Isostacy

@techreport{gutenberg1941changes3,
    author = "Gutenberg, B",
    title = "Changes in sea level, post-glacial uplift, and mobility of the earth's interior",
    year = "1941",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 52, p. 721-772",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gutenberg, B., 1941, Changes in sea level, post-glacial uplift, and mobility of the earth's interior: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 52, p. 721-772.}"
}

@article{farrand1962postglacial2,
    author = "Farrand, W. R",
    title = "Postglacial rebound in North America",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "American Journal of Science, v. 260, p. 181-198",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Farrand, W. R., 1962, Postglacial rebound in North America: American Journal of Science, v. 260, p. 181-198.}"
}

@article{crittenden1963effective,
    author = "Crittenden, Max D.",
    title = "Effective viscosity of the Earth derived from isostatic loading of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jz068i019p05517",
    doi = "10.1029/jz068i019p05517",
    number = "19",
    openalex = "W2072915131",
    pages = "5517-5530",
    volume = "68",
    references = "broecker1958radiocarbon, broecker1962the, doi101007bf02526792, doi1010160016003259901851, doi101029jz064i010p01521, doi101029jz065i012p04151, doi101130001676061957681141holbas20co2, doi1013063d9337a416b111d78645000102c1865d, doi105962bhltitle45550, gutenberg1941changes"
}

@article{crittenden1963effective1,
    author = "Crittenden, M. D. and Jr",
    title = "Effective viscosity of the earth derived from isostatic loading of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 68, p. 5517-5530",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crittenden, M. D., Jr., 1963, Effective viscosity of the earth derived from isostatic loading of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 68, p. 5517-5530.}"
}

Twenty‐four new field measurements of elevation of Provo level and Bonneville level shoreline terraces provide data for reanalysis of isostatic rebound in the Lake Bonneville basin. Analysis of the differential rebound between the Provo shoreline (maximum rebound of 43 m) and the Bonneville shoreline (maximum rebound of 69 m) requires that the latter be an equilibrium shoreline. Within the possible measurement errors, the Provo shoreline formed after the elastic lithosphere had attained at least 91% equilibration to the removal of the water load between the Bonneville and Provo shorelines; within the errors the Provo may also represent an equilibrium shoreline. From the new data presented in this paper, the best estimate of the upper limit of effective viscosity of the uppermost mantle, assuming a half‐space model and a 2000‐year time interval between the Bonneville and Provo shorelines, is 2 × 10 19 N s m −2 (2 × 10 20 P). In addition, comparison of shoreline rebound profiles, for both shorelines, with theoretical plate flexure models indicates that the mean flexural rigidity of the Basin and Range lithosphere in this region is 1 × 10 23 N m, or slightly less.

@article{passey1981upper,
    author = "Passey, Quinn R.",
    title = "Upper mantle viscosity derived from the difference in rebound of the Provo and Bonneville Shorelines: Lake Bonneville Basin, Utah",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth",
    abstract = "Twenty‐four new field measurements of elevation of Provo level and Bonneville level shoreline terraces provide data for reanalysis of isostatic rebound in the Lake Bonneville basin. Analysis of the differential rebound between the Provo shoreline (maximum rebound of 43 m) and the Bonneville shoreline (maximum rebound of 69 m) requires that the latter be an equilibrium shoreline. Within the possible measurement errors, the Provo shoreline formed after the elastic lithosphere had attained at least 91\% equilibration to the removal of the water load between the Bonneville and Provo shorelines; within the errors the Provo may also represent an equilibrium shoreline. From the new data presented in this paper, the best estimate of the upper limit of effective viscosity of the uppermost mantle, assuming a half‐space model and a 2000‐year time interval between the Bonneville and Provo shorelines, is 2 × 10 19 N s m −2 (2 × 10 20 P). In addition, comparison of shoreline rebound profiles, for both shorelines, with theoretical plate flexure models indicates that the mean flexural rigidity of the Basin and Range lithosphere in this region is 1 × 10 23 N m, or slightly less.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/jb086ib12p11701",
    doi = "10.1029/jb086ib12p11701",
    number = "B12",
    openalex = "W2079325732",
    pages = "11701-11708",
    volume = "86",
    references = "broecker1958radiocarbon, broecker1965radiocarbon, crittenden1963effective, doi1010079789400957008, doi1010160016003259901851, doi101029jb074i022p05240, doi101029jb075i020p03941, doi101093mnras758648, doi103133pp596, openalexw2990054233"
}

In this paper, we treat quasi-static displacement fields due to an axially symmetric load applied on the surface of a composite medium which consists of elastic layers overlying a stratified viscoelastic half-space. Integral representations of the surface displacements are obtained from those in the associated elastic problem by applying the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity. General features of the viscoelastic displacements are examined from various aspects through the computation of numerical examples for a three-layered model composed of an elastic surface layer, an intervening low viscosity layer and a viscoelastic substratum with relatively high viscosity.Uplift phenomena in two tectonically different regions, Fennoscandia and Lake Bonneville (the Basin and Range province), are analyzed to investigate regional difference in rheological structure of the earth's crust and upper mantle. The uplift data in Fennoscandia are well interpreted by a three-layered model which consists of a 100km thick elastic surface layer (lithosphere) and a 100-200km thick low viscosity layer (asthenosphere) overlying a relatively high viscous (1.4×1022 poise) substratum. The viscosity of the asthenosphere is estimated as 1.4×1020-1.4×1021 poise. In the case of Lake Bonneville, the uplift data are adequately explained by taking the thickness of the lithosphere as 30-40km and the viscosity of the asthenosphere as less than 1.0-2.0×1021 poise. The lower bound of the asthenosphere is obscure from the present analysis. These results show that there exists notable differences in the thickness of the lithosphere between two tectonically different regions, but not in the viscosity of the asthenosphere.

@article{doi104294jpe195230469,
    author = "Iwasaki, Takaya and Matsu’ura, Mitsuhiro",
    title = "Quasi-static crustal deformations due to a surface load: Rheological structure of the earth's crust and upper mantle.",
    year = "1982",
    journal = "Journal of Physics of the Earth",
    abstract = "In this paper, we treat quasi-static displacement fields due to an axially symmetric load applied on the surface of a composite medium which consists of elastic layers overlying a stratified viscoelastic half-space. Integral representations of the surface displacements are obtained from those in the associated elastic problem by applying the correspondence principle of linear viscoelasticity. General features of the viscoelastic displacements are examined from various aspects through the computation of numerical examples for a three-layered model composed of an elastic surface layer, an intervening low viscosity layer and a viscoelastic substratum with relatively high viscosity.Uplift phenomena in two tectonically different regions, Fennoscandia and Lake Bonneville (the Basin and Range province), are analyzed to investigate regional difference in rheological structure of the earth's crust and upper mantle. The uplift data in Fennoscandia are well interpreted by a three-layered model which consists of a 100km thick elastic surface layer (lithosphere) and a 100-200km thick low viscosity layer (asthenosphere) overlying a relatively high viscous (1.4×1022 poise) substratum. The viscosity of the asthenosphere is estimated as 1.4×1020-1.4×1021 poise. In the case of Lake Bonneville, the uplift data are adequately explained by taking the thickness of the lithosphere as 30-40km and the viscosity of the asthenosphere as less than 1.0-2.0×1021 poise. The lower bound of the asthenosphere is obscure from the present analysis. These results show that there exists notable differences in the thickness of the lithosphere between two tectonically different regions, but not in the viscosity of the asthenosphere.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.30.469",
    doi = "10.4294/jpe1952.30.469",
    openalex = "W2522406210",
    references = "crittenden1963effective, doi1010160016003259901851, doi101029jb073i022p07089, doi101029jb075i020p03941, doi101029jz065i012p04151, doi101029jz068i002p00485, doi101029rg010i003p00761, doi10106313060812, doi101090qam69741, doi101090qam92453, doi101111j1365246x1976tb01251x, doi101785bssa0530010167, passey1981upper"
}

Evidence of Holocene sea-level changes along the Rio de Janeiro State Coast, and for the evolution of coastal lagoons and barriers in response to these sea- level movements, has been examined using stratigraphical and micropalaeontological techniques, radiocarbon dating and published data. Present-day diatom death assemblages have been studied in order to facilitate the interpretation of fossil assemblages, which has inter aha permitted the development of a simple statistical technique for the evaluation of the allochthonous diatom component. Modern lagoonal tide- gauge data have been used to establish a relationship between lagoonal water levels and tidal levels on the open coast. Evidence is presented which indicates that barriers which were previously believed to date from the mid-Holocene formed during the 'Last' Interglacial. The history of true Holocene barriers has been shown to be relatively complex, with some barriers having migrated by over-stepping and others by continous shoreface retreat. The published Holocene sea-level maximum for Rio de Janeiro State of -t- 4.8 m at 5100 BP is considered to be in error (approximately 3.0 m too high at this time) and a maximum Holocene sea level of -t- 3.0 m at c. 4000 BP is preferred. The evidence for sea-level maxima in other parts of Brazil at 5150 BP and for the migration of the geoid surface during the Holocene is questioned and shown to require further study. It is tentatively suggested that there may be evidence for an interglacial sea-level high at c. 35000 BP in Rio de Janeiro State.

@phdthesis{openalexw135120646,
    author = "Ireland, Stephen K.",
    title = "Holocene coastal changes in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil",
    year = "1988",
    booktitle = "Durham e-Theses (Durham University)",
    abstract = "Evidence of Holocene sea-level changes along the Rio de Janeiro State Coast, and for the evolution of coastal lagoons and barriers in response to these sea- level movements, has been examined using stratigraphical and micropalaeontological techniques, radiocarbon dating and published data. Present-day diatom death assemblages have been studied in order to facilitate the interpretation of fossil assemblages, which has inter aha permitted the development of a simple statistical technique for the evaluation of the allochthonous diatom component. Modern lagoonal tide- gauge data have been used to establish a relationship between lagoonal water levels and tidal levels on the open coast. Evidence is presented which indicates that barriers which were previously believed to date from the mid-Holocene formed during the 'Last' Interglacial. The history of true Holocene barriers has been shown to be relatively complex, with some barriers having migrated by over-stepping and others by continous shoreface retreat. The published Holocene sea-level maximum for Rio de Janeiro State of -t- 4.8 m at 5100 BP is considered to be in error (approximately 3.0 m too high at this time) and a maximum Holocene sea level of -t- 3.0 m at c. 4000 BP is preferred. The evidence for sea-level maxima in other parts of Brazil at 5150 BP and for the migration of the geoid surface during the Holocene is questioned and shown to require further study. It is tentatively suggested that there may be evidence for an interglacial sea-level high at c. 35000 BP in Rio de Janeiro State.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W135120646",
    openalex = "W135120646"
}

This paper studies the potential and gravity changes caused by dislocations in spherically symmetric earth models. We define dislocation Love numbers to describe the elastic deformation of the earth raised by point sources. We discuss the shear and tensile dislocations, which can be expressed by four independent components: a vertical strike-slip, a vertical dip-slip, a tensile opening on a horizontal plane, and a tensile opening on a vertical plane. The results for a homogeneous earth model agree very well, at least within 1°, with those predicted from flat-earth theory. The far-field results indicate no larger than 10 per cent difference within 10°. It makes little difference whether we use the theory on a sphere or that for a flat earth in the near field, while it is reasonable to use the spherical theory for global calculation. We proceed to calculations with a radially heterogeneous earth model (Model 1066A). The results are as a whole similar to those for a homogeneous sphere. In some cases, however, the difference between the two becomes significant. For example, the locations of the nodal lines of the gravity change differ significantly between the two models. This indicates that the vertical layering can cause considerable effects on the deformation fields.

@article{doi101111j1365246x1993tb06988x,
    author = "Sun, Wenke and Okubo, Shuhei",
    title = "Surface potential and gravity changes due to internal dislocations in a spherical earth-I. Theory for a point dislocation",
    year = "1993",
    journal = "Geophysical Journal International",
    abstract = "This paper studies the potential and gravity changes caused by dislocations in spherically symmetric earth models. We define dislocation Love numbers to describe the elastic deformation of the earth raised by point sources. We discuss the shear and tensile dislocations, which can be expressed by four independent components: a vertical strike-slip, a vertical dip-slip, a tensile opening on a horizontal plane, and a tensile opening on a vertical plane. The results for a homogeneous earth model agree very well, at least within 1°, with those predicted from flat-earth theory. The far-field results indicate no larger than 10 per cent difference within 10°. It makes little difference whether we use the theory on a sphere or that for a flat earth in the near field, while it is reasonable to use the spherical theory for global calculation. We proceed to calculations with a radially heterogeneous earth model (Model 1066A). The results are as a whole similar to those for a homogeneous sphere. In some cases, however, the difference between the two becomes significant. For example, the locations of the nodal lines of the gravity change differ significantly between the two models. This indicates that the vertical layering can cause considerable effects on the deformation fields.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1993.tb06988.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1365-246x.1993.tb06988.x",
    openalex = "W2117094675",
    references = "doi101029jz068i002p00485"
}

@incollection{rhode2016quaternary,
    author = "Rhode, D.",
    title = "Quaternary Vegetation Changes in the Bonneville Basin",
    year = "2016",
    booktitle = "Developments in Earth Surface Processes",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63590-7.00015-9",
    doi = "10.1016/b978-0-444-63590-7.00015-9",
    openalex = "W2517566134",
    pages = "420-441",
    references = "doi101016027737919190033q, doi101016s0277379101001391, doi1010292004pa001071, doi1010292005jd006079, doi101038nature10915, doi101126science1157707, doi101130dnaggnak3, doi1011751520046919860431726tiocop20co2, doi1023072423416, doi105860choice320947"
}

@article{oviatt2017ostracodes,
    author = "Oviatt, Charles G.",
    title = "Ostracodes in Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, North America",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Hydrobiologia",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-015-2483-y",
    doi = "10.1007/s10750-015-2483-y",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2242257539",
    pages = "125-135",
    volume = "786",
    references = "doi101007bf01187137, doi101016c20090026695, doi101016jpalaeo201108005, doi101016jquascirev201412016, doi101111j15023885201200297x, doi10113000917613198614796dotdac20co2, doi101130dnaggnak2283, doi101130spe274, doi101130spe274p1, doi101139e69151"
}

@article{goebel2021prehistoric,
    author = "Goebel, Ted and Hockett, Bryan and Rhode, David and Graf, Kelly",
    title = "Prehistoric human response to climate change in the Bonneville basin, western north America: The Bonneville Estates Rockshelter radiocarbon chronology",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106930",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106930",
    openalex = "W3159883160",
    pages = "106930",
    volume = "260",
    references = "doi101016003101829090217u, doi101016jjas200701003, doi101016jjas201107014, doi101016s0277379101000488, doi101017rdc2017108, doi101017rdc202041, doi101017s0033822200033865, doi101126science1226299, doi1011300091761319970250483hciapw23co2, doi1011300091761319990270621mmecav23co2, rhode2016quaternary"
}

The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software & Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure. Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580.

@article{doi103389feart2022828005,
    author = "DeFelipe, Irene and Alcalde, Juan and Baykiev, Eldar and Bernal, Isabel and Boonma, Kittiphon and Carbonell, R. and Flude, Stephanie and Folch, Arnau and Fullea, Javier and García‐Castellanos, Daniel and Geyer, Adelina and Giralt, Santiago and Hernández, Armand and Jiménez‐Munt, Ivone and Kumar, Ajay and Llorens, María-Gema and Martı́, Joan and Molina, Cecilia and Olivar-Castaño, Andrés and Parnell, Andrew and Schimmel, Martín and Torné, Montserrat and Ventosa, Sergi",
    title = "Towards a Digital Twin of the Earth System: Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software \& Code Repository",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Frontiers in Earth Science",
    abstract = "The immense advances in computer power achieved in the last decades have had a significant impact in Earth science, providing valuable research outputs that allow the simulation of complex natural processes and systems, and generating improved forecasts. The development and implementation of innovative geoscientific software is currently evolving towards a sustainable and efficient development by integrating models of different aspects of the Earth system. This will set the foundation for a future digital twin of the Earth. The codification and update of this software require great effort from research groups and therefore, it needs to be preserved for its reuse by future generations of geoscientists. Here, we report on Geo-Soft-CoRe, a Geoscientific Software \& Code Repository, hosted at the archive DIGITAL.CSIC. This is an open source, multidisciplinary and multiscale collection of software and code developed to analyze different aspects of the Earth system, encompassing tools to: 1) analyze climate variability; 2) assess hazards, and 3) characterize the structure and dynamics of the solid Earth. Due to the broad range of applications of these software packages, this collection is useful not only for basic research in Earth science, but also for applied research and educational purposes, reducing the gap between the geosciences and the society. By providing each software and code with a permanent identifier (DOI), we ensure its self-sustainability and accomplish the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles. Therefore, we aim for a more transparent science, transferring knowledge in an easier way to the geoscience community, and encouraging an integrated use of computational infrastructure. Systematic Review Registration: https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/193580.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2022.828005",
    doi = "10.3389/feart.2022.828005",
    openalex = "W4224433806",
    references = "doi101016jis201407006, doi101029134gm01, doi1010291999jb900322, doi1010292004gl019491, doi1010292007gc001743, doi101029jb084ib09p04749, doi101038s4158601909121, doi101038sdata201618, doi101111j1365246x200703374x, doi101126scienceaau0323"
}