Insects

@article{cockerell1917fossil,
    author = "Cockerell, T. D. A.",
    title = "Fossil Insects.*",
    year = "1917",
    journal = "Annals of the Entomological Society of America",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/10.1.1",
    doi = "10.1093/aesa/10.1.1",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W4240855584",
    pages = "1-22",
    volume = "10"
}

@article{birch1948the,
    author = "Birch, L. C.",
    title = "The Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase of an Insect Population",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "The Journal of Animal Ecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/1605",
    doi = "10.2307/1605",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2318521515",
    pages = "15",
    volume = "17",
    references = "deevey1947life, doi101038icb194523, doi10108001621459192510503498, doi101086395888, doi101093biomet333183, doi1010970001069419360200000018, doi101098rspb19450003, doi1023071425, doi1023072298330, doi1023072965538, doi105962bhltitle4489"
}

@article{birch1948the2,
    author = "Birch, L. C",
    title = "The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 16, p. 15-26",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Birch, L. C., 1948, The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population: Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 16, p. 15-26.}"
}

@article{davidson1948annual6,
    author = "Davidson, J. and Andrewartha, H. G",
    title = "Annual trends in a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera)",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 17, p. 193-222",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Davidson, J., and Andrewartha, H. G., 1948, Annual trends in a natural population of Thrips imaginis (Thysanoptera): Journal of Animal Ecology, v. 17, p. 193-222.}"
}

@misc{birch1953experimental3,
    author = "Birch, L. C",
    title = "Experimental background to the study of the distribution and abundance of insects. III. The relations between innate capacity for increase and survival of different species of beetles living together on the same food",
    year = "1953",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 7, p. 136-144",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Birch, L. C., 1953, Experimental background to the study of the distribution and abundance of insects. III. The relations between innate capacity for increase and survival of different species of beetles living together on the same food: Evolution, v. 7, p. 136-144.}"
}

The primitive (single oviposition period) method for determining the finite rate of natural increase (Λ) of an insect species which lays all its eggs quickly is described, together with a summary of a more accurate method introduced by P. H. Leslie and L, C. Birch of calculating the infinite (infinitesimal) rate of increase (r) of any species. The parameter r is the natural logarithm of the parameter Λ. Two methods of simplifying this more accurate method are discussed and illustrated by six examples which are used to compare the results given by all four methods. The first modification of the Leslie‐Birch method provides a means of representing a long oviposition cycle by a single figure so that the final calculation resembles the primitive single period method. The oviposition period is divided into a number of convenient unit periods, and using a table of weighting factors provided, the number of eggs laid in each of these unit periods is converted into the number of eggs required to be laid in the first of these unit periods of oviposition to make an equivalent contribution to the rate of increase. The equivalent oviposition figures for all the unit periods are summed to provide one figure which represents the observed egg number and pattern. The second modification provides a means of representing the observed egg pattern by a constant rate of oviposition. This requires the same table of weighting factors but also needs a series of charts which are provided. This method usually gives a good answer at the first attempt, whereas the first modification usually requires two trial and error solutions to give an accurate estimate of r and hence of Λ. Two of the examples show how the methods may be used for species for which information is scattered in the published literature. The minimum requirements for estimation of r are information on the length of the developmental cycle, the rate of egg output of adults, mortality of all stages and the sex ratio.

@article{doi101111j174473481953tb02372x,
    author = "Howe, Robert W.",
    title = "THE RAPID DETERMINATION OF THE INTRINSIC RATE OF INCREASE OF AN INSECT POPULATION",
    year = "1953",
    journal = "Annals of Applied Biology",
    abstract = "The primitive (single oviposition period) method for determining the finite rate of natural increase (Λ) of an insect species which lays all its eggs quickly is described, together with a summary of a more accurate method introduced by P. H. Leslie and L, C. Birch of calculating the infinite (infinitesimal) rate of increase (r) of any species. The parameter r is the natural logarithm of the parameter Λ. Two methods of simplifying this more accurate method are discussed and illustrated by six examples which are used to compare the results given by all four methods. The first modification of the Leslie‐Birch method provides a means of representing a long oviposition cycle by a single figure so that the final calculation resembles the primitive single period method. The oviposition period is divided into a number of convenient unit periods, and using a table of weighting factors provided, the number of eggs laid in each of these unit periods is converted into the number of eggs required to be laid in the first of these unit periods of oviposition to make an equivalent contribution to the rate of increase. The equivalent oviposition figures for all the unit periods are summed to provide one figure which represents the observed egg number and pattern. The second modification provides a means of representing the observed egg pattern by a constant rate of oviposition. This requires the same table of weighting factors but also needs a series of charts which are provided. This method usually gives a good answer at the first attempt, whereas the first modification usually requires two trial and error solutions to give an accurate estimate of r and hence of Λ. Two of the examples show how the methods may be used for species for which information is scattered in the published literature. The minimum requirements for estimation of r are information on the length of the developmental cycle, the rate of egg output of adults, mortality of all stages and the sex ratio.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb02372.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1744-7348.1953.tb02372.x",
    openalex = "W2155647269"
}

@misc{andrewartha1963density1,
    author = "Andrewartha, H. G",
    title = "Density dependence in the Australian thrips",
    year = "1963",
    howpublished = "Ecology, v. 44, p. 218-220",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Andrewartha, H. G., 1963, Density dependence in the Australian thrips: Ecology, v. 44, p. 218-220.}"
}

@misc{erhlich1964butterflies9,
    author = "Erhlich, P. R. and Raven, P. H",
    title = "Butterflies and plants",
    year = "1964",
    howpublished = "a study in coevolution: Evolution, v. 18, p. 586-608",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Erhlich, P. R., and Raven, P. H., 1964, Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution: Evolution, v. 18, p. 586-608.}"
}

@article{debach1966the7,
    author = "DeBach, P",
    title = "The competitive displacement and coexistance principles",
    year = "1966",
    journal = "Annual Review of Entomology, v. 11, p. 183-212",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {DeBach, P., 1966, The competitive displacement and coexistance principles: Annual Review of Entomology, v. 11, p. 183-212.}"
}

@misc{clark1967the4,
    author = "Clark, L. R. and Geier, P. W. and Hughes, R. D. and Morris, R. F",
    title = "The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "London, Methuen, 232 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clark, L. R., Geier, P. W., Hughes, R. D., and Morris, R. F., 1967, The Ecology of Insect Populations in Theory and Practice: London, Methuen, 232 p.}"
}

@misc{wilson1967the13,
    author = "Wilson, E. O. and Carpenter, F. M. and Brown, W. L",
    title = "The First Mesozoic Ants, with the Description of a New Subfamily",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "Psyche, v. 74, p. 1-19",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wilson, E. O., Carpenter, F. M., and Brown, W. L., 1967, The First Mesozoic Ants, with the Description of a New Subfamily: Psyche, v. 74, p. 1-19.}"
}

@misc{dressler1968pollination8,
    author = "Dressler, R. L",
    title = "Pollination by euglossine bees",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Evolution, v. 22, p. 202- 210",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Dressler, R. L., 1968, Pollination by euglossine bees: Evolution, v. 22, p. 202- 210.}"
}

@misc{jackson1974goldschmidts10,
    author = "Jackson, J. F",
    title = "Goldschmidt's dilemma resolved",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Notes on the larval behavior of a new neotropical web-spinning Mycetophilid (Diptera): American Midland Naturalist, v. 92, p. 240-245",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jackson, J. F., 1974, Goldschmidt's dilemma resolved: Notes on the larval behavior of a new neotropical web-spinning Mycetophilid (Diptera): American Midland Naturalist, v. 92, p. 240-245.}"
}

@article{coope1975climatic5,
    author = "Coope, G. R",
    title = "Climatic Fluctuations in Northwest Europe Since the Last Interglacial, Indicated by Fossil Assemblages of Coleoptera, in Wright, A. E., and Moseley, F., eds., Ice Ages",
    year = "1975",
    journal = "Ancient and Modern, 6 of Geological Journal Special Issue: p. 153-168",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Coope, G. R., 1975, Climatic Fluctuations in Northwest Europe Since the Last Interglacial, Indicated by Fossil Assemblages of Coleoptera, in Wright, A. E., and Moseley, F., eds., Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, 6 of Geological Journal Special Issue: p. 153-168.}"
}

@misc{yuretich1984yellowstone15,
    author = "Yuretich, R. T",
    title = "Yellowstone fossil forests",
    year = "1984",
    howpublished = "new evidence for burial in place: Geology, v. 12, p. 159-162",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Yuretich, R. T., 1984, Yellowstone fossil forests: new evidence for burial in place: Geology, v. 12, p. 159-162.}"
}

@misc{kingsolver1985aerodynamics11,
    author = "Kingsolver, J. G. and Koehl, M. A. R",
    title = "Aerodynamics, thermoregulation and the evolution of insect wings",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "Differential scaling and evolutionary changes: Evolution, v. 39, p. 488-504",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Kingsolver, J. G., and Koehl, M. A. R., 1985, Aerodynamics, thermoregulation and the evolution of insect wings: Differential scaling and evolutionary changes: Evolution, v. 39, p. 488-504.}"
}

@misc{wigglesworth1985insects12,
    author = "Wigglesworth, S. V. B",
    title = "Insects",
    year = "1985",
    howpublished = "The Class Insecta, in Encyclopedia Britannica: Chicago, Illinois, Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 21, p. 585-598",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Wigglesworth, S. V. B., 1985, Insects: The Class Insecta, in Encyclopedia Britannica: Chicago, Illinois, Encyclopedia Britannica, v. 21, p. 585-598.}"
}

@article{csuk2004synthesis,
    author = "Csuk, René and Niesen, Anja and Tschuch, Gunther and Moritz, Gerald",
    title = "Synthesis of a natural insect repellent isolated from thrips",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Tetrahedron",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.036",
    doi = "10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.036",
    number = "28",
    openalex = "W2022488433",
    pages = "6001-6004",
    volume = "60",
    references = "doi101002chin198041349, doi101016004040399501850h, doi1010160957416695000898, doi101016jpbb200310018, doi10108000397919408010156, doi101139v93171, doi10310915563659709001224"
}

"This book chronicles, for the first time, the complete evolutionary history of insects: their living diversity, relationships, and 400 million years of fossils. Whereas other volumes have focused on either living species or fossils, this is the first comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of insect evolution. Current estimates of phylogeny are used to interpret the 400-million-year fossil record of insects, their extinctions, and radiations." "Evolution of the Insects is beautifully illustrated with more than 900 photo- and electron micrographs, drawings, diagrams, and field photographs, many in full color and virtually all original. The book will appeal to anyone engaged with insect diversity: professional entomologists and students, insect and fossil collectors, and naturalists."--BOOK JACKET.

@book{openalexw1900040508,
    author = "Grimaldi, David A. and Engel, Michael S.",
    title = "Evolution of the Insects",
    year = "2005",
    abstract = {"This book chronicles, for the first time, the complete evolutionary history of insects: their living diversity, relationships, and 400 million years of fossils. Whereas other volumes have focused on either living species or fossils, this is the first comprehensive synthesis of all aspects of insect evolution. Current estimates of phylogeny are used to interpret the 400-million-year fossil record of insects, their extinctions, and radiations." "Evolution of the Insects is beautifully illustrated with more than 900 photo- and electron micrographs, drawings, diagrams, and field photographs, many in full color and virtually all original. The book will appeal to anyone engaged with insect diversity: professional entomologists and students, insect and fossil collectors, and naturalists."--BOOK JACKET.},
    openalex = "W1900040508",
    references = "doi101093sysbio526745"
}

Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms of mutualism. Here we review evolutionary features of three prominent insect-plant mutualisms: pollination, protection and seed dispersal. We focus on addressing five central phenomena: evolutionary origins and maintenance of mutualism; the evolution of mutualistic traits; the evolution of specialization and generalization; coevolutionary processes; and the existence of cheating. Several features uniting very diverse insect-plant mutualisms are identified and their evolutionary implications are discussed: the involvement of one mobile and one sedentary partner; natural selection on plant rewards; the existence of a continuum from specialization to generalization; and the ubiquity of cheating, particularly on the part of insects. Plant-insect mutualisms have apparently both arisen and been lost repeatedly. Many adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain these transitions, and it is unlikely that any one of them dominates across interactions differing so widely in natural history. Evolutionary theory has a potentially important, but as yet largely unfilled, role to play in explaining the origins, maintenance, breakdown and evolution of insect-plant mutualisms.

@article{doi101111j14698137200601864x,
    author = "Bronstein, Judith L. and Alarcón, Rubén and Geber, Monica A.",
    title = "The evolution of plant–insect mutualisms",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "New Phytologist",
    abstract = "Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms of mutualism. Here we review evolutionary features of three prominent insect-plant mutualisms: pollination, protection and seed dispersal. We focus on addressing five central phenomena: evolutionary origins and maintenance of mutualism; the evolution of mutualistic traits; the evolution of specialization and generalization; coevolutionary processes; and the existence of cheating. Several features uniting very diverse insect-plant mutualisms are identified and their evolutionary implications are discussed: the involvement of one mobile and one sedentary partner; natural selection on plant rewards; the existence of a continuum from specialization to generalization; and the ubiquity of cheating, particularly on the part of insects. Plant-insect mutualisms have apparently both arisen and been lost repeatedly. Many adaptive hypotheses have been proposed to explain these transitions, and it is unlikely that any one of them dominates across interactions differing so widely in natural history. Evolutionary theory has a potentially important, but as yet largely unfilled, role to play in explaining the origins, maintenance, breakdown and evolution of insect-plant mutualisms.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01864.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01864.x",
    openalex = "W2137714402",
    references = "doi101073pnas1633576100, doi101126science7466396, doi101146annurevecolsys34011802132347, doi1023072265575, doi105860choice432194, doi105962bhltitle59991, doi105962bhltitle82303, doi107208chicago97802261186970010001, doi107312steb94536, openalexw1900040508"
}

Body size is a key feature of organisms and varies continuously because of the effects of natural selection on the size-dependency of resource acquisition and mortality rates. This review provides a critical and synthetic overview of body size variation in insects from a predominantly macroecological (large-scale temporal and spatial) perspective. Because of the importance of understanding the proximate determinants of adult size, it commences with a brief summary of the physiological mechanisms underlying adult body size and its variation, based mostly on findings for the model species Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. Variation in nutrition and temperature have variable effects on critical weight, the interval to cessation of growth (or terminal growth period) and growth rates, so influencing final adult size. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic variation in size, compensatory growth, scaling at the intra- and interspecific levels, sexual size dimorphism, and body size optimisation are then reviewed in light of their influences on individual and species body size frequency distributions. Explicit attention is given to evolutionary trends, including gigantism, Cope's rule and the rates at which size change has taken place, and to temporal ecological trends such as variation in size with succession and size-selectivity during the invasion process. Large-scale spatial variation in size at the intraspecific, interspecific and assemblage levels is considered, with special attention being given to the mechanisms proposed to underlie clinal variation in adult body size. Finally, areas particularly in need of additional research are identified.

@article{doi101111j1469185x200900097x,
    author = "Chown, Steven L. and Gaston, Kevin J.",
    title = "Body size variation in insects: a macroecological perspective",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society",
    abstract = "Body size is a key feature of organisms and varies continuously because of the effects of natural selection on the size-dependency of resource acquisition and mortality rates. This review provides a critical and synthetic overview of body size variation in insects from a predominantly macroecological (large-scale temporal and spatial) perspective. Because of the importance of understanding the proximate determinants of adult size, it commences with a brief summary of the physiological mechanisms underlying adult body size and its variation, based mostly on findings for the model species Drosophila melanogaster and Manduca sexta. Variation in nutrition and temperature have variable effects on critical weight, the interval to cessation of growth (or terminal growth period) and growth rates, so influencing final adult size. Ontogenetic and phylogenetic variation in size, compensatory growth, scaling at the intra- and interspecific levels, sexual size dimorphism, and body size optimisation are then reviewed in light of their influences on individual and species body size frequency distributions. Explicit attention is given to evolutionary trends, including gigantism, Cope's rule and the rates at which size change has taken place, and to temporal ecological trends such as variation in size with succession and size-selectivity during the invasion process. Large-scale spatial variation in size at the intraspecific, interspecific and assemblage levels is considered, with special attention being given to the mechanisms proposed to underlie clinal variation in adult body size. Finally, areas particularly in need of additional research are identified.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00097.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1469-185x.2009.00097.x",
    openalex = "W2168397593",
    references = "doi1010029780470999592, doi101016jtree200310013, doi101016s0065250408602123, doi101038128243c0, doi101046j1365202820010270ex, doi101093acprofoso97801985708750011, doi101111j13652435200701283x, doi101890039000, doi1023073544943, openalexw1900040508, openalexw393971264"
}

Phylogenies are usually dated by calibrating interior nodes against the fossil record. This relies on indirect methods that, in the worst case, misrepresent the fossil information. Here, we contrast such node dating with an approach that includes fossils along with the extant taxa in a Bayesian total-evidence analysis. As a test case, we focus on the early radiation of the Hymenoptera, mostly documented by poorly preserved impression fossils that are difficult to place phylogenetically. Specifically, we compare node dating using nine calibration points derived from the fossil record with total-evidence dating based on 343 morphological characters scored for 45 fossil (4--20 complete) and 68 extant taxa. In both cases we use molecular data from seven markers (∼5 kb) for the extant taxa. Because it is difficult to model speciation, extinction, sampling, and fossil preservation realistically, we develop a simple uniform prior for clock trees with fossils, and we use relaxed clock models to accommodate rate variation across the tree. Despite considerable uncertainty in the placement of most fossils, we find that they contribute significantly to the estimation of divergence times in the total-evidence analysis. In particular, the posterior distributions on divergence times are less sensitive to prior assumptions and tend to be more precise than in node dating. The total-evidence analysis also shows that four of the seven Hymenoptera calibration points used in node dating are likely to be based on erroneous or doubtful assumptions about the fossil placement. With respect to the early radiation of Hymenoptera, our results suggest that the crown group dates back to the Carboniferous, ∼309 Ma (95% interval: 291--347 Ma), and diversified into major extant lineages much earlier than previously thought, well before the Triassic. [Bayesian inference; fossil dating; morphological evolution; relaxed clock; statistical phylogenetics.].

@article{doi101093sysbiosys058,
    author = "Ronquist, Fredrik and Klopfstein, Seraina and Vilhelmsen, Lars and Schulmeister, Susanne and Murray, Debra L. and Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.",
    title = "A Total-Evidence Approach to Dating with Fossils, Applied to the Early Radiation of the Hymenoptera",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Systematic Biology",
    abstract = "Phylogenies are usually dated by calibrating interior nodes against the fossil record. This relies on indirect methods that, in the worst case, misrepresent the fossil information. Here, we contrast such node dating with an approach that includes fossils along with the extant taxa in a Bayesian total-evidence analysis. As a test case, we focus on the early radiation of the Hymenoptera, mostly documented by poorly preserved impression fossils that are difficult to place phylogenetically. Specifically, we compare node dating using nine calibration points derived from the fossil record with total-evidence dating based on 343 morphological characters scored for 45 fossil (4--20 complete) and 68 extant taxa. In both cases we use molecular data from seven markers (∼5 kb) for the extant taxa. Because it is difficult to model speciation, extinction, sampling, and fossil preservation realistically, we develop a simple uniform prior for clock trees with fossils, and we use relaxed clock models to accommodate rate variation across the tree. Despite considerable uncertainty in the placement of most fossils, we find that they contribute significantly to the estimation of divergence times in the total-evidence analysis. In particular, the posterior distributions on divergence times are less sensitive to prior assumptions and tend to be more precise than in node dating. The total-evidence analysis also shows that four of the seven Hymenoptera calibration points used in node dating are likely to be based on erroneous or doubtful assumptions about the fossil placement. With respect to the early radiation of Hymenoptera, our results suggest that the crown group dates back to the Carboniferous, ∼309 Ma (95\% interval: 291--347 Ma), and diversified into major extant lineages much earlier than previously thought, well before the Triassic. [Bayesian inference; fossil dating; morphological evolution; relaxed clock; statistical phylogenetics.].",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys058",
    doi = "10.1093/sysbio/sys058",
    openalex = "W2159597448",
    references = "doi101016jympev201104003, doi10108010635150290102456, doi101093molbevmsm193, doi101093sysbiosyq085, doi101093sysbiosyr047, doi101093sysbiosyr107, openalexw1900040508, openalexw2733548038"
}

@incollection{barden2020fossil,
    author = "Barden, Phillip and Engel, Michael S.",
    title = "Fossil Social Insects",
    year = "2020",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Social Insects",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4\_45-1",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4\_45-1",
    openalex = "W2994725283",
    pages = "1-21",
    references = "doi101016jcub201701027, doi101016jcub201908076, doi101017cbo9781139014113, doi101098rspb20122686, doi101126science1257570, doi101146annurevmicro092412155715, doi1012060003009020012590001amotba20co2, doi1012063771, doi1012066511, doi10560219780801885730"
}

Abstract Time and again, over hundreds of millions of years, environmental disturbances have caused mass extinctions of animals ranging from reptiles to corals. The anthropogenic loss of species diversity happening now is often discussed as the ‘sixth mass extinction’ in light of the ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions in the fossil record. But insects, whose taxonomic diversity now appears to be threatened by human activity, have a unique extinction history. Prehistoric losses of insect diversity at the levels of order and family appear to have been driven by competition among insect lineages, with biotic replacement ensuring minimal net losses in taxonomic diversity. The end-Permian extinction, the ‘mother of mass extinctions’ in the seas, was more of a faunal turnover than a mass extinction for insects. Insects’ current biotic crisis has been measured in terms of the loss of abundance and biomass (rather than the loss of species, genera, or families) and these are essentially impossible to measure in the fossil record. However, should the ongoing loss of insect abundance and biomass cause the demise of many insect families, the current extinction event may well be the first sudden loss of higher-level insect diversity in our planet’s history. This is not insects’ sixth mass extinction—in fact, it may become their first.

@article{doi101093aesasaaa042,
    author = "Schachat, Sandra R. and Labandeira, Conrad C.",
    title = "Are Insects Heading Toward Their First Mass Extinction? Distinguishing Turnover From Crises in Their Fossil Record",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Annals of the Entomological Society of America",
    abstract = "Abstract Time and again, over hundreds of millions of years, environmental disturbances have caused mass extinctions of animals ranging from reptiles to corals. The anthropogenic loss of species diversity happening now is often discussed as the ‘sixth mass extinction’ in light of the ‘Big Five’ mass extinctions in the fossil record. But insects, whose taxonomic diversity now appears to be threatened by human activity, have a unique extinction history. Prehistoric losses of insect diversity at the levels of order and family appear to have been driven by competition among insect lineages, with biotic replacement ensuring minimal net losses in taxonomic diversity. The end-Permian extinction, the ‘mother of mass extinctions’ in the seas, was more of a faunal turnover than a mass extinction for insects. Insects’ current biotic crisis has been measured in terms of the loss of abundance and biomass (rather than the loss of species, genera, or families) and these are essentially impossible to measure in the fossil record. However, should the ongoing loss of insect abundance and biomass cause the demise of many insect families, the current extinction event may well be the first sudden loss of higher-level insect diversity in our planet’s history. This is not insects’ sixth mass extinction—in fact, it may become their first.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saaa042",
    doi = "10.1093/aesa/saaa042",
    openalex = "W3115241029",
    references = "barden2020fossil, doi101073pnas1505252112"
}

@incollection{barden2021fossil,
    author = "Barden, Phillip and Engel, Michael S.",
    title = "Fossil Social Insects",
    year = "2021",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Social Insects",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1\_45",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-030-28102-1\_45",
    openalex = "W4231442935",
    pages = "384-403",
    references = "doi101016jcub201701027, doi101016jcub201908076, doi101017cbo9781139014113, doi101098rspb20122686, doi101126science1257570, doi101146annurevmicro092412155715, doi1012060003009020012590001amotba20co2, doi1012063771, doi1012066511, doi10560219780801885730"
}

Abstract Using a fossilized birth–death model, a new phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea (including ensign wasps, nightshade wasps and hatchet wasps) is proposed, with estimates of divergence times for its constitutive families and for corroborating the monophyly of Evanioidea. Additionally, our Bayesian analyses demonstrate the monophyly of †Anomopterellidae, †Othniodellithidae, †Andreneliidae, Aulacidae, Gasteruptiida and Evaniidae, whereas †Praeaulacidae and †Baissidae appear to be paraphyletic. Vectevania vetula and Hyptiogastrites electrinus are transferred to Aulacidae. We estimate the divergence time of Evanioidea to be in the Late Triassic (~203 Mya). Additionally, three new othniodellithid wasps are described and figured from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber as the new genus Keratodellitha, with three new species: Keratodellitha anubis sp. nov., Keratodellitha basilisci sp. nov. and Keratodellitha kirin sp. nov. We also document a temporal shift in relative species richness between Ichneumonoidea and Evanioidea.

@article{doi101093zoolinneanzlab034,
    author = "Jouault, Corentin and Maréchal, Arthur and Condamine, Fabien L. and Wáng, Bó and Nel, André and Legendre, Frédéric and Perrichot, Vincent",
    title = "Including fossils in phylogeny: a glimpse into the evolution of the superfamily Evanioidea (Hymenoptera: Apocrita) under tip-dating and the fossilized birth–death process",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society",
    abstract = "Abstract Using a fossilized birth–death model, a new phylogeny of the superfamily Evanioidea (including ensign wasps, nightshade wasps and hatchet wasps) is proposed, with estimates of divergence times for its constitutive families and for corroborating the monophyly of Evanioidea. Additionally, our Bayesian analyses demonstrate the monophyly of †Anomopterellidae, †Othniodellithidae, †Andreneliidae, Aulacidae, Gasteruptiida and Evaniidae, whereas †Praeaulacidae and †Baissidae appear to be paraphyletic. Vectevania vetula and Hyptiogastrites electrinus are transferred to Aulacidae. We estimate the divergence time of Evanioidea to be in the Late Triassic (\textasciitilde 203 Mya). Additionally, three new othniodellithid wasps are described and figured from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber as the new genus Keratodellitha, with three new species: Keratodellitha anubis sp. nov., Keratodellitha basilisci sp. nov. and Keratodellitha kirin sp. nov. We also document a temporal shift in relative species richness between Ichneumonoidea and Evanioidea.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab034",
    doi = "10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab034",
    openalex = "W3182457676",
    references = "cockerell1917fossil"
}

The Elateridae (click-beetles) are the largest family in Elateroidea; however, their relationships, systematics and classification remain unclear. Our understanding of the origin, evolution, palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeography of Elateridae, as well as reconstruction of a reliable time-calibrated phylogeny for the group, are hampered by the lack of detailed knowledge of their fossil record. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge on all described fossil species in Elateridae, including their type material, geographic origin, age, bibliography and remarks on their systematic placement. Altogether, 261 fossil species classified in 99 genera and nine subfamilies are currently listed in this family. The Mesozoic click-beetle diversity includes 143 species, with most of them described from the Jurassic Karatau, and 118 described species are known from the Cenozoic deposits, mainly from the Eocene North American Florissant Formation and European Baltic amber. Available data on the described past diversity of Elateridae suggest that almost all fossil lineages in this group are in urgent need of revision and numerous Mesozoic species might belong to different families. Our study is intended to serve as a comprehensive basis for all subsequent research focused on the click-beetle fossil record.

@article{doi103390insects12040286,
    author = "Kundrata, Robin and Pačková, Gabriela and Prosvirov, Alexander S. and Hoffmannova, Johana",
    title = "The Fossil Record of Elateridae (Coleoptera: Elateroidea): Described Species, Current Problems and Future Prospects",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Insects",
    abstract = "The Elateridae (click-beetles) are the largest family in Elateroidea; however, their relationships, systematics and classification remain unclear. Our understanding of the origin, evolution, palaeodiversity and palaeobiogeography of Elateridae, as well as reconstruction of a reliable time-calibrated phylogeny for the group, are hampered by the lack of detailed knowledge of their fossil record. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge on all described fossil species in Elateridae, including their type material, geographic origin, age, bibliography and remarks on their systematic placement. Altogether, 261 fossil species classified in 99 genera and nine subfamilies are currently listed in this family. The Mesozoic click-beetle diversity includes 143 species, with most of them described from the Jurassic Karatau, and 118 described species are known from the Cenozoic deposits, mainly from the Eocene North American Florissant Formation and European Baltic amber. Available data on the described past diversity of Elateridae suggest that almost all fossil lineages in this group are in urgent need of revision and numerous Mesozoic species might belong to different families. Our study is intended to serve as a comprehensive basis for all subsequent research focused on the click-beetle fossil record.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12040286",
    doi = "10.3390/insects12040286",
    openalex = "W3138517052",
    references = "cockerell1917fossil"
}

levels, and changing precipitation patterns have significant impacts on agricultural production and on agricultural insect pests. Changes in climate can affect insect pests in several ways. They can result in an expansion of their geographic distribution, increased survival during overwintering, increased number of generations, altered synchrony between plants and pests, altered interspecific interaction, increased risk of invasion by migratory pests, increased incidence of insect-transmitted plant diseases, and reduced effectiveness of biological control, especially natural enemies. As a result, there is a serious risk of crop economic losses, as well as a challenge to human food security. As a major driver of pest population dynamics, climate change will require adaptive management strategies to deal with the changing status of pests. Several priorities can be identified for future research on the effects of climatic changes on agricultural insect pests. These include modified integrated pest management tactics, monitoring climate and pest populations, and the use of modelling prediction tools.

@article{doi103390insects12050440,
    author = "Skendžić, Sandra and Zovko, Monika and Živković, Ivana Pajač and Lešić, Vinko and Lemić, Darija",
    title = "The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Insect Pests",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Insects",
    abstract = "levels, and changing precipitation patterns have significant impacts on agricultural production and on agricultural insect pests. Changes in climate can affect insect pests in several ways. They can result in an expansion of their geographic distribution, increased survival during overwintering, increased number of generations, altered synchrony between plants and pests, altered interspecific interaction, increased risk of invasion by migratory pests, increased incidence of insect-transmitted plant diseases, and reduced effectiveness of biological control, especially natural enemies. As a result, there is a serious risk of crop economic losses, as well as a challenge to human food security. As a major driver of pest population dynamics, climate change will require adaptive management strategies to deal with the changing status of pests. Several priorities can be identified for future research on the effects of climatic changes on agricultural insect pests. These include modified integrated pest management tactics, monitoring climate and pest populations, and the use of modelling prediction tools.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12050440",
    doi = "10.3390/insects12050440",
    openalex = "W3162877622",
    references = "doi101016jtree200502004, doi1010292005jd006290, doi10103821181, doi101038nature01286, doi101038nature02121, doi101046j13652486200200451x, doi101073pnas0709472105, doi101073pnas1116437108, doi101073pnas1701762114, doi101111j15231739200800951x, doi101126science1185383"
}

@incollection{alpheyNoneinsect,
    author = "Alphey, Luke and Nimmo, Derric and O’Connell, Sinead and Alphey, Nina",
    title = "Insect Population Suppression Using Engineered Insects",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6\_8",
    doi = "10.1007/978-0-387-78225-6\_8",
    openalex = "W1569423075",
    pages = "93-103",
    references = "doi10103813657, doi101073pnas89125547, doi101098rspb20022319, doi101126science28754622474, doi101242dev1182401, doi10160300220493931123, doi1023073495502, doi1041599780674029118, doi105860choice435875, doi105860choice435894"
}