Ice cores

@book{dansgaard1971climatic2,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. and Johnsen, S. J. and Clausen, H. B. and Langway, C. C. J",
    title = "Climatic Record Revealed by the Camp Century Ice Core, in Turekian, K. K., ed., The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 37-56",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dansgaard, W., Johnsen, S. J., Clausen, H. B., and Langway, C. C. J., 1971, Climatic Record Revealed by the Camp Century Ice Core, in Turekian, K. K., ed., The Late Cenozoic Glacial Ages: New Haven, Yale University Press, p. 37-56.}"
}

Abstract Core Vema 28-238 preserves an excellent oxygen isotope and magnetic stratigraphy and is shown to contain undisturbed sediments deposited continuously through the past 870,000 yr. Detailed correlation with sequences described by Emiliani in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean is demonstrated. The boundaries of 22 stages representing alternating times of high and low Northern Hemisphere ice volume are recognized and dated. The record is interpreted in terms of Northern Hemisphere ice accumulation, and is used to estimate the range of temperature variation in the Caribbean.

@article{doi1010160033589473900525,
    author = "Shackleton, Nicholas J and Opdyke, Neil D.",
    title = "Oxygen Isotope and Palaeomagnetic Stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238: Oxygen Isotope Temperatures and Ice Volumes on a 10 5 Year and 10 6 Year Scale",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Quaternary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Core Vema 28-238 preserves an excellent oxygen isotope and magnetic stratigraphy and is shown to contain undisturbed sediments deposited continuously through the past 870,000 yr. Detailed correlation with sequences described by Emiliani in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean is demonstrated. The boundaries of 22 stages representing alternating times of high and low Northern Hemisphere ice volume are recognized and dated. The record is interpreted in terms of Northern Hemisphere ice accumulation, and is used to estimate the range of temperature variation in the Caribbean.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(73)90052-5",
    doi = "10.1016/0033-5894(73)90052-5",
    openalex = "W1966265779",
    references = "doi101029rg008i001p00169, doi101038215015a0, doi101038235429a0, doi101039jr9470000562, doi101086200619, doi101086626295, doi101086627150, doi101098rspb19690085, doi101126science1593812297, doi101126science1673919862, doi10113000167606195162417cits20co2, doi101130001676061953641315rcits20co2, doi102475ajs2523149, openalexw2020861622"
}

@article{thompson1975climatological4,
    author = "Thompson, L. G. and Hamilton, W. L. and Bull, C",
    title = {Climatological implications of microparticle concentrations in the ice core from "Byrd" Station, western Antarctica},
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Journal of Glaciology, v. 14, p. 433-444",
    note = {talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thompson, L. G., Hamilton, W. L., and Bull, C., 1975, Climatological implications of microparticle concentrations in the ice core from "Byrd" Station, western Antarctica: Journal of Glaciology, v. 14, p. 433-444.}}
}

Abstract A simple method is described for detecting annual stratification of ice cores, and layers of high acidity due to violent volcanic eruptions in the past. The method is based on a relationship between the H 3 O + concentration (pH) of melted samples and the electrical current between two brass electrodes moved along the cleaned ice-core surface. The “conductivity” is explained in terms of the initial current in the build-up of space charges. Acidity and current profiles are shown through layers deposited soon after historically well-known volcanic eruptions, such as Katmai, a.d. 1912, Tambora, a.d. 1815, Laki, a.d. 1783, Hekla, a.d. 1104, and Thera (Santorin) c. 1400 b.c. High-acidity layers seem to be the cause for the internal radio-echo layers in polar ice sheets.

@article{doi101017s0022143000015227,
    author = "Hammer, C. U.",
    title = "Acidity of Polar Ice Cores in Relation to Absolute Dating, Past Volcanism, and Radio–Echoes",
    year = "1980",
    journal = "Journal of Glaciology",
    abstract = "Abstract A simple method is described for detecting annual stratification of ice cores, and layers of high acidity due to violent volcanic eruptions in the past. The method is based on a relationship between the H 3 O + concentration (pH) of melted samples and the electrical current between two brass electrodes moved along the cleaned ice-core surface. The “conductivity” is explained in terms of the initial current in the build-up of space charges. Acidity and current profiles are shown through layers deposited soon after historically well-known volcanic eruptions, such as Katmai, a.d. 1912, Tambora, a.d. 1815, Laki, a.d. 1783, Hekla, a.d. 1104, and Thera (Santorin) c. 1400 b.c. High-acidity layers seem to be the cause for the internal radio-echo layers in polar ice sheets.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000015227",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022143000015227",
    openalex = "W79311597",
    references = "doi101038264152a0"
}

@misc{dansgaard1982a1,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. et al",
    title = "A new Greenland deep ice core",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 218, p. 1273-1277",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dansgaard, W. et al., 1982, A new Greenland deep ice core: Science, v. 218, p. 1273-1277.}"
}

The polar ice sheets are rich sources of information on past atmospheric conditions, including paleoclimates. A new deep ice core has been drilled in south Greenland. Comparison of the oxygen isotopic profile with that from camp Century and with a deep-sea foraminifera record indicates that the new core reaches back to about 90,000 years before present in a continuous sequence. The details in the Wisconsin part of the ice core records seem to be climatically, significant, and the general trends reveal all of the relevant Emiliani stages recorded in deep-sea cores. The redated Camp Century record suggests a dramatic termination of the Eem/Sangamon interglacial.

@article{doi101126science21845791273,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. and Clausen, H. B. and Gundestrup, N. and Hammer, C. U. and Johnsen, S. and Kristinsdottir, P. M. and Reeh, Niels",
    title = "A New Greenland Deep Ice Core",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The polar ice sheets are rich sources of information on past atmospheric conditions, including paleoclimates. A new deep ice core has been drilled in south Greenland. Comparison of the oxygen isotopic profile with that from camp Century and with a deep-sea foraminifera record indicates that the new core reaches back to about 90,000 years before present in a continuous sequence. The details in the Wisconsin part of the ice core records seem to be climatically, significant, and the general trends reveal all of the relevant Emiliani stages recorded in deep-sea cores. The redated Camp Century record suggests a dramatic termination of the Eem/Sangamon interglacial.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.218.4579.1273",
    doi = "10.1126/science.218.4579.1273",
    openalex = "W2094392026",
    references = "doi101017s0022143000028367, doi101017s0022143000031208, doi101038266508a0, doi101038280644a0, doi101086627150, doi101126science1663903377, doi101126science1673919862, doi103189s0022143000028367, doi103189s0022143000031208"
}

@misc{kerr1982new3,
    author = "Kerr, R. A",
    title = "New evidence fuels Antarctic ice debate",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 216, p. 973-974",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kerr, R. A., 1982, New evidence fuels Antarctic ice debate: Science, v. 216, p. 973-974.}"
}

@article{doi101038315045a0,
    author = "Neftel, A. and Moor, Ernst and Oeschger, H. and Stauffer, B.",
    title = "Evidence from polar ice cores for the increase in atmospheric CO2 in the past two centuries",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/315045a0",
    doi = "10.1038/315045a0",
    openalex = "W2002345996"
}

@article{doi101038329403a0,
    author = "Jouzel, J. and Lorius, C. and Petit, J. R. and Genthon, Christophe and Barkov, N. I. and Kotlyakov, V. M. and Petrov, V. M.",
    title = "Vostok ice core: a continuous isotope temperature record over the last climatic cycle (160,000 years)",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/329403a0",
    doi = "10.1038/329403a0",
    openalex = "W2047203508",
    references = "angelis1987aerosol, chappell1974geology, doi1010079789401748414, doi1010160012821x87901543, doi1010160033589487900469, doi101029jc084ic08p05029, doi101029jd089id07p11749, doi101038235429a0, doi101038280644a0, doi101038299688a0, doi101038316591a0, doi101038329408a0, doi101086627434, doi101126science19442701121, doi101126science2074434943, doi1011751520046919780352362ltvodi20co2, doi1023072286100"
}

@article{doi101038329408a0,
    author = "Barnola, Jean-Marc and Raynaud, Dominique and Korotkevich, Y. S. and Lorius, C.",
    title = "Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2",
    year = "1987",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/329408a0",
    doi = "10.1038/329408a0",
    openalex = "W2074430415",
    references = "angelis1987aerosol, doi1010079789401748414, doi1010160079661182900076, doi101029gm029, doi101029gm032, doi101029jd089id03p04629, doi101038308621a0, doi101038315045a0, doi101038316591a0, doi101038329403a0, doi101126science19142321131, doi101126science19442701121, doi10113000167606198495381itracr20co2"
}

Abstract Three ice cores drilled in the central part of the Antarctic continent extend back to the last glacial period: one from West Antarctica (Byrd) and two from East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C). This period is also partly covered by a few cores from the coastal areas. In these cores, climatic information is mostly derived from the isotopic profiles (δD or δ 18 O) from which surface temperature and, more indirectly, precipitation rate can be estimated. The main objective has been to compare thoroughly the three deep ice cores for the main part of the last glacial period (from ca. 65,000–15,000 yr B.P.). The time scales have been examined in detail and a new 40,000 yr chronology for the Dome C core adopted. Special emphasis is placed on the link between the concentration of 10 Be and past accumulation changes and on the use of peaks in the concentration of this cosmogenic isotope as stratigraphic markers. Elevation changes of the ice sheet, derived from gas content and isotopic data, bear directly on interpretations of past temperature and precipitation rate changes.

@article{doi1010160033589489900033,
    author = "Jouzel, J. and Raisbeck, G. M. and Benoist, Jean-Pierre and Yiou, F. and Lorius, C. and Raynaud, Dominique and Petit, J. R. and Barkov, N. I. and Korotkevitch, Ye.S. and Kotlyakov, V. M.",
    title = "A Comparison of Deep Antarctic Ice Cores and Their Implications for Climate Between 65,000 and 15,000 Years Ago",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Quaternary Research",
    abstract = "Abstract Three ice cores drilled in the central part of the Antarctic continent extend back to the last glacial period: one from West Antarctica (Byrd) and two from East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C). This period is also partly covered by a few cores from the coastal areas. In these cores, climatic information is mostly derived from the isotopic profiles (δD or δ 18 O) from which surface temperature and, more indirectly, precipitation rate can be estimated. The main objective has been to compare thoroughly the three deep ice cores for the main part of the last glacial period (from ca. 65,000–15,000 yr B.P.). The time scales have been examined in detail and a new 40,000 yr chronology for the Dome C core adopted. Special emphasis is placed on the link between the concentration of 10 Be and past accumulation changes and on the use of peaks in the concentration of this cosmogenic isotope as stratigraphic markers. Elevation changes of the ice sheet, derived from gas content and isotopic data, bear directly on interpretations of past temperature and precipitation rate changes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(89)90003-3",
    doi = "10.1016/0033-5894(89)90003-3",
    openalex = "W2030083408"
}

@article{doi101038359311a0,
    author = "Johnsen, S. J. and Clausen, Henrik and Dansgaard, W. and Führer, Katrin and Gundestrup, N. and Hammer, C. U. and Iversen, P. and Jouzel, J. and Stauffer, B. and Steffensen, J. P.",
    title = "Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core",
    year = "1992",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/359311a0",
    doi = "10.1038/359311a0",
    openalex = "W1982082363",
    references = "doi1010160012821x83901620, doi1010160031018281900973, doi101029gm029, doi101029pa005i004p00469, doi101038235429a0, doi101038329403a0, doi101038339532a0, doi101038342637a0, doi101126science19142321131, doi101126science21845791273, doi103402tellusbv41i415100"
}

@article{doi101038364203a0,
    author = "Members, Greenland Ice-core Project (GRIP)",
    title = "Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/364203a0",
    doi = "10.1038/364203a0",
    openalex = "W1482183463"
}

@article{doi101038364218a0,
    author = "Dansgaard, W. and Johnsen, S. J. and Clausen, Henrik and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Gundestrup, N. and Hammer, C. U. and Hvidberg, Christine S. and Steffensen, J. P. and Sveinbjörnsdottír, A. E. and Jouzel, J. and Bond, Gérard C.",
    title = "Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/364218a0",
    doi = "10.1038/364218a0",
    openalex = "W2008875043",
    references = "doi1010160033589487900469, doi101017s0022143000031208, doi101029gm029, doi101029pa004i004p00353, doi101029pa005i004p00469, doi101029rg013i001p00183, doi101038266508a0, doi101038359311a0, doi101038364203a0, doi101126science2585080255, doi101126science2595097926, doi103402tellusbv41i415100"
}

@article{doi101038366549a0,
    author = "Taylor, K. C. and Hammer, C. U. and Alley, Richard B. and Clausen, H. B. and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Gow, Anthony J. and Gundestrup, N. and Kipfstuh, J. and Moore, John C. and Waddington, E. D.",
    title = "Electrical conductivity measurements from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/366549a0",
    doi = "10.1038/366549a0",
    openalex = "W2032214990"
}

@article{doi101038366552a0,
    author = "Grootes, Pieter Meiert and Stuiver, M. and White, James W. C. and Johnsen, S. J. and Jouzel, J.",
    title = "Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/366552a0",
    doi = "10.1038/366552a0",
    openalex = "W2084428435",
    references = "doi101007bf00206091, doi101038359311a0, doi101038361432a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364203a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038365143a0, doi101038366549a0, doi101126science2615118195, doi103402tellusbv41i415100"
}

Human activities have already modified the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere even in very remote regions of the world. The study of chemical parameters stored in solid precipitation and accumulated on polar ice sheets over the last several hundred thousand years provides a unique tool for obtaining information on the composition of the preindustrial atmosphere and its natural variability over the past. This paper deals with the chemistry of polar ice focused on the soluble mineral (Na +, NH 4 +, K +, Ca ++, Mg ++, H +, F −, Cl −, NO 3 −, SO 4 −−, and H 2 O 2) and organic (methanesulfonate (CH 3 SO 3 −), formate (HCOO −), acetate (CH 3 COO −), and formaldehyde (HCHO)) species and their interpretation in terms of past atmospheric composition (aerosols and water soluble gaseous species). We discuss ice core dating, the difficulties connected with trace measurements, and the significance of the ionic composition of snow. We examine temporal (from the last decades back to the last climatic cycle) and spatial (including examples from coastal as well as central areas of Greenland and Antarctica) variations in the ionic budget of the precipitation and evaluate ice core studies in terms of the chemical composition of our past atmosphere. We review (1) how Greenland and Antarctic ice cores that span the last few centuries have provided information on the impact of human activities and (2) how the chemistry of deep ice cores provides information on various past natural phenomena such as climatic variations (glacial‐interglacial changes, El Niño), volcanic eruptions, and large boreal forest fires.

@article{doi10102996rg03527,
    author = "Legrand, Michel and Mayewski, Paul A.",
    title = "Glaciochemistry of polar ice cores: A review",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Human activities have already modified the chemical composition of the natural atmosphere even in very remote regions of the world. The study of chemical parameters stored in solid precipitation and accumulated on polar ice sheets over the last several hundred thousand years provides a unique tool for obtaining information on the composition of the preindustrial atmosphere and its natural variability over the past. This paper deals with the chemistry of polar ice focused on the soluble mineral (Na +, NH 4 +, K +, Ca ++, Mg ++, H +, F −, Cl −, NO 3 −, SO 4 −−, and H 2 O 2) and organic (methanesulfonate (CH 3 SO 3 −), formate (HCOO −), acetate (CH 3 COO −), and formaldehyde (HCHO)) species and their interpretation in terms of past atmospheric composition (aerosols and water soluble gaseous species). We discuss ice core dating, the difficulties connected with trace measurements, and the significance of the ionic composition of snow. We examine temporal (from the last decades back to the last climatic cycle) and spatial (including examples from coastal as well as central areas of Greenland and Antarctica) variations in the ionic budget of the precipitation and evaluate ice core studies in terms of the chemical composition of our past atmosphere. We review (1) how Greenland and Antarctic ice cores that span the last few centuries have provided information on the impact of human activities and (2) how the chemistry of deep ice cores provides information on various past natural phenomena such as climatic variations (glacial‐interglacial changes, El Niño), volcanic eruptions, and large boreal forest fires.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/96rg03527",
    doi = "10.1029/96rg03527",
    openalex = "W1972471355",
    references = "doi1010160016703764901292, doi1010160016703779900590, doi101017s002214300001844x, doi101029jc087ic02p01231, doi101038333134a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038366552a0, doi101098rsta19700010, doi101111j215334901964tb00181x, doi101126science24148691043, hammer1994electrical, openalexw1564144063"
}

An ice core record from the Guliya ice cap on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides evidence of regional climatic conditions over the last glacial cycle. 36 Cl data suggest that the deepest 20 meters of the core may be more than 500,000 years old. The δ 18 O change across Termination I is ∼5.4 per mil, similar to that in the Huascarán (Peru) and polar ice cores. Three Guliya interstadials (Stages 3, 5a, and 5c) are marked by increases in δ 18 O values similar to that of the Holocene and Eemian (∼124,000 years ago). The similarity of this pattern to that of CH 4 records from polar ice cores indicates that global CH 4 levels and the tropical hydrological cycle are linked. The Late Glacial Stage record contains numerous 200-year oscillations in δ 18 O values and in dust, NH 4 +, and NO 3 − levels.

@article{doi101126science27653201821,
    author = "Thompson, Lonnie G. and Yao, Tandong and Davis, M. E. and Henderson, Keith and Mosley‐Thompson, Ellen and Lin, Ping‐Nan and Beer, J. and Synal, Hans‐Arno and Cole‐Dai, Jihong and Bolzan, John F.",
    title = "Tropical Climate Instability: The Last Glacial Cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan Ice Core",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "An ice core record from the Guliya ice cap on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau provides evidence of regional climatic conditions over the last glacial cycle. 36 Cl data suggest that the deepest 20 meters of the core may be more than 500,000 years old. The δ 18 O change across Termination I is ∼5.4 per mil, similar to that in the Huascarán (Peru) and polar ice cores. Three Guliya interstadials (Stages 3, 5a, and 5c) are marked by increases in δ 18 O values similar to that of the Holocene and Eemian (∼124,000 years ago). The similarity of this pattern to that of CH 4 records from polar ice cores indicates that global CH 4 levels and the tropical hydrological cycle are linked. The Late Glacial Stage record contains numerous 200-year oscillations in δ 18 O values and in dust, NH 4 +, and NO 3 − levels.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5320.1821",
    doi = "10.1126/science.276.5320.1821",
    openalex = "W2096484028",
    references = "doi101038362527a0, doi101126science2464929474, doi10113000167606198495381itracr20co2, doi105670oceanog199107"
}

It is suggested that the GRIP Greenland ice-core should constitute the stratotype for the Last Termination. Based on the oxygen isotope signal in that core, a new event stratigraphy spanning the time interval from ca. 22.0 to 11.5 k GRIP yr BP (ca. 19.0–10.0 k 14C yr BP) is proposed for the North Atlantic region. This covers the period from the Last Glacial Maximum, through Termination 1 of the deep-ocean record, to the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, and encompasses the Last Glacial Late-glacial of the traditional northwest European stratigraphy. The isotopic record for this period is divided into two stadial episodes, Greenland Stadials 1 (GS-1) and 2 (GS-2), and two interstadial events, Greenland Interstadials 1 (GI-1) and2 (GI-2). In addition, GI-1 and GS-2 are further subdivided into shorter episodes. The event stratigraphy is equally applicable to ice-core, marine and terrestrial records and is considered to be a more appropriate classificatory scheme than the terrestrially based radiocarbon-dated chronostratigraphy that has been used hitherto. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

@article{doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a,
    author = "Björck, Svante and Walker, M. J. C. and Cwynar, Les C. and Johnsen, S. J. and Knudsen, Karen-Luise and Lowe, J. John and Wohlfarth, Barbara and Members, INTIMATE",
    title = "An event stratigraphy for the Last Termination in the North Atlantic region based on the Greenland ice-core record: a proposal by the INTIMATE group",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Quaternary Science",
    abstract = "It is suggested that the GRIP Greenland ice-core should constitute the stratotype for the Last Termination. Based on the oxygen isotope signal in that core, a new event stratigraphy spanning the time interval from ca. 22.0 to 11.5 k GRIP yr BP (ca. 19.0–10.0 k 14C yr BP) is proposed for the North Atlantic region. This covers the period from the Last Glacial Maximum, through Termination 1 of the deep-ocean record, to the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, and encompasses the Last Glacial Late-glacial of the traditional northwest European stratigraphy. The isotopic record for this period is divided into two stadial episodes, Greenland Stadials 1 (GS-1) and 2 (GS-2), and two interstadial events, Greenland Interstadials 1 (GI-1) and2 (GI-2). In addition, GI-1 and GS-2 are further subdivided into shorter episodes. The event stratigraphy is equally applicable to ice-core, marine and terrestrial records and is considered to be a more appropriate classificatory scheme than the terrestrially based radiocarbon-dated chronostratigraphy that has been used hitherto. © 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199807/08)13:4<283::aid-jqs386>3.0.co;2-a",
    doi = "10.1002/(sici)1099-1417(199807/08)13:4<283::aid-jqs386>3.0.co;2-a",
    openalex = "W2115199799",
    references = "doi1010160012825272900384, doi101017s0033822200013904, doi101038325587a0, doi101038345405a0, doi101038359311a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038365143a0, doi101038366552a0, doi101111j150238851974tb00669x, doi101126science27452901155, doi101126science27953541187"
}

@article{doi10103820859,
    author = "Petit, Jean‐Robert and Jouzel, J. and Raynaud, Dominique and Barkov, N I and Barnola, Jean-Marc and Basile, Isabelle and Bender, Michael L. and Chappellaz, J. and Davis, M. E. and Delaygue, Gilles and Delmotte, Marc and Kotlyakov, V. M. and Legrand, Michel and Lipenkov, V. and Lorius, C. and Pépin, Laurence and Ritz, Catherine and Saltzman, E. S. and Stiévenard, M.",
    title = "Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica",
    year = "1999",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/20859",
    doi = "10.1038/20859",
    openalex = "W2161480748",
    references = "doi1010160012821x83901620, doi1010160012821x94902445, doi10102992pa02253, doi10102996eo00259, doi101029pa005i001p00001, doi10103829447, doi101038316591a0, doi101038329403a0, doi101038329408a0, doi101126science270523353, doi101126science2825387268, doi1011751520046919780352362ltvodi20co2, openalexw653466241"
}

@article{doi101002jqs622,
    author = "Johnsen, S. J. and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Gundestrup, N. and Steffensen, J. P. and Clausen, Henrik and Miller, Heinz and Masson‐Delmotte, Valérie and Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árný E. and White, James W. C.",
    title = "Oxygen isotope and palaeotemperature records from six Greenland ice‐core stations: Camp Century, Dye‐3, GRIP, GISP2, Renland and NorthGRIP",
    year = "2001",
    journal = "Journal of Quaternary Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.622",
    doi = "10.1002/jqs.622",
    openalex = "W1982002268",
    references = "doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi1010160033589487900469, doi10102997jc00880, doi101038235429a0, doi101038280644a0, doi101038339532a0, doi101038359311a0, doi101038360245a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364203a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038366552a0, doi101111j215334901964tb00181x, doi101126science2825387268"
}

@article{doi101038nature02599,
    author = "community members, EPICA",
    title = "Eight glacial cycles from an Antarctic ice core",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature02599",
    doi = "10.1038/nature02599",
    openalex = "W2168513163",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101016027737919190033q, doi10102993pa02751, doi101038280644a0"
}

@article{doi101016jquascirev200608002,
    author = "Andersen, K. K. and Svensson, Anders and Johnsen, S. J. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Bigler, Matthias and Röthlisberger, Regine and Ruth, Urs and Siggaard‐Andersen, Marie‐Louise and Steffensen, J. P. and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe",
    title = "The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15–42ka. Part 1: constructing the time scale",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.002",
    openalex = "W2132999078",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi101016s0277379101001019, doi1010292000pa000513, doi1010292005jd006079, doi1010292005jd006921, doi10103820859, doi101038364203a0, doi101038nature02599, doi101038nature02805"
}

We present a new common stratigraphic timescale for the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) and GRIP ice cores. The timescale covers the period 7.9–14.8 kyr before present and includes the Bølling, Allerød, Younger Dryas, and early Holocene periods. We use a combination of new and previously published data, the most prominent being new high‐resolution Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) impurity records from the NGRIP ice core. Several investigators have identified and counted annual layers using a multiparameter approach, and the maximum counting error is estimated to be up to 2% in the Holocene part and about 3% for the older parts. These counting error estimates reflect the number of annual layers that were hard to interpret, but not a possible bias in the set of rules used for annual layer identification. As the GRIP and NGRIP ice cores are not optimal for annual layer counting in the middle and late Holocene, the timescale is tied to a prominent volcanic event inside the 8.2 kyr cold event, recently dated in the DYE‐3 ice core to 8236 years before A. D. 2000 (b2k) with a maximum counting error of 47 years. The new timescale dates the Younger Dryas‐Preboreal transition to 11,703 b2k, which is 100–150 years older than according to the present GRIP and NGRIP timescales. The age of the transition matches the GISP2 timescale within a few years, but viewed over the entire 7.9–14.8 kyr section, there are significant differences between the new timescale and the GISP2 timescale. The transition from the glacial into the Bølling interstadial is dated to 14,692 b2k. The presented timescale is a part of a new Greenland ice core chronology common to the DYE‐3, GRIP, and NGRIP ice cores, named the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05). The annual layer thicknesses are observed to be log‐normally distributed with good approximation, and compared to the early Holocene, the mean accumulation rates in the Younger Dryas and Bølling periods are found to be 47 ± 2% and 88 ± 2%, respectively.

@article{doi1010292005jd006079,
    author = "Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Andersen, K. K. and Svensson, Anders and Steffensen, J. P. and Vinther, Bo and Clausen, Henrik and Siggaard‐Andersen, M.‐L. and Johnsen, S. J. and Larsen, L. B. and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Bigler, Matthias and Röthlisberger, Regine and Fischer, Hubertus and Goto‐Azuma, Kumiko and Hansson, Margareta and Ruth, Urs",
    title = "A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "We present a new common stratigraphic timescale for the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) and GRIP ice cores. The timescale covers the period 7.9–14.8 kyr before present and includes the Bølling, Allerød, Younger Dryas, and early Holocene periods. We use a combination of new and previously published data, the most prominent being new high‐resolution Continuous Flow Analysis (CFA) impurity records from the NGRIP ice core. Several investigators have identified and counted annual layers using a multiparameter approach, and the maximum counting error is estimated to be up to 2\% in the Holocene part and about 3\% for the older parts. These counting error estimates reflect the number of annual layers that were hard to interpret, but not a possible bias in the set of rules used for annual layer identification. As the GRIP and NGRIP ice cores are not optimal for annual layer counting in the middle and late Holocene, the timescale is tied to a prominent volcanic event inside the 8.2 kyr cold event, recently dated in the DYE‐3 ice core to 8236 years before A. D. 2000 (b2k) with a maximum counting error of 47 years. The new timescale dates the Younger Dryas‐Preboreal transition to 11,703 b2k, which is 100–150 years older than according to the present GRIP and NGRIP timescales. The age of the transition matches the GISP2 timescale within a few years, but viewed over the entire 7.9–14.8 kyr section, there are significant differences between the new timescale and the GISP2 timescale. The transition from the glacial into the Bølling interstadial is dated to 14,692 b2k. The presented timescale is a part of a new Greenland ice core chronology common to the DYE‐3, GRIP, and NGRIP ice cores, named the Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05). The annual layer thicknesses are observed to be log‐normally distributed with good approximation, and compared to the early Holocene, the mean accumulation rates in the Younger Dryas and Bølling periods are found to be 47 ± 2\% and 88 ± 2\%, respectively.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006079",
    doi = "10.1029/2005jd006079",
    openalex = "W1996862213",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi10102997jc00880, doi101029jd089id07p11749, doi10103829447, doi101038359311a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038365143a0, doi101038nature02805, hammer1994electrical"
}

As part of the effort to create the new Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) a synchronized stratigraphical timescale for the Holocene parts of the DYE‐3, Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP), and North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice cores is made by using volcanic reference horizons in electrical conductivity measurements to match the cores. The main annual layer counting is carried out on the most suited records only, exploiting that the three ice cores have been drilled at locations with different climatic conditions and differences in ice flow. However, supplemental counting on data from all cores has been performed between each set of reference horizons in order to verify the validity of the match. After the verification, the main dating is transferred to all records using the volcanic reference horizons as tie points. An assessment of the mean annual layer thickness in each core section confirms that the new synchronized dating is consistent for all three cores. The data used for the main annual layer counting of the past 7900 years are the DYE‐3, GRIP, and NGRIP stable isotope records. As the high accumulation rate at the DYE‐3 drill site makes the seasonal cycle in the DYE‐3 stable isotopes very resistant to firn diffusion, an effort has been made to extend the DYE‐3 Holocene record. The new synchronized dating relies heavily on this record of ∼75,000 stable isotope samples. The dating of the early Holocene consists of an already established part of GICC05 for GRIP and NGRIP which has now been transferred to the DYE‐3 core. GICC05 dates the Younger Dryas termination, as defined from deuterium excess, to 11,703 years before A. D. 2000 (b2k), 130 years earlier than the previous GRIP dating.

@article{doi1010292005jd006921,
    author = "Vinther, Bo and Clausen, Henrik and Johnsen, S. J. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Andersen, K. K. and Buchardt, S. L. and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Seierstad, Inger K and Siggaard‐Andersen, M.‐L. and Steffensen, J. P. and Svensson, Anders and Olsen, Jesper and Heinemeier, Jan",
    title = "A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "As part of the effort to create the new Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) a synchronized stratigraphical timescale for the Holocene parts of the DYE‐3, Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP), and North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice cores is made by using volcanic reference horizons in electrical conductivity measurements to match the cores. The main annual layer counting is carried out on the most suited records only, exploiting that the three ice cores have been drilled at locations with different climatic conditions and differences in ice flow. However, supplemental counting on data from all cores has been performed between each set of reference horizons in order to verify the validity of the match. After the verification, the main dating is transferred to all records using the volcanic reference horizons as tie points. An assessment of the mean annual layer thickness in each core section confirms that the new synchronized dating is consistent for all three cores. The data used for the main annual layer counting of the past 7900 years are the DYE‐3, GRIP, and NGRIP stable isotope records. As the high accumulation rate at the DYE‐3 drill site makes the seasonal cycle in the DYE‐3 stable isotopes very resistant to firn diffusion, an effort has been made to extend the DYE‐3 Holocene record. The new synchronized dating relies heavily on this record of ∼75,000 stable isotope samples. The dating of the early Holocene consists of an already established part of GICC05 for GRIP and NGRIP which has now been transferred to the DYE‐3 core. GICC05 dates the Younger Dryas termination, as defined from deuterium excess, to 11,703 years before A. D. 2000 (b2k), 130 years earlier than the previous GRIP dating.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006921",
    doi = "10.1029/2005jd006921",
    openalex = "W2108952763",
    references = "doi101017s0022143000031208"
}

Abstract. The EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome C drilling in East Antarctica has now been completed to a depth of 3260 m, at only a few meters above bedrock. Here we present the new EDC3 chronology, which is based on the use of 1) a snow accumulation and mechanical flow model, and 2) a set of independent age markers along the core. These are obtained by pattern matching of recorded parameters to either absolutely dated paleoclimatic records, or to insolation variations. We show that this new time scale is in excellent agreement with the Dome Fuji and Vostok ice core time scales back to 100 kyr within 1 kyr. Discrepancies larger than 3 kyr arise during MIS 5.4, 5.5 and 6, which points to anomalies in either snow accumulation or mechanical flow during these time periods. We estimate that EDC3 gives accurate event durations within 20% (2σ) back to MIS11 and accurate absolute ages with a maximum uncertainty of 6 kyr back to 800 kyr.

@article{doi105194cp34852007,
    author = "Parrenin, Frédéric and Barnola, Jean-Marc and Beer, J. and Blunier, T. and Castellano, E. and Chappellaz, J. and Dreyfus, G. and Fischer, Hubertus and Fujita, Shuji and Jouzel, J. and Kawamura, K. and Lemieux-Dudon, B. and Loulergue, L. and Masson‐Delmotte, Valérie and Narcisi, B. and Petit, J. R. and Raisbeck, G. M. and Raynaud, Dominique and Ruth, Urs and Schwander, Jakob and Severi, Mirko and Spahni, Renato and Steffensen, J. P. and Svensson, A. and Udisti, R. and Waelbroeck, Claire and Wolff, E.",
    title = "The EDC3 chronology for the EPICA Dome C ice core",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. The EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome C drilling in East Antarctica has now been completed to a depth of 3260 m, at only a few meters above bedrock. Here we present the new EDC3 chronology, which is based on the use of 1) a snow accumulation and mechanical flow model, and 2) a set of independent age markers along the core. These are obtained by pattern matching of recorded parameters to either absolutely dated paleoclimatic records, or to insolation variations. We show that this new time scale is in excellent agreement with the Dome Fuji and Vostok ice core time scales back to 100 kyr within 1 kyr. Discrepancies larger than 3 kyr arise during MIS 5.4, 5.5 and 6, which points to anomalies in either snow accumulation or mechanical flow during these time periods. We estimate that EDC3 gives accurate event durations within 20\% (2σ) back to MIS11 and accurate absolute ages with a maximum uncertainty of 6 kyr back to 800 kyr.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-485-2007",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-3-485-2007",
    openalex = "W2145370723",
    references = "dansgaard1985dating, doi101017s0022143000031208, doi101017s0033822200033002, doi101038nature01391, doi103189s0022143000031208, hammer1994electrical"
}

@article{doi101002jqs1227,
    author = "Walker, Mike and Johnsen, S. J. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Popp, Trevor and Steffensen, J. P. and Gibbard, Phil and Hoek, Wim Z. and Lowe, J. John and Andrews, John T. and Björck, Svante and Cwynar, Les C. and Hughen, Konrad A and Kershaw, Peter and Kromer, Bernd and Litt, Thomas and Lowe, David J. and Nakagawa, Takeshi and Newnham, Rewi M. and Schwander, Jakob",
    title = "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Quaternary Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1227",
    doi = "10.1002/jqs.1227",
    openalex = "W2113660406",
    references = "doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi101016jquascirev200502002, doi101016jquascirev200608002, doi101017s0033822200032999, doi101017s0033822200033002, doi101017s0263593300020782, doi1010292005jd006079, doi10103820859, doi101038nature02599, doi101038nature02805, doi101126science1059725, doi101126science1157707, doi101126science27452901155, doi101126science27953541187, doi105194cp4472008, openalexw1515580926, openalexw2989049194"
}

Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. Our recently collected suite of ice core data, more than double the number of cores ever used before, reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores, which enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high‐pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31‐year running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing data set as a function of month, latitude, and altitude for the past 1500 years. We estimated the uncertainties associated with the choice of volcanic signal extraction criteria, ice core sulfate deposition to stratospheric loading calibration factor, and the season for the eruptions without a recorded month. We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing data set, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large‐scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and with proxy records for the entire period. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new data set will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate. The new data set of stratospheric sulfate injections from volcanic eruptions for the past 1500 years, as a function of latitude, altitude, and month, is available for download in a format suitable for forcing general circulation models of the climate system.

@article{doi1010292008jd010239,
    author = "Gao, Chaochao and Robock, Alan and Ammann, Caspar",
    title = "Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres",
    abstract = "Understanding natural causes of climate change is vital to evaluate the relative impacts of human pollution and land surface modification on climate. We have investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. Our recently collected suite of ice core data, more than double the number of cores ever used before, reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores, which enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high‐pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31‐year running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing data set as a function of month, latitude, and altitude for the past 1500 years. We estimated the uncertainties associated with the choice of volcanic signal extraction criteria, ice core sulfate deposition to stratospheric loading calibration factor, and the season for the eruptions without a recorded month. We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing data set, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large‐scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and with proxy records for the entire period. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new data set will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate. The new data set of stratospheric sulfate injections from volcanic eruptions for the past 1500 years, as a function of latitude, altitude, and month, is available for download in a format suitable for forcing general circulation models of the climate system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2008jd010239",
    doi = "10.1029/2008jd010239",
    openalex = "W2048792237",
    references = "doi101029jc087ic02p01231, doi101098rsta19700010"
}

The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.

@article{doi101126science1157707,
    author = "Steffensen, J. P. and Andersen, K. K. and Bigler, Matthias and Clausen, Henrik and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Fischer, Hubertus and Goto‐Azuma, Kumiko and Hansson, Margareta and Johnsen, S. J. and Jouzel, Jean and Masson‐Delmotte, Valérie and Popp, Trevor and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Röthlisberger, Regine and Ruth, Urs and Stauffer, Bernhard and Siggaard‐Andersen, M.‐L. and Sveinbjörnsdóttir, Árný E. and Svensson, Anders and White, James W. C.",
    title = "High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1157707",
    doi = "10.1126/science.1157707",
    openalex = "W2051962101",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101007s0038200500405, doi1010292003pa000920, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038339532a0, doi101038366552a0, doi101038nature01089, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101126science1081056"
}

Abstract. The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) is a time scale based on annual layer counting of high-resolution records from Greenland ice cores. Whereas the Holocene part of the time scale is based on various records from the DYE-3, the GRIP, and the NorthGRIP ice cores, the glacial part is solely based on NorthGRIP records. Here we present an 18 ka extension of the time scale such that GICC05 continuously covers the past 60 ka. The new section of the time scale places the onset of Greenland Interstadial 12 (GI-12) at 46.9±1.0 ka b2k (before year AD 2000), the North Atlantic Ash Zone II layer in GI-15 at 55.4±1.2 ka b2k, and the onset of GI-17 at 59.4±1.3 ka b2k. The error estimates are derived from the accumulated number of uncertain annual layers. In the 40–60 ka interval, the new time scale has a discrepancy with the Meese-Sowers GISP2 time scale of up to 2.4 ka. Assuming that the Greenland climatic events are synchronous with those seen in the Chinese Hulu Cave speleothem record, GICC05 compares well to the time scale of that record with absolute age differences of less than 800 years throughout the 60 ka period. The new time scale is generally in close agreement with other independently dated records and reference horizons, such as the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion, the French Villars Cave and the Austrian Kleegruben Cave speleothem records, suggesting high accuracy of both event durations and absolute age estimates.

@article{doi105194cp4472008,
    author = "Svensson, Anders and Andersen, K. K. and Bigler, Matthias and Clausen, Henrik and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Davies, Siwan M. and Johnsen, S. J. and Muscheler, Raimund and Parrenin, Frédéric and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Röthlisberger, Regine and Seierstad, Inger K and Steffensen, J. P. and Vinther, Bo",
    title = "A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005 (GICC05) is a time scale based on annual layer counting of high-resolution records from Greenland ice cores. Whereas the Holocene part of the time scale is based on various records from the DYE-3, the GRIP, and the NorthGRIP ice cores, the glacial part is solely based on NorthGRIP records. Here we present an 18 ka extension of the time scale such that GICC05 continuously covers the past 60 ka. The new section of the time scale places the onset of Greenland Interstadial 12 (GI-12) at 46.9±1.0 ka b2k (before year AD 2000), the North Atlantic Ash Zone II layer in GI-15 at 55.4±1.2 ka b2k, and the onset of GI-17 at 59.4±1.3 ka b2k. The error estimates are derived from the accumulated number of uncertain annual layers. In the 40–60 ka interval, the new time scale has a discrepancy with the Meese-Sowers GISP2 time scale of up to 2.4 ka. Assuming that the Greenland climatic events are synchronous with those seen in the Chinese Hulu Cave speleothem record, GICC05 compares well to the time scale of that record with absolute age differences of less than 800 years throughout the 60 ka period. The new time scale is generally in close agreement with other independently dated records and reference horizons, such as the Laschamp geomagnetic excursion, the French Villars Cave and the Austrian Kleegruben Cave speleothem records, suggesting high accuracy of both event durations and absolute age estimates.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-47-2008",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-4-47-2008",
    openalex = "W2161679449",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101016jquascirev200504007, doi101016jquascirev200608002, doi101017s0033822200032999, doi101017s0033822200033002, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038nature01391, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature03067, doi101126science1064618, doi101126science1141038"
}

@article{doi101016jquascirev200910013,
    author = "Wolff, Eric and Chappellaz, J. and Blunier, Thomas and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Svensson, Anders",
    title = "Millennial-scale variability during the last glacial: The ice core record",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.013",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.10.013",
    openalex = "W2149562748",
    references = "doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi101016jquascirev200608002, doi101126science1142924, doi101126science1157707"
}

@article{doi101016jaeolia201102001,
    author = "Shao, Yaping and Wyrwoll, Karl‐Heinz and Chappell, Adrian and Huang, Jianping and Lin, Zhaohui and McTainsh, Grant H. and Mikami, Masao and Tanaka, Taichu Y. and Wang, Xulong and Yoon, Soon‐Chang",
    title = "Dust cycle: An emerging core theme in Earth system science",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Aeolian Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.aeolia.2011.02.001",
    openalex = "W2090224390",
    references = "doi101016s0012825201000423, doi10102993rg03257, doi101038375305a0, doi101126science1663903377"
}

@article{doi101002jqs2565,
    author = "Walker, Mike and Berkelhammer, Max and Björck, Svante and Cwynar, Les C. and Fisher, David and Long, Antony J. and Lowe, J. John and Newnham, Rewi M. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Weiss, Harvey",
    title = "Formal subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch: a Discussion Paper by a Working Group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice‐core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy)",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Quaternary Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.2565",
    doi = "10.1002/jqs.2565",
    openalex = "W2063685813",
    references = "doi101002jqs1227, doi101002jqs1338, doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi101016jquascirev200806013, doi101016jyqres200407001, doi101016s027737919900061x, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038366552a0, doi101038415023a, doi101126science1059725, doi101126science1106296, doi101126science27853411257, doi1011300091761319970250483hciapw23co2"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev201209001,
    author = "Abbott, Peter M and Davies, Siwan M.",
    title = "Volcanism and the Greenland ice-cores: the tephra record",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.09.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.09.001",
    openalex = "W2072777107",
    references = "doi101016jquageo201008003, doi101126science1125087"
}

@article{doi101038nature11789,
    author = "community members, NEEM",
    title = "Eemian interglacial reconstructed from a Greenland folded ice core",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Nature",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11789",
    doi = "10.1038/nature11789",
    openalex = "W2080940309",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101016jquascirev200608002, doi1010292003pa000920, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038364203a0, doi101038366552a0, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101038nature08686, doi101126science1120808, doi105194cp4472008"
}

Abstract. The deep polar ice cores provide reference records commonly employed in global correlation of past climate events. However, temporal divergences reaching up to several thousand years (ka) exist between ice cores over the last climatic cycle. In this context, we are hereby introducing the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012 (AICC2012), a new and coherent timescale developed for four Antarctic ice cores, namely Vostok, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) and Talos Dome (TALDICE), alongside the Greenlandic NGRIP record. The AICC2012 timescale has been constructed using the Bayesian tool Datice (Lemieux-Dudon et al., 2010) that combines glaciological inputs and data constraints, including a wide range of relative and absolute gas and ice stratigraphic markers. We focus here on the last 120 ka, whereas the companion paper by Bazin et al. (2013) focuses on the interval 120–800 ka. Compared to previous timescales, AICC2012 presents an improved timing for the last glacial inception, respecting the glaciological constraints of all analyzed records. Moreover, with the addition of numerous new stratigraphic markers and improved calculation of the lock-in depth (LID) based on δ15N data employed as the Datice background scenario, the AICC2012 presents a slightly improved timing for the bipolar sequence of events over Marine Isotope Stage 3 associated with the seesaw mechanism, with maximum differences of about 600 yr with respect to the previous Datice-derived chronology of Lemieux-Dudon et al. (2010), hereafter denoted LD2010. Our improved scenario confirms the regional differences for the millennial scale variability over the last glacial period: while the EDC isotopic record (events of triangular shape) displays peaks roughly at the same time as the NGRIP abrupt isotopic increases, the EDML isotopic record (events characterized by broader peaks or even extended periods of high isotope values) reached the isotopic maximum several centuries before. It is expected that the future contribution of both other long ice core records and other types of chronological constraints to the Datice tool will lead to further refinements in the ice core chronologies beyond the AICC2012 chronology. For the time being however, we recommend that AICC2012 be used as the preferred chronology for the Vostok, EDC, EDML and TALDICE ice core records, both over the last glacial cycle (this study), and beyond (following Bazin et al., 2013). The ages for NGRIP in AICC2012 are virtually identical to those of GICC05 for the last 60.2 ka, whereas the ages beyond are independent of those in GICC05modelext (as in the construction of AICC2012, the GICC05modelext was included only via the background scenarios and not as age markers). As such, where issues of phasing between Antarctic records included in AICC2012 and NGRIP are involved, the NGRIP ages in AICC2012 should therefore be taken to avoid introducing false offsets. However for issues involving only Greenland ice cores, there is not yet a strong basis to recommend superseding GICC05modelext as the recommended age scale for Greenland ice cores.

@article{doi105194cp917332013,
    author = "Vereş, Daniel and Bazin, Lucie and Landais, Amaëlle and Toye, Habib and Lemieux-Dudon, B. and Parrenin, Frédéric and Martinerie, Patricia and Blayo, Éric and Blunier, Thomas and Capron, Émilie and Chappellaz, J. and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Severi, Mirko and Svensson, Anders and Vinther, Bo and Wolff, Eric",
    title = "The Antarctic ice core chronology (AICC2012): an optimized multi-parameter and multi-site dating approach for the last 120 thousand years",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. The deep polar ice cores provide reference records commonly employed in global correlation of past climate events. However, temporal divergences reaching up to several thousand years (ka) exist between ice cores over the last climatic cycle. In this context, we are hereby introducing the Antarctic Ice Core Chronology 2012 (AICC2012), a new and coherent timescale developed for four Antarctic ice cores, namely Vostok, EPICA Dome C (EDC), EPICA Dronning Maud Land (EDML) and Talos Dome (TALDICE), alongside the Greenlandic NGRIP record. The AICC2012 timescale has been constructed using the Bayesian tool Datice (Lemieux-Dudon et al., 2010) that combines glaciological inputs and data constraints, including a wide range of relative and absolute gas and ice stratigraphic markers. We focus here on the last 120 ka, whereas the companion paper by Bazin et al. (2013) focuses on the interval 120–800 ka. Compared to previous timescales, AICC2012 presents an improved timing for the last glacial inception, respecting the glaciological constraints of all analyzed records. Moreover, with the addition of numerous new stratigraphic markers and improved calculation of the lock-in depth (LID) based on δ15N data employed as the Datice background scenario, the AICC2012 presents a slightly improved timing for the bipolar sequence of events over Marine Isotope Stage 3 associated with the seesaw mechanism, with maximum differences of about 600 yr with respect to the previous Datice-derived chronology of Lemieux-Dudon et al. (2010), hereafter denoted LD2010. Our improved scenario confirms the regional differences for the millennial scale variability over the last glacial period: while the EDC isotopic record (events of triangular shape) displays peaks roughly at the same time as the NGRIP abrupt isotopic increases, the EDML isotopic record (events characterized by broader peaks or even extended periods of high isotope values) reached the isotopic maximum several centuries before. It is expected that the future contribution of both other long ice core records and other types of chronological constraints to the Datice tool will lead to further refinements in the ice core chronologies beyond the AICC2012 chronology. For the time being however, we recommend that AICC2012 be used as the preferred chronology for the Vostok, EDC, EDML and TALDICE ice core records, both over the last glacial cycle (this study), and beyond (following Bazin et al., 2013). The ages for NGRIP in AICC2012 are virtually identical to those of GICC05 for the last 60.2 ka, whereas the ages beyond are independent of those in GICC05modelext (as in the construction of AICC2012, the GICC05modelext was included only via the background scenarios and not as age markers). As such, where issues of phasing between Antarctic records included in AICC2012 and NGRIP are involved, the NGRIP ages in AICC2012 should therefore be taken to avoid introducing false offsets. However for issues involving only Greenland ice cores, there is not yet a strong basis to recommend superseding GICC05modelext as the recommended age scale for Greenland ice cores.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-9-1733-2013",
    openalex = "W1995539736",
    references = "doi1010292004pa001071, doi1010292005jd006079, doi10102996rg03527, doi10103820859, doi101038366552a0, doi101038nature02599, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101038nature06015, doi101038nature06692, doi101126science1141038, doi101126science1226660, doi101126science2915501109"
}

Due to their outstanding resolution and well-constrained chronologies, Greenland ice-core records provide a master record of past climatic changes throughout the Last Interglacial–Glacial cycle in the North Atlantic region. As part of the INTIMATE (INTegration of Ice-core, MArine and TErrestrial records) project, protocols have been proposed to ensure consistent and robust correlation between different records of past climate. A key element of these protocols has been the formal definition and ordinal numbering of the sequence of Greenland Stadials (GS) and Greenland Interstadials (GI) within the most recent glacial period. The GS and GI periods are the Greenland expressions of the characteristic Dansgaard–Oeschger events that represent cold and warm phases of the North Atlantic region, respectively. We present here a more detailed and extended GS/GI template for the whole of the Last Glacial period. It is based on a synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice-core records that allows the parallel analysis of all three records on a common time scale. The boundaries of the GS and GI periods are defined based on a combination of stable-oxygen isotope ratios of the ice (δ18O, reflecting mainly local temperature) and calcium ion concentrations (reflecting mainly atmospheric dust loading) measured in the ice. The data not only resolve the well-known sequence of Dansgaard–Oeschger events that were first defined and numbered in the ice-core records more than two decades ago, but also better resolve a number of short-lived climatic oscillations, some defined here for the first time. Using this revised scheme, we propose a consistent approach for discriminating and naming all the significant abrupt climatic events of the Last Glacial period that are represented in the Greenland ice records. The final product constitutes an extended and better resolved Greenland stratotype sequence, against which other proxy records can be compared and correlated. It also provides a more secure basis for investigating the dynamics and fundamental causes of these climatic perturbations.

@article{doi101016jquascirev201409007,
    author = "Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Bigler, Matthias and Blockley, Simon and Blunier, Thomas and Buchardt, S. L. and Clausen, Henrik and Cvijanović, Ivana and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Johnsen, S. J. and Fischer, Hubertus and Gkinis, Vasileios and Guillevic, Myriam and Hoek, Wim Z. and Lowe, J. John and Pedro, Joel B and Popp, Trevor and Seierstad, Inger K and Steffensen, J. P. and Svensson, Anders and Vallelonga, Paul and Vinther, Bo and Walker, Mike and Wheatley, J. J. and Winstrup, Mai",
    title = "A stratigraphic framework for abrupt climatic changes during the Last Glacial period based on three synchronized Greenland ice-core records: refining and extending the INTIMATE event stratigraphy",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Due to their outstanding resolution and well-constrained chronologies, Greenland ice-core records provide a master record of past climatic changes throughout the Last Interglacial–Glacial cycle in the North Atlantic region. As part of the INTIMATE (INTegration of Ice-core, MArine and TErrestrial records) project, protocols have been proposed to ensure consistent and robust correlation between different records of past climate. A key element of these protocols has been the formal definition and ordinal numbering of the sequence of Greenland Stadials (GS) and Greenland Interstadials (GI) within the most recent glacial period. The GS and GI periods are the Greenland expressions of the characteristic Dansgaard–Oeschger events that represent cold and warm phases of the North Atlantic region, respectively. We present here a more detailed and extended GS/GI template for the whole of the Last Glacial period. It is based on a synchronization of the NGRIP, GRIP, and GISP2 ice-core records that allows the parallel analysis of all three records on a common time scale. The boundaries of the GS and GI periods are defined based on a combination of stable-oxygen isotope ratios of the ice (δ18O, reflecting mainly local temperature) and calcium ion concentrations (reflecting mainly atmospheric dust loading) measured in the ice. The data not only resolve the well-known sequence of Dansgaard–Oeschger events that were first defined and numbered in the ice-core records more than two decades ago, but also better resolve a number of short-lived climatic oscillations, some defined here for the first time. Using this revised scheme, we propose a consistent approach for discriminating and naming all the significant abrupt climatic events of the Last Glacial period that are represented in the Greenland ice records. The final product constitutes an extended and better resolved Greenland stratotype sequence, against which other proxy records can be compared and correlated. It also provides a more secure basis for investigating the dynamics and fundamental causes of these climatic perturbations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.007",
    openalex = "W2007331923",
    references = "doi101002jqs1227, doi101002jqs2565, doi101002sici1099141719980708134283aidjqs38630co2a, doi1010160033589488900579, doi101016jquascirev200608002, doi1010292003rg000128, doi1010292005jd006079, doi10102996jc03365, doi10102997jc00880, doi10103829447, doi101038359311a0, doi101038360245a0, doi101038362527a0, doi101038364218a0, doi101038nature01690, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101038nature08686, doi101038nature11789, doi101126science1157707, doi101126science2915501109, doi105194cp4472008"
}

@article{doi101016jquascirev201410032,
    author = "Seierstad, Inger K and Abbott, Peter M and Bigler, Matthias and Blunier, Thomas and Bourne, Anna J. and Brook, Edward J. and Buchardt, S. L. and Buizert, Christo and Clausen, Henrik and Cook, Eliza and Dahl‐Jensen, Dorthe and Davies, Siwan M. and Guillevic, Myriam and Johnsen, S. J. and Pedersen, Desirée S. and Popp, Trevor and Rasmussen, Sune Olander and Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. and Svensson, Anders and Vinther, Bo",
    title = "Consistently dated records from the Greenland GRIP, GISP2 and NGRIP ice cores for the past 104 ka reveal regional millennial-scale δ18O gradients with possible Heinrich event imprint",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.032",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.10.032",
    openalex = "W2097783265",
    references = "doi101016jquascirev201409007, doi101016s002532270300046x"
}

Abstract. In order to reconstruct the temperature of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) site, new measurements of δ15N have been performed covering the time period from the beginning of the Holocene to Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) event 8. Together with previously measured and mostly published δ15N data, we present for the first time a NGRIP temperature reconstruction for the whole last glacial period from 10 to 120 kyr b2k (thousand years before 2000 AD) including every DO event based on δ15N isotope measurements combined with a firn densification and heat diffusion model. The detected temperature rises at the onset of DO events range from 5 °C (DO 25) up to 16.5 °C (DO 11) with an uncertainty of ±3 °C. To bring measured and modelled data into agreement, we had to reduce the accumulation rate given by the NGRIP ss09sea06bm timescale in some periods by 30 to 35%, especially during the last glacial maximum. A comparison between reconstructed temperature and δ18Oice data confirms that the isotopic composition of the stadial was strongly influenced by seasonality. We evidence an anticorrelation between the variations of the δ18Oice sensitivity to temperature (referred to as α) and obliquity in agreement with a simple Rayleigh distillation model. Finally, we suggest that α might be influenced by the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volume.

@article{doi105194cp108872014,
    author = "Kindler, P. and Guillevic, Mathieu and Baumgartner, M. and Schwander, Jakob and Landais, Amaëlle and Leuenberger, Markus",
    title = "Temperature reconstruction from 10 to 120 kyr b2k from the NGRIP ice core",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = "Abstract. In order to reconstruct the temperature of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) site, new measurements of δ15N have been performed covering the time period from the beginning of the Holocene to Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) event 8. Together with previously measured and mostly published δ15N data, we present for the first time a NGRIP temperature reconstruction for the whole last glacial period from 10 to 120 kyr b2k (thousand years before 2000 AD) including every DO event based on δ15N isotope measurements combined with a firn densification and heat diffusion model. The detected temperature rises at the onset of DO events range from 5 °C (DO 25) up to 16.5 °C (DO 11) with an uncertainty of ±3 °C. To bring measured and modelled data into agreement, we had to reduce the accumulation rate given by the NGRIP ss09sea06bm timescale in some periods by 30 to 35\%, especially during the last glacial maximum. A comparison between reconstructed temperature and δ18Oice data confirms that the isotopic composition of the stadial was strongly influenced by seasonality. We evidence an anticorrelation between the variations of the δ18Oice sensitivity to temperature (referred to as α) and obliquity in agreement with a simple Rayleigh distillation model. Finally, we suggest that α might be influenced by the Northern Hemisphere ice sheet volume.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-887-2014",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-10-887-2014",
    openalex = "W2070938086",
    references = "doi101016jquascirev201409007, doi101126science1157707, doi103189s0022143000031208"
}

This volume describes processes used in and results from laboratory measurements and analyses of core samples taken from methane hydrate-bearing sediments in a methane hydrate concentrated zone in the eastern Nankai Trough. The core analysis program was conducted under a Japan–US collaboration. Several pressure-preserved core samples were recovered as part of the research program that supported the world's first gas production trial from a marine gas-hydrate deposit in the area. To maintain physical properties of the core samples under in situ conditions and not allow the dissociation of the gas hydrates, preservation of the samples under pressure and temperature was necessary during sampling and analyses. To attain this goal, several new techniques were developed and employed for both core sampling and analysis operations. Multidisciplinary measurements for geological, geochemical, petrophysical, and mechanical data were performed on both pressure-preserved and conventional samples. The resulting data allow us to derive integrated and quantitative information about the nature of methane-hydrate-bearing sediments. This data and information are being used for reservoir characterization at the production test site and to improve our understanding of the behavior of methane-hydrate reservoirs during and after gas production.

@article{doi101016jmarpetgeo201502024,
    author = "Yamamoto, Koji",
    title = "Overview and introduction: Pressure core-sampling and analyses in the 2012–2013 MH21 offshore test of gas production from methane hydrates in the eastern Nankai Trough",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Marine and Petroleum Geology",
    abstract = "This volume describes processes used in and results from laboratory measurements and analyses of core samples taken from methane hydrate-bearing sediments in a methane hydrate concentrated zone in the eastern Nankai Trough. The core analysis program was conducted under a Japan–US collaboration. Several pressure-preserved core samples were recovered as part of the research program that supported the world's first gas production trial from a marine gas-hydrate deposit in the area. To maintain physical properties of the core samples under in situ conditions and not allow the dissociation of the gas hydrates, preservation of the samples under pressure and temperature was necessary during sampling and analyses. To attain this goal, several new techniques were developed and employed for both core sampling and analysis operations. Multidisciplinary measurements for geological, geochemical, petrophysical, and mechanical data were performed on both pressure-preserved and conventional samples. The resulting data allow us to derive integrated and quantitative information about the nature of methane-hydrate-bearing sediments. This data and information are being used for reservoir characterization at the production test site and to improve our understanding of the behavior of methane-hydrate reservoirs during and after gas production.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.024",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2015.02.024",
    openalex = "W2094384344",
    references = "doi1010292007rg000231"
}

Abstract. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide (WAIS Divide, WD) ice core is a newly drilled, high-accumulation deep ice core that provides Antarctic climate records of the past ∼68 ka at unprecedented temporal resolution. The upper 2850 m (back to 31.2 ka BP) have been dated using annual-layer counting. Here we present a chronology for the deep part of the core (67.8–31.2 ka BP), which is based on stratigraphic matching to annual-layer-counted Greenland ice cores using globally well-mixed atmospheric methane. We calculate the WD gas age–ice age difference (Δage) using a combination of firn densification modeling, ice-flow modeling, and a data set of δ15N-N2, a proxy for past firn column thickness. The largest Δage at WD occurs during the Last Glacial Maximum, and is 525 ± 120 years. Internally consistent solutions can be found only when assuming little to no influence of impurity content on densification rates, contrary to a recently proposed hypothesis. We synchronize the WD chronology to a linearly scaled version of the layer-counted Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05), which brings the age of Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events into agreement with the U/Th absolutely dated Hulu Cave speleothem record. The small Δage at WD provides valuable opportunities to investigate the timing of atmospheric greenhouse gas variations relative to Antarctic climate, as well as the interhemispheric phasing of the "bipolar seesaw".

@article{doi105194cp111532015,
    author = "Buizert, Christo and Cuffey, Kurt M. and Severinghaus, Jeffrey P. and Baggenstos, Daniel and Fudge, T. J. and Steig, Eric J. and Markle, Bradley and Winstrup, Mai and Rhodes, Rachael H. and Brook, Edward J. and Sowers, Todd and Clow, Gary D. and Cheng, Hai and Edwards, R. Lawrence and Sigl, Michael and McConnell, Joseph R. and Taylor, K. C.",
    title = "The WAIS Divide deep ice core WD2014 chronology – Part 1: Methane synchronization (68–31 ka BP) and the gas age–ice age difference",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Climate of the past",
    abstract = {Abstract. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide (WAIS Divide, WD) ice core is a newly drilled, high-accumulation deep ice core that provides Antarctic climate records of the past ∼68 ka at unprecedented temporal resolution. The upper 2850 m (back to 31.2 ka BP) have been dated using annual-layer counting. Here we present a chronology for the deep part of the core (67.8–31.2 ka BP), which is based on stratigraphic matching to annual-layer-counted Greenland ice cores using globally well-mixed atmospheric methane. We calculate the WD gas age–ice age difference (Δage) using a combination of firn densification modeling, ice-flow modeling, and a data set of δ15N-N2, a proxy for past firn column thickness. The largest Δage at WD occurs during the Last Glacial Maximum, and is 525 ± 120 years. Internally consistent solutions can be found only when assuming little to no influence of impurity content on densification rates, contrary to a recently proposed hypothesis. We synchronize the WD chronology to a linearly scaled version of the layer-counted Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05), which brings the age of Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events into agreement with the U/Th absolutely dated Hulu Cave speleothem record. The small Δage at WD provides valuable opportunities to investigate the timing of atmospheric greenhouse gas variations relative to Antarctic climate, as well as the interhemispheric phasing of the "bipolar seesaw".},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-153-2015",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-11-153-2015",
    openalex = "W2114095858",
    references = "doi101002jqs622, doi101016jquascirev201409007, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038nature02494, doi101038nature02805, doi101038nature05301, doi101126science1064618, doi101126science2915501109, doi102458azujsrc5516947, doi103189s0022143000031208, openalexw2070611029"
}

Rapid changes in ocean circulation and climate have been observed in marine-sediment and ice cores over the last glacial period and deglaciation, highlighting the non-linear character of the climate system and underlining the possibility of rapid climate shifts in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. To date, these rapid changes in climate and ocean circulation are still not fully explained. One obstacle hindering progress in our understanding of the interactions between past ocean circulation and climate changes is the difficulty of accurately dating marine cores. Here, we present a set of 92 marine sediment cores from the Atlantic Ocean for which we have established age-depth models that are consistent with the Greenland GICC05 ice core chronology, and computed the associated dating uncertainties, using a new deposition modeling technique. This is the first set of consistently dated marine sediment cores enabling paleoclimate scientists to evaluate leads/lags between circulation and climate changes over vast regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, this data set is of direct use in paleoclimate modeling studies.

@article{doi101038s4159701901738,
    author = "Waelbroeck, Claire and Lougheed, Bryan C and Riveiros, Natalia Vázquez and Missiaen, Lise and Pedro, Joel B and Dokken, Trond and Hajdas, Irka and Wacker, Lukas and Abbott, Peter M and Dumoulin, Jean‐Pascal and Thil, François and Eynaud, Frédérique and Rossignol, Linda and Fersi, Wiem and Albuquerque, Ana Luíza Spadano and Arz, Helge W. and Austin, William E. N. and Came, Rosemarie E and Carlson, Anders E. and Collins, James A and Dennielou, Bernard and Desprat, Stéphanie and Dickson, Alex and Elliot, Mary and Farmer, Christa and Giraudeau, Jacques and Gottschalk, Julia and Henderiks, Jorijntje and Hughen, Konrad A and Jung, Simon and Knutz, Paul Cornils and Lebreiro, Susana and Lund, David C and Lynch‐Stieglitz, Jean and Malaizé, Bruno and Marchitto, Thomas M. and Méndez, Gema Martínez and Mollenhauer, Gesine and Naughton, Filipa and Nave, Silvia Osorio and Nürnberg, Dirk and Oppo, Delia W and Peck, Victoria L. and Peeters, Frank J C and Penaud, Aurélie and Portilho-Ramos, Rodrigo Costa and Repschläger, Janne and Roberts, Jenny and Rühlemann, Carsten and Salgueiro, Emı́lia and Goñi, Marı́a Fernanda Sánchez and Schönfeld, Joachim and Scussolini, Paolo and Skinner, Luke C and Skonieczny, Charlotte and Thornalley, David and Toucanne, Samuel and Rooij, David Van and Vidal, Laurence and Voelker, Antje H L and Wary, Mélanie and Weldeab, Syee and Ziegler, Martin",
    title = "Consistently dated Atlantic sediment cores over the last 40 thousand years",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Scientific Data",
    abstract = "Rapid changes in ocean circulation and climate have been observed in marine-sediment and ice cores over the last glacial period and deglaciation, highlighting the non-linear character of the climate system and underlining the possibility of rapid climate shifts in response to anthropogenic greenhouse gas forcing. To date, these rapid changes in climate and ocean circulation are still not fully explained. One obstacle hindering progress in our understanding of the interactions between past ocean circulation and climate changes is the difficulty of accurately dating marine cores. Here, we present a set of 92 marine sediment cores from the Atlantic Ocean for which we have established age-depth models that are consistent with the Greenland GICC05 ice core chronology, and computed the associated dating uncertainties, using a new deposition modeling technique. This is the first set of consistently dated marine sediment cores enabling paleoclimate scientists to evaluate leads/lags between circulation and climate changes over vast regions of the Atlantic Ocean. Moreover, this data set is of direct use in paleoclimate modeling studies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0173-8",
    doi = "10.1038/s41597-019-0173-8",
    openalex = "W2971262600",
    references = "doi101016jquascirev201409007, doi101016s002532270300046x, doi105194cp917332013"
}

Microplastics (MPs) accumulate in natural sea ice, as shown by field observations. However, the distribution of MPs particles in vertical is rather "chaotic". Since the mechanisms of interaction of MPs with sea ice are still poorly known, and sea ice per se is a complex medium, the laboratory experiments are the most effective tool in unravelling the processes behind the observed pattern. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to attend the processes of penetration from the ice surface and the bottom of the container into the ice body of polystyrene fragments (density 1.05 g/cm3, size range 0.2-0.5 mm), and their re-distribution in vertical when the ice core is transferred into permeable regime due to cooling/warming cycles. All four identified MPs re-location mechanisms - sinking with newly-formed brine, floating with gas bubbles, adjusting to the brine density within the channels, and following convective circulations in the mushy layer - led in our experiments to the displacement of the center of mass of plastics in ice cores during the first 2-3 cooling/warming cycles. Remarkably, the order of magnitude of both upward and downward advancement of the center of mass of MPs through the ice is merely the same - units of mm per week. Even though very approximate, this value might be useful for better understanding of the observed field patterns of natural ice contamination with MPs and for its modelling. Possible spatiotemporal variability of the buoyancy of MPs particles in natural sea ice brine is highlighted for the first time.

@article{doi101016jmarpolbul2025119136,
    author = "Bocherikova, Irina and Gorbachev, Alexey and Chubarenko, Irina",
    title = "Vertical re-distribution of microplastics particles in sea ice due to cooling/warming cycles: A laboratory experiment.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Marine pollution bulletin",
    abstract = {Microplastics (MPs) accumulate in natural sea ice, as shown by field observations. However, the distribution of MPs particles in vertical is rather "chaotic". Since the mechanisms of interaction of MPs with sea ice are still poorly known, and sea ice per se is a complex medium, the laboratory experiments are the most effective tool in unravelling the processes behind the observed pattern. A series of laboratory experiments were performed to attend the processes of penetration from the ice surface and the bottom of the container into the ice body of polystyrene fragments (density 1.05 g/cm3, size range 0.2-0.5 mm), and their re-distribution in vertical when the ice core is transferred into permeable regime due to cooling/warming cycles. All four identified MPs re-location mechanisms - sinking with newly-formed brine, floating with gas bubbles, adjusting to the brine density within the channels, and following convective circulations in the mushy layer - led in our experiments to the displacement of the center of mass of plastics in ice cores during the first 2-3 cooling/warming cycles. Remarkably, the order of magnitude of both upward and downward advancement of the center of mass of MPs through the ice is merely the same - units of mm per week. Even though very approximate, this value might be useful for better understanding of the observed field patterns of natural ice contamination with MPs and for its modelling. Possible spatiotemporal variability of the buoyancy of MPs particles in natural sea ice brine is highlighted for the first time.},
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41380568/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.119136",
    openalex = "W4417266688",
    pmid = "41380568",
    references = "doi1010022014ef000240, doi101016jheliyon2023e14359, doi101016jmarpolbul2020111130, doi101016s0022098199001112, doi1010292006gl026290, doi1010292007gl030447, doi101038s41467018038255, doi101038s41598020619486, doi101098rsbl20120298, doi103189s0022143000008364"
}

The contamination of sea ice by microplastics (MPs) and microfibers (MFs) is still underexplored. In this study, we report the abundance, chemical composition, and vertical distribution of MPs and MFs in the seasonal sea ice of Amur Bay (Sea of Japan, Russia). More specifically, three ice cores (38-53 cm long) were manually extracted, sectioned into ∼5 cm layers, melted, and filtered without chemical pretreatment and then submitted to μFTIR analysis. A total of 29 filters, corresponding to ∼24.5 kg of sea ice, were analyzed. Overall, 6026 anthropogenic items in the 25-5000 μm size range were identified, yielding a bulk mean of 4716 ± 2509 items/L. Among them, 94.7% were fibers, 4.1% fragments, and 1.2% films. Particles between 0.3 and 5 mm represented over 80% of the total, while smaller particles were less abundant. Notably, 90% of fibers were cellulose-based. MPs averaged 685 ± 550 items/L and consisted mainly of polyester (47%), acrylic (25%), polyethylene (4%), and polystyrene (3%). Core T15-K4 exhibited significant stratification, with fibers concentrated in the middle layers, whereas T13-K1 and T15-K2 showed no significant vertical variation. These findings indicate that first-year sea ice functions as a temporary sink for anthropogenic particulate pollutants. The strong predominance of cellulosic MFs underscores the need to include natural and semi-synthetic fibers in future monitoring efforts.

@article{doi101016jmarpolbul2026119590,
    author = "Riseri, Davide and Chubarenko, Irina and Lazaryuk, Alexander and Lasagni, Marina and Collina, Elena and Saliu, Francesco",
    title = "Large prevalence of cellulosic fibers in the first-year sea ice from Amur Bay, Sea of Japan.",
    year = "2026",
    journal = "Marine pollution bulletin",
    abstract = "The contamination of sea ice by microplastics (MPs) and microfibers (MFs) is still underexplored. In this study, we report the abundance, chemical composition, and vertical distribution of MPs and MFs in the seasonal sea ice of Amur Bay (Sea of Japan, Russia). More specifically, three ice cores (38-53 cm long) were manually extracted, sectioned into ∼5 cm layers, melted, and filtered without chemical pretreatment and then submitted to μFTIR analysis. A total of 29 filters, corresponding to ∼24.5 kg of sea ice, were analyzed. Overall, 6026 anthropogenic items in the 25-5000 μm size range were identified, yielding a bulk mean of 4716 ± 2509 items/L. Among them, 94.7\% were fibers, 4.1\% fragments, and 1.2\% films. Particles between 0.3 and 5 mm represented over 80\% of the total, while smaller particles were less abundant. Notably, 90\% of fibers were cellulose-based. MPs averaged 685 ± 550 items/L and consisted mainly of polyester (47\%), acrylic (25\%), polyethylene (4\%), and polystyrene (3\%). Core T15-K4 exhibited significant stratification, with fibers concentrated in the middle layers, whereas T13-K1 and T15-K2 showed no significant vertical variation. These findings indicate that first-year sea ice functions as a temporary sink for anthropogenic particulate pollutants. The strong predominance of cellulosic MFs underscores the need to include natural and semi-synthetic fibers in future monitoring efforts.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41861588/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.marpolbul.2026.119590",
    openalex = "W7138860314",
    pmid = "41861588",
    references = "doi101016jmarpolbul201601006, doi101016jmarpolbul201609025, doi101016jmarpolbul2025119136, doi101021es201811s, doi101021es400663f, doi101021es800249a, doi101073pnas1314705111, doi101098rsos140317, doi101126science1094559, doi101126science1260352, doi101371journalpone0111913"
}