, Nani G. and Adams, John",
    title = "The hydrologic environment of Pool 19 of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00051501",
    doi = "10.1007/bf00051501",
    openalex = "W2016745073"
}

Humans have altered streams and rivers for economic, commercial, and recreational uses. Low flow depths in navigable rivers have been increased by the construction of locks and dams to facilitate the movement of river traffic such as barge tows. Lock and Dam on Pool 19 on the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa, is the oldest and one of the two highest dams on the Mississippi River. The high storage-capacity-to-inflow ratio causes a high trap efficiency for this pool. The pool is going through a successional change and ultimately will attain a dynamic volumetric equilibrium with an extensive formation of islands, shallow channel border areas, and plant beds. Interactions between the river and its tributaries have also changed, and these confluences are now more like estuaries than river junctions. The deltas, islands, and shallow wetlands near the confluences are the end products of these changing interactions. The dam has changed the Des Moines Rapids into a biologically productive pool with extensive beds of aquatic macrophytes and burrowing macroinvertebrates, which attract migratory waterfowl and fish.

@article{doi101061asce07339429198611210967,
    author = "Bhowmik, Nani G. and Adams, J. Rodger and Sparks, Richard E.",
    title = "Fate of Navigation Pool on Mississippi River",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Hydraulic Engineering",
    abstract = "Humans have altered streams and rivers for economic, commercial, and recreational uses. Low flow depths in navigable rivers have been increased by the construction of locks and dams to facilitate the movement of river traffic such as barge tows. Lock and Dam on Pool 19 on the Mississippi River near Keokuk, Iowa, is the oldest and one of the two highest dams on the Mississippi River. The high storage-capacity-to-inflow ratio causes a high trap efficiency for this pool. The pool is going through a successional change and ultimately will attain a dynamic volumetric equilibrium with an extensive formation of islands, shallow channel border areas, and plant beds. Interactions between the river and its tributaries have also changed, and these confluences are now more like estuaries than river junctions. The deltas, islands, and shallow wetlands near the confluences are the end products of these changing interactions. The dam has changed the Des Moines Rapids into a biologically productive pool with extensive beds of aquatic macrophytes and burrowing macroinvertebrates, which attract migratory waterfowl and fish.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1986)112:10(967)",
    doi = "10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1986)112:10(967)",
    openalex = "W2022994479",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Examination of the impact of dredging when employed in support of engineering requirements for river system development on the Mississippi River system reveals that the dredge provides the river engineer with a means of rapidly altering channel configuration and accelerating morphologic processes. In this respect, dredging constitutes a morphologic agent responsive to engineering requirements. This application is overshadowed by the volume of material moved and the number of reaches involved in dredging operations for navigation channel maintenance. Dredging and disposal of dredged material in support of channel maintenance implies the repeated moving of alluvial sediments from the main channel region toward the periphery of the channel. The combined use of dredging, contraction dikes, and disposal of dredged material in the dike fields can induce major changes in the cross‐sectional characteristics of a river. This direct physical displacement of bed material and the resulting change in channel shape can retard the movement of bed‐load sediments through a river system. In both the Columbia and Mississippi River systems this lateral redistribution of sediment by dredging, when combined with contraction works, has constituted an agent for long‐term morphologic change.

@article{doi101061asce0733950x198611211,
    author = "Lagasse, P. F.",
    title = "River Response to Dredging",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and Ocean Engineering",
    abstract = "Examination of the impact of dredging when employed in support of engineering requirements for river system development on the Mississippi River system reveals that the dredge provides the river engineer with a means of rapidly altering channel configuration and accelerating morphologic processes. In this respect, dredging constitutes a morphologic agent responsive to engineering requirements. This application is overshadowed by the volume of material moved and the number of reaches involved in dredging operations for navigation channel maintenance. Dredging and disposal of dredged material in support of channel maintenance implies the repeated moving of alluvial sediments from the main channel region toward the periphery of the channel. The combined use of dredging, contraction dikes, and disposal of dredged material in the dike fields can induce major changes in the cross‐sectional characteristics of a river. This direct physical displacement of bed material and the resulting change in channel shape can retard the movement of bed‐load sediments through a river system. In both the Columbia and Mississippi River systems this lateral redistribution of sediment by dredging, when combined with contraction works, has constituted an agent for long‐term morphologic change.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1986)112:1(1)",
    doi = "10.1061/(asce)0733-950x(1986)112:1(1)",
    openalex = "W2066308990",
    references = "openalexw174653188"
}

@article{doi101007bf02574816,
    author = "Kesel, Richard H.",
    title = "The decline in the suspended load of the Lower Mississippi River and its influence on adjacent wetlands",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Environmental Geology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02574816",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02574816",
    openalex = "W2090412418"
}

ABSTRACT Twenty-three species of freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) were collected by divers in May, 1987, at 32 sites on and between wing dams in Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River. Five species (Amblema plicata, Obliquaria reflexa, Obovaria olivaria, Lampsilis ventricosa and Quadrula pustulosa) comprised 90% of the fauna and were found at 88–100% of the sites. Specimens of Actinonaias ligamentina, Plethobasus cyphyus, and Strophitus undulatus, last reported in 1930, and the endangered Lampsilis higginsi, last reported in 1966, were collected alive.

@article{doi1010800270506019889665179,
    author = "Miller, Andrew C.",
    title = "Mussel Fauna Associated with Wing Dams in Pool 7 of the Mississippi River",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of Freshwater Ecology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Twenty-three species of freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Unionidae) were collected by divers in May, 1987, at 32 sites on and between wing dams in Pool 7 of the upper Mississippi River. Five species (Amblema plicata, Obliquaria reflexa, Obovaria olivaria, Lampsilis ventricosa and Quadrula pustulosa) comprised 90\% of the fauna and were found at 88–100\% of the sites. Specimens of Actinonaias ligamentina, Plethobasus cyphyus, and Strophitus undulatus, last reported in 1930, and the endangered Lampsilis higginsi, last reported in 1966, were collected alive.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1988.9665179",
    doi = "10.1080/02705060.1988.9665179",
    openalex = "W2002796941"
}

ABSTRACT Depositional sequences generated in the Mississippi River delta plain consist of a regressive and a transgressive component. The transgressive component has been considerably less studied but accounts for the majority of the surface area on the lower Mississippi River delta plain and up to 50 percent of the total sequence thickness in shallow-water deltas. The development and preservation of transgressive depositional systems in abandoned delta complexes follows the process of transgressive submergence in which the horizontal component of reworking occurs during shoreface retreat, combined with a vertical component of submergence acting to preserve the sequence. The evolution of transgressive depositional systems in each of the abandoned Holocene Mississippi River delta complex s can be summarized in a three-stage model beginning with stage 1, an erosional headland and flanking barriers. In this stage, regressive sand deposits contained within abandoned deltaic headlands are reworked by the eroding shoreface and dispersed longshore into contiguous flanking barriers enclosing restricted interdistributary bays. Submergence of the delta plain during relative sea-level rise generates an intradeltaic lagoon separating the former stage 1 sand body from the shoreline, forming stage 2, a transgressive barrier island arc. The landward-migrating barrier island arc is unable to keep pace with relative sea-level rise and the retreating mainland shoreline, resulting in submergence and the formation of stage 3, an inner-shelf shoal. Following submergence the former barrier island arc sand body continues to be reworked into a marine sand body on the inner continental shelf during stage 3. This sequence of coastal evolution provides direct evidence of barrier island formation, with each stage producing a distinctive stratigraphic signature. The current sea-level-rise models of shoreface retreat and in-place drowning developed for the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf do not adequately explain either the morphology or the stratigraphy of transgressive Mississippi River delta sand bodies. Current models of Mississippi deltaic stratigraphy emphasize the deep-water, artificially maintained Balize delta, which differs considerably from the shallow-water, shelf-phase delta complexes that are the primary depositional constituents of he Holocene Mississippi River delta plain.

@article{doi101306212f8ec22b2411d78648000102c1865d,
    author = "Penland, Shea",
    title = "Transgressive Depositional Systems of the Mississippi Delta Plain: A Model for Barrier Shoreline and Shelf Sand Development",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Journal of Sedimentary Research",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Depositional sequences generated in the Mississippi River delta plain consist of a regressive and a transgressive component. The transgressive component has been considerably less studied but accounts for the majority of the surface area on the lower Mississippi River delta plain and up to 50 percent of the total sequence thickness in shallow-water deltas. The development and preservation of transgressive depositional systems in abandoned delta complexes follows the process of transgressive submergence in which the horizontal component of reworking occurs during shoreface retreat, combined with a vertical component of submergence acting to preserve the sequence. The evolution of transgressive depositional systems in each of the abandoned Holocene Mississippi River delta complex s can be summarized in a three-stage model beginning with stage 1, an erosional headland and flanking barriers. In this stage, regressive sand deposits contained within abandoned deltaic headlands are reworked by the eroding shoreface and dispersed longshore into contiguous flanking barriers enclosing restricted interdistributary bays. Submergence of the delta plain during relative sea-level rise generates an intradeltaic lagoon separating the former stage 1 sand body from the shoreline, forming stage 2, a transgressive barrier island arc. The landward-migrating barrier island arc is unable to keep pace with relative sea-level rise and the retreating mainland shoreline, resulting in submergence and the formation of stage 3, an inner-shelf shoal. Following submergence the former barrier island arc sand body continues to be reworked into a marine sand body on the inner continental shelf during stage 3. This sequence of coastal evolution provides direct evidence of barrier island formation, with each stage producing a distinctive stratigraphic signature. The current sea-level-rise models of shoreface retreat and in-place drowning developed for the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf do not adequately explain either the morphology or the stratigraphy of transgressive Mississippi River delta sand bodies. Current models of Mississippi deltaic stratigraphy emphasize the deep-water, artificially maintained Balize delta, which differs considerably from the shallow-water, shelf-phase delta complexes that are the primary depositional constituents of he Holocene Mississippi River delta plain.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/212f8ec2-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/212f8ec2-2b24-11d7-8648000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2116610327"
}

Abstract: A quasi-two-dimensional sediment movement computer program was verified to historical bed deposition and scour and used to forecast delta growth for the next 50 years. The results are compared with growth rates predicted by several other methods in Report 6 of this series, Interim Summary Report of Growth Prediction. Keywords: Army planning, Resource management, Subaerial land bays, Flood elevation, Alluvial plains, Louisiana, Sedimentation, Deposition.

@article{openalexw1496511206,
    author = "Thomas, W. and Heath, Ronald E. and Stewart, Joel and Clark, D. G.",
    title = "The Atchafalaya River Delta. Report 5. The Atchafalaya River Delta Quasi-Two-Dimensional Model of Delta Growth and Impacts on River Stages",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "Abstract: A quasi-two-dimensional sediment movement computer program was verified to historical bed deposition and scour and used to forecast delta growth for the next 50 years. The results are compared with growth rates predicted by several other methods in Report 6 of this series, Interim Summary Report of Growth Prediction. Keywords: Army planning, Resource management, Subaerial land bays, Flood elevation, Alluvial plains, Louisiana, Sedimentation, Deposition.",
    openalex = "W1496511206"
}

The habitats of mussel species in a portion of the main stem of Navigation Pool 10 of the upper Mississippi River were examined. Population composition, abundance, and sediment and current preferences were measured at 186 sites in the East Channel of the pool. Although total mussel abundance varied significantly as a function of sediment and current (p ≤ 0.05), abundance could be predicted in only 44% of sites by discriminant analysis models. Accurate prediction of abundance for most species also was poor. Species showed little discrimination in choosing main channel habitats, but could be broadly classified into species preferring fine to medium-fine sands (e.g., Truncilla truncata and Potamilus alatus) or coarser sands (e.g., Lampsilis cardium and Truncilla donaciformis). The endangered Lampsilis higginsi was found in a broad range of habitats similar to those occupied by many of the more common species, suggesting factors other than loss of adult habitat for the rarity of this species.

@article{doi1023071467900,
    author = "Holland‐Bartels, Leslie E.",
    title = "Physical Factors and Their Influence on the Mussel Fauna of a Main Channel Border Habitat of the Upper Mississippi River",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of the North American Benthological Society",
    abstract = "The habitats of mussel species in a portion of the main stem of Navigation Pool 10 of the upper Mississippi River were examined. Population composition, abundance, and sediment and current preferences were measured at 186 sites in the East Channel of the pool. Although total mussel abundance varied significantly as a function of sediment and current (p ≤ 0.05), abundance could be predicted in only 44\% of sites by discriminant analysis models. Accurate prediction of abundance for most species also was poor. Species showed little discrimination in choosing main channel habitats, but could be broadly classified into species preferring fine to medium-fine sands (e.g., Truncilla truncata and Potamilus alatus) or coarser sands (e.g., Lampsilis cardium and Truncilla donaciformis). The endangered Lampsilis higginsi was found in a broad range of habitats similar to those occupied by many of the more common species, suggesting factors other than loss of adult habitat for the rarity of this species.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1467900",
    doi = "10.2307/1467900",
    openalex = "W2034225794",
    references = "chen1986hydrology, doi101007bf00051501, doi1010800270506019889665179, doi101111j136524271983tb00675x, doi1023072425181, openalexw1744622331"
}

@article{doi101038368619a0,
    author = "Turner, R. Eugene and Rabalais, Nancy N.",
    title = "Coastal eutrophication near the Mississippi river delta",
    year = "1994",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/368619a0",
    doi = "10.1038/368619a0",
    openalex = "W2071436107",
    references = "doi1010160016703781900065, doi1010160025322779900392, doi1010160198014984900864, doi101016027843439290065r, doi101086628741, doi1023071311453, doi1023073515153, doi103354meps003083, doi103354meps083281, openalexw657870130"
}

@article{doi101007bf02329315,
    author = "Wilson, Donna M. and Naimo, Teresa J. and Wiener, James G. and Anderson, Richard V. and Sandheinrich, Mark B. and Sparks, Richard E.",
    title = "Declining populations of the fingernail clamMusculium transversum in the upper Mississippi River",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02329315",
    doi = "10.1007/bf02329315",
    openalex = "W2023216143",
    references = "chen1986hydrology"
}

Patterns of overbank sedimentation in the vicinity of, and far removed from, levee breaks that occurred in response to the >100 year, summer 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River valley are elucidated. Two suites of overbank deposits were associated with the failure of artificial levees within a 70 km long study reach. Circumjacent sand deposits are a component of the levee break complex that develops in the immediate vicinity of a break site. As epitomized by the levee break complex at Sny Island, these features consist of an erosional, scoured and/or stripped zone, together with a horseshoe-shaped, depositional zone. At locales farther removed from the break site, the impact of flooding was exclusively depositional and was attributed to the settling of suspended sediment from the water column. The overall picture was one of modest scour at break sites and minimal suspended deposition (<4 mm) at locales farther removed from the breach. Downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River, suspended sediment deposition was of a similar magnitude to that observed within the study reach and levee break complexes exhibited a similar morphology, but scour at break sites was greatly enhanced and the excavated sand formed extensive deposits on the floodplain surface. The different erosional response was probably engendered by the higher sand content and reduced aggregate cohesion of the floodplain soils downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River. A qualitative comparison serves to highlight the influence that the resistance threshold may have on the sensitivity of floodplains bordering large low-gradient rivers to high magnitude floods. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

@article{doi101002sici109698371997102210923aidesp76330co2e,
    author = "Gómez, Basil and Phillips, Jonathan D. and Magilligan, Francis J. and James, L. Allan",
    title = "Floodplain sedimentation and sensitivity: summer 1993 flood, Upper Mississippi River Valley",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Earth Surface Processes and Landforms",
    abstract = "Patterns of overbank sedimentation in the vicinity of, and far removed from, levee breaks that occurred in response to the >100 year, summer 1993 flood in the upper Mississippi River valley are elucidated. Two suites of overbank deposits were associated with the failure of artificial levees within a 70 km long study reach. Circumjacent sand deposits are a component of the levee break complex that develops in the immediate vicinity of a break site. As epitomized by the levee break complex at Sny Island, these features consist of an erosional, scoured and/or stripped zone, together with a horseshoe-shaped, depositional zone. At locales farther removed from the break site, the impact of flooding was exclusively depositional and was attributed to the settling of suspended sediment from the water column. The overall picture was one of modest scour at break sites and minimal suspended deposition (<4 mm) at locales farther removed from the breach. Downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River, suspended sediment deposition was of a similar magnitude to that observed within the study reach and levee break complexes exhibited a similar morphology, but scour at break sites was greatly enhanced and the excavated sand formed extensive deposits on the floodplain surface. The different erosional response was probably engendered by the higher sand content and reduced aggregate cohesion of the floodplain soils downriver from the confluence with the Missouri River. A qualitative comparison serves to highlight the influence that the resistance threshold may have on the sensitivity of floodplains bordering large low-gradient rivers to high magnitude floods. © 1997 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199710)22:10<923::aid-esp763>3.0.co;2-e",
    doi = "10.1002/(sici)1096-9837(199710)22:10<923::aid-esp763>3.0.co;2-e",
    openalex = "W2065755554",
    references = "chen1986hydrology, doi1010160037073893900619, doi1010160169555x9290014f, doi1010160169555x9290039q, doi101016s0048969796052941, doi101061asce073394291984110111557, doi101061jyceaj0001165, doi101111j136530911987tb00779x, doi10113000167606197990453tocpis20co2, doi102307211375, openalexw2625982152"
}

Suspended material samples were collected at 16 sites along the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries during July−August 1991, October−November 1991, and April−May 1992, and separated into colloid and particulate fractions to determine the organic carbon content of these two fractions of suspended material. Sample collection involved centrifugation to isolate the suspended particulate fraction and ultrafiltration to isolate the colloid fraction. For the first time, particulate and colloid concentrations and organic carbon and nitrogen content were investigated along the entire reach of the Mississippi River from above Minneapolis, Minnesota, to below New Orleans, Louisiana. Organic carbon content of the colloid (15.2 percent) was much higher than organic carbon content of the particulate material (4.8 percent). Carbon/nitrogen ratios of colloid and particulate phases were more similar to ratios for microorganisms than to ratios for soils, humic materials, or plants.

@article{doi101021es970196b,
    author = "Rostad, Colleen E. and Leenheer, Jerry A. and Daniel, Stephen R.",
    title = "Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Content Associated with Colloids and Suspended Particulates from the Mississippi River and Some of Its Tributaries",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology",
    abstract = "Suspended material samples were collected at 16 sites along the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries during July−August 1991, October−November 1991, and April−May 1992, and separated into colloid and particulate fractions to determine the organic carbon content of these two fractions of suspended material. Sample collection involved centrifugation to isolate the suspended particulate fraction and ultrafiltration to isolate the colloid fraction. For the first time, particulate and colloid concentrations and organic carbon and nitrogen content were investigated along the entire reach of the Mississippi River from above Minneapolis, Minnesota, to below New Orleans, Louisiana. Organic carbon content of the colloid (15.2 percent) was much higher than organic carbon content of the particulate material (4.8 percent). Carbon/nitrogen ratios of colloid and particulate phases were more similar to ratios for microorganisms than to ratios for soils, humic materials, or plants.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es970196b",
    doi = "10.1021/es970196b",
    openalex = "W2025057245",
    references = "chen1986hydrology, doi1010079789400950955, doi1010079789400951051, doi1010160016703783902314, doi101016b9780125468053500047, doi101021es00131a011, doi101021es00157a003, doi101021es60128a001, doi101061asce0733942919841106707, doi1010970001069419861100000011, doi102475ajs2824401"
}

The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the costliest natural disasters in American history. This flood was primarily the result of a persistent weather pattern that delivered precipitation across a very large part of the Midwest for an extended period of the summer. In contrast to normal years when most places in the region receive about half of their annual precipitation between May and August, many places received the equivalent of the annual rainfall in that time period in 1993. Much of this rain fell on soils that were already saturated and unable to store additional runoff. Annual and monthly rainfall totals for the states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois for 1993 were the highest in 100 years. Precipitation was highest in Iowa, where the annual total precipitation of 1,200 mm was estimated to have an exceedence probability of 0.001. Peak discharges on the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri Rivers were likewise characterized by low probabilities, but these estimates can be interpreted very differently depending on the assumptions used in the analysis. In contrast to the main-stem rivers, flooding on tributary streams, whether expressed in terms of return period or discharge per unit drainage area, was less extreme. Arguments put forth in the popular press and elsewhere that land-use modifications in the Mississippi River basin exacerbated flooding in 1993 are reviewed in detail, and it is suggested that these effects may be important for floods with return periods < 50 years but have much less influence on floods of this magnitude.

@article{doi1011110004560800044,
    author = "Pitlick, John",
    title = "A Regional Perspective of the Hydrology of the 1993 Mississippi River Basin Floods",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Annals of the Association of American Geographers",
    abstract = "The Great Flood of 1993 was one of the costliest natural disasters in American history. This flood was primarily the result of a persistent weather pattern that delivered precipitation across a very large part of the Midwest for an extended period of the summer. In contrast to normal years when most places in the region receive about half of their annual precipitation between May and August, many places received the equivalent of the annual rainfall in that time period in 1993. Much of this rain fell on soils that were already saturated and unable to store additional runoff. Annual and monthly rainfall totals for the states of Iowa, Minnesota, and Illinois for 1993 were the highest in 100 years. Precipitation was highest in Iowa, where the annual total precipitation of 1,200 mm was estimated to have an exceedence probability of 0.001. Peak discharges on the upper Mississippi and lower Missouri Rivers were likewise characterized by low probabilities, but these estimates can be interpreted very differently depending on the assumptions used in the analysis. In contrast to the main-stem rivers, flooding on tributary streams, whether expressed in terms of return period or discharge per unit drainage area, was less extreme. Arguments put forth in the popular press and elsewhere that land-use modifications in the Mississippi River basin exacerbated flooding in 1993 are reviewed in detail, and it is suggested that these effects may be important for floods with return periods < 50 years but have much less influence on floods of this magnitude.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/0004-5608.00044",
    doi = "10.1111/0004-5608.00044",
    openalex = "W2050540835",
    references = "doi103133wsp1677, openalexw244848745"
}

An American epic of science, politics, race, honor, high society, and the Mississippi River, Rising Tide tells the riveting and nearly forgotten story of the greatest natural disaster this country has ever known-- the Mississippi flood of 1927. The river inundated the homes of nearly one million people, helped elect Huey Long governor and made Herbert Hoover president, drove hundreds of thousands of blacks north, and transformed American society and politics forever. A New York Times Notable Book of the Year, winner of the Southern Book Critics Circle Award and the Lillian Smith Award.

@article{doi10230740027956,
    author = "Watkins, Tri and Barry, John",
    title = "Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "The Arkansas Historical Quarterly",
    abstract = "An American epic of science, politics, race, honor, high society, and the Mississippi River, Rising Tide tells the riveting and nearly forgotten story of the greatest natural disaster this country has ever known-- the Mississippi flood of 1927. The river inundated the homes of nearly one million people, helped elect Huey Long governor and made Herbert Hoover president, drove hundreds of thousands of blacks north, and transformed American society and politics forever. A New York Times Notable Book of the Year, winner of the Southern Book Critics Circle Award and the Lillian Smith Award.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/40027956",
    doi = "10.2307/40027956",
    openalex = "W2076036065"
}

The considerable within-reach patchiness of unionid mussels in rivers has not been explicable by simple habitat features such as water depth, current speed, or sediment grain size. As an alternative, I hypothesized that mussels are found chiefly in stable areas of the river bed where hydraulic stresses during floods are low. I used movement of marked rocks to locate flow refuges during floods in 2 small rivers in southeastern New York. Mussel beds were spatially coincident with flow refuges, but not with other measured features of the habitat (water depth, current speed, sediment grain size) in both study sites. Use of flow refuges by unionids may partly explain the characteristic patchiness of unionid communities in rivers, and contribute to the success of these longlived, slow-moving animals in running waters.

@article{doi1023071468379,
    author = "Strayer, David L.",
    title = "Use of Flow Refuges by Unionid Mussels in Rivers",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Journal of the North American Benthological Society",
    abstract = "The considerable within-reach patchiness of unionid mussels in rivers has not been explicable by simple habitat features such as water depth, current speed, or sediment grain size. As an alternative, I hypothesized that mussels are found chiefly in stable areas of the river bed where hydraulic stresses during floods are low. I used movement of marked rocks to locate flow refuges during floods in 2 small rivers in southeastern New York. Mussel beds were spatially coincident with flow refuges, but not with other measured features of the habitat (water depth, current speed, sediment grain size) in both study sites. Use of flow refuges by unionids may partly explain the characteristic patchiness of unionid communities in rivers, and contribute to the success of these longlived, slow-moving animals in running waters.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1468379",
    doi = "10.2307/1468379",
    openalex = "W2049900326",
    references = "doi1023071467900"
}

Abstract Riverine particulate organic matter (POM) samples were collected bi‐weekly to monthly from 40 sites in the Mississippi, Colorado, Rio Grande, and Columbia River Basins (USA) in 1996–97 and analysed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions. These isotopic compositions and C: N ratios were used to identify four endmember sources of POM: plankton, fresh terrestrial plant material, aquatic plants, and soil organic material. This large‐scale study also incorporated ancillary chemical and hydrologic data to refine and extend the interpretations of POM sources beyond the source characterizations that could be done solely with isotopic and elemental ratios. The ancillary data were especially useful for differentiating between seasonal changes in POM source materials and the effects of local nutrient sources and in‐stream biogeochemical processes. Average values of δ 13 C and C: N for all four river systems suggested that plankton is the dominant source of POM in these rivers, with higher percentages of plankton downstream of reservoirs. Although the temporal patterns in some rivers are complex, the low δ 13 C and C: N values in spring and summer probably indicate plankton blooms, whereas relatively elevated values in fall and winter are consistent with greater proportions of decaying aquatic vegetation and/or terrestrial material. Seasonal shifts in the δ 13 C of POM when the C: N remains relatively constant probably indicate changes in the relative rates of photosynthesis and respiration. Periodic inputs of plant detritus are suggested by C: N ratios >15, principally on the Columbia and Ohio Rivers. The δ 15 N and δ 13 C also reflect the importance of internal and external sources of dissolved carbon and nitrogen, and the degree of in‐stream processing. Elevated δ 15 N values at some sites probably reflect inputs from sewage and/or animal waste. This information on the spatial and temporal variation in sources of POM in four major river systems should prove useful in future food web and nutrient transport studies. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

@article{doi101002hyp216,
    author = "Kendall, Carol and Silva, Steven R. and Kelly, Valerie J.",
    title = "Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of particulate organic matter in four large river systems across the United States",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Hydrological Processes",
    abstract = "Abstract Riverine particulate organic matter (POM) samples were collected bi‐weekly to monthly from 40 sites in the Mississippi, Colorado, Rio Grande, and Columbia River Basins (USA) in 1996–97 and analysed for carbon and nitrogen stable isotopic compositions. These isotopic compositions and C: N ratios were used to identify four endmember sources of POM: plankton, fresh terrestrial plant material, aquatic plants, and soil organic material. This large‐scale study also incorporated ancillary chemical and hydrologic data to refine and extend the interpretations of POM sources beyond the source characterizations that could be done solely with isotopic and elemental ratios. The ancillary data were especially useful for differentiating between seasonal changes in POM source materials and the effects of local nutrient sources and in‐stream biogeochemical processes. Average values of δ 13 C and C: N for all four river systems suggested that plankton is the dominant source of POM in these rivers, with higher percentages of plankton downstream of reservoirs. Although the temporal patterns in some rivers are complex, the low δ 13 C and C: N values in spring and summer probably indicate plankton blooms, whereas relatively elevated values in fall and winter are consistent with greater proportions of decaying aquatic vegetation and/or terrestrial material. Seasonal shifts in the δ 13 C of POM when the C: N remains relatively constant probably indicate changes in the relative rates of photosynthesis and respiration. Periodic inputs of plant detritus are suggested by C: N ratios >15, principally on the Columbia and Ohio Rivers. The δ 15 N and δ 13 C also reflect the importance of internal and external sources of dissolved carbon and nitrogen, and the degree of in‐stream processing. Elevated δ 15 N values at some sites probably reflect inputs from sewage and/or animal waste. This information on the spatial and temporal variation in sources of POM in four major river systems should prove useful in future food web and nutrient transport studies. Published in 2001 by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.216",
    doi = "10.1002/hyp.216",
    openalex = "W2002238879",
    references = "doi101016b9780444815460500239, doi101021es970196b, doi105860choice314371"
}

@article{doi1016410006356820010510373rnlttg20co2,
    author = "Mitsch, William J. and Day, John W. and Gilliam, J. W. and Groffman, Peter M. and Hey, Donald L. and Randall, G. W. and Wang, Naiming",
    title = "Reducing Nitrogen Loading to the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi River Basin: Strategies to Counter a Persistent Ecological Problem",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "BioScience",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0373:rnlttg]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0373:rnlttg]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2276914180",
    references = "openalexw1852367402"
}

@article{doi101002rra634,
    author = "Dugger, Katie M. and Ryan, Mark R. and Galat, David L. and Renken, Rochelle B. and Smith, John W.",
    title = "Reproductive success of the interior least tern (Sterna antillarum) in relation to hydrology on the Lower Mississippi River",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "River Research and Applications",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.634",
    doi = "10.1002/rra.634",
    openalex = "W2099181850",
    references = "openalexw244848745"
}

ABSTRACT We analyzed fish abundance and environmental data collected over nine years from six side channels of the unimpounded upper Mississippi River between river km 46.7 and 128.7. A partial canonical correspondence analysis revealed differences in fish assemblages and environmental factors correlated with the six side channels. Fishes correlated with open side channels represented large river species tolerant of current and/or turbidity. Fishes correlated with closed side channels represented assemblages preferring either moderate to low turbidity/current or pools.

@article{doi1010800270506020039663973,
    author = "Barko, Valerie A. and Herzog, David P.",
    title = "Relationship Among Side Channels, Fish Assemblages, and Environmental Gradients in the Unimpounded Upper Mississippi River",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Freshwater Ecology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT We analyzed fish abundance and environmental data collected over nine years from six side channels of the unimpounded upper Mississippi River between river km 46.7 and 128.7. A partial canonical correspondence analysis revealed differences in fish assemblages and environmental factors correlated with the six side channels. Fishes correlated with open side channels represented large river species tolerant of current and/or turbidity. Fishes correlated with closed side channels represented assemblages preferring either moderate to low turbidity/current or pools.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2003.9663973",
    doi = "10.1080/02705060.2003.9663973",
    openalex = "W1971331323",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Abstract Two centuries of land use in the Mississippi River watershed are reflected in the water quality of its streams and in the continental shelf ecosystem receiving its discharge. The most recent influence on nutrient loading—intense and widespread farming and especially fertilizer use—has had a more significant effect on water quality than has land drainage or the conversion of native vegetation to cropland and grazing pastures. The 200-year record of nutrient loading to offshore water is reflected in the paleoreconstructed record of plankton in dated sediments. This record illustrates that the development of fair, sustained management of inland ecosystems is linked to the management of offshore systems. Land use in this fully occupied watershed is under the strong influence of national policies affecting all aspects of the human ecosphere. These policies can be modified for better or worse, but water quality will probably change only gradually because of the strong buffering capacity of the soil ecosystem.

@article{doi1016410006356820030530563llawqi20co2,
    author = "Turner, R. Eugene and Rabalais, Nancy N.",
    title = "Linking Landscape and Water Quality in the Mississippi River Basin for 200 Years",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "BioScience",
    abstract = "Abstract Two centuries of land use in the Mississippi River watershed are reflected in the water quality of its streams and in the continental shelf ecosystem receiving its discharge. The most recent influence on nutrient loading—intense and widespread farming and especially fertilizer use—has had a more significant effect on water quality than has land drainage or the conversion of native vegetation to cropland and grazing pastures. The 200-year record of nutrient loading to offshore water is reflected in the paleoreconstructed record of plankton in dated sediments. This record illustrates that the development of fair, sustained management of inland ecosystems is linked to the management of offshore systems. Land use in this fully occupied watershed is under the strong influence of national policies affecting all aspects of the human ecosphere. These policies can be modified for better or worse, but water quality will probably change only gradually because of the strong buffering capacity of the soil ecosystem.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0563:llawqi]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0563:llawqi]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2129825297",
    references = "doi10100797836421144347, doi10100797894009177673, doi101007bf02179825, doi101016s0967065397848259, doi101038368619a0, doi10108000785236199510422044, doi1016410006356820010510373rnlttg20co2, doi1018901051076119970070737haotgn20co2, doi1023071313296, doi1023071856261"
}

As the historian for the Mississippi River Commission and the Mississippi River and Tributaries project, I face the dilemma of leaving behind a record of current events for future generations. Oddly, it is easier for me to document the activities and accomplishments of the commission and the project from one hundred years ago than five or ten years ago. This is because very few paper records exist nowadays. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Mississippi River Commission generate voluminous amounts of memoranda, studies, correspondence, and briefings, but most can only be found in an electronic format. It was against this backdrop that I endeavored to produce this study. I do not view the pages that follow as a historical study, although I do incorporate historical material to provide context for key elements of the story. Instead, the narrative is more representative of an eyewitness account of a historic event. During several presentations and speaking engagements that I delivered after the flood, my audiences seemed to want the answer to three basic questions. The first involved the decision-making processes at the three floodways placed into operation in 2011. The second involved the history of the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway. The third involved the absence of a floodway to relieve pressure between the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway and the Old River control complex. This study attempts to addresses those questions. The chapters that chronicle the 2011 flood rely heavily on my own notes – a diary of sorts – interviews conducted after the event with key players that I identified during my coverage of the flood, daily situation reports from the district offices, daily emergency management briefings that tracked changing conditions, and electronic correspondence. To that end, one of the purposes of this study is to leave behind a transparent record of the 2011 flood so that future historians will have a central repository to work from. Yet, there is one caveat. The flood roughly spanned a three-week period and impacted the entire Mississippi River and Tributaries project system. Naturally, I could not be in all places at once, so coverage is limited to the three floodways and the flood fight in the Vicksburg Engineer District. Heroic flood fights took place along both banks of the Mississippi River from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atchafalaya River from Simmesport to Morgan City. The absence of a detailed discussion at any specific location is in no way intended to trivialize those desperate efforts to convey the flood. The chapters that provide historical context rely heavily on my personal collection of primary source material accumulated over the past decade in the form of correspondence, technical papers, reports, and Engineering News-Record articles. For those interested in learning more about the history of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, I strongly recommend Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin, 1800-1995, by Martin Reuss and Upon Their Shoulders: A history of the Mississippi River Commission through the advent of the Modern Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, by Charles Camillo and Matthew Pearcy. For those interested in comparing what could have been during the historic 2011 flood to what happened in the valley during the 1927 fl ood prior to the establishment of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, I recommend Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America, by John Barry.

@book{openalexw196994381,
    author = "Camillo, Charles A.",
    title = "Divine Providence: The 2011 Flood in the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Insecta mundi",
    abstract = "As the historian for the Mississippi River Commission and the Mississippi River and Tributaries project, I face the dilemma of leaving behind a record of current events for future generations. Oddly, it is easier for me to document the activities and accomplishments of the commission and the project from one hundred years ago than five or ten years ago. This is because very few paper records exist nowadays. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Mississippi River Commission generate voluminous amounts of memoranda, studies, correspondence, and briefings, but most can only be found in an electronic format. It was against this backdrop that I endeavored to produce this study. I do not view the pages that follow as a historical study, although I do incorporate historical material to provide context for key elements of the story. Instead, the narrative is more representative of an eyewitness account of a historic event. During several presentations and speaking engagements that I delivered after the flood, my audiences seemed to want the answer to three basic questions. The first involved the decision-making processes at the three floodways placed into operation in 2011. The second involved the history of the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway. The third involved the absence of a floodway to relieve pressure between the Birds Point-New Madrid floodway and the Old River control complex. This study attempts to addresses those questions. The chapters that chronicle the 2011 flood rely heavily on my own notes – a diary of sorts – interviews conducted after the event with key players that I identified during my coverage of the flood, daily situation reports from the district offices, daily emergency management briefings that tracked changing conditions, and electronic correspondence. To that end, one of the purposes of this study is to leave behind a transparent record of the 2011 flood so that future historians will have a central repository to work from. Yet, there is one caveat. The flood roughly spanned a three-week period and impacted the entire Mississippi River and Tributaries project system. Naturally, I could not be in all places at once, so coverage is limited to the three floodways and the flood fight in the Vicksburg Engineer District. Heroic flood fights took place along both banks of the Mississippi River from Cape Girardeau, Missouri, to the Gulf of Mexico and the Atchafalaya River from Simmesport to Morgan City. The absence of a detailed discussion at any specific location is in no way intended to trivialize those desperate efforts to convey the flood. The chapters that provide historical context rely heavily on my personal collection of primary source material accumulated over the past decade in the form of correspondence, technical papers, reports, and Engineering News-Record articles. For those interested in learning more about the history of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, I strongly recommend Designing the Bayous: The Control of Water in the Atchafalaya Basin, 1800-1995, by Martin Reuss and Upon Their Shoulders: A history of the Mississippi River Commission through the advent of the Modern Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, by Charles Camillo and Matthew Pearcy. For those interested in comparing what could have been during the historic 2011 flood to what happened in the valley during the 1927 fl ood prior to the establishment of the Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, I recommend Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America, by John Barry.",
    openalex = "W196994381"
}

@article{doi101016jjhydrol200312021,
    author = "Pinter, Nicholas and Miller, Kenneth M. and Wlosinski, Joseph H. and van der Ploeg, Rienk R.",
    title = "Recurrent shoaling and channel dredging, Middle and Upper Mississippi River, USA",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.021",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.12.021",
    openalex = "W2088676929",
    references = "openalexw174653188, openalexw244848745, openalexw282846760"
}

Large rivers worldwide have been altered by the construction and maintenance of navigation channels, which include extensive bank revetments, wing dikes, and levees. Using 7 years of Long-Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) data collected from the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, we investigated assemblages in two main-channel-border physical habitats—those with wing dikes and those without wing dikes. Fishes were captured using daytime electrofishing, mini-fyke netting, large hoop netting, and small hoop netting. Our objectives were to (1) assess associations among fish species richness, physical measurements, and main-channel-border physical habitats using stepwise multiple regression and indicator variables; (2) identify abundant adult and young-of-year (age-0) families in both physical habitats to further investigate assemblage composition; and (3) calculate standardized species richness estimates within each physical habitat for adult and age-0 fishes to provide additional information on community structure. We found species richness was greater at wing dikes for both adult and age-0 fishes when compared with main channel borders. Stepwise multiple regression revealed significant relationships between adult species richness and passive gear deployment (e.g., hoop nets and mini-fyke nets), physical habitat type, and river elevation, as well as interactions between physical habitat and passive gears, and physical habitat and transparency (i.e., Secchi depth). This model explained 56% of the variance in adult species richness. Approximately 15% of the variation in age-0 species richness was explained by the sample period, sample date, transparency, physical habitat, and depth of gear deployment. Long-term impacts of river modifications on fishes have not been well documented in many large river systems and warrant further study. The findings from this study provide baseline ecological information on fish assemblages using main channel borders in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, information that will aid managers making channel maintenance decisions in large river systems.

@article{doi10157702103,
    author = "Barko, Valerie A. and Herzog, David P. and Hrabik, Robert A. and Scheibe, John S.",
    title = "Relationship among Fish Assemblages and Main‐Channel‐Border Physical Habitats in the Unimpounded Upper Mississippi River",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society",
    abstract = "Large rivers worldwide have been altered by the construction and maintenance of navigation channels, which include extensive bank revetments, wing dikes, and levees. Using 7 years of Long-Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) data collected from the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, we investigated assemblages in two main-channel-border physical habitats—those with wing dikes and those without wing dikes. Fishes were captured using daytime electrofishing, mini-fyke netting, large hoop netting, and small hoop netting. Our objectives were to (1) assess associations among fish species richness, physical measurements, and main-channel-border physical habitats using stepwise multiple regression and indicator variables; (2) identify abundant adult and young-of-year (age-0) families in both physical habitats to further investigate assemblage composition; and (3) calculate standardized species richness estimates within each physical habitat for adult and age-0 fishes to provide additional information on community structure. We found species richness was greater at wing dikes for both adult and age-0 fishes when compared with main channel borders. Stepwise multiple regression revealed significant relationships between adult species richness and passive gear deployment (e.g., hoop nets and mini-fyke nets), physical habitat type, and river elevation, as well as interactions between physical habitat and passive gears, and physical habitat and transparency (i.e., Secchi depth). This model explained 56\% of the variance in adult species richness. Approximately 15\% of the variation in age-0 species richness was explained by the sample period, sample date, transparency, physical habitat, and depth of gear deployment. Long-term impacts of river modifications on fishes have not been well documented in many large river systems and warrant further study. The findings from this study provide baseline ecological information on fish assemblages using main channel borders in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, information that will aid managers making channel maintenance decisions in large river systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/02-103",
    doi = "10.1577/02-103",
    openalex = "W2144793438",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Abstract Important natural environmental gradients, including the connectivity of off‐channel aquatic habitats to the main‐stem river, have been lost in many reaches of the upper Mississippi River system, and an understanding of the consequences of this isolation is lacking in regard to native fish communities. The objectives of this study were to describe patterns of fish species richness, evenness, and diversity among representative habitats and river reaches and to examine the relationship between fish species richness and habitat diversity. Each year (1994–1999) fish communities of main‐channel borders (MCB), side channel borders (SCB), and contiguous backwater shorelines (BWS) were sampled using boat‐mounted electrofishing, mini‐fyke‐nets, fyke nets, hoop nets, and seines at a standardized number of sites. A total of 0.65 million fish were collected, representing 106 species from upper Mississippi River Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the open (unimpounded) river reach; and the La Grange Reach of the Illinois River. Within pools, species richness based on rarefaction differed significantly among habitats and was highest in BWS and lowest in MCB (P < 0.0001). At the reach scale, Pools 4, 8, and 13 consistently had the highest species richness and Pool 26, the open‐river reach, and the La Grange Reach were significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Species evenness and diversity indices showed similar trends. The relationship between native fish species richness and habitat diversity was highly significant (r 2 = 0.85; P = 0.0091). These results support efforts aimed at the conservation and enhancement of connected side channels and backwaters. Although constrained by dams, pools with high native species richness could serve as a relative reference. The remnants of natural riverine dynamics that remain in these reaches should be preserved and enhanced; conditions could be used to guide restoration activities in more degraded reaches.

@article{doi101577t030891,
    author = "Koel, Todd M.",
    title = "Spatial Variation in Fish Species Richness of the Upper Mississippi River System",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Transactions of the American Fisheries Society",
    abstract = "Abstract Important natural environmental gradients, including the connectivity of off‐channel aquatic habitats to the main‐stem river, have been lost in many reaches of the upper Mississippi River system, and an understanding of the consequences of this isolation is lacking in regard to native fish communities. The objectives of this study were to describe patterns of fish species richness, evenness, and diversity among representative habitats and river reaches and to examine the relationship between fish species richness and habitat diversity. Each year (1994–1999) fish communities of main‐channel borders (MCB), side channel borders (SCB), and contiguous backwater shorelines (BWS) were sampled using boat‐mounted electrofishing, mini‐fyke‐nets, fyke nets, hoop nets, and seines at a standardized number of sites. A total of 0.65 million fish were collected, representing 106 species from upper Mississippi River Pools 4, 8, 13, and 26; the open (unimpounded) river reach; and the La Grange Reach of the Illinois River. Within pools, species richness based on rarefaction differed significantly among habitats and was highest in BWS and lowest in MCB (P < 0.0001). At the reach scale, Pools 4, 8, and 13 consistently had the highest species richness and Pool 26, the open‐river reach, and the La Grange Reach were significantly lower (P < 0.0001). Species evenness and diversity indices showed similar trends. The relationship between native fish species richness and habitat diversity was highly significant (r 2 = 0.85; P = 0.0091). These results support efforts aimed at the conservation and enhancement of connected side channels and backwaters. Although constrained by dams, pools with high native species richness could serve as a relative reference. The remnants of natural riverine dynamics that remain in these reaches should be preserved and enhanced; conditions could be used to guide restoration activities in more degraded reaches.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1577/t03-089.1",
    doi = "10.1577/t03-089.1",
    openalex = "W2074485816",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Large rivers of the United States have been altered by construction and maintenance of navigation channels, which has resulted in habitat loss and degradation. Using 7 y of Long Term Resource Monitoring Program data collected from the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, we investigated Ohio and Glass Shrimp abundance collected from four physical habitats of the unimpounded upper Mississippi River: main channel border, main channel border with wing dike, open side channel and closed side channel. Our objective was to assess associations between Ohio and Glass Shrimp abundance, environmental measurements and the four habitats to better understand the ecology of these species in a channelized river system. Ohio Shrimp were most abundant in the open side channels, while Glass Shrimp were most abundant in the main channel border wing dike habitat. Thirty-two percent of the variance in Glass Shrimp abundance was explained by year 1995, year 1998, water temperature, depth of gear deployment, Secchi disk transparency and river elevation. Approximately 8% of variation in Ohio Shrimp abundance was explained by Secchi disk transparency. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was greatest in 1998 for Glass Shrimp but lowest in 1997. Conversely, CPUE was greatest in 1996 for Ohio Shrimp and lowest in 2000. Both species exhibited inter-annual variability in CPUE. Long-term impacts of river modifications on aquatic invertebrates have not been well documented in many large river systems and warrants further study. The findings from this study provide ecological information on Glass and Ohio Shrimp in a channelized river system.

@article{doi1016740003003120041510265aoosmo20co2,
    author = "Barko, Valerie A. and Hrabik, Robert A.",
    title = "Abundance of Ohio Shrimp (Macrobrachium ohione) and Glass Shrimp (Palaemonetes kadiakensis) in the Unimpounded Upper Mississippi River",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "The American Midland Naturalist",
    abstract = "Large rivers of the United States have been altered by construction and maintenance of navigation channels, which has resulted in habitat loss and degradation. Using 7 y of Long Term Resource Monitoring Program data collected from the unimpounded upper Mississippi River, we investigated Ohio and Glass Shrimp abundance collected from four physical habitats of the unimpounded upper Mississippi River: main channel border, main channel border with wing dike, open side channel and closed side channel. Our objective was to assess associations between Ohio and Glass Shrimp abundance, environmental measurements and the four habitats to better understand the ecology of these species in a channelized river system. Ohio Shrimp were most abundant in the open side channels, while Glass Shrimp were most abundant in the main channel border wing dike habitat. Thirty-two percent of the variance in Glass Shrimp abundance was explained by year 1995, year 1998, water temperature, depth of gear deployment, Secchi disk transparency and river elevation. Approximately 8\% of variation in Ohio Shrimp abundance was explained by Secchi disk transparency. Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was greatest in 1998 for Glass Shrimp but lowest in 1997. Conversely, CPUE was greatest in 1996 for Ohio Shrimp and lowest in 2000. Both species exhibited inter-annual variability in CPUE. Long-term impacts of river modifications on aquatic invertebrates have not been well documented in many large river systems and warrants further study. The findings from this study provide ecological information on Glass and Ohio Shrimp in a channelized river system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0265:aoosmo]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1674/0003-0031(2004)151[0265:aoosmo]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2178430842",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Abstract: The Mississippi River Commission is honored to serve the people of the Mississippi Valley and the nation. The Mississippi River basin is the greatest living and working watershed, encompassing 41 percent of the United States and parts of Canada. Benefits produced from its navigation, flood control, recreation, and complex ecosystem positively impact the nation and the world. Upon Their Shoulders is the story of complicated, intricate, and sometimes conflicting forces confronting the private, local, state, and Federal agencies charged with improving and managing this indispensable resource. The long-standing partnerships forged among the people of the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi River valleys help to balance many competing needs and deliver positive value to the nation.

@misc{doi1021236ada627341,
    author = "Camillo, Charles A. and Pearcy, Matthew T.",
    title = "Upon Their Shoulders: A History of the Mississippi River Commission from Its Inception through the Advent of the Modern Mississippi River and Tributaries Project",
    year = "2004",
    abstract = "Abstract: The Mississippi River Commission is honored to serve the people of the Mississippi Valley and the nation. The Mississippi River basin is the greatest living and working watershed, encompassing 41 percent of the United States and parts of Canada. Benefits produced from its navigation, flood control, recreation, and complex ecosystem positively impact the nation and the world. Upon Their Shoulders is the story of complicated, intricate, and sometimes conflicting forces confronting the private, local, state, and Federal agencies charged with improving and managing this indispensable resource. The long-standing partnerships forged among the people of the Missouri, Ohio, and Mississippi River valleys help to balance many competing needs and deliver positive value to the nation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21236/ada627341",
    doi = "10.21236/ada627341",
    openalex = "W2412262440"
}

We investigated variation of incidentally captured turtle mortality in response to environmental factors and passive fishing techniques. We used Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) data collected from 1996 to 2001 in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River (UMR) adjacent to Missouri and Illinois, USA. We used a principle components analysis (PCA) and a stepwise discriminant function analysis to identify factors correlated with mortality of captured turtles. Furthermore, we were interested in what percentage of turtles died from passive fishing techniques and what technique(s) caused the most turtle mortality. The main factors influencing captured turtle mortality were water temperature and depth at net deployment. Fyke nets captured the most turtles and caused the most turtle mortality. Almost 90% of mortalities occurred in offshore aquatic areas (i.e., side channel or tributary). Our results provide information on causes of turtle mortality (as bycatch) in a riverine system and implications for river turtle conservation by suggesting management strategies to reduce turtle bycatch and decrease mortality of captured turtles.

@article{doi1021930022541x20040681145pftaco20co2,
    author = "Barko, Valerie A. and Briggler, Jeffrey T. and Ostendorf, David E.",
    title = "PASSIVE FISHING TECHNIQUES: A CAUSE OF TURTLE MORTALITY IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Journal of Wildlife Management",
    abstract = "We investigated variation of incidentally captured turtle mortality in response to environmental factors and passive fishing techniques. We used Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) data collected from 1996 to 2001 in the unimpounded upper Mississippi River (UMR) adjacent to Missouri and Illinois, USA. We used a principle components analysis (PCA) and a stepwise discriminant function analysis to identify factors correlated with mortality of captured turtles. Furthermore, we were interested in what percentage of turtles died from passive fishing techniques and what technique(s) caused the most turtle mortality. The main factors influencing captured turtle mortality were water temperature and depth at net deployment. Fyke nets captured the most turtles and caused the most turtle mortality. Almost 90\% of mortalities occurred in offshore aquatic areas (i.e., side channel or tributary). Our results provide information on causes of turtle mortality (as bycatch) in a riverine system and implications for river turtle conservation by suggesting management strategies to reduce turtle bycatch and decrease mortality of captured turtles.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[1145:pftaco]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.2193/0022-541x(2004)068[1145:pftaco]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2201366506",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

Abstract: The history of hydraulics engineering at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) and its organizational successor, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), is an inspiring story. Seventy-five years ago, an Anny Engineer lieutenant carved a modest facility out of a creek bank in the wilderness near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Bom in controversy, within 20 years that facility was internationally known and led the world in some research areas. Seventy-five years later, it continues as a leader in many engineering fields and shows every evidence that it will remain so in the future. It has been a challenge to chronicle the evolution of WES. With the exception of the World War II era, a regular army officer served as the Station's chief administrator in the Corps of Engineers ' chain of command from 1930 through 1992. Yet, nearly all other employees were civilians, with civilians holding the vital post of WES Technical Director from 1940. WES, therefore, historically operated under a splendid mix of civilian and military leadership. In 1992, however, a restructuring of organizational roles placed the overall leadership of the laboratories under the WES Director- a civilian position, with the army officer serving as WES Commander and Deputy Director. In 1999, WES was absorbed into ERDC, which was headquartered at the WES site. The WES Director's position was converted into the ERDC Director's position, which was charged with overall responsibility for the new organization and was permanently filled in May 2000 by Dr. James R. Houston. A full civilian ERDC Deputy Director's position was established at ERDC's Alexandria, Virginia site, and was permanently filled in October 2001 by Dr. Walter F. Morrison, Jr.

@article{openalexw2341017446,
    author = "Fatherree, Ben H",
    title = "The First 75 Years: History of Hydraulics Engineering at the Waterways Experiment Station",
    year = "2004",
    abstract = "Abstract: The history of hydraulics engineering at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) and its organizational successor, the U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), is an inspiring story. Seventy-five years ago, an Anny Engineer lieutenant carved a modest facility out of a creek bank in the wilderness near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Bom in controversy, within 20 years that facility was internationally known and led the world in some research areas. Seventy-five years later, it continues as a leader in many engineering fields and shows every evidence that it will remain so in the future. It has been a challenge to chronicle the evolution of WES. With the exception of the World War II era, a regular army officer served as the Station's chief administrator in the Corps of Engineers ' chain of command from 1930 through 1992. Yet, nearly all other employees were civilians, with civilians holding the vital post of WES Technical Director from 1940. WES, therefore, historically operated under a splendid mix of civilian and military leadership. In 1992, however, a restructuring of organizational roles placed the overall leadership of the laboratories under the WES Director- a civilian position, with the army officer serving as WES Commander and Deputy Director. In 1999, WES was absorbed into ERDC, which was headquartered at the WES site. The WES Director's position was converted into the ERDC Director's position, which was charged with overall responsibility for the new organization and was permanently filled in May 2000 by Dr. James R. Houston. A full civilian ERDC Deputy Director's position was established at ERDC's Alexandria, Virginia site, and was permanently filled in October 2001 by Dr. Walter F. Morrison, Jr.",
    openalex = "W2341017446"
}

A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel dynamics was used to investigate the effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a 10-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Suitable habitats for mussel survival were identified by creating a dimensionless parameter (shear stress ratio) combining shear force and substrate type. This parameter is a measure of substrate stability that could be used in many different applications. Dispersal of juvenile mussels with flow as they detach from their fish hosts was simulated by a particle-tracking mechanism that identified suitable areas for colonization with the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Simulated areas of mussel accumulation coincided with reported locations of mussel beds, and simulated densities were in the range of abundant mussel beds in other reaches of the UMR. These results, although more qualitative than quantitative, provide insight into factors influencing the formation of mussel beds in a large river.

@article{doi10189908873593200625664eosahc20co2,
    author = "Morales, Y. and Weber, Larry and Mynett, Arthur E. and Newton, Teresa J.",
    title = "Effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a large river",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of the North American Benthological Society",
    abstract = "A numerical model for simulation of freshwater mussel dynamics was used to investigate the effects of substrate and hydrodynamic conditions on the formation of mussel beds in a 10-km reach of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR). Suitable habitats for mussel survival were identified by creating a dimensionless parameter (shear stress ratio) combining shear force and substrate type. This parameter is a measure of substrate stability that could be used in many different applications. Dispersal of juvenile mussels with flow as they detach from their fish hosts was simulated by a particle-tracking mechanism that identified suitable areas for colonization with the potential to evolve into mussel beds. Simulated areas of mussel accumulation coincided with reported locations of mussel beds, and simulated densities were in the range of abundant mussel beds in other reaches of the UMR. These results, although more qualitative than quantitative, provide insight into factors influencing the formation of mussel beds in a large river.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:eosahc]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1899/0887-3593(2006)25[664:eosahc]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2009874440",
    references = "doi1023071467900"
}

Daryl B. Simons is remembered for his hard work, dedication, and perseverance as an hydraulic engineer. This article describes his life and professional contributions to sediment transport, river engineering, and fluvial systems. It also briefly covers his education, teaching, and research activities; and his contributions to the development of research facilities and to the profession of hydraulic engineering. This Forum article portrays Daryl from the professional interactions with the authors in the past five decades.

@article{doi101061asce0733942920081343287,
    author = "Bhowmik, Nani G. and Richardson, Everett V. and Juliën, Pierre Y.",
    title = "Daryl B. Simons—Hydraulic Engineer, Researcher, and Educator",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Hydraulic Engineering",
    abstract = "Daryl B. Simons is remembered for his hard work, dedication, and perseverance as an hydraulic engineer. This article describes his life and professional contributions to sediment transport, river engineering, and fluvial systems. It also briefly covers his education, teaching, and research activities; and his contributions to the development of research facilities and to the profession of hydraulic engineering. This Forum article portrays Daryl from the professional interactions with the authors in the past five decades.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:3(287)",
    doi = "10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2008)134:3(287)",
    openalex = "W2156475647",
    references = "openalexw244848745"
}

Abstract Before 1900, the Missouri–Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987–2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water‐ and sediment‐discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100–150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended‐sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri–Mississippi has been transformed from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river‐training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre‐1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil‐retention works throughout the Missouri–Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

@article{doi101002hyp7477,
    author = "Meade, Robert H. and Moody, John A.",
    title = "Causes for the decline of suspended‐sediment discharge in the Mississippi River system, 1940–2007",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Hydrological Processes",
    abstract = "Abstract Before 1900, the Missouri–Mississippi River system transported an estimated 400 million metric tons per year of sediment from the interior of the United States to coastal Louisiana. During the last two decades (1987–2006), this transport has averaged 145 million metric tons per year. The cause for this substantial decrease in sediment has been attributed to the trapping characteristics of dams constructed on the muddy part of the Missouri River during the 1950s. However, reexamination of more than 60 years of water‐ and sediment‐discharge data indicates that the dams alone are not the sole cause. These dams trap about 100–150 million metric tons per year, which represent about half the decrease in sediment discharge near the mouth of the Mississippi. Changes in relations between water discharge and suspended‐sediment concentration suggest that the Missouri–Mississippi has been transformed from a transport‐limited to a supply‐limited system. Thus, other engineering activities such as meander cutoffs, river‐training structures, and bank revetments as well as soil erosion controls have trapped sediment, eliminated sediment sources, or protected sediment that was once available for transport episodically throughout the year. Removing major engineering structures such as dams probably would not restore sediment discharges to pre‐1900 state, mainly because of the numerous smaller engineering structures and other soil‐retention works throughout the Missouri–Mississippi system. Published in 2009 by John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7477",
    doi = "10.1002/hyp.7477",
    openalex = "W2146201073",
    references = "doi101038ngeo553"
}

@incollection{doi101007978904819920482,
    author = "Manders, Damon",
    title = "The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Mississippi River Cutoff Plan",
    year = "2010",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4\_82",
    doi = "10.1007/978-90-481-9920-4\_82",
    openalex = "W92316707",
    references = "brown1910report, doi101061taceat0006071, doi101061taceat0006144, doi1021236ada627341, doi1021236ada637823, doi10230740027956, openalexw1183739755, openalexw137700060, openalexw2341017446, openalexw2960971103"
}

@article{doi101007s1075000900629,
    author = "Moore, Megan J. C. and Romano, Susan P. and Cook, Thad R.",
    title = "Synthesis of Upper Mississippi River System submersed and emergent aquatic vegetation: past, present, and future",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0062-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s10750-009-0062-9",
    openalex = "W1979491008",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

@article{doi101007s1075000900638,
    author = "Romano, Susan P.",
    title = "Our current understanding of the Upper Mississippi River System floodplain forest",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0063-8",
    doi = "10.1007/s10750-009-0063-8",
    openalex = "W2073562013",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

@article{doi101007s1075000900665,
    author = "Theiling, Charles and Nestler, John M.",
    title = "River stage response to alteration of Upper Mississippi River channels, floodplains, and watersheds",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0066-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s10750-009-0066-5",
    openalex = "W1970499833",
    references = "chen1986hydrology, doi101046j13652427199700153x, doi101046j15231739199610041163x, doi101111j146783061987tb00149x, doi101139f80017, doi101139f89228, doi1012019781420011234, doi1023071313099, openalexw1183739755, openalexw143066625, openalexw2973732210"
}

@article{doi101007s1075000900674,
    author = "Houser, Jeffrey N. and Richardson, William B.",
    title = "Nitrogen and phosphorus in the Upper Mississippi River: transport, processing, and effects on the river ecosystem",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-009-0067-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s10750-009-0067-4",
    openalex = "W2085447468",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

In this paper we describe the Ohio River Community HEC-RAS Model (Model) and include some preliminary results. The Model is a cooperative effort involving the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), Ohio River Forecast Center (OHRFC) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Great Lakes and Ohio River Division (LRD), Water Management Division. Initial planning to develop a community unsteady flow model for the mainstem of the Ohio River using the USASE HEC-RAS model began in late 2006. The purpose of collaborating on the development of the joint model was that, when completed, both agencies could independently use the model for operational/forecast purposes, yet share in the development effort, which is substantial. While the Model is now complete, continued enhancements and extensions are anticipated, such as modeling reaches of major tributaries like the Cumberland and Kanawha Rivers. Subsequent changes by one agency will be passed back to the other agency in order to maintain consistency, so that future development can be easily shared. The scope of the modeling effort includes 20 locks and dams on the Ohio River, with storage areas and lateral structures such as levees, as well as bridges. The Model is comprised of over 2800 cross-sections, spanning approximately 1300 miles of modeled reach. The downstream boundaries are Chester, IL for the upstream portion on the Mississippi River and Caruthersville, MO for the downstream portion on the Mississippi River. The upstream boundaries include Braddock Lock and Dam, WV on the Monongahela River and Natrona, PA on the Allegheny River. The Model requires lateral and tributary inflows and is run in real-time; for the OHRFC the lateral and tributary inflows result from runoff produced by both observed and forecasted precipitation. Laterally, Model cross-sections extend to the 500-year floodplain limits, except for Mississippi River reaches that only extend to the USACE levees. Model development involved substantial geographic information system (GIS) data preparation to obtain consistent vertical and horizontal datums between the various data sets used. Digital elevation model (DEM) data sources included U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 10 meter DEM, and Lidar data provided by the USACE, and local and state agencies. Bathymetric and in-channel cross- section data were provided by the USACE. Every effort was made to include the best available data, and. it is anticipated that substantial improvements will be made in the future by the use of higher resolution data sets.

@article{doi10106141114371160,
    author = "Adams, Thomas E. and Chen, Sherry and Davis, R.G. and Schade, Trent and Lee, Deborah",
    title = "The Ohio River Community HEC-RAS Model",
    year = "2010",
    abstract = "In this paper we describe the Ohio River Community HEC-RAS Model (Model) and include some preliminary results. The Model is a cooperative effort involving the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), Ohio River Forecast Center (OHRFC) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Great Lakes and Ohio River Division (LRD), Water Management Division. Initial planning to develop a community unsteady flow model for the mainstem of the Ohio River using the USASE HEC-RAS model began in late 2006. The purpose of collaborating on the development of the joint model was that, when completed, both agencies could independently use the model for operational/forecast purposes, yet share in the development effort, which is substantial. While the Model is now complete, continued enhancements and extensions are anticipated, such as modeling reaches of major tributaries like the Cumberland and Kanawha Rivers. Subsequent changes by one agency will be passed back to the other agency in order to maintain consistency, so that future development can be easily shared. The scope of the modeling effort includes 20 locks and dams on the Ohio River, with storage areas and lateral structures such as levees, as well as bridges. The Model is comprised of over 2800 cross-sections, spanning approximately 1300 miles of modeled reach. The downstream boundaries are Chester, IL for the upstream portion on the Mississippi River and Caruthersville, MO for the downstream portion on the Mississippi River. The upstream boundaries include Braddock Lock and Dam, WV on the Monongahela River and Natrona, PA on the Allegheny River. The Model requires lateral and tributary inflows and is run in real-time; for the OHRFC the lateral and tributary inflows result from runoff produced by both observed and forecasted precipitation. Laterally, Model cross-sections extend to the 500-year floodplain limits, except for Mississippi River reaches that only extend to the USACE levees. Model development involved substantial geographic information system (GIS) data preparation to obtain consistent vertical and horizontal datums between the various data sets used. Digital elevation model (DEM) data sources included U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 10 meter DEM, and Lidar data provided by the USACE, and local and state agencies. Bathymetric and in-channel cross- section data were provided by the USACE. Every effort was made to include the best available data, and. it is anticipated that substantial improvements will be made in the future by the use of higher resolution data sets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/41114(371)160",
    doi = "10.1061/41114(371)160",
    openalex = "W2036005444",
    references = "openalexw1592303791, openalexw2127512094, openalexw2182429272, openalexw2231717388, openalexw2515463517"
}

Varying degrees of connectivity between side channels and the main river channel are vital for sustainable ecological processes and functions for both aquatic and terrestrial communities. Within the Mississippi River, restoring side channel functional diversity is a top priority for many natural resource agencies. Buffalo Chute, located at river kilometer 41, is one of the several side channels, island complexes that becomes isolated from the main channel during low river stages leading to thermal and chemical stratifications and anoxic conditions. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impacts of side-channel isolation in the middle Mississippi River (MMR) by measuring fish community and water quality characteristics within an isolated waterbody. Therefore, we selected Buffalo Chute a representative side channel of the MMR to document water quality and fish community characteristics. Water quality measurements were summarized for the 2-year study. Thermal and chemical stratifications coupled with high water temperatures and anoxic conditions were observed in both years during summer. Oxygen reduction potential was lower in summer than winter, which could be attributed to excessive growth of microorganisms and increased biological oxygen demand. Specific conductivity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a were higher in summer compared to winter. Differences in water quality characteristics may have resulted in lower mean fish species richness, diversity, and evenness observed during the following winter. We surveyed 45 sites over 2 years using multiple gears to assess fish assemblage characteristics. The data collected in Buffalo Chute provide some insight into how isolated side channels function during low flow periods.

@article{doi101080027050602011599988,
    author = "Crites, Jason W. and Phelps, Quinton E. and McCain, Kathryn N. S. and Herzog, David P. and Hrabik, Robert A.",
    title = "An investigation of fish community and water quality compositions in an isolated side channel of the upper Mississippi River",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Freshwater Ecology",
    abstract = "Varying degrees of connectivity between side channels and the main river channel are vital for sustainable ecological processes and functions for both aquatic and terrestrial communities. Within the Mississippi River, restoring side channel functional diversity is a top priority for many natural resource agencies. Buffalo Chute, located at river kilometer 41, is one of the several side channels, island complexes that becomes isolated from the main channel during low river stages leading to thermal and chemical stratifications and anoxic conditions. The purpose of this study was to better understand the impacts of side-channel isolation in the middle Mississippi River (MMR) by measuring fish community and water quality characteristics within an isolated waterbody. Therefore, we selected Buffalo Chute a representative side channel of the MMR to document water quality and fish community characteristics. Water quality measurements were summarized for the 2-year study. Thermal and chemical stratifications coupled with high water temperatures and anoxic conditions were observed in both years during summer. Oxygen reduction potential was lower in summer than winter, which could be attributed to excessive growth of microorganisms and increased biological oxygen demand. Specific conductivity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen, and chlorophyll a were higher in summer compared to winter. Differences in water quality characteristics may have resulted in lower mean fish species richness, diversity, and evenness observed during the following winter. We surveyed 45 sites over 2 years using multiple gears to assess fish assemblage characteristics. The data collected in Buffalo Chute provide some insight into how isolated side channels function during low flow periods.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2011.599988",
    doi = "10.1080/02705060.2011.599988",
    openalex = "W2021690486",
    references = "openalexw282846760"
}

ABSTRACT Natural hydrogeomorphic characteristics and hydrologic alterations are important ecological drivers, and hydrology is also a common ecological, flood control and navigation system indicator. Hydrologic characteristics change dramatically from one end of the Upper Mississippi River System to the other, and hydraulic characteristics also differ spatially across the river channels and floodplain in response to dams, levees and diversions. Low flow surface water spatial change in response to navigation and flood control has been well known for many years, but little information was available on the spatial distribution of frequent floods. The flow frequency data presented here were developed to better estimate contemporary floods after historic flooding in 1993. Flood stage estimates are enhanced in GIS to help quantify and map potential floodplain inundation for more than 1000 river miles on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Potential flood inundation is mapped for the 50% to 0.2% annual exceedance probability flood stage (i.e. 2‐ to 500‐year expected recurrence interval flood) and also for alternative floodplain management scenarios within the existing flood protection infrastructure. Our analysis documents: (i) impoundment effects, (ii) a hydrologic gradient within the navigation pools that creates repeating patterns of riverine, backwater and impounded aquatic habitat conditions, (iii) potential floodplain inundation patterns for over 2 million acres and (iv) several integrated floodplain management scenarios. Extreme flood events are more common in recent decades, and they are expected to continue to occur at greater frequency in response to climate change. Floodplain managers can use the results presented here to help optimize land management and flood damage reduction on the Upper Mississippi River System. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

@article{doi101002rra2583,
    author = "Theiling, Charles and Burant, J. T.",
    title = "FLOOD INUNDATION MAPPING FOR INTEGRATED FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT: UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "River Research and Applications",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Natural hydrogeomorphic characteristics and hydrologic alterations are important ecological drivers, and hydrology is also a common ecological, flood control and navigation system indicator. Hydrologic characteristics change dramatically from one end of the Upper Mississippi River System to the other, and hydraulic characteristics also differ spatially across the river channels and floodplain in response to dams, levees and diversions. Low flow surface water spatial change in response to navigation and flood control has been well known for many years, but little information was available on the spatial distribution of frequent floods. The flow frequency data presented here were developed to better estimate contemporary floods after historic flooding in 1993. Flood stage estimates are enhanced in GIS to help quantify and map potential floodplain inundation for more than 1000 river miles on the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Potential flood inundation is mapped for the 50\% to 0.2\% annual exceedance probability flood stage (i.e. 2‐ to 500‐year expected recurrence interval flood) and also for alternative floodplain management scenarios within the existing flood protection infrastructure. Our analysis documents: (i) impoundment effects, (ii) a hydrologic gradient within the navigation pools that creates repeating patterns of riverine, backwater and impounded aquatic habitat conditions, (iii) potential floodplain inundation patterns for over 2 million acres and (iv) several integrated floodplain management scenarios. Extreme flood events are more common in recent decades, and they are expected to continue to occur at greater frequency in response to climate change. Floodplain managers can use the results presented here to help optimize land management and flood damage reduction on the Upper Mississippi River System. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.2583",
    doi = "10.1002/rra.2583",
    openalex = "W2143721827",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

The Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) has experienced a remarkable agricultural extensification since the mid‐1800s. Hydroclimatological monitoring in the 20th century also reveals positive annual precipitation and runoff trends in the UMRB. While several studies have proposed land use/land cover (LULC) change as the primary cause of runoff increase, little is known about the dominant controls of hydrologic change in the UMRB. We used a macroscale hydrology model to assess the hydrologic implications of climate and LULC changes between 1918 and 2007. Modeling results, corroborated with hydroclimatologic data analysis, emphasized climate change as the dominant driver of runoff change in the UMRB. At local scales, modeled annual runoff decreased (increased) by up to 9% (5%) where grasslands (forests) were replaced by croplands. Artificial field drainage amplified annual runoff by as much as 13%. These findings are critical for water and nitrogen management in the UMRB under change.

@article{doi101002grl50262,
    author = "Frans, Chris and İstanbulluoğlu, Erkan and Mishra, Vimal and Muñoz‐Arriola, Francisco and Lettenmaier, Dennis P.",
    title = "Are climatic or land cover changes the dominant cause of runoff trends in the Upper Mississippi River Basin?",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "The Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB) has experienced a remarkable agricultural extensification since the mid‐1800s. Hydroclimatological monitoring in the 20th century also reveals positive annual precipitation and runoff trends in the UMRB. While several studies have proposed land use/land cover (LULC) change as the primary cause of runoff increase, little is known about the dominant controls of hydrologic change in the UMRB. We used a macroscale hydrology model to assess the hydrologic implications of climate and LULC changes between 1918 and 2007. Modeling results, corroborated with hydroclimatologic data analysis, emphasized climate change as the dominant driver of runoff change in the UMRB. At local scales, modeled annual runoff decreased (increased) by up to 9\% (5\%) where grasslands (forests) were replaced by croplands. Artificial field drainage amplified annual runoff by as much as 13\%. These findings are critical for water and nitrogen management in the UMRB under change.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50262",
    doi = "10.1002/grl.50262",
    openalex = "W1538216103",
    references = "chen1986hydrology, doi1010160022169470902556, doi101016s002216940000336x, doi101016s0022169497001078, doi1010291998gl900291, doi1010291999gb900046, doi1010292007gb002947, doi10102994jd00483, doi1011751520044220000131000amitec20co2, doi1011751520044220000131018amitec20co2, openalexw1487923163"
}

The US Army Corps of Engineers has constructed numerous river engineering structures in and along the Middle Mississippi River. River training and bank stabilization measures include pile dikes, stone dikes, bendway weirs, chevrons, and revetments. Concerns have long been voiced about the effects of these structures on flood stages. Recent debate concerning the scientific basis for these concerns has been invigorated by specific gauge analysis that appears to show a rising trend in flood stages over the past 150 years. This paper attempts to advance the debate by providing an objective review of the specific gauge analysis technique that explains how the method should be performed and the results interpreted; identifies strengths and limitations; examines the uncertainties associated with application to the Middle Mississippi River given the available data; and reassesses the conclusions that can and cannot reasonably be drawn regarding the impacts of dikes and levees on flood stages, based on specific gauge analysis of the Middle Mississippi River. The application of specific gauge analysis to records from the St. Louis gauge, by using methods that carefully follow the guidelines set out in this paper, provides no evidence that dike construction has raised flood stages, but indicates that rises in flood stages are more probably related to levee building.

@article{doi101061ascehy194379000000786,
    author = "Watson, Chester C. and Biedenharn, David S. and Thorne, Colin R.",
    title = "Analysis of the Impacts of Dikes on Flood Stages in the Middle Mississippi River",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Journal of Hydraulic Engineering",
    abstract = "The US Army Corps of Engineers has constructed numerous river engineering structures in and along the Middle Mississippi River. River training and bank stabilization measures include pile dikes, stone dikes, bendway weirs, chevrons, and revetments. Concerns have long been voiced about the effects of these structures on flood stages. Recent debate concerning the scientific basis for these concerns has been invigorated by specific gauge analysis that appears to show a rising trend in flood stages over the past 150 years. This paper attempts to advance the debate by providing an objective review of the specific gauge analysis technique that explains how the method should be performed and the results interpreted; identifies strengths and limitations; examines the uncertainties associated with application to the Middle Mississippi River given the available data; and reassesses the conclusions that can and cannot reasonably be drawn regarding the impacts of dikes and levees on flood stages, based on specific gauge analysis of the Middle Mississippi River. The application of specific gauge analysis to records from the St. Louis gauge, by using methods that carefully follow the guidelines set out in this paper, provides no evidence that dike construction has raised flood stages, but indicates that rises in flood stages are more probably related to levee building.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000786",
    doi = "10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000786",
    openalex = "W2004006666"
}

Abstract. The objective of this paper was to describe the impact of climate change on the Mississippi River flood hazard in the New Orleans area. This city has a unique flood risk management challenge, heavily influenced by climate change, since it faces flood hazards from multiple geographical locations (e.g. Lake Pontchartrain and Mississippi River) and multiple sources (hurricane, river, rainfall). Also the low elevation and significant subsidence rate of the Greater New Orleans area poses a high risk and challenges the water management of this urban area. Its vulnerability to flooding became dramatically apparent during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 with huge economic losses and a large number of casualties. A SOBEK Rural 1DFLOW model was set up to simulate the general hydrodynamics. This model included the two important spillways that are operated during high flow conditions. A weighted multi-criteria calibration procedure was performed to calibrate the model for high flows. Validation for floods in 2011 indicated a reasonable performance for high flows and clearly demonstrated the influence of the spillways. 32 different scenarios were defined which included the relatively large sea level rise and the changing discharge regime that is expected due to climate change. The impact of these scenarios on the water levels near New Orleans were analysed by the hydrodynamic model. Results showed that during high flows New Orleans will not be affected by varying discharge regimes, since the presence of the spillways ensures a constant discharge through the city. In contrary, sea level rise is expected to push water levels upwards. The effect of sea level rise will be noticeable even more than 470 km upstream. Climate change impacts necessitate a more frequent use of the spillways and opening strategies that are based on stages.

@article{doi105194dwes6812013,
    author = "Driessen, T. L. A. and van Ledden, Mathijs",
    title = "The large-scale impact of climate change to Mississippi flood hazard in New Orleans",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Drinking water engineering and science",
    abstract = "Abstract. The objective of this paper was to describe the impact of climate change on the Mississippi River flood hazard in the New Orleans area. This city has a unique flood risk management challenge, heavily influenced by climate change, since it faces flood hazards from multiple geographical locations (e.g. Lake Pontchartrain and Mississippi River) and multiple sources (hurricane, river, rainfall). Also the low elevation and significant subsidence rate of the Greater New Orleans area poses a high risk and challenges the water management of this urban area. Its vulnerability to flooding became dramatically apparent during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 with huge economic losses and a large number of casualties. A SOBEK Rural 1DFLOW model was set up to simulate the general hydrodynamics. This model included the two important spillways that are operated during high flow conditions. A weighted multi-criteria calibration procedure was performed to calibrate the model for high flows. Validation for floods in 2011 indicated a reasonable performance for high flows and clearly demonstrated the influence of the spillways. 32 different scenarios were defined which included the relatively large sea level rise and the changing discharge regime that is expected due to climate change. The impact of these scenarios on the water levels near New Orleans were analysed by the hydrodynamic model. Results showed that during high flows New Orleans will not be affected by varying discharge regimes, since the presence of the spillways ensures a constant discharge through the city. In contrary, sea level rise is expected to push water levels upwards. The effect of sea level rise will be noticeable even more than 470 km upstream. Climate change impacts necessitate a more frequent use of the spillways and opening strategies that are based on stages.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-81-2013",
    doi = "10.5194/dwes-6-81-2013",
    openalex = "W2123134145",
    references = "doi1010160022169470902556, doi101016jgloplacha200507004, doi101017cbo9781107415379, doi101111jawr19662413, doi10230740027956, openalexw2110906723"
}

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that changes in temperature and precipitation (hereafter climate change) would influence river discharge, but the relative importance of climate change, land use, and elevated atmospheric CO 2 have not yet been fully investigated. A process‐based projection for the Mississippi River basin suggests that river discharge would be substantially enhanced (10.7–59.8%) by the 2090s compared to the recent decade (2000s), although large discrepancies exist among different climate, atmospheric CO 2, and land use change scenarios. Our factorial analyses further indicate that the combined effects of land use change and human‐induced atmospheric CO 2 elevation on river discharge would outweigh climate change effect under the high‐emission scenario (A2) of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change, while climate change would still play the dominant role under the low‐emission scenario (B1). This study highlights the important role of anthropogenic factors in influencing future hydrological processes and water resources.

@article{doi1010022014gl060361,
    author = "Tao, Bo and Tian, Hanqin and Ren, Wei and Yang, Jia and Yang, Qichun and He, Ruoying and Cai, Wei‐Jun and Lohrenz, Steven E.",
    title = "Increasing Mississippi river discharge throughout the 21st century influenced by changes in climate, land use, and atmospheric CO 2",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
    abstract = "Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that changes in temperature and precipitation (hereafter climate change) would influence river discharge, but the relative importance of climate change, land use, and elevated atmospheric CO 2 have not yet been fully investigated. A process‐based projection for the Mississippi River basin suggests that river discharge would be substantially enhanced (10.7–59.8\%) by the 2090s compared to the recent decade (2000s), although large discrepancies exist among different climate, atmospheric CO 2, and land use change scenarios. Our factorial analyses further indicate that the combined effects of land use change and human‐induced atmospheric CO 2 elevation on river discharge would outweigh climate change effect under the high‐emission scenario (A2) of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change, while climate change would still play the dominant role under the low‐emission scenario (B1). This study highlights the important role of anthropogenic factors in influencing future hydrological processes and water resources.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2014gl060361",
    doi = "10.1002/2014gl060361",
    openalex = "W1538800530",
    references = "doi101002grl50262"
}

@incollection{doi10100797894017873385,
    author = "Kemp, G. Paul and Willson, Clinton S. and Rogers, J. David and Westphal, Karen A. and Binselam, Sait Ahmet",
    title = "Adapting to Change in the Lowermost Mississippi River: Implications for Navigation, Flood Control and Restoration of the Delta Ecosystem",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "Estuaries of the world",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8733-8\_5",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-017-8733-8\_5",
    openalex = "W1834447230",
    references = "openalexw2784282314"
}

This report documents the geomorphic assessment component of the Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Feasibility Study. The overall objectives of the geomorphic assessment were to utilize all available data to document the historical trends in hydrology, sedimentation, and channel geometry in the lower Mississippi River and to summarize the local changes observed at locations where repetitive datasets exist and at key reaches determined during the study. The assessment focused on, but was not limited to, the river reach downstream of the Old River Control Complex and the time period from 1960 to the present (2013). The geomorphic assessment tasks included data compilation, geometric data analysis, gage and discharge analysis, dredge record analysis, sediment data analysis, development of an events timeline, and integration of results. Geomorphic reaches were defined, and the morphologic trends during different time periods were evaluated. The geomorphic assessment highlighted the importance of considering spatial and temporal variability when assessing morphological trends. Morphological trends on the Lower Mississippi River typically occur over decadal timescales. Consequently, there is considerable uncertainty with assessments that only cover short time periods. Therefore, investigators must be cautious when assuming that short-term, recent trends will predict future conditions.

@misc{doi1021236ada606456,
    author = "Little, Jr and D., Biedenharn Charles and David, S",
    title = "Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Study (MRHDM) - Geomorphic Assessment",
    year = "2014",
    abstract = "This report documents the geomorphic assessment component of the Mississippi River Hydrodynamic and Delta Management Feasibility Study. The overall objectives of the geomorphic assessment were to utilize all available data to document the historical trends in hydrology, sedimentation, and channel geometry in the lower Mississippi River and to summarize the local changes observed at locations where repetitive datasets exist and at key reaches determined during the study. The assessment focused on, but was not limited to, the river reach downstream of the Old River Control Complex and the time period from 1960 to the present (2013). The geomorphic assessment tasks included data compilation, geometric data analysis, gage and discharge analysis, dredge record analysis, sediment data analysis, development of an events timeline, and integration of results. Geomorphic reaches were defined, and the morphologic trends during different time periods were evaluated. The geomorphic assessment highlighted the importance of considering spatial and temporal variability when assessing morphological trends. Morphological trends on the Lower Mississippi River typically occur over decadal timescales. Consequently, there is considerable uncertainty with assessments that only cover short time periods. Therefore, investigators must be cautious when assuming that short-term, recent trends will predict future conditions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21236/ada606456",
    doi = "10.21236/ada606456",
    openalex = "W244582114",
    references = "openalexw2784282314"
}

Dams are used throughout the United States for generation of electricity and flood control. The Tennessee River Valley’s regulated river system extends through Tennessee and parts of Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Of the dams in this area, 49 are managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The TVA forecasts and monitors the activities related to these dams and others in the area on an aroundthe-clock basis to ensure maximum generation potential is attained and to prevent flooding of the surrounding cities. To best forecast hydrology for the regulated river system, the TVA chose to upgrade the forecasting center to include HEC-RAS models for high and low flow simulations. These simulations can better guide TVA engineers to the best route when releasing water from the dam in the case of an emergency flooding situation or on a daily basis. Building a HEC-RAS model for the TVA reservoir system is a large undertaking and model stability issues arise from different possible causes. In this paper, the best methods of stabilizing modeled reaches on a regulated river system during low flows were compiled in logic flow charts, which can be of general assistance to modelers when stabilizing HEC-RAS simulations for regulated river systems. The flow charts were created and explained, with multiple options for stability described and analyzed throughout the creation process. They were based on results where stability issues were regularly due to cross sectional spacing and the addition of base flow through the upstream boundary and lateral inflows. Other potential methods were also considered for applicability in a model such as this, including the addition of pilot channels and increasing the theta weighting factor. Using the flow charts created, HEC-RAS modelers should gain a better understanding of stability issues in a river system and what causes these problems.

@article{openalexw17134452,
    author = "Sharkey, Jennifer Kay",
    title = "Investigating Instabilities with HEC-RAS Unsteady Flow Modeling for Regulated Rivers at Low Flow Stages",
    year = "2014",
    abstract = "Dams are used throughout the United States for generation of electricity and flood control. The Tennessee River Valley’s regulated river system extends through Tennessee and parts of Kentucky, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. Of the dams in this area, 49 are managed by the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The TVA forecasts and monitors the activities related to these dams and others in the area on an aroundthe-clock basis to ensure maximum generation potential is attained and to prevent flooding of the surrounding cities. To best forecast hydrology for the regulated river system, the TVA chose to upgrade the forecasting center to include HEC-RAS models for high and low flow simulations. These simulations can better guide TVA engineers to the best route when releasing water from the dam in the case of an emergency flooding situation or on a daily basis. Building a HEC-RAS model for the TVA reservoir system is a large undertaking and model stability issues arise from different possible causes. In this paper, the best methods of stabilizing modeled reaches on a regulated river system during low flows were compiled in logic flow charts, which can be of general assistance to modelers when stabilizing HEC-RAS simulations for regulated river systems. The flow charts were created and explained, with multiple options for stability described and analyzed throughout the creation process. They were based on results where stability issues were regularly due to cross sectional spacing and the addition of base flow through the upstream boundary and lateral inflows. Other potential methods were also considered for applicability in a model such as this, including the addition of pilot channels and increasing the theta weighting factor. Using the flow charts created, HEC-RAS modelers should gain a better understanding of stability issues in a river system and what causes these problems.",
    openalex = "W17134452",
    references = "doi10106141114371160"
}

MRG&P Report

@misc{openalexw2743428592,
    author = "Biedenharn, David S. and Stroupe, Wayne A. and Brooks, John H.",
    title = "A review of the Lower Mississippi River Potamology Program",
    year = "2014",
    booktitle = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "MRG\&P Report",
    openalex = "W2743428592"
}

Here we establish the timing of major flood events of the central Mississippi River over the last 1,800 y, using floodwater sediments deposited in two floodplain lakes. Shifts in the frequency of high-magnitude floods are mediated by moisture availability over midcontinental North America and correspond to the emergence and decline of Cahokia--a major late prehistoric settlement in the Mississippi River floodplain. The absence of large floods from A.D. 600 to A.D. 1200 facilitated agricultural intensification, population growth, and settlement expansion across the floodplain that are associated with the emergence of Cahokia as a regional center around A.D. 1050. The return of large floods after A.D. 1200, driven by waning midcontinental aridity, marks the onset of sociopolitical reorganization and depopulation that culminate in the abandonment of Cahokia and the surrounding region by A.D. 1350. Shifts in the frequency and magnitude of flooding may be an underappreciated but critical factor in the formation and dissolution of social complexity in early agricultural societies.

@article{doi101073pnas1501904112,
    author = "Muñoz, Samuel E. and Gruley, Kristine E. and Massie, Ashtin and Fike, David A. and Schroeder, Sissel and Williams, John W.",
    title = "Cahokia’s emergence and decline coincided with shifts of flood frequency on the Mississippi River",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences",
    abstract = "Here we establish the timing of major flood events of the central Mississippi River over the last 1,800 y, using floodwater sediments deposited in two floodplain lakes. Shifts in the frequency of high-magnitude floods are mediated by moisture availability over midcontinental North America and correspond to the emergence and decline of Cahokia--a major late prehistoric settlement in the Mississippi River floodplain. The absence of large floods from A.D. 600 to A.D. 1200 facilitated agricultural intensification, population growth, and settlement expansion across the floodplain that are associated with the emergence of Cahokia as a regional center around A.D. 1050. The return of large floods after A.D. 1200, driven by waning midcontinental aridity, marks the onset of sociopolitical reorganization and depopulation that culminate in the abandonment of Cahokia and the surrounding region by A.D. 1350. Shifts in the frequency and magnitude of flooding may be an underappreciated but critical factor in the formation and dissolution of social complexity in early agricultural societies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1501904112",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.1501904112",
    openalex = "W1519624335",
    references = "doi101002sici109698371997102210923aidesp76330co2e"
}

High subsidence rates, along with eustatic sea-level change, sediment accumulation and shoreline erosion have led to widespread land loss and the deterioration of ecosystem health around the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB). A proper evaluation of the spatial pattern of subsidence rates in the LMRB is the key to understanding the mechanisms of the submergence, estimating its potential impacts on land loss and the long-term sustainability of the region. Based on the subsidence rate data derived from benchmark surveys from 1922 to 1995, this paper constructed a subsidence rate surface for the region through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) interpolation method. The results show that the subsidence rates in the region ranged from 1.7 to 29 mm/year, with an average rate of 9.4 mm/year. Subsidence rates increased from north to south as the outcome of both regional geophysical conditions and anthropogenic activities. Four areas of high subsidence rates were found, and they are located in Orleans, Jefferson, Terrebonne and Plaquemines parishes. A projection of future landscape loss using the interpolated subsidence rates reveals that areas below zero elevation in the LMRB will increase from 3.86% in 2004 to 19.79% in 2030 and 30.88% in 2050. This translates to a growing increase of areas that are vulnerable to land loss from 44.3 km2/year to 240.7 km2/year from 2011 to 2050. Under the same scenario, Lafourche, Plaquemines and Terrebonne parishes will experience serious loss of wetlands, whereas Orleans and Jefferson parishes will lose significant developed land, and Lafourche parish will endure severe loss of agriculture land.

@article{doi103390w8010010,
    author = "Zou, Lei and Kent, Joshua and Lam, Nina and Cai, Heng and Qiang, Yi and Li, Kenan",
    title = "Evaluating Land Subsidence Rates and Their Implications for Land Loss in the Lower Mississippi River Basin",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Water",
    abstract = "High subsidence rates, along with eustatic sea-level change, sediment accumulation and shoreline erosion have led to widespread land loss and the deterioration of ecosystem health around the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB). A proper evaluation of the spatial pattern of subsidence rates in the LMRB is the key to understanding the mechanisms of the submergence, estimating its potential impacts on land loss and the long-term sustainability of the region. Based on the subsidence rate data derived from benchmark surveys from 1922 to 1995, this paper constructed a subsidence rate surface for the region through the empirical Bayesian kriging (EBK) interpolation method. The results show that the subsidence rates in the region ranged from 1.7 to 29 mm/year, with an average rate of 9.4 mm/year. Subsidence rates increased from north to south as the outcome of both regional geophysical conditions and anthropogenic activities. Four areas of high subsidence rates were found, and they are located in Orleans, Jefferson, Terrebonne and Plaquemines parishes. A projection of future landscape loss using the interpolated subsidence rates reveals that areas below zero elevation in the LMRB will increase from 3.86\% in 2004 to 19.79\% in 2030 and 30.88\% in 2050. This translates to a growing increase of areas that are vulnerable to land loss from 44.3 km2/year to 240.7 km2/year from 2011 to 2050. Under the same scenario, Lafourche, Plaquemines and Terrebonne parishes will experience serious loss of wetlands, whereas Orleans and Jefferson parishes will lose significant developed land, and Lafourche parish will endure severe loss of agriculture land.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/w8010010",
    doi = "10.3390/w8010010",
    openalex = "W2234788421",
    references = "crossref1995cenozoic, doi101007bf00892986, doi101007s0047700701657, doi101038441587a, doi101073pnas1209980110, doi10108002693799008941549, doi101306212f8ec22b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi101559152304083783914958, doi105724gcs91120034, openalexw1927292367"
}

Abstract: This report documents an investigation of sediment diversions at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC) conducted for the U. S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. The investigation was conducted via a combination of field data collection and laboratory analysis, geomorphic assessments, and numerical modeling. The objectives were to determine current rates of sediment diversion, evaluate potential impacts on the stability of the Mississippi River, and identify options to increase sediment diversion rates. As operated since the early 1990s, sediment diversion at the ORCC probably is less efficient than required to maintain channel stability in the Mississippi River downstream of the ORCC. While there is clear evidence of significant channel aggradation in the vicinity of the ORCC, the impacts of ORCC operations on regional sedimentation remain uncertain. Operational alternatives were analyzed that potentially could increase the long-term sediment diversion efficiency at the ORCC. In particular, the investigation found, via a synthesis of field investigations and numerical modeling, that while the auxiliary control structure is the most efficient at diverting bed material from the Mississippi River, the low sill structure is more efficient at delivering bed material to the outfall channel leading to the Atchafalaya River.

@article{openalexw1903779640,
    author = "Heath, Ronald E. and Brown, Gary L. and Little, Charles D. and Pratt, Thad C. and Ratcliff, Jay and Abraham, David and Perkey, David and Ganesh, Naveen and Martin, Keith and May, David P.",
    title = "Old River Control Complex sedimentation investigation",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "US Army Corps of Engineers: Engineer Research and Development Center (Knowledge Core)",
    abstract = "Abstract: This report documents an investigation of sediment diversions at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC) conducted for the U. S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans. The investigation was conducted via a combination of field data collection and laboratory analysis, geomorphic assessments, and numerical modeling. The objectives were to determine current rates of sediment diversion, evaluate potential impacts on the stability of the Mississippi River, and identify options to increase sediment diversion rates. As operated since the early 1990s, sediment diversion at the ORCC probably is less efficient than required to maintain channel stability in the Mississippi River downstream of the ORCC. While there is clear evidence of significant channel aggradation in the vicinity of the ORCC, the impacts of ORCC operations on regional sedimentation remain uncertain. Operational alternatives were analyzed that potentially could increase the long-term sediment diversion efficiency at the ORCC. In particular, the investigation found, via a synthesis of field investigations and numerical modeling, that while the auxiliary control structure is the most efficient at diverting bed material from the Mississippi River, the low sill structure is more efficient at delivering bed material to the outfall channel leading to the Atchafalaya River.",
    openalex = "W1903779640"
}

Abstract The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020 will map river elevations and inundated area globally for rivers >100 m wide. In advance of this launch, we here evaluated the possibility of estimating discharge in ungauged rivers using synthetic, daily “remote sensing” measurements derived from hydraulic models corrupted with minimal observational errors. Five discharge algorithms were evaluated, as well as the median of the five, for 19 rivers spanning a range of hydraulic and geomorphic conditions. Reliance upon a priori information, and thus applicability to truly ungauged reaches, varied among algorithms: one algorithm employed only global limits on velocity and depth, while the other algorithms relied on globally available prior estimates of discharge. We found at least one algorithm able to estimate instantaneous discharge to within 35% relative root‐mean‐squared error (RRMSE) on 14/16 nonbraided rivers despite out‐of‐bank flows, multichannel planforms, and backwater effects. Moreover, we found RRMSE was often dominated by bias; the median standard deviation of relative residuals across the 16 nonbraided rivers was only 12.5%. SWOT discharge algorithm progress is therefore encouraging, yet future efforts should consider incorporating ancillary data or multialgorithm synergy to improve results.

@article{doi1010022015wr018434,
    author = "Durand, Michael and Gleason, Colin J. and Garambois, Pierre‐André and Bjerklie, David M. and Smith, L. C. and Roux, Hélène and Rodríguez, Ernesto and Bates, Paul and Pavelsky, Tamlin M. and Monnier, Jérôme and Chen, X. and Baldassarre, Giuliano Di and Fiset, J. M. and Flipo, Nicolas and de Moraes Frasson, Renato Prata and Fulton, John W. and Goutal, Nicole and Hossain, Faisal and Humphries, E. and Minear, J. Toby and Mukolwe, Micah and Neal, Jeffrey and Ricci, Sophie and Sanders, Brett F. and Schumann, Guy and Schubert, Jochen E. and Vilmin, Lauriane",
    title = "An intercomparison of remote sensing river discharge estimation algorithms from measurements of river height, width, and slope",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = "Abstract The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020 will map river elevations and inundated area globally for rivers >100 m wide. In advance of this launch, we here evaluated the possibility of estimating discharge in ungauged rivers using synthetic, daily “remote sensing” measurements derived from hydraulic models corrupted with minimal observational errors. Five discharge algorithms were evaluated, as well as the median of the five, for 19 rivers spanning a range of hydraulic and geomorphic conditions. Reliance upon a priori information, and thus applicability to truly ungauged reaches, varied among algorithms: one algorithm employed only global limits on velocity and depth, while the other algorithms relied on globally available prior estimates of discharge. We found at least one algorithm able to estimate instantaneous discharge to within 35\% relative root‐mean‐squared error (RRMSE) on 14/16 nonbraided rivers despite out‐of‐bank flows, multichannel planforms, and backwater effects. Moreover, we found RRMSE was often dominated by bias; the median standard deviation of relative residuals across the 16 nonbraided rivers was only 12.5\%. SWOT discharge algorithm progress is therefore encouraging, yet future efforts should consider incorporating ancillary data or multialgorithm synergy to improve results.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2015wr018434",
    doi = "10.1002/2015wr018434",
    openalex = "W2369661078",
    references = "doi10106141114371160"
}

@article{doi101007s1223701601977,
    author = "Wang, Hongqing and Chen, Qin and Hu, Kelin and Peyre, Megan K. La",
    title = "A Modeling Study of the Impacts of Mississippi River Diversion and Sea-Level Rise on Water Quality of a Deltaic Estuary",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Estuaries and Coasts",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0197-7",
    doi = "10.1007/s12237-016-0197-7",
    openalex = "W2559802247",
    references = "doi105194dwes6812013"
}

This paper presents an assessment of community resilience to coastal hazards in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) region in southeastern Louisiana. The assessment was conducted at the census block group scale. The specific purpose of this study was to provide a quantitative method to assess and validate the community resilience to coastal hazards, and to identify the relationships between a set of socio-environmental indicators and community resilience. The Resilience Inference Measurement (RIM) model was applied to assess the resilience of the block groups. The resilience index derived was empirically validated through two statistical procedures: K-means cluster analysis of exposure, damage, and recovery variables to derive the resilience groups, and discriminant analysis to identify the key indicators of resilience. The discriminant analysis yielded a classification accuracy of 73.1%. The results show that block groups with higher resilience were concentrated generally in the northern part of the study area, including those located north of Lake Pontchartrain and in East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, and Lafayette parishes. The lower-resilience communities were located mostly along the coastline and lower elevation area including block groups in southern Plaquemines Parish and Terrebonne Parish. Regression analysis between the resilience scores and the indicators extracted from the discriminant analysis suggests that community resilience was significantly linked to multicomponent capacities. The findings could help develop adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability, increase resilience, and improve long-term sustainability for the coastal region.

@article{doi103390w8020046,
    author = "Cai, Heng and Lam, Nina and Zou, Lei and Qiang, Yi and Li, Kenan",
    title = "Assessing Community Resilience to Coastal Hazards in the Lower Mississippi River Basin",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Water",
    abstract = "This paper presents an assessment of community resilience to coastal hazards in the Lower Mississippi River Basin (LMRB) region in southeastern Louisiana. The assessment was conducted at the census block group scale. The specific purpose of this study was to provide a quantitative method to assess and validate the community resilience to coastal hazards, and to identify the relationships between a set of socio-environmental indicators and community resilience. The Resilience Inference Measurement (RIM) model was applied to assess the resilience of the block groups. The resilience index derived was empirically validated through two statistical procedures: K-means cluster analysis of exposure, damage, and recovery variables to derive the resilience groups, and discriminant analysis to identify the key indicators of resilience. The discriminant analysis yielded a classification accuracy of 73.1\%. The results show that block groups with higher resilience were concentrated generally in the northern part of the study area, including those located north of Lake Pontchartrain and in East Baton Rouge, West Baton Rouge, and Lafayette parishes. The lower-resilience communities were located mostly along the coastline and lower elevation area including block groups in southern Plaquemines Parish and Terrebonne Parish. Regression analysis between the resilience scores and the indicators extracted from the discriminant analysis suggests that community resilience was significantly linked to multicomponent capacities. The findings could help develop adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability, increase resilience, and improve long-term sustainability for the coastal region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/w8020046",
    doi = "10.3390/w8020046",
    openalex = "W2262060662",
    references = "doi103390w8010010"
}

@article{doi101016jecolmodel201702028,
    author = "Wang, Hongqing and Chen, Qin and Peyre, Megan K. La and Hu, Kelin and Peyre, Jérôme F. La",
    title = "Predicting the impacts of Mississippi River diversions and sea-level rise on spatial patterns of eastern oyster growth rate and production",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Ecological Modelling",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.028",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2017.02.028",
    openalex = "W2600055727",
    references = "doi105194dwes6812013"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201706004,
    author = "Allison, Mead A. and Yuill, Brendan and Meselhe, Ehab and Marsh, Jonathan K. and Kolker, Alexander S. and Ameen, Alexander D.",
    title = "Observational and numerical particle tracking to examine sediment dynamics in a Mississippi River delta diversion",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2017.06.004",
    openalex = "W2622386842",
    references = "openalexw2784282314"
}

Abstract Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Silver Carp H. molitrix, and Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (collectively termed “Asian carp”) were introduced into North America during the 1960s and 1970s and have become established in the lower Mississippi River basin. Previously published evidence for spawning of these species in the upper Mississippi River has been limited to an area just downstream of Dam 22 (near Saverton, Missouri). In 2013 and 2014, we sampled ichthyoplankton at 18 locations in the upper Mississippi River main stem from Dam 9 through Dam 19 and in four tributaries of the Mississippi River (Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, and Wisconsin rivers). We identified eggs and larvae by using morphological techniques and then used genetic tools to confirm species identity. The spawning events we observed often included more than one species of Asian carp and in a few cases included eggs that must have been derived from more than one upstream spawning event. The upstream extent of genetically confirmed Grass Carp ichthyoplankton was the Wisconsin River, while Bighead Carp and Silver Carp ichthyoplankton were observed in Pool 16. In all these cases, ichthyoplankton likely drifted downstream for several hours prior to collection. Higher water velocities (and, to a lesser extent, higher temperatures) were associated with an increased likelihood of observing eggs or larvae, although the temperature range we encountered was mostly above 17°C. Several major spawning events were detected in 2013, but no major spawning events were observed in 2014. The area between Dam 15 and Dam 19 appears to be the upstream edge of spawning activity for both Silver Carp and Bighead Carp, suggesting that this area could be a focal point for management efforts designed to limit further upstream movement of these species. Received July 18, 2016; accepted May 4, 2017Published online July 19, 2017

@article{doi1010800275594720171327901,
    author = "Larson, James H. and Knights, Brent C. and McCalla, Sunnie Grace and Monroe, Emy M. and Tuttle‐Lau, Maren and Chapman, Duane and George, Amy E. and Vallazza, Jon M. and Amberg, Jon J.",
    title = "Evidence of Asian Carp Spawning Upstream of a Key Choke Point in the Mississippi River",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "North American Journal of Fisheries Management",
    abstract = "Abstract Bighead Carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Silver Carp H. molitrix, and Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (collectively termed “Asian carp”) were introduced into North America during the 1960s and 1970s and have become established in the lower Mississippi River basin. Previously published evidence for spawning of these species in the upper Mississippi River has been limited to an area just downstream of Dam 22 (near Saverton, Missouri). In 2013 and 2014, we sampled ichthyoplankton at 18 locations in the upper Mississippi River main stem from Dam 9 through Dam 19 and in four tributaries of the Mississippi River (Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, and Wisconsin rivers). We identified eggs and larvae by using morphological techniques and then used genetic tools to confirm species identity. The spawning events we observed often included more than one species of Asian carp and in a few cases included eggs that must have been derived from more than one upstream spawning event. The upstream extent of genetically confirmed Grass Carp ichthyoplankton was the Wisconsin River, while Bighead Carp and Silver Carp ichthyoplankton were observed in Pool 16. In all these cases, ichthyoplankton likely drifted downstream for several hours prior to collection. Higher water velocities (and, to a lesser extent, higher temperatures) were associated with an increased likelihood of observing eggs or larvae, although the temperature range we encountered was mostly above 17°C. Several major spawning events were detected in 2013, but no major spawning events were observed in 2014. The area between Dam 15 and Dam 19 appears to be the upstream edge of spawning activity for both Silver Carp and Bighead Carp, suggesting that this area could be a focal point for management efforts designed to limit further upstream movement of these species. Received July 18, 2016; accepted May 4, 2017Published online July 19, 2017",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/02755947.2017.1327901",
    doi = "10.1080/02755947.2017.1327901",
    openalex = "W2738829515",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

Abstract The Mississippi River is a multijurisdictional and multiuse resource that has been variously altered and is foremost managed for navigation and flood control throughout much of its 3,734-km passage from its origin at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, to its outlet at the Gulf of Mexico. Despite alterations summarized herein, the native fish fauna remains largely intact and only five nonnative species have colonized segments of the river. Diverse habitats still remain, but loss of habitat, declining habitat suitability, and reduced floodplain functionality warrant concern. Fisheries monitoring and assessment, ecological research, and habitat rehabilitation vary from adequate in the upper reaches of the river to minimal in the lower reaches of the river, and these efforts parallel the recreational use, local values, and visibility of the river. A conceptual model is proposed to depict the value of the social, economic, and many ecosystem services the Mississippi River ecosystem offers that can be used to achieve the social and economic support needed to conserve and restore this valuable fishery resource.

@article{doi1010800363241520171377554,
    author = "Schramm, Harold L.",
    title = "The Fishery Resources of the Mississippi River: A Model for Conservation and Management",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Fisheries",
    abstract = "Abstract The Mississippi River is a multijurisdictional and multiuse resource that has been variously altered and is foremost managed for navigation and flood control throughout much of its 3,734-km passage from its origin at Lake Itasca, Minnesota, to its outlet at the Gulf of Mexico. Despite alterations summarized herein, the native fish fauna remains largely intact and only five nonnative species have colonized segments of the river. Diverse habitats still remain, but loss of habitat, declining habitat suitability, and reduced floodplain functionality warrant concern. Fisheries monitoring and assessment, ecological research, and habitat rehabilitation vary from adequate in the upper reaches of the river to minimal in the lower reaches of the river, and these efforts parallel the recreational use, local values, and visibility of the river. A conceptual model is proposed to depict the value of the social, economic, and many ecosystem services the Mississippi River ecosystem offers that can be used to achieve the social and economic support needed to conserve and restore this valuable fishery resource.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/03632415.2017.1377554",
    doi = "10.1080/03632415.2017.1377554",
    openalex = "W2767477243",
    references = "openalexw244848745"
}

Abstract: Specific gage records were developed for 25 stations on the Mississippi River between St. Louis, MO, and Donaldsonville, LA. Generation and initial inspection of these records for the Mississippi River establish that complex morphologic adjustments have occurred throughout the river system for at least a century and indicate that these adjustments continue to the present day. Further, although no attempt was made in this study to conduct a detailed analysis of the effects of the numerous natural and anthropogenic factors on the morphologic trends in the river in the initial assessment reported herein, preliminary evaluation of the specific gage records demonstrates that they provide a powerful framework that, when combined with other geomorphic assessment tools, will aid in under-standing and explaining the complex morphological processes that drive the Mississippi River. These and other comprehensive analyses are planned for future Mississippi River Geomorphology & Potamology Program efforts.

@misc{doi10210791168122744,
    author = "Biedenharn, David S. and Allison, Mead A. and Little, Charles and Thorne, Colin R. and Watson, Chester C.",
    title = "Large-scale geomorphic change in the Mississippi River from St. Louis, MO, to Donaldsonville, LA, as revealed by specific gage records",
    year = "2017",
    abstract = "Abstract: Specific gage records were developed for 25 stations on the Mississippi River between St. Louis, MO, and Donaldsonville, LA. Generation and initial inspection of these records for the Mississippi River establish that complex morphologic adjustments have occurred throughout the river system for at least a century and indicate that these adjustments continue to the present day. Further, although no attempt was made in this study to conduct a detailed analysis of the effects of the numerous natural and anthropogenic factors on the morphologic trends in the river in the initial assessment reported herein, preliminary evaluation of the specific gage records demonstrates that they provide a powerful framework that, when combined with other geomorphic assessment tools, will aid in under-standing and explaining the complex morphological processes that drive the Mississippi River. These and other comprehensive analyses are planned for future Mississippi River Geomorphology \& Potamology Program efforts.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/22744",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/22744",
    openalex = "W2762528953",
    references = "doi101061ascehy194379000000786, openalexw137700060, openalexw346426417"
}

Abstract: A geometric data analysis was conducted for the Mississippi River from the Old River Control Complex to St. Louis, MO, or approximately River Mile 325 Above Head of Passes to RM 180 Above Mouth of Ohio River. The purpose of the study was to document long-term trends in the dimension, pattern, and profile of the Mississippi River channel within the study reach. Hydrographic survey data from 1956 to 2013 were used to determine spatial and temporal variations in channel geometry and volume. Trends of geometric change in the channel were identified along defined geomorphic reaches of the river. Observed trends indicate the lower portion of the study reach from Old River to Vicksburg, MS, has experienced a general decrease in channel area and volume. Conversely, the reach from Helena, AR, to Hickman, KY, has undergone a general increase in area and volume. The reach of the middle Mississippi River above Cairo, IL, has seen a slight lowering of the channel. The results of this study will be part of a detailed geomorphic assessment of the Mississippi River to be conducted as part of the ongoing Mississippi River Geomorphology and Potamology Program sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division Science and Technology Office.

@misc{doi10210791168122801,
    author = "Little, Charles and Biedenharn, David S. and Allison, Mead A. and McCullough, Troy and Wofford, Koby",
    title = "Channel geometry trends of the Mississippi River, Old River Control Complex to St. Louis, Missouri",
    year = "2017",
    abstract = "Abstract: A geometric data analysis was conducted for the Mississippi River from the Old River Control Complex to St. Louis, MO, or approximately River Mile 325 Above Head of Passes to RM 180 Above Mouth of Ohio River. The purpose of the study was to document long-term trends in the dimension, pattern, and profile of the Mississippi River channel within the study reach. Hydrographic survey data from 1956 to 2013 were used to determine spatial and temporal variations in channel geometry and volume. Trends of geometric change in the channel were identified along defined geomorphic reaches of the river. Observed trends indicate the lower portion of the study reach from Old River to Vicksburg, MS, has experienced a general decrease in channel area and volume. Conversely, the reach from Helena, AR, to Hickman, KY, has undergone a general increase in area and volume. The reach of the middle Mississippi River above Cairo, IL, has seen a slight lowering of the channel. The results of this study will be part of a detailed geomorphic assessment of the Mississippi River to be conducted as part of the ongoing Mississippi River Geomorphology and Potamology Program sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mississippi Valley Division Science and Technology Office.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/22801",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/22801",
    openalex = "W2770023038"
}

The construction of levees along the Mississippi River [MR], beginning in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, have isolated the river along many segments from its floodplain. Sediment from the river is currently deposited in the hydrologically connected floodplain [HCF], the area between the channel margin at low water and the levees. Researchers have studied the amount and rates of sediment deposition along the Upper and Lower Mississippi River segments from the headwaters to Pool 22 and from the Ohio River to the delta; however, no such assessments have been undertaken along the Middle Mississippi River [MMR]. This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap by assessing sedimentation along three islands within the Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge. On these islands two approaches were undertaken to assess sedimentation along the MMR’s HCF: dendrogeomorphology and the DEM of Difference [DoD] approach. The dendrogeomorphic approach uses tree-ring analyses to document and interpret geomorphic processes and the rates at which they are occurring. The DoD approach subtracts an older DEM from a newer DEM in order to see the change in elevation/depth over time. The geomorphology of the islands and then the entire MMR HCF (from the confluence of the Missouri River to Thebes, IL) were mapped. Using the sedimentation rates for the geomorphic landforms from the three study islands, the sedimentation rates and volumes for the aforementioned portion of the MMR’s HCF were estimated. The estimated volume of sediment was then compared to the MMR’s suspended sediment flux to determine how much of the suspended sediment was going into storage within the MMR’s HCF. The dendrogeomorphic and DoD methods for the study islands yielded average sedimentation rates of 13.3-16.9 mm year-1 and 21.5-80.1 mm year-1, respectively. The rates for the individual landforms on the islands using the dendrogeomorphic results ranged from 5.2 mm year-1 for the splay to 21.8 mm year-1 for the natural levee and splay, with a weighted average of 16.6 mm year-1 for the MMR HCF. Using these rates and the likely range of densities for the floodplain sediments, it is estimated that 4.9-6.6 million metric tons of sediment is accumulating within the MMR annually. This is approximately 5.4-7.4% of the average annual suspended sediment load of the Mississippi River at St. Louis. This means that the MMR is a major sediment sink. If these relatively rapid rates of deposition continue, they have the potential to substantially reduce the HCF’s ability to convey and store flood water which will result in increased flood levels and, consequently, flood risk within the MMR’s levee protected floodplain in the coming decades.

@article{openalexw2773197948,
    author = "Ryherd, Julia",
    title = "QUANTIFYING THE RATES AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RECENT SEDIMENTATION WITHIN THE HYDROLOGICALLY CONNECTED FLOODPLAINS OF THE MIDDLE MISSISSIPPI RIVER, USA, USING DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS AND DENDROGEOMORPHOLOGY",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "OpenSIUC (Southern Illinois University Carbondale)",
    abstract = "The construction of levees along the Mississippi River [MR], beginning in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, have isolated the river along many segments from its floodplain. Sediment from the river is currently deposited in the hydrologically connected floodplain [HCF], the area between the channel margin at low water and the levees. Researchers have studied the amount and rates of sediment deposition along the Upper and Lower Mississippi River segments from the headwaters to Pool 22 and from the Ohio River to the delta; however, no such assessments have been undertaken along the Middle Mississippi River [MMR]. This study attempts to fill the knowledge gap by assessing sedimentation along three islands within the Middle Mississippi River National Wildlife Refuge. On these islands two approaches were undertaken to assess sedimentation along the MMR’s HCF: dendrogeomorphology and the DEM of Difference [DoD] approach. The dendrogeomorphic approach uses tree-ring analyses to document and interpret geomorphic processes and the rates at which they are occurring. The DoD approach subtracts an older DEM from a newer DEM in order to see the change in elevation/depth over time. The geomorphology of the islands and then the entire MMR HCF (from the confluence of the Missouri River to Thebes, IL) were mapped. Using the sedimentation rates for the geomorphic landforms from the three study islands, the sedimentation rates and volumes for the aforementioned portion of the MMR’s HCF were estimated. The estimated volume of sediment was then compared to the MMR’s suspended sediment flux to determine how much of the suspended sediment was going into storage within the MMR’s HCF. The dendrogeomorphic and DoD methods for the study islands yielded average sedimentation rates of 13.3-16.9 mm year-1 and 21.5-80.1 mm year-1, respectively. The rates for the individual landforms on the islands using the dendrogeomorphic results ranged from 5.2 mm year-1 for the splay to 21.8 mm year-1 for the natural levee and splay, with a weighted average of 16.6 mm year-1 for the MMR HCF. Using these rates and the likely range of densities for the floodplain sediments, it is estimated that 4.9-6.6 million metric tons of sediment is accumulating within the MMR annually. This is approximately 5.4-7.4\% of the average annual suspended sediment load of the Mississippi River at St. Louis. This means that the MMR is a major sediment sink. If these relatively rapid rates of deposition continue, they have the potential to substantially reduce the HCF’s ability to convey and store flood water which will result in increased flood levels and, consequently, flood risk within the MMR’s levee protected floodplain in the coming decades.",
    openalex = "W2773197948",
    references = "openalexw244848745"
}

@article{doi101016jgeomorph201801004,
    author = "Remo, Jonathan W.F. and Ickes, Brian S. and Ryherd, Julia and Guida, Ross J. and Therrell, Matthew D.",
    title = "Assessing the impacts of dams and levees on the hydrologic record of the Middle and Lower Mississippi River, USA",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geomorphology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.01.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.01.004",
    openalex = "W2782564647",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

The Mississippi River and other large rivers have the potential to regulate nitrogen export from terrestrial landscapes, and thus mitigate eutrophication in downstream aquatic ecosystems. In large rivers, human-constructed impoundments and connected backwaters may facilitate nitrogen removal; however, the capacity of these features is poorly quantified and incompletely incorporated into model frameworks. Using a high-resolution and spatially intensive sampling technique, we assessed the contribution of individual navigation pools, as well as impounded open waters and backwater wetlands within them, to overall nitrate retention by mapping the entire length (1370 km) of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) main channel. Based on this single spatial survey of water chemistry, the river appeared to act primarily as a passive nitrate transporter, retaining only 12.5% of the incoming load, most of which occurred in the upper 150 km of the river, which includes the largest and only naturally impounded reach of the river. Although reservoirs typically are nitrogen sinks, our data indicate that UMR dams do not impede river flows to the extent necessary to promote substantial changes in water residence times and subsequent nitrogen removal. Backwaters routinely had lower nitrate concentrations than the main channel, but their limited hydrologic connectivity to the through-flowing river channel constrained their influence on downstream export. As a whole, the UMR did not remove a substantial proportion of its nitrate load despite optimal N removal conditions, numerous impoundments, and the presence of extensive backwater habitats. These results suggest that efforts to reduce delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico should emphasize mitigation strategies that target upland nutrient sources rather than relying on removal within the Mississippi River.

@article{doi10108817489326aacd51,
    author = "Loken, Luke C. and Crawford, John T. and Dornblaser, M. and Striegl, Robert G. and Houser, Jeffrey N. and Turner, Peter and Stanley, Emily H.",
    title = "Limited nitrate retention capacity in the Upper Mississippi River",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Environmental Research Letters",
    abstract = "The Mississippi River and other large rivers have the potential to regulate nitrogen export from terrestrial landscapes, and thus mitigate eutrophication in downstream aquatic ecosystems. In large rivers, human-constructed impoundments and connected backwaters may facilitate nitrogen removal; however, the capacity of these features is poorly quantified and incompletely incorporated into model frameworks. Using a high-resolution and spatially intensive sampling technique, we assessed the contribution of individual navigation pools, as well as impounded open waters and backwater wetlands within them, to overall nitrate retention by mapping the entire length (1370 km) of the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) main channel. Based on this single spatial survey of water chemistry, the river appeared to act primarily as a passive nitrate transporter, retaining only 12.5\% of the incoming load, most of which occurred in the upper 150 km of the river, which includes the largest and only naturally impounded reach of the river. Although reservoirs typically are nitrogen sinks, our data indicate that UMR dams do not impede river flows to the extent necessary to promote substantial changes in water residence times and subsequent nitrogen removal. Backwaters routinely had lower nitrate concentrations than the main channel, but their limited hydrologic connectivity to the through-flowing river channel constrained their influence on downstream export. As a whole, the UMR did not remove a substantial proportion of its nitrate load despite optimal N removal conditions, numerous impoundments, and the presence of extensive backwater habitats. These results suggest that efforts to reduce delivery of nitrogen to the Gulf of Mexico should emphasize mitigation strategies that target upland nutrient sources rather than relying on removal within the Mississippi River.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aacd51",
    doi = "10.1088/1748-9326/aacd51",
    openalex = "W2883917512",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

The Mississippi River is heavily influenced by structural and geologic controls involving regional uplifts, faults, clay plugs, outcrops of Tertiary clay, and Pleistocene gravel in its bed and tributaries. Degradation is continuing to migrate upstream on the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) and has presently moved as far upstream as the Hickman, KY, area. Left unchecked, this degradation could continue to advance on the LMR and ultimately migrate upstream into the Ohio and Middle Mississippi River systems. This degradation would not only adversely affect the stability and environmental features in the main stem of the river but also introduce headcutting into the many tributaries that enter the river in this degradational zone. Detailed studies of the exact role of these features, particularly with respect to retarding or halting long-term degradational processes along the river, have not received much attention. In this study, potential areas where geologic outcrops may influence river morphology are identified, and examples are provided that support the concept that geologic outcrops may be extremely important features that serve as temporary or permanent grade control along the river.

@misc{doi10210791168126566,
    author = "Biedenharn, David S. and Little, Charles D. and Dunbar, Joseph C. and Gaines, Roger",
    title = "The influence of geology on the morphologic response of the Lower Mississippi River",
    year = "2018",
    abstract = "The Mississippi River is heavily influenced by structural and geologic controls involving regional uplifts, faults, clay plugs, outcrops of Tertiary clay, and Pleistocene gravel in its bed and tributaries. Degradation is continuing to migrate upstream on the Lower Mississippi River (LMR) and has presently moved as far upstream as the Hickman, KY, area. Left unchecked, this degradation could continue to advance on the LMR and ultimately migrate upstream into the Ohio and Middle Mississippi River systems. This degradation would not only adversely affect the stability and environmental features in the main stem of the river but also introduce headcutting into the many tributaries that enter the river in this degradational zone. Detailed studies of the exact role of these features, particularly with respect to retarding or halting long-term degradational processes along the river, have not received much attention. In this study, potential areas where geologic outcrops may influence river morphology are identified, and examples are provided that support the concept that geologic outcrops may be extremely important features that serve as temporary or permanent grade control along the river.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/26566",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/26566",
    openalex = "W2792236743",
    references = "doi10210791168122744"
}

@misc{doi10210791168126582,
    author = "Biedenharn, David S. and Killgore, K. Jack and Little, Charles D. and Murphy, Catherine and Kleiss, Barbara A.",
    title = "Attributes of the Lower Mississippi River batture",
    year = "2018",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/26582",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/26582",
    openalex = "W2791983298",
    references = "doi10210791168122744"
}

This research is part of an ongoing effort to improve predictions for bathymetric and morphological changes in the Lower Mississippi River. The utilized model is a subset of a previously calibrated Delft3D model. This shorter model has reduced computational time, and can be deployed for analysis focused on the area between Belle Chasse and HOP, which is the domain of the model. Simulation runs conducted under this study vary from 12 years to 48 years, utilizing a developed 12-year variable hydrograph. The comparison of variable annual hydrograph and repeated representative annual (uniform) hydrograph input data on bathymetric changes indicated that the absolute bathymetric equilibrium is dependent on year to year variability. The utilization of a uniform hydrograph increases the predicted deposition within the river domain. When evaluating diversion sand capture, utilizing a uniform hydrograph can be considered a conservative approach, while utilizing a variable hydrograph will result in more accurate sand load volumes captured by the diversion.In general, sediment capture showed only minor interdependencies amongst multiple diversions, as long as the total diversion flow is less than 140,000cfs. This study shows that morphological changes are dependent on the number and location of multiple diversions. The largest interdependencies occur for the most downstream diversions, which increase with the total diverted flow. A true equilibrium was not achieved within 48 years, with or without sea level rise. It was observed, that the system with diversions responds to sea level rise by an increase in deposition, which increases with total diverted flow.

@article{openalexw2904189341,
    author = "Reins, Nina J.",
    title = "Long Term Bathymetry Changes in the Lower Mississippi River due to Variability in Hydrograph and Variable Diversion Schemes",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "ScholarWorks - UNO (University of New Orleans)",
    abstract = "This research is part of an ongoing effort to improve predictions for bathymetric and morphological changes in the Lower Mississippi River. The utilized model is a subset of a previously calibrated Delft3D model. This shorter model has reduced computational time, and can be deployed for analysis focused on the area between Belle Chasse and HOP, which is the domain of the model. Simulation runs conducted under this study vary from 12 years to 48 years, utilizing a developed 12-year variable hydrograph. The comparison of variable annual hydrograph and repeated representative annual (uniform) hydrograph input data on bathymetric changes indicated that the absolute bathymetric equilibrium is dependent on year to year variability. The utilization of a uniform hydrograph increases the predicted deposition within the river domain. When evaluating diversion sand capture, utilizing a uniform hydrograph can be considered a conservative approach, while utilizing a variable hydrograph will result in more accurate sand load volumes captured by the diversion.In general, sediment capture showed only minor interdependencies amongst multiple diversions, as long as the total diversion flow is less than 140,000cfs. This study shows that morphological changes are dependent on the number and location of multiple diversions. The largest interdependencies occur for the most downstream diversions, which increase with the total diverted flow. A true equilibrium was not achieved within 48 years, with or without sea level rise. It was observed, that the system with diversions responds to sea level rise by an increase in deposition, which increases with total diverted flow.",
    openalex = "W2904189341"
}

@misc{copeland2019mississippi,
    author = "Copeland, Ronald",
    title = "Mississippi River and Tributaries flowline assessment: Mississippi River sedimentation report",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/32664",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/32664",
    openalex = "W2945162461",
    references = "doi101029wr022i001p00074, doi101061ascehy194379000000357, doi101061jyceaj0001165, doi101061jyceaj0004489, doi10210791168122744, openalexw1484922527, openalexw1496511206, openalexw1903779640, openalexw201878515, openalexw2784282314, openalexw2922756148"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201902020,
    author = "Bargu, Sibel and Justić, Dubravko and White, John R. and Lane, Robert R. and Day, John W. and Paerl, Hans W. and Raynie, Richard C.",
    title = "Mississippi River diversions and phytoplankton dynamics in deltaic Gulf of Mexico estuaries: A review",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.02.020",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.02.020",
    openalex = "W2913331926"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201903002,
    author = "Elsey‐Quirk, Tracy and Graham, Sean A. and Mendelssohn, Irving A. and Snedden, Gregg A. and Day, John W. and Twilley, Robert R. and Shaffer, Gary P. and Sharp, Leigh Anne and Pahl, James W. and Lane, Robert R.",
    title = "Mississippi river sediment diversions and coastal wetland sustainability: Synthesis of responses to freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.03.002",
    openalex = "W2921008337",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, doi101146annurevearth042711105248, openalexw2255943944"
}

@article{doi101016jecss201905023,
    author = "Xu, Kehui and Bentley, Samuel J. and Day, John W. and Freeman, Angelina M.",
    title = "A review of sediment diversion in the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2019.05.023",
    doi = "10.1016/j.ecss.2019.05.023",
    openalex = "W2947347997",
    references = "doi101007s1162501603744, doi1010292018gl077933, doi101038ngeo2142, doi101371journalpone0050528"
}

An unsteady sediment model was developed for the Lower Mississippi River. This model was developed with the goal of providing an initial demonstration of the unsteady, movable bed features of Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 5.0.3 on the Mississippi River. The model simulated flow and bed change along the lower 323 miles of the Mississippi River, from Tarbert Landing, to a downstream Gulf of Mexico boundary condition, 18 miles downstream of Head of Passes. The modeling domain included 13 sub-reaches, simulating overbank inundation by diverting high flows over numerical lateral weirs into simulated floodplain channels. The unsteady hydraulic model was calibrated to water surface elevation at four internal gages, and sediment transport was calibrated to bed volume change between 2004 and 2012. The sediment calibration was also checked against internal concentration data and specific gage analyses at four gages. The model performed well, reproducing the bed volume change trend and concentrations.

@misc{doi10210791168131782,
    author = "Dahl, Travis and Heath, Ronald E. and Gibson, Stanford and Nygaard, Christopher",
    title = "HEC-RAS unsteady flow and sediment model of the Mississippi River: Tarbert Landing to the Gulf",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "An unsteady sediment model was developed for the Lower Mississippi River. This model was developed with the goal of providing an initial demonstration of the unsteady, movable bed features of Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) 5.0.3 on the Mississippi River. The model simulated flow and bed change along the lower 323 miles of the Mississippi River, from Tarbert Landing, to a downstream Gulf of Mexico boundary condition, 18 miles downstream of Head of Passes. The modeling domain included 13 sub-reaches, simulating overbank inundation by diverting high flows over numerical lateral weirs into simulated floodplain channels. The unsteady hydraulic model was calibrated to water surface elevation at four internal gages, and sediment transport was calibrated to bed volume change between 2004 and 2012. The sediment calibration was also checked against internal concentration data and specific gage analyses at four gages. The model performed well, reproducing the bed volume change trend and concentrations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/31782",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/31782",
    openalex = "W2914255421",
    references = "doi10210791168122744, openalexw2784282314"
}

MRG&P Tech Note

@misc{doi10210791168132647,
    author = "Ashley, Jonathan and Lewis, James W.",
    title = "Executive summary Mississippi River and Tributaries flowline assessment",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "MRG\&P Tech Note",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/32647",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/32647",
    openalex = "W2943856855",
    references = "doi10210791168122744, lewis2019mississippi"
}

A HEC-6T numerical sedimentation model study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term sedimentation processes on the Project Design Flood (PDF) flowline for the Atchafalaya River. The upstream extent of the model was the confluence of the Red River and the Old River Control Complex outflow channel, approximately 8.5 miles upstream of Simmesport, LA. There were two downstream ends of the model; each extended to the Gulf of Mexico, one for the Wax Lake Outlet and one for the Lower Atchafalaya River. The model was built from a previous study performed in 2010 using 1997 geometry. The calibration time period was 1997 to 2010, and bed elevations were compared with a 2010 bathymetric survey. The model was validated by simulating the years 1997 through 2016. Then the model simulated 50 years, from 2017 to 2066. Average bed changes were provided to the HEC-RAS model. The model incorporated the Morganza Control Structure flows, dredging, subsidence, and sea level rise. Model results showed that the Wax Lake Outlet is capturing an increasing amount of flow from the Lower Atchafalaya River, and the PDF scours the channel bed elevations during the rising limb of the hydrograph, especially near Morgan City.

@misc{doi10210791168132663,
    author = "Lewis, James D. and Copeland, Ronald R.",
    title = "Mississippi River and Tributaries flowline assessment: Atchafalaya River sedimentation model report",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "A HEC-6T numerical sedimentation model study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term sedimentation processes on the Project Design Flood (PDF) flowline for the Atchafalaya River. The upstream extent of the model was the confluence of the Red River and the Old River Control Complex outflow channel, approximately 8.5 miles upstream of Simmesport, LA. There were two downstream ends of the model; each extended to the Gulf of Mexico, one for the Wax Lake Outlet and one for the Lower Atchafalaya River. The model was built from a previous study performed in 2010 using 1997 geometry. The calibration time period was 1997 to 2010, and bed elevations were compared with a 2010 bathymetric survey. The model was validated by simulating the years 1997 through 2016. Then the model simulated 50 years, from 2017 to 2066. Average bed changes were provided to the HEC-RAS model. The model incorporated the Morganza Control Structure flows, dredging, subsidence, and sea level rise. Model results showed that the Wax Lake Outlet is capturing an increasing amount of flow from the Lower Atchafalaya River, and the PDF scours the channel bed elevations during the rising limb of the hydrograph, especially near Morgan City.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/32663",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/32663",
    openalex = "W2946162246",
    references = "doi101002jgrf20123, doi10100797898197536976, doi101016jgeomorph201508018, openalexw2769442061"
}

The Houston Ship Channel is one of the busiest deep-draft navigation channels in the United States and must be able to accommodate larger vessels as needed. The U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston,

@misc{doi10210791168133063,
    author = "McAlpin, Jennifer and Ross, Cassandra and McKnight, Jared",
    title = "Houston Ship Channel and vicinity three-dimensional Adaptive Hydraulics (AdH) numerical model calibration/validation report",
    year = "2019",
    abstract = "The Houston Ship Channel is one of the busiest deep-draft navigation channels in the United States and must be able to accommodate larger vessels as needed. The U.S. Army Engineer District, Galveston,",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/33063",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/33063",
    openalex = "W2950520406",
    references = "openalexw2784282314"
}

@misc{lewis2019mississippi,
    author = "Lewis, James and Howe, Edmund and Cruz, Coral and Dove, Malcolm and Crosby, Wesley and Taylor, Ron and Ramirez, David and Dircksen, Matthew and Gambill, Robert",
    title = "Mississippi River and Tributaries Flowline Assessment hydraulics report",
    year = "2019",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/32665",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/32665",
    openalex = "W2945930718",
    references = "doi101016s0099111215301002, doi101037e467832008003, doi10106141114371160, doi10210791168122744, doi10210791168132663, doi103390w8010010, doi105194dwes6812013, openalexw2784282314"
}

@article{doi101007s10530020024017,
    author = "Fritts, Andrea K. and Knights, Brent C. and Stanton, Jessica C. and Milde, Amanda S. and Vallazza, Jon M. and Brey, Marybeth K. and Tripp, Sara J. and Devine, T. E. and Sleeper, Wesley and Lamer, James T. and Mosel, Kyle J.",
    title = "Lock operations influence upstream passages of invasive and native fishes at a Mississippi River high-head dam",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Biological Invasions",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02401-7",
    doi = "10.1007/s10530-020-02401-7",
    openalex = "W3104475566",
    references = "doi101007s1075000900665"
}

that involve only observable hydraulic variations and which parametrize within-reach variability with a variability index that multiplies the friction coefficient and leads to an increased "effective" friction coefficient. An exact expression is derived for the increase in the effective friction coefficient, and we propose an approximation that requires only estimates of the hydraulic parameter variances. We validate the results using a large set of hydraulic models and find that the approximated variability index is most faithful when the river parameters obey lognormal statistics. The effective friction coefficient, which can vary from a few percent to more than 50% of the point friction coefficient, is proportional to the riverbed elevation variance and inversely proportional to the depth. This has significant implications for estimating discharge from SWOT data.

@article{doi1010292019wr026476,
    author = "Rodríguez, Ernesto and Durand, Michael and de Moraes Frasson, Renato Prata",
    title = "Observing Rivers With Varying Spatial Scales",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = {that involve only observable hydraulic variations and which parametrize within-reach variability with a variability index that multiplies the friction coefficient and leads to an increased "effective" friction coefficient. An exact expression is derived for the increase in the effective friction coefficient, and we propose an approximation that requires only estimates of the hydraulic parameter variances. We validate the results using a large set of hydraulic models and find that the approximated variability index is most faithful when the river parameters obey lognormal statistics. The effective friction coefficient, which can vary from a few percent to more than 50\% of the point friction coefficient, is proportional to the riverbed elevation variance and inversely proportional to the depth. This has significant implications for estimating discharge from SWOT data.},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr026476",
    doi = "10.1029/2019wr026476",
    openalex = "W3025350942",
    references = "doi10106141114371160"
}

Abstract Recent advances in remote sensing and the upcoming launch of the joint NASA/CNES/CSA/UKSA Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite point toward improved river discharge estimates in ungauged basins. Existing discharge methods rely on “prior river knowledge” to infer parameters not directly measured from space. Here, we show that discharge estimation is improved by classifying and parameterizing rivers based on their unique geomorphology and hydraulics. Using over 370,000 in situ hydraulic observations as training data, we test unsupervised learning and an “expert” method to assign these hydraulics and geomorphology to rivers via remote sensing. This intervention, along with updates to model physics, constitutes a new method we term “geoBAM,” an update of the Bayesian At‐many‐stations hydraulic geometry‐Manning's (BAM) algorithm. We tested geoBAM on Landsat imagery over more than 7,500 rivers (108 are gauged) in Canada's Mackenzie River basin and on simulated hydraulic data for 19 rivers that mimic SWOT observations without measurement error. geoBAM yielded considerable improvement over BAM, improving the median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for the Mackenzie River from −0.05 to 0.26 and from 0.16 to 0.46 for the SWOT rivers. Further, NSE improved by at least 0.10 in 78/108 gauged Mackenzie rivers and 8/19 SWOT rivers. We attribute geoBAM improvement to parameterizing rivers by type rather than globally, but prediction accuracy worsens if parameters are misassigned. This method is easily mapped to rivers at the global scale and paves the way for improving future discharge estimates, especially when coupled with hydrologic models.

@article{doi1010292020wr027949,
    author = "Brinkerhoff, Craig and Gleason, Colin J. and Feng, Dongmei and Lin, Peirong",
    title = "Constraining Remote River Discharge Estimation Using Reach‐Scale Geomorphology",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Recent advances in remote sensing and the upcoming launch of the joint NASA/CNES/CSA/UKSA Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite point toward improved river discharge estimates in ungauged basins. Existing discharge methods rely on “prior river knowledge” to infer parameters not directly measured from space. Here, we show that discharge estimation is improved by classifying and parameterizing rivers based on their unique geomorphology and hydraulics. Using over 370,000 in situ hydraulic observations as training data, we test unsupervised learning and an “expert” method to assign these hydraulics and geomorphology to rivers via remote sensing. This intervention, along with updates to model physics, constitutes a new method we term “geoBAM,” an update of the Bayesian At‐many‐stations hydraulic geometry‐Manning's (BAM) algorithm. We tested geoBAM on Landsat imagery over more than 7,500 rivers (108 are gauged) in Canada's Mackenzie River basin and on simulated hydraulic data for 19 rivers that mimic SWOT observations without measurement error. geoBAM yielded considerable improvement over BAM, improving the median Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for the Mackenzie River from −0.05 to 0.26 and from 0.16 to 0.46 for the SWOT rivers. Further, NSE improved by at least 0.10 in 78/108 gauged Mackenzie rivers and 8/19 SWOT rivers. We attribute geoBAM improvement to parameterizing rivers by type rather than globally, but prediction accuracy worsens if parameters are misassigned. This method is easily mapped to rivers at the global scale and paves the way for improving future discharge estimates, especially when coupled with hydrologic models.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2020wr027949",
    doi = "10.1029/2020wr027949",
    openalex = "W3094614841",
    references = "doi10106141114371160"
}

MRG&P Report No. 30

@misc{doi10210791168135573,
    author = "Copeland, Ronald R. and Lombard, Leslie and Gaines, Roger",
    title = "Numerical sedimentation investigation Mississippi River Cairo to Pilots Station",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "MRG\&P Report No. 30",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/35573",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/35573",
    openalex = "W3005672270",
    references = "copeland2019mississippi"
}

This report integrates information from previous geomorphic studies coupled with new analysis to provide a comprehensive geomorphic characterization of the Lake Providence (River Mile [RM] 487.2 Above Head of Passes [AHP]) to Old River Control Complex, (RM 317 AHP) reach from the early-1800s to present. Individual components of this study included the following: historical geomorphic studies, development of an events timeline, specific gage records, stage and flow duration trends, trends in water surface slopes, bed material studies, suspended sediment data, channel geometry data, and effects of channel improvement features (cutoffs, dikes, revetment, and dredging). These individual assessments were consolidated to develop an overall assessment of how the study reach has evolved since the early-1800s.

@misc{doi10210791168136333,
    author = "Echevarria-Doyle, Waleska and Biedenharn, David S. and Little, Charles",
    title = "Lake Providence to Old River geomorphology assessment",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "This report integrates information from previous geomorphic studies coupled with new analysis to provide a comprehensive geomorphic characterization of the Lake Providence (River Mile [RM] 487.2 Above Head of Passes [AHP]) to Old River Control Complex, (RM 317 AHP) reach from the early-1800s to present. Individual components of this study included the following: historical geomorphic studies, development of an events timeline, specific gage records, stage and flow duration trends, trends in water surface slopes, bed material studies, suspended sediment data, channel geometry data, and effects of channel improvement features (cutoffs, dikes, revetment, and dredging). These individual assessments were consolidated to develop an overall assessment of how the study reach has evolved since the early-1800s.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/36333",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/36333",
    openalex = "W3027489776",
    references = "doi10210791168122744"
}

A numerical, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Mississippi River, from Thebes, IL, to Tiptonville, TN (128 miles/206 km), was developed using the Adaptive Hydraulics model. The study objective assessed current patterns and flow distributions and their possible impacts on navigation due to Birds Point New Madrid Floodway (BPNMF) operations and the Len Small (LS) levee break. The model was calibrated to stage, discharge, and velocity data for the 2011, 2015–2016, and 2017 floods. The calibrated model was used to run four scenarios, with the BPNMF and the LS breach alternately active/open and inactive/closed. Effects from the LS breach being open are increased river velocities upstream of the breach, decreased velocities from the breach to Thompson Landing, no effects on velocity below the confluence, and cross-current velocities greater than 3.28 ft/s (1.0 m/s) within 1186.8 ft (60 m) of the bankline revetment. Effects from BPNMF operation are increased river velocities above the confluence, decreased velocities from the BPNMF upper inflow crevasse (Upper Fuseplug) to New Madrid, cross-current velocities greater than 1.5 ft/s (0.5 m/s) only near the right bank where flow re-enters the river from the BPNMF lower inflow/outflow crevasse Number 2 (Lower Fuseplug) and St. Johns Bayou.

@misc{doi10210791168139519,
    author = "Gaines, Roger and Sanborn, Stephen and McAnally, William H. and Wallen, Christopher M.",
    title = "Mississippi River Adaptive Hydraulics model development and evaluation, Commerce to New Madrid, Missouri, Reach",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "A numerical, two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the Mississippi River, from Thebes, IL, to Tiptonville, TN (128 miles/206 km), was developed using the Adaptive Hydraulics model. The study objective assessed current patterns and flow distributions and their possible impacts on navigation due to Birds Point New Madrid Floodway (BPNMF) operations and the Len Small (LS) levee break. The model was calibrated to stage, discharge, and velocity data for the 2011, 2015–2016, and 2017 floods. The calibrated model was used to run four scenarios, with the BPNMF and the LS breach alternately active/open and inactive/closed. Effects from the LS breach being open are increased river velocities upstream of the breach, decreased velocities from the breach to Thompson Landing, no effects on velocity below the confluence, and cross-current velocities greater than 3.28 ft/s (1.0 m/s) within 1186.8 ft (60 m) of the bankline revetment. Effects from BPNMF operation are increased river velocities above the confluence, decreased velocities from the BPNMF upper inflow crevasse (Upper Fuseplug) to New Madrid, cross-current velocities greater than 1.5 ft/s (0.5 m/s) only near the right bank where flow re-enters the river from the BPNMF lower inflow/outflow crevasse Number 2 (Lower Fuseplug) and St. Johns Bayou.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/39519",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/39519",
    openalex = "W3121427790",
    references = "doi101007s1106901516803, doi101061ascehy194379000000372, doi10210791168136993, doi103133ofr20161052, doi103133tm3a22, lewis2019mississippi, openalexw196994381, openalexw224602773, openalexw346844282"
}

@article{doi101016jgeomorph2021108075,
    author = "Zhang, Weiguo and Xu, Y. Jun and Guo, Leicheng and Lam, Nina and Xu, Kehui and Yang, Shilun and Yao, Qiang and Liu, Kam‐biu",
    title = "Comparing the Yangtze and Mississippi River Deltas in the light of coupled natural-human dynamics: Lessons learned and implications for management",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geomorphology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108075",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.108075",
    openalex = "W4200465231",
    references = "doi103390w8010010"
}

Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs throughout the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) have been linked to the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and water‐quality problems throughout the MARB. To describe N and P loading throughout the MARB, SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were previously developed based on nutrient inputs and management similar to 1992 and 2002. In this study, refined SPARROW models were developed with higher resolution basin delineation, updated (2012) source inputs, improved calibration (load) targets, and additional statistical techniques than used in the previous SPARROW models. Based on the refined models, consistent with past models, N and P loads/yields were the highest from the central part of the MARB (Corn Belt) and along the Mississippi River. Agricultural activities remained the most important N and P source, but more so for N because its input, which could now be distinguished from atmospheric deposition, could be estimated. Natural loss of P from geologic material throughout the MARB was an important source, contributing about 23% of the total P from the MARB, and resulted in specific areas, such as Kentucky and Tennessee, being larger sources of P than previously estimated. This information can help managers decide where efforts will have the largest effects (highest ranked areas) on reducing nutrient loading to the Gulf hypoxia and what are the most important sources of N and P in these areas.

@article{doi1011111752168812905,
    author = "Robertson, Dale M. and Saad, David A.",
    title = "Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources and Delivery from the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin: An Update Using 2012 SPARROW Models",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association",
    abstract = "Abstract Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs throughout the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin (MARB) have been linked to the Gulf of Mexico hypoxia and water‐quality problems throughout the MARB. To describe N and P loading throughout the MARB, SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were previously developed based on nutrient inputs and management similar to 1992 and 2002. In this study, refined SPARROW models were developed with higher resolution basin delineation, updated (2012) source inputs, improved calibration (load) targets, and additional statistical techniques than used in the previous SPARROW models. Based on the refined models, consistent with past models, N and P loads/yields were the highest from the central part of the MARB (Corn Belt) and along the Mississippi River. Agricultural activities remained the most important N and P source, but more so for N because its input, which could now be distinguished from atmospheric deposition, could be estimated. Natural loss of P from geologic material throughout the MARB was an important source, contributing about 23\% of the total P from the MARB, and resulted in specific areas, such as Kentucky and Tennessee, being larger sources of P than previously estimated. This information can help managers decide where efforts will have the largest effects (highest ranked areas) on reducing nutrient loading to the Gulf hypoxia and what are the most important sources of N and P in these areas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12905",
    doi = "10.1111/1752-1688.12905",
    openalex = "W3134545351"
}

Future sea-level rise poses an existential threat for many river deltas, yet quantifying the effect of sea-level changes on these coastal landforms remains a challenge. Sea-level changes have been slow compared to other coastal processes during the instrumental record, such that our knowledge comes primarily from models, experiments, and the geologic record. Here we review the current state of science on river delta response to sea-level change, including models and observations from the Holocene until 2300 CE. We report on improvements in the detection and modeling of past and future regional sea-level change, including a better understanding of the underlying processes and sources of uncertainty. We also see significant improvements in morphodynamic delta models. Still, substantial uncertainties remain, notably on present and future subsidence rates in and near deltas. Observations of delta submergence and land loss due to modern sea-level rise also remain elusive, posing major challenges to model validation. ▪There are large differences in the initiation time and subsequent delta progradation during the Holocene, likely from different sea-level and sediment supply histories.▪Modern deltas are larger and will face faster sea-level rise than during their Holocene growth, making them susceptible to forced transgression.▪Regional sea-level projections have been much improved in the past decade and now also isolate dominant sources of uncertainty, such as the Antarctic ice sheet.▪Vertical land motion in deltas can be the dominant source of relative sea-level change and the dominant source of uncertainty; limited observations complicate projections.▪River deltas globally might lose 5% (∼35,000 km2) of their surface area by 2100 and 50% by 2300 due to relative sea-level rise under a high-emission scenario.

@article{doi101146annurevearth031621093732,
    author = "Nienhuis, Jaap H. and Kim, W. and Milne, Glenn A. and Quock, Melinda and Slangen, Aimée B. A. and Törnqvist, Torbjörn E.",
    title = "River Deltas and Sea-Level Rise",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences",
    abstract = "Future sea-level rise poses an existential threat for many river deltas, yet quantifying the effect of sea-level changes on these coastal landforms remains a challenge. Sea-level changes have been slow compared to other coastal processes during the instrumental record, such that our knowledge comes primarily from models, experiments, and the geologic record. Here we review the current state of science on river delta response to sea-level change, including models and observations from the Holocene until 2300 CE. We report on improvements in the detection and modeling of past and future regional sea-level change, including a better understanding of the underlying processes and sources of uncertainty. We also see significant improvements in morphodynamic delta models. Still, substantial uncertainties remain, notably on present and future subsidence rates in and near deltas. Observations of delta submergence and land loss due to modern sea-level rise also remain elusive, posing major challenges to model validation. ▪There are large differences in the initiation time and subsequent delta progradation during the Holocene, likely from different sea-level and sediment supply histories.▪Modern deltas are larger and will face faster sea-level rise than during their Holocene growth, making them susceptible to forced transgression.▪Regional sea-level projections have been much improved in the past decade and now also isolate dominant sources of uncertainty, such as the Antarctic ice sheet.▪Vertical land motion in deltas can be the dominant source of relative sea-level change and the dominant source of uncertainty; limited observations complicate projections.▪River deltas globally might lose 5\% (∼35,000 km2) of their surface area by 2100 and 50\% by 2300 due to relative sea-level rise under a high-emission scenario.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-093732",
    doi = "10.1146/annurev-earth-031621-093732",
    openalex = "W4308632655",
    references = "doi1010292018gl077933"
}

River systems worldwide have become substantially influenced by human activities, including land use changes, river diversion operations, and flood control measures. Some of the unambiguous and best studied examples of effects of enhanced eutrophication on biotic resources can be found in Louisiana estuaries at the terminus of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system. The Mississippi River delta has experienced large losses of coastal wetlands due to a combination of human impacts and sea-level rise. State and Federal agencies are moving ahead with plans for building large-scale river sediment diversions, which will capture maximum sediment during spring flood pulses and direct a sediment subsidy into the eroding coastal basins. These large-scale river sediment diversions will also substantially increase freshwater and nutrient inputs and are likely to affect algal bloom formation, including harmful cyanobacterial blooms. There are concerns that discharge of river water containing high concentrations of N, P and Si may trigger algal blooms in the coastal receiving basins. River sediment diversions, as any other flood pulsing, will likely be disruptive to the coastal ecology and so balancing the benefits of slowing coastal land loss against potential negative effects on water quality remains a formidable management challenge. We review here the physical, chemical and biological factors affecting primary production in shallow coastal systems and provide known data on ecosystem response to freshwater diversions, large and small. We also discuss potential management approaches to mitigate the negative impacts of the diversions on the health and stability of the coastal food webs.

@misc{doi10176150ht39v56,
    author = "Raynie, R. and White, J.R. and Paerl, Hans W. and Day, J. and Justic, D. and Lane, Rebekah Suzanne and Bargu, S.",
    title = "Mississippi River diversions and phytoplankton dynamics in deltaic Gulf of Mexico estuaries: A review",
    year = "2022",
    booktitle = "Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill)",
    abstract = "River systems worldwide have become substantially influenced by human activities, including land use changes, river diversion operations, and flood control measures. Some of the unambiguous and best studied examples of effects of enhanced eutrophication on biotic resources can be found in Louisiana estuaries at the terminus of the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River system. The Mississippi River delta has experienced large losses of coastal wetlands due to a combination of human impacts and sea-level rise. State and Federal agencies are moving ahead with plans for building large-scale river sediment diversions, which will capture maximum sediment during spring flood pulses and direct a sediment subsidy into the eroding coastal basins. These large-scale river sediment diversions will also substantially increase freshwater and nutrient inputs and are likely to affect algal bloom formation, including harmful cyanobacterial blooms. There are concerns that discharge of river water containing high concentrations of N, P and Si may trigger algal blooms in the coastal receiving basins. River sediment diversions, as any other flood pulsing, will likely be disruptive to the coastal ecology and so balancing the benefits of slowing coastal land loss against potential negative effects on water quality remains a formidable management challenge. We review here the physical, chemical and biological factors affecting primary production in shallow coastal systems and provide known data on ecosystem response to freshwater diversions, large and small. We also discuss potential management approaches to mitigate the negative impacts of the diversions on the health and stability of the coastal food webs.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17615/0ht3-9v56",
    doi = "10.17615/0ht3-9v56",
    openalex = "W4307065863"
}

This is the main report of Old River, Mississippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Red River (OMAR) Technical Assessment. The primary objective of the OMAR Technical Assessment was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation that aimed to understand the impacts of former and potential changes to the system in the vicinity of the Old River Control Complex (ORCC) over time, the water and sediment delivery regime at the ORCC, and the effects to the river system surrounding the ORCC. Scenarios evaluated in this technical assessment were designed to investigate potential system responses to a wide range of possible operational alternatives and identify knowledge gaps in current understanding of system behavior. This report summarizes and synthesizes the individual reports detailing the investigations into specific aspects of the ORCC and the surrounding region.

@misc{doi10210791168145080,
    author = "Lewis, James D. and Ashley, Jonathan and Lauth, Timothy and Biedenharn, David S. and Dahl, Travis and Copeland, Ronald R. and Savant, Gaurav and Brown, Gary C. and Leech, James H. and Donohue, P. H. and Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Mayne, Casey and Jones, Keaton and Fertitta, David and Ramírez, David and Ayres, Steven and Agnew, Maxwell and Little, Charles D. and Dunbar, Joseph C. and Lucker, Samantha and Torres, Nalini",
    title = "Old River, Mississippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Red River (OMAR) system technical assessment: main report",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "This is the main report of Old River, Mississippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Red River (OMAR) Technical Assessment. The primary objective of the OMAR Technical Assessment was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation that aimed to understand the impacts of former and potential changes to the system in the vicinity of the Old River Control Complex (ORCC) over time, the water and sediment delivery regime at the ORCC, and the effects to the river system surrounding the ORCC. Scenarios evaluated in this technical assessment were designed to investigate potential system responses to a wide range of possible operational alternatives and identify knowledge gaps in current understanding of system behavior. This report summarizes and synthesizes the individual reports detailing the investigations into specific aspects of the ORCC and the surrounding region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45080",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45080",
    openalex = "W4292002890",
    references = "copeland2019mississippi, doi10210791168122744"
}

This report documents the geomorphic assessment component of the Old River, Mississippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Red River System Technical Assessment. The overall objectives of the geomorphic assessment are to utilize all available data to document the historic trends in hydrology, sedimentation, and channel geometry for the rivers in the vicinity of the Old River Control Complex and to summarize the changes observed at locations where repetitive datasets exist and at key reaches that are determined during the study. The geomorphic assessment tasks include data compilation, geometric data analysis, gage and discharge analysis, dredge record analysis, sediment data analysis, development of an events timeline, and integration of results. Geomorphic reaches were developed, and the morphological trends during different time periods were identified. The geomorphic assessment highlighted the importance of considering spatial and temporal variability when assessing morphological trends.

@misc{doi10210791168145143,
    author = "Lauth, Timothy and Biedenharn, David S. and Dahl, Travis and Mayne, Casey and Jones, Keaton and Little, Charles D. and Dunbar, Joseph C. and Lucker, Samantha and Torres, Nalini",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: geomorphic assessment",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "This report documents the geomorphic assessment component of the Old River, Mississippi River, Atchafalaya River, and Red River System Technical Assessment. The overall objectives of the geomorphic assessment are to utilize all available data to document the historic trends in hydrology, sedimentation, and channel geometry for the rivers in the vicinity of the Old River Control Complex and to summarize the changes observed at locations where repetitive datasets exist and at key reaches that are determined during the study. The geomorphic assessment tasks include data compilation, geometric data analysis, gage and discharge analysis, dredge record analysis, sediment data analysis, development of an events timeline, and integration of results. Geomorphic reaches were developed, and the morphological trends during different time periods were identified. The geomorphic assessment highlighted the importance of considering spatial and temporal variability when assessing morphological trends.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45143",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45143",
    openalex = "W4292228077"
}

The Old River Control Complex (ORCC) consists of the Low Sill, Auxiliary, and Overbank structures as features of the Old River Control Structure (ORCS) and the privately owned hydro-electric power plant. Operations of the ORCC manage the hydrologic connectivity between the Mississippi River and the Atchafalaya River/Red River systems. The morphology of the Old, the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and the Red Rivers (OMAR) has been influenced by the flow distribution at the ORCC, as well as the accompanying bed sediments. A geomorphic assessment of the OMAR is underway to understand the morphological changes associated with operation of the ORCC. Supporting the geomorphic assessment, a channel geometry analysis herein documents observed adjustments of the affected river channels. Historical hydrographic survey data were used in the Geographic Information System to create river channel geometric models, which inform the analysis. Geometric parameters for cross sections and volume polygons were computed for each survey and evaluated for morphological trends which may be ascribed to the influence of the ORCC. Additionally, the geometric parameters for the Atchafalaya River were used to extend the geometry analyses from the 1951 Mississippi River Commission report on the Atchafalaya River, which was the primary catalyst for the initial development of the ORCS.

@misc{doi10210791168145147,
    author = "Little, Charles D. and Biedenharn, David S.",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: channel geometry analysis",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "The Old River Control Complex (ORCC) consists of the Low Sill, Auxiliary, and Overbank structures as features of the Old River Control Structure (ORCS) and the privately owned hydro-electric power plant. Operations of the ORCC manage the hydrologic connectivity between the Mississippi River and the Atchafalaya River/Red River systems. The morphology of the Old, the Mississippi, the Atchafalaya, and the Red Rivers (OMAR) has been influenced by the flow distribution at the ORCC, as well as the accompanying bed sediments. A geomorphic assessment of the OMAR is underway to understand the morphological changes associated with operation of the ORCC. Supporting the geomorphic assessment, a channel geometry analysis herein documents observed adjustments of the affected river channels. Historical hydrographic survey data were used in the Geographic Information System to create river channel geometric models, which inform the analysis. Geometric parameters for cross sections and volume polygons were computed for each survey and evaluated for morphological trends which may be ascribed to the influence of the ORCC. Additionally, the geometric parameters for the Atchafalaya River were used to extend the geometry analyses from the 1951 Mississippi River Commission report on the Atchafalaya River, which was the primary catalyst for the initial development of the ORCS.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45147",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45147",
    openalex = "W4293805283"
}

The HEC-6T 1D numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate the long-term and system-wide sedimentation effects of modifying the operation schedule at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC). The changes evaluated were the increase and decrease of the percentages of flow diverted from the Mississippi River at the ORCC and the modification of the distributions through the four ORCC structures. Also evaluated were dredging scenarios that removed sediment from the bed of the Mississippi River at the ORCC. Sedimentation effects for several operation and dredging scenarios were compared to a Base Condition that represented the existing operation protocols. The predictive simulations extended for 50 years. The model was used to calculate and compare sand transport past various gages along the Mississippi River and in the Outflow Channel. Dredging volumes at the deep-draft crossings and in Southwest Pass and above Head of Passes were compared. Differences in water-surface profiles in the vicinity of ORCC were determined.

@misc{doi10210791168145160,
    author = "Copeland, Ronald R. and Lewis, James D.",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: Mississippi River HEC-6T model",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "The HEC-6T 1D numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate the long-term and system-wide sedimentation effects of modifying the operation schedule at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC). The changes evaluated were the increase and decrease of the percentages of flow diverted from the Mississippi River at the ORCC and the modification of the distributions through the four ORCC structures. Also evaluated were dredging scenarios that removed sediment from the bed of the Mississippi River at the ORCC. Sedimentation effects for several operation and dredging scenarios were compared to a Base Condition that represented the existing operation protocols. The predictive simulations extended for 50 years. The model was used to calculate and compare sand transport past various gages along the Mississippi River and in the Outflow Channel. Dredging volumes at the deep-draft crossings and in Southwest Pass and above Head of Passes were compared. Differences in water-surface profiles in the vicinity of ORCC were determined.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45160",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45160",
    openalex = "W4292363567",
    references = "copeland2019mississippi, doi10210791168122744"
}

The HEC-6T one-dimensional numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate the long-term and system-wide sedimentation effects of modifying the operation schedule at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC). The changes evaluated were increasing and decreasing the percentage of flow that is diverted to the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River at the ORCC and modifying the distributions through the four ORCC structures. Sedimentation effects for several operation scenarios were compared to a Base Condition that represented the existing operation protocols. Additionally, a dredging scenario was developed and analyzed. This scenario featured dredging material from the Mississippi River and depositing it into the Outflow Channel, downstream of the ORCC. The predictive simulations extended for 50 years. The model was used to calculate and compare sand transport past various gages along the Atchafalaya River. Also, the model compared differences in water surface elevations and bed elevations using a specific gage analysis at several gages along the Atchafalaya River. Last, the effects of the various scenarios on annual dredging requirements in Berwick Bay were also determined.

@misc{doi10210791168145161,
    author = "Donohue, P. H. and Copeland, Ronald R. and Lewis, James D.",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: Atchafalaya River HEC-6T model",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "The HEC-6T one-dimensional numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate the long-term and system-wide sedimentation effects of modifying the operation schedule at the Old River Control Complex (ORCC). The changes evaluated were increasing and decreasing the percentage of flow that is diverted to the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River at the ORCC and modifying the distributions through the four ORCC structures. Sedimentation effects for several operation scenarios were compared to a Base Condition that represented the existing operation protocols. Additionally, a dredging scenario was developed and analyzed. This scenario featured dredging material from the Mississippi River and depositing it into the Outflow Channel, downstream of the ORCC. The predictive simulations extended for 50 years. The model was used to calculate and compare sand transport past various gages along the Atchafalaya River. Also, the model compared differences in water surface elevations and bed elevations using a specific gage analysis at several gages along the Atchafalaya River. Last, the effects of the various scenarios on annual dredging requirements in Berwick Bay were also determined.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45161",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45161",
    openalex = "W4294349468",
    references = "doi10210791168132663, doi10210791168145174"
}

This report is part of the (OMAR) Assessment (defined herein), intended to provide a comprehensive assessment of the interconnected Mississippi, Red, and Atchafalaya Rivers, and the potential results of various changes. This report details the multi-dimensional modeling efforts undertaken to characterize the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic response of the Mississippi River to both the existing configuration and to various proposed operational, dredging, and structural scenarios.

@misc{doi10210791168145162,
    author = "Savant, Gaurav and Brown, Gary C. and Ayres, Steven",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: Mississippi River multi-dimensional model",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "This report is part of the (OMAR) Assessment (defined herein), intended to provide a comprehensive assessment of the interconnected Mississippi, Red, and Atchafalaya Rivers, and the potential results of various changes. This report details the multi-dimensional modeling efforts undertaken to characterize the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic response of the Mississippi River to both the existing configuration and to various proposed operational, dredging, and structural scenarios.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45162",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45162",
    openalex = "W4292367068"
}

Upstream of the confluence of the Red River, Atchafalaya River, and ORCC Outflow Channel are vast low-lying flat areas on both sides of the Lower Red River. During times of high water on the Lower Red—whether from upstream water in the Red or from the ORCC Outflow Channel—enormous amounts of water flow over the natural riverbanks and flood this land. The loss of this water from the river into storage affects the operation of the ORCC, which in turn affects the stages and flows down the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers. An improved understanding of this area and how water is stored during flood events is required to inform ORCC water management operations. Hydraulic analyses provide a basis to assess the changes in water levels, current directions and velocities, and flow rates for the assessment area. The hydraulic model HEC-RAS is used to expand on existing models of the area and to help overcome gaps in data. Understanding the processes of how water leaves the Red River channel, the volume and timing of the water moving into storage, and when the storage area begins to drain, will greatly inform the water managers and operators of the ORCC.

@misc{doi10210791168145170,
    author = "Fertitta, David and Agnew, Maxwell and Ramírez, David",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: HEC-RAS model",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "Upstream of the confluence of the Red River, Atchafalaya River, and ORCC Outflow Channel are vast low-lying flat areas on both sides of the Lower Red River. During times of high water on the Lower Red—whether from upstream water in the Red or from the ORCC Outflow Channel—enormous amounts of water flow over the natural riverbanks and flood this land. The loss of this water from the river into storage affects the operation of the ORCC, which in turn affects the stages and flows down the Atchafalaya and Mississippi Rivers. An improved understanding of this area and how water is stored during flood events is required to inform ORCC water management operations. Hydraulic analyses provide a basis to assess the changes in water levels, current directions and velocities, and flow rates for the assessment area. The hydraulic model HEC-RAS is used to expand on existing models of the area and to help overcome gaps in data. Understanding the processes of how water leaves the Red River channel, the volume and timing of the water moving into storage, and when the storage area begins to drain, will greatly inform the water managers and operators of the ORCC.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45170",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45170",
    openalex = "W4292367362",
    references = "lewis2019mississippi"
}

This report documents the bank erosion modeling performed under Task 6 (HEC-RAS Sediment Modeling) of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers System Technical Assessment. The objectives of the bank erosion modeling effort were to compare the relative impact various flow scenarios might have on bank retreat on a stretch of the Atchafalaya River between Simmesport, LA, and the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel. The effort included compilation of field and soil boring data, selection of bank retreat sites, creation of representative soil profiles for the reach, calibration of soil parameters to measured retreat rates, and modeling bank retreat and volume of material eroded under various flow scenarios. This modeling effort was intended for scenario comparison and should not be used as a prediction of exact rates of bank erosion. The study found that varying the amount of flow entering the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River could increase dramatically or significantly reduce the extent of bank erosion, relative to the current management scenario.

@misc{doi10210791168145174,
    author = "Harris, Kathleen Mullan and Dahl, Travis",
    title = "Technical assessment of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers: HEC-RAS BSTEM analysis of the Atchafalaya River",
    year = "2022",
    abstract = "This report documents the bank erosion modeling performed under Task 6 (HEC-RAS Sediment Modeling) of the Old, Mississippi, Atchafalaya, and Red (OMAR) Rivers System Technical Assessment. The objectives of the bank erosion modeling effort were to compare the relative impact various flow scenarios might have on bank retreat on a stretch of the Atchafalaya River between Simmesport, LA, and the Whiskey Bay Pilot Channel. The effort included compilation of field and soil boring data, selection of bank retreat sites, creation of representative soil profiles for the reach, calibration of soil parameters to measured retreat rates, and modeling bank retreat and volume of material eroded under various flow scenarios. This modeling effort was intended for scenario comparison and should not be used as a prediction of exact rates of bank erosion. The study found that varying the amount of flow entering the Atchafalaya River from the Mississippi River could increase dramatically or significantly reduce the extent of bank erosion, relative to the current management scenario.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/45174",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/45174",
    openalex = "W4292367292",
    references = "doi1010292010gm001006, doi101061asce0733942920081347905, doi10210791168145143, doi10210791168145147, doi10210791168145162, lewis2019mississippi"
}

Abstract The Mississippi River channel from New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is a key deep draft navigation channel and an active deltaic lobe. Natural and engineered lateral exits from this reach into adjacent receiving basins historically has provided mineral sediment for wetland accretion in the face of rising relative sea level and supported estuarine‐coastal food webs. However, our analysis indicates water losses from the channel have increased by 25% since 2004 due to (1) bank failures during large floods since 2012 that have created several large exit channels downriver of the flood protection levee, and (2) the opening of an engineered diversion at West Bay in 2004. This has resulted in a 60%–80% loss in stream power in the lowermost navigation channel that is accompanied by net shoaling between 2012 and 2022 and an increased dredging need. Our 2022 survey in the GOM exit passes indicates that only 20% of the freshwater, 5% of the total suspended sediment (2% of the sand) at New Orleans now reaches the GOM: this supports previous research indicating the delta front is retreating after centuries of progradation. Together these results indicate that (1) river containment and the sustainability of the navigation channel is threatened, (2) sediment load reaching the seaward end of the delta may be insufficient to avoid major degradation, and (3) the increased freshwater flux into adjacent shallow coastal water bodies has unknown implications for coastal hypoxia and food webs, including commercial species (e.g., oysters) and marine mammals. Future acceleration in sea level rise rates and tropical storm frequency/intensity would likely worsen these trends.

@article{doi101002hyp15004,
    author = "Allison, Mead A. and Meselhe, Ehab and Kleiss, Barbara A. and Duffy, S.M.",
    title = "Impact of water loss on sustainability of the Mississippi River channel in its deltaic reach",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Hydrological Processes",
    abstract = "Abstract The Mississippi River channel from New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) is a key deep draft navigation channel and an active deltaic lobe. Natural and engineered lateral exits from this reach into adjacent receiving basins historically has provided mineral sediment for wetland accretion in the face of rising relative sea level and supported estuarine‐coastal food webs. However, our analysis indicates water losses from the channel have increased by 25\% since 2004 due to (1) bank failures during large floods since 2012 that have created several large exit channels downriver of the flood protection levee, and (2) the opening of an engineered diversion at West Bay in 2004. This has resulted in a 60\%–80\% loss in stream power in the lowermost navigation channel that is accompanied by net shoaling between 2012 and 2022 and an increased dredging need. Our 2022 survey in the GOM exit passes indicates that only 20\% of the freshwater, 5\% of the total suspended sediment (2\% of the sand) at New Orleans now reaches the GOM: this supports previous research indicating the delta front is retreating after centuries of progradation. Together these results indicate that (1) river containment and the sustainability of the navigation channel is threatened, (2) sediment load reaching the seaward end of the delta may be insufficient to avoid major degradation, and (3) the increased freshwater flux into adjacent shallow coastal water bodies has unknown implications for coastal hypoxia and food webs, including commercial species (e.g., oysters) and marine mammals. Future acceleration in sea level rise rates and tropical storm frequency/intensity would likely worsen these trends.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.15004",
    doi = "10.1002/hyp.15004",
    openalex = "W4388268646",
    references = "openalexw2784282314"
}

Abstract In large rivers, secondary channels occur where the main channel is divided by an instream island, forming one or multiple smaller channels outside the main channel. Secondary channels are highly variable in morphometry, flow characteristics, and degree of connectivity to the main channel. Engineered closing structures at the upstream end of most secondary channels restrict inflow from the main channel, resulting in gradients of flow connectivity among secondary channels that vary with river stage. We investigated the relationship of flow connectivity to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage richness and structure among a series of secondary channels of the Lower Mississippi River. Samples were collected over 2 years at times of high and low river stages. We discovered (1) macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and taxonomic richness varied along the flow connectivity gradient, and (2) there was a legacy effect of prior connection on assemblage structure that lasted up to a year. We contend that for management and restoration planning aimed at conservation of large river biological diversity, an important consideration are the life history requirements of animals utilizing secondary channel habitats.

@article{doi101002rra4142,
    author = "Harrison, Audrey B. and Oliver, Amanda J. and Slack, William T. and Faucheux, Nicky M. and Killgore, K. Jack and Ochs, Clifford A.",
    title = "Benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in large river secondary channels: Contemporaneous and legacy effects of flow connectivity",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "River Research and Applications",
    abstract = "Abstract In large rivers, secondary channels occur where the main channel is divided by an instream island, forming one or multiple smaller channels outside the main channel. Secondary channels are highly variable in morphometry, flow characteristics, and degree of connectivity to the main channel. Engineered closing structures at the upstream end of most secondary channels restrict inflow from the main channel, resulting in gradients of flow connectivity among secondary channels that vary with river stage. We investigated the relationship of flow connectivity to benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage richness and structure among a series of secondary channels of the Lower Mississippi River. Samples were collected over 2 years at times of high and low river stages. We discovered (1) macroinvertebrate assemblage structure and taxonomic richness varied along the flow connectivity gradient, and (2) there was a legacy effect of prior connection on assemblage structure that lasted up to a year. We contend that for management and restoration planning aimed at conservation of large river biological diversity, an important consideration are the life history requirements of animals utilizing secondary channel habitats.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.4142",
    doi = "10.1002/rra.4142",
    openalex = "W4366364521",
    references = "doi10210791168122744"
}

Mississippi River shoaling and dredging processes in the vicinity of Head of Passes and in Southwest Pass were investigated. Existing rates of deposition and dredging were determined using near-daily eHydro bathymetric surveys, National Dredging Quality Management dredge operating data, and geospatial processing steps developed for this study. These surveys provide a means to characterize the highly dynamic and variable sedimentation patterns observed in the navigation channel. The HEC-6T one-dimensional numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate possible modifications to the distribution of water and sediment in the Mississippi River near Head of Passes in an attempt to reduce shoaling in the navigation channel. The model was used to evaluate the effects of partial closures of several distributaries downstream from Venice and to evaluate the effects of channel widening and channel deepening adjacent to the Hopper Dredge Disposal Area at Head of Passes. In this study, various structural alternatives were compared to a base test that represented existing conditions. Sedimentation and dredging effects were projected 50 years into the future.

@misc{doi10210791168147402,
    author = "Copeland, Ronald R. and Hartman, M. T. and Lewis, James D.",
    title = "Evaluation of structural and operational alternatives to optimize the distribution of water and sediment in the Passes of the Mississippi River",
    year = "2023",
    abstract = "Mississippi River shoaling and dredging processes in the vicinity of Head of Passes and in Southwest Pass were investigated. Existing rates of deposition and dredging were determined using near-daily eHydro bathymetric surveys, National Dredging Quality Management dredge operating data, and geospatial processing steps developed for this study. These surveys provide a means to characterize the highly dynamic and variable sedimentation patterns observed in the navigation channel. The HEC-6T one-dimensional numerical sedimentation model was used to evaluate possible modifications to the distribution of water and sediment in the Mississippi River near Head of Passes in an attempt to reduce shoaling in the navigation channel. The model was used to evaluate the effects of partial closures of several distributaries downstream from Venice and to evaluate the effects of channel widening and channel deepening adjacent to the Hopper Dredge Disposal Area at Head of Passes. In this study, various structural alternatives were compared to a base test that represented existing conditions. Sedimentation and dredging effects were projected 50 years into the future.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/47402",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/47402",
    openalex = "W4385655135",
    references = "copeland2019mississippi"
}

Understanding the geomorphic processes and causes for long-term hydrogeomorphic changes along the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) is necessary for scientific studies ranging from habitat needs assessments, sediment transport, and nutrient processing, and making sound management decisions and prioritizing ecological restoration activities.From 2018 through 2020 the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led a series of calls and meetings, and a workshop to develop a draft UMRS hydrogeomorphic change conceptual model and hierarchical classification scheme.This project was funded through an Upper Mississippi River Restoration 2018 science in

@article{doi103133ofr20241051,
    author = "Fitzpatrick, Faith A. and Rogala, James T. and Hendrickson, Jon S. and Sawyer, Lucie and Strange, Jayme M. and Erwin, Susannah O. and Brauer, Edward and Vaughan, Angus A.",
    title = "Upper Mississippi River System hydrogeomorphic change conceptual model and hierarchical classification",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
    abstract = "Understanding the geomorphic processes and causes for long-term hydrogeomorphic changes along the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) is necessary for scientific studies ranging from habitat needs assessments, sediment transport, and nutrient processing, and making sound management decisions and prioritizing ecological restoration activities.From 2018 through 2020 the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers led a series of calls and meetings, and a workshop to develop a draft UMRS hydrogeomorphic change conceptual model and hierarchical classification scheme.This project was funded through an Upper Mississippi River Restoration 2018 science in",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20241051",
    doi = "10.3133/ofr20241051",
    openalex = "W4404131266",
    references = "doi10210791168122744"
}

Compound flooding in coastal areas has caused substantial social and economic disruptions, emphasizing the need to accurately simulate and quantify its impacts. Advancements in modeling tools have improved the capability to simulate compound flooding; however, a need remains to advance understanding of the fundamental interaction between multiple flood sources and how it impacts flood hazards. This study investigates the interaction of riverine flood flows on the Mississippi River and coastal storm surge generated during Hurricane Barry with a two-dimensional, depth averaged hydrodynamic model, the adaptive hydraulics model. We simulate compound flooding, and individual flood drivers (storm surge and riverine flood flows) for five different flow scenarios. The results show that impacts of compound flooding can extend for more than 500 km along the Mississippi River. The increase in water surface elevations due to interacting flood sources decreases as discharge increases, because higher discharges tend to damp the impacts of storm surge. However, higher flow scenarios result in higher overall water surface elevations. Storm surge and river flows interact nonlinearly to increase or decrease water levels compared with the sum of their parts. Local discharge decreases as water levels increase with the passage of storm surge due to a shift in net momentum flux, and discharge response following storm surge depends on the availability of lateral relief to discharge stored mass. Ultimately, our findings suggest that the interaction of individual flood sources is location specific. The results of this study are transferrable and can inform compound flooding processes at additional sites; while the methods applied can serve as a template for additional research.

@article{doi101061jwped5wweng2295,
    author = "Stephens, Timothy A. and Sanborn, Stephen C. and Roy, Shuvashish and Wallen, Christopher M. and Savant, Gaurav and McAnally, William H.",
    title = "Interaction between Storm Surge and Mississippi River Flood Flows",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Waterway Port Coastal and Ocean Engineering",
    abstract = "Compound flooding in coastal areas has caused substantial social and economic disruptions, emphasizing the need to accurately simulate and quantify its impacts. Advancements in modeling tools have improved the capability to simulate compound flooding; however, a need remains to advance understanding of the fundamental interaction between multiple flood sources and how it impacts flood hazards. This study investigates the interaction of riverine flood flows on the Mississippi River and coastal storm surge generated during Hurricane Barry with a two-dimensional, depth averaged hydrodynamic model, the adaptive hydraulics model. We simulate compound flooding, and individual flood drivers (storm surge and riverine flood flows) for five different flow scenarios. The results show that impacts of compound flooding can extend for more than 500 km along the Mississippi River. The increase in water surface elevations due to interacting flood sources decreases as discharge increases, because higher discharges tend to damp the impacts of storm surge. However, higher flow scenarios result in higher overall water surface elevations. Storm surge and river flows interact nonlinearly to increase or decrease water levels compared with the sum of their parts. Local discharge decreases as water levels increase with the passage of storm surge due to a shift in net momentum flux, and discharge response following storm surge depends on the availability of lateral relief to discharge stored mass. Ultimately, our findings suggest that the interaction of individual flood sources is location specific. The results of this study are transferrable and can inform compound flooding processes at additional sites; while the methods applied can serve as a template for additional research.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1061/jwped5.wweng-2295",
    doi = "10.1061/jwped5.wweng-2295",
    openalex = "W4411468210",
    references = "doi1010022018gl077524, doi101007s1091501195556, doi101016jenvsoft201906002, doi101017cbo9780511806049, doi1010292000wr900167, doi1010292019wr026788, doi1010292021ef002055, doi101029jc087ic12p09704, doi101038nclimate2736, doi101073pnas1620325114, doi10210791168139519, lewis2019mississippi"
}

The Mississippi River sediment data protocols located in the US Army Corps of Engineer (USACE), St Louis, Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans Districts, were reviewed and evaluated. The review included both USACE and US Geological Survey (USGS) sampling sites. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the reported historical sediment data and to provide guidance for moving forward with an accurate and consistent sediment data collection program. The review was focused on the reliability of the reported historical data and its usefulness for use in sedimentation studies related to long-term aggradation, degradation, and dredging. Recommendations to implement effective sediment data collection, laboratory analyses, and reporting were provided.

@misc{doi10210791168149681,
    author = "Copeland, Ronald R. and May, David and Ashley, Jonathan",
    title = "Review of Mississippi River sediment-sampling protocols",
    year = "2025",
    abstract = "The Mississippi River sediment data protocols located in the US Army Corps of Engineer (USACE), St Louis, Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans Districts, were reviewed and evaluated. The review included both USACE and US Geological Survey (USGS) sampling sites. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the reported historical sediment data and to provide guidance for moving forward with an accurate and consistent sediment data collection program. The review was focused on the reliability of the reported historical data and its usefulness for use in sedimentation studies related to long-term aggradation, degradation, and dredging. Recommendations to implement effective sediment data collection, laboratory analyses, and reporting were provided.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21079/11681/49681",
    doi = "10.21079/11681/49681",
    openalex = "W4409234445",
    references = "copeland2019mississippi"
}

Nitrate removal via microbial denitrification in floodplains is an important ecosystem service that can potentially help mitigate anthropogenic nitrogen inputs from rivers. However, floodplain denitrification estimates can vary by four orders of magnitude, making it difficult to quantify the social value of floodplain nitrogen mitigation potential. Constraining floodplain denitrification rates requires innovative experiments that mimic overland flooding of oxic water vs. infiltration of sometimes anoxic hyporheic waters to bound the rates. We incubated soils of varying textures and corresponding hydraulic connectivity from four field sites across the Dogtooth Bend of the middle Mississippi River, contrasting their varied rates of denitrification using novel deep injection compared to traditional surface delivery of oxic or anoxic river water. Averaged across all soil types, denitrification rates as nitrogen (N) gas production followed an anoxic-injection hierarchy of anoxic deep &gt; anoxic surface &gt; oxic deep &gt; oxic surface treatments. Rates in sand ranged from 101 to 592 mg N/m 2 /day compared to diffusion-limited clay, which ranged from 166 to 448 mg N/m 2 /day. The chemical stoichiometry of nitrate (NO 3 -N) loss to N gain indicated apparent nitrification that replaced approximately 62% of N removed by denitrification even in anoxic treatments, modifying net rates for oxic-surface-injection vs. anoxic-deep-injection treatments to 31 to 176 (sand) and 81 to 162 mg N/m 2 /day (clay), respectively. Combining net denitrification bounds with the daily inundation exceedance probabilities for the 140 km 2 of connected floodplain at Dogtooth Bend indicates, on average, between 70 and 385 tons of N may be removed annually from floodwater during the growing year. While the potential nitrogen removal equates to a small percentage (≤ 0.06%) of the river's nitrogen load, economically, the estimated monetary value of N mitigation is worth US$156–$4,106/ha/growing season compared to net profits for soybeans and corn of US$79 and US$88/ha/yr, respectively. Thus, N mitigation across the Dogtooth Bend could rival the agricultural use of floodplain lands.

@article{doi103389ffwsc20251577009,
    author = "Samberg, Stony S. and Brooks, Marjorie L. and Remo, Jonathan W.F. and Hamilton-Brehm, Scott D.",
    title = "Quantifying floodplain denitrification along the middle Mississippi River: novel incubation methods bound denitrification rates and landscape-scale nitrogen mitigation potential",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Frontiers in Freshwater Science",
    abstract = "Nitrate removal via microbial denitrification in floodplains is an important ecosystem service that can potentially help mitigate anthropogenic nitrogen inputs from rivers. However, floodplain denitrification estimates can vary by four orders of magnitude, making it difficult to quantify the social value of floodplain nitrogen mitigation potential. Constraining floodplain denitrification rates requires innovative experiments that mimic overland flooding of oxic water vs. infiltration of sometimes anoxic hyporheic waters to bound the rates. We incubated soils of varying textures and corresponding hydraulic connectivity from four field sites across the Dogtooth Bend of the middle Mississippi River, contrasting their varied rates of denitrification using novel deep injection compared to traditional surface delivery of oxic or anoxic river water. Averaged across all soil types, denitrification rates as nitrogen (N) gas production followed an anoxic-injection hierarchy of anoxic deep \> anoxic surface \> oxic deep \> oxic surface treatments. Rates in sand ranged from 101 to 592 mg N/m 2 /day compared to diffusion-limited clay, which ranged from 166 to 448 mg N/m 2 /day. The chemical stoichiometry of nitrate (NO 3 -N) loss to N gain indicated apparent nitrification that replaced approximately 62\% of N removed by denitrification even in anoxic treatments, modifying net rates for oxic-surface-injection vs. anoxic-deep-injection treatments to 31 to 176 (sand) and 81 to 162 mg N/m 2 /day (clay), respectively. Combining net denitrification bounds with the daily inundation exceedance probabilities for the 140 km 2 of connected floodplain at Dogtooth Bend indicates, on average, between 70 and 385 tons of N may be removed annually from floodwater during the growing year. While the potential nitrogen removal equates to a small percentage (≤ 0.06\%) of the river's nitrogen load, economically, the estimated monetary value of N mitigation is worth US$156–$4,106/ha/growing season compared to net profits for soybeans and corn of US$79 and US$88/ha/yr, respectively. Thus, N mitigation across the Dogtooth Bend could rival the agricultural use of floodplain lands.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/ffwsc.2025.1577009",
    doi = "10.3389/ffwsc.2025.1577009",
    openalex = "W4412379975",
    references = "doi10210791168139519"
}

This paper reviews and analyses the use of the HECRAS and ADCIRC hydraulic models for simulating downstream flow and erosion patterns developed behind barrages. The study validates these models as suitable instruments for predictions of sediment transport, morphological evolution and scour, obtaining very accurate results by means of intense calibration. Combining geography and remote sensing for employment in GIS-based spatial analysis has been much improved, which made an important applied to navigation, flood risk assessment and construction of infrastructure. However, limitations remain including an inability to model complex sediment dynamics and site specific calibration mean models are not widely transferable between locations while continued debate over the most suitable dimensional treatment. The main research challenges are simulating extreme events and the long-term morphological evolution. To enhance the model robustness and sustainability of river management, future studies should focus on developing advanced sediment formulations, accurately parameterizing 2D models, and formulating unified protocols to integrate data.

@article{doi101051e3sconf202669404008,
    author = "Faris, Zainab and Hilo, Ali N.",
    title = "Applications of HEC-RAS and ADC in Hydraulic Flow Modelling Around Barrages: A Systematic Review",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "E3S Web of Conferences",
    abstract = "This paper reviews and analyses the use of the HECRAS and ADCIRC hydraulic models for simulating downstream flow and erosion patterns developed behind barrages. The study validates these models as suitable instruments for predictions of sediment transport, morphological evolution and scour, obtaining very accurate results by means of intense calibration. Combining geography and remote sensing for employment in GIS-based spatial analysis has been much improved, which made an important applied to navigation, flood risk assessment and construction of infrastructure. However, limitations remain including an inability to model complex sediment dynamics and site specific calibration mean models are not widely transferable between locations while continued debate over the most suitable dimensional treatment. The main research challenges are simulating extreme events and the long-term morphological evolution. To enhance the model robustness and sustainability of river management, future studies should focus on developing advanced sediment formulations, accurately parameterizing 2D models, and formulating unified protocols to integrate data.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202669404008",
    doi = "10.1051/e3sconf/202669404008",
    openalex = "W7129025234",
    references = "doi10210791168145174"
}