Kansas

Homœmorphy, regarding both external form and internal structures, is exceedingly common among Rugose Corals. Analogous features may occur in unrelated genera living contemporaneously in the same region or may be found reappearing in corals of different stocks in widely separated regions and epochs. This paper describes two gener— Amygdaloptzyllum Dun & Benson, and Cionodendron, gen. nov., from the Burindi Series (Lower Carboniferous) of New South Wales; it also includes a few remarks concerning the species of Lithostrotion collected from the same series (and from the equivalent horizon in Queensland). Amygdalophyllum and Cionodendron are related respectively to the Carboniferous species of ‘Cyathophyllum’ (Palæosmilia) Edwards & Haime, and Lithostrotion; but both corals are characterized by an unusually large columella, as in Cyathaxonia. Amygdalophyllum and Cionodendron illustrate a remarkable case of parallelism. The Australian species of Lithostrotion show certain small peculiarities of structure which distinguish them as a group from their British congeners. The described material, much of which has been collected by one of us (W. N. B.), is the property of the Geological Surveys of New South Wales and Queensland, and of the Australian Museum (Sydney), and our thanks to these Institutions for the loan of the small collection is cordially tendered. Before the corals are discussed, a short account is given of the stratigraphical succession of the region in which they were found, ‘and our reasons are stated for correlating the Burindi Series with the Viséan of Europe. The fossils herein described come from the parishes of Moorowarra and Babbinboon, near Somerton, 20

@article{doi101144gsljgs1923079010411,
    author = "Benson, W. N. and Smith, Stanley G.",
    title = "On some Rugose Corals from the Burindi Series (Lower Carboniferous) of New South Wales; together with a Short Account of the Upper Palæozoic Rocks of the Area in which they were collected",
    year = "1923",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society",
    abstract = "Homœmorphy, regarding both external form and internal structures, is exceedingly common among Rugose Corals. Analogous features may occur in unrelated genera living contemporaneously in the same region or may be found reappearing in corals of different stocks in widely separated regions and epochs. This paper describes two gener— Amygdaloptzyllum Dun \& Benson, and Cionodendron, gen. nov., from the Burindi Series (Lower Carboniferous) of New South Wales; it also includes a few remarks concerning the species of Lithostrotion collected from the same series (and from the equivalent horizon in Queensland). Amygdalophyllum and Cionodendron are related respectively to the Carboniferous species of ‘Cyathophyllum’ (Palæosmilia) Edwards \& Haime, and Lithostrotion; but both corals are characterized by an unusually large columella, as in Cyathaxonia. Amygdalophyllum and Cionodendron illustrate a remarkable case of parallelism. The Australian species of Lithostrotion show certain small peculiarities of structure which distinguish them as a group from their British congeners. The described material, much of which has been collected by one of us (W. N. B.), is the property of the Geological Surveys of New South Wales and Queensland, and of the Australian Museum (Sydney), and our thanks to these Institutions for the loan of the small collection is cordially tendered. Before the corals are discussed, a short account is given of the stratigraphical succession of the region in which they were found, ‘and our reasons are stated for correlating the Burindi Series with the Viséan of Europe. The fossils herein described come from the parishes of Moorowarra and Babbinboon, near Somerton, 20",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.jgs.1923.079.01-04.11",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.jgs.1923.079.01-04.11",
    openalex = "W2129957818"
}

THE terminology used to-day by British writers on Rugose corals is founded on the first competent terminology ever formulated, that of Henri Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, which was published in 1848, and added to during the following twelve years. These eminent French workers evolved a general terminology for corals as a whole and a special one for the sub-order Madreporaria Edwards and Haime. Their researches were more exact than those of their predecessors and called for more exact terms. Dana also realized the need for an exact terminology and introduced one some two months later (1848, p. 723); but it was less complete, less coherent, and less precise than that of Edwards and Haime, and has not been generally adopted by later writers.

@article{doi101017s0016756800094577,
    author = "Hill, Dorothy",
    title = "British Terminology for Rugose Corals",
    year = "1935",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "THE terminology used to-day by British writers on Rugose corals is founded on the first competent terminology ever formulated, that of Henri Milne Edwards and Jules Haime, which was published in 1848, and added to during the following twelve years. These eminent French workers evolved a general terminology for corals as a whole and a special one for the sub-order Madreporaria Edwards and Haime. Their researches were more exact than those of their predecessors and called for more exact terms. Dana also realized the need for an exact terminology and introduced one some two months later (1848, p. 723); but it was less complete, less coherent, and less precise than that of Edwards and Haime, and has not been generally adopted by later writers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800094577",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756800094577",
    openalex = "W2127653253",
    references = "andgregory1896catalogue, carruthers1910on, doi101017s0016756800137045, doi10108000222932608633383, doi10108000222932708655459, doi101080037454809495152, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb18960003, doi101126science26351541688a, doi101144gsljgs1910066010428, doi101144gsljgs1923079010411, doi105962bhltitle11574, doi105962bhltitle11691, doi105962bhltitle167592, doi105962bhltitle8768, openalexw2595471857"
}

(1938). I.—Rugose corals from the mid-Avonian limestones of West Glamorgan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-22.

@article{doi10108000222933808526734,
    author = "Howell, Emrys J.",
    title = "I.— Rugose corals from the mid-Avonian limestones of West Glamorgan",
    year = "1938",
    journal = "Annals and Magazine of Natural History",
    abstract = "(1938). I.—Rugose corals from the mid-Avonian limestones of West Glamorgan. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-22.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/00222933808526734",
    doi = "10.1080/00222933808526734",
    openalex = "W2099710151",
    references = "doi101144gsljgs1923079010411"
}

Nine species of rugose corals are described and illustrated, and their ontogenetic development is discussed. The new genus, Stewartophyllum, and the new species, Caninia complexa, C. tabulata, Barrandeophyllum reimanni, B. Simplex, Alleynia americana, and Hapsiphyllum bifurcatum are described. Stereolasma rectum (Hall) and Amplexus hamiltoniae Hall are also described. PRIMITIVE ancestral traits found in the ontogeny of all rugose corals establish a firm basis for an approach from a phylogenetic standpoint. A good example of the use of ontogenetic development may be found in species of the genus Amplexus, which, in the young stages, exhibit the typical quadripartite septal arrangement of the Streptelasmidae, but in the adult stage the septa become radially arranged. Since ontogenetic studies have been in progress, it has been possible with a fair degree of accuracy to establish phyletic relationships that previously had been in many cases a matter of conjecture. The rugose corals treated in this paper and collected from the Hamilton of western New York are referable to five different families: Petraiidae, Streptelasmidae, Zaphrentidae, Laccophyllidae, and Hapsiphyllidae. No doubt further study will reveal additional forms. Two genera previously not known to be present in the Devonian of this continent have been recognized, both belonging to the family Laccophyllidae Grabau. They are Barrandeophyllum, represented by two previously undescribed species, and Alleynia, represented by one previously undescribed species. Species of the genus Alleynia have been described by Pocta from the Middle Devonian rocks of Bohemia. The American genus Laccophyllum, which Grabau considers to be congeneric with Alleynia, is Middle Devonian in its range, in common with most of the Bohemian species. Grabau, likewise, believes that both American and European species are derivatives of the same boreal stock because the Middle Devonian was an epoch when the boreal coral fauna was widespread in Europe and America. It is, therefore, not surprising to find representatives of the genus Alleynia in this country. Pocta (1902, p. 190) created the genus Barrandeophyllum for a small species of simple coral from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Grabau (1928, pp. 88-95) has described three species belonging to this genus, all of which are Lower Carboniferous in age and were found in the Dinantian (Visean)

@article{openalexw2736388096,
    author = "Busch, Daniel A.",
    title = "An ontogenetic study of some rugose corals from the Hamilton of western New York",
    year = "1941",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Nine species of rugose corals are described and illustrated, and their ontogenetic development is discussed. The new genus, Stewartophyllum, and the new species, Caninia complexa, C. tabulata, Barrandeophyllum reimanni, B. Simplex, Alleynia americana, and Hapsiphyllum bifurcatum are described. Stereolasma rectum (Hall) and Amplexus hamiltoniae Hall are also described. PRIMITIVE ancestral traits found in the ontogeny of all rugose corals establish a firm basis for an approach from a phylogenetic standpoint. A good example of the use of ontogenetic development may be found in species of the genus Amplexus, which, in the young stages, exhibit the typical quadripartite septal arrangement of the Streptelasmidae, but in the adult stage the septa become radially arranged. Since ontogenetic studies have been in progress, it has been possible with a fair degree of accuracy to establish phyletic relationships that previously had been in many cases a matter of conjecture. The rugose corals treated in this paper and collected from the Hamilton of western New York are referable to five different families: Petraiidae, Streptelasmidae, Zaphrentidae, Laccophyllidae, and Hapsiphyllidae. No doubt further study will reveal additional forms. Two genera previously not known to be present in the Devonian of this continent have been recognized, both belonging to the family Laccophyllidae Grabau. They are Barrandeophyllum, represented by two previously undescribed species, and Alleynia, represented by one previously undescribed species. Species of the genus Alleynia have been described by Pocta from the Middle Devonian rocks of Bohemia. The American genus Laccophyllum, which Grabau considers to be congeneric with Alleynia, is Middle Devonian in its range, in common with most of the Bohemian species. Grabau, likewise, believes that both American and European species are derivatives of the same boreal stock because the Middle Devonian was an epoch when the boreal coral fauna was widespread in Europe and America. It is, therefore, not surprising to find representatives of the genus Alleynia in this country. Pocta (1902, p. 190) created the genus Barrandeophyllum for a small species of simple coral from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Grabau (1928, pp. 88-95) has described three species belonging to this genus, all of which are Lower Carboniferous in age and were found in the Dinantian (Visean)",
    openalex = "W2736388096"
}

The late Paleozoic column-bearing corals that generally have been designated as Lophophyllum are here assigned to Lophophyllidium Grabau. A neotype of Cyathaxonia prolifera McChesney, the genotype of Lophophyllidium, is described, and a revised generic diagnosis based on this material is given. Sinophyllum Grabau does not seem to have characters distinct from those of Lophophyllidium and accordingly these genera are considered to be synonymous. Taxonomic problems encountered in a study of lophophyllid corals are discussed, and the nature of closely related lophophyllid genera is reviewed. Fifteen species are assigned to Lophophyllidium, of which thirteen are new. Descriptions are given of one new species from Morrow strata of Oklahoma, of two from beds of Lampasas age in southern Oklahoma, eight from the Des Moines series in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri, and two from the Missouri series in Oklahoma and Kansas. Specimens from Ohio are questionably referred to Lophophyllidium profundum (Edwards and Haime), a species that seems to be distinct from L. proliferum. The general character of the lower Pennsylvanian column-bearing coral fauna is described, and a terminology of lophophyllid coral structures is given.

@article{jeffords1942lophophyllid,
    author = "Jeffords, Russell M.",
    title = "Lophophyllid Corals from Lower Pennsylvanian Rocks of Kansas and Oklahoma",
    year = "1942",
    journal = "Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey)",
    abstract = "The late Paleozoic column-bearing corals that generally have been designated as Lophophyllum are here assigned to Lophophyllidium Grabau. A neotype of Cyathaxonia prolifera McChesney, the genotype of Lophophyllidium, is described, and a revised generic diagnosis based on this material is given. Sinophyllum Grabau does not seem to have characters distinct from those of Lophophyllidium and accordingly these genera are considered to be synonymous. Taxonomic problems encountered in a study of lophophyllid corals are discussed, and the nature of closely related lophophyllid genera is reviewed. Fifteen species are assigned to Lophophyllidium, of which thirteen are new. Descriptions are given of one new species from Morrow strata of Oklahoma, of two from beds of Lampasas age in southern Oklahoma, eight from the Des Moines series in Oklahoma, Kansas, and Missouri, and two from the Missouri series in Oklahoma and Kansas. Specimens from Ohio are questionably referred to Lophophyllidium profundum (Edwards and Haime), a species that seems to be distinct from L. proliferum. The general character of the lower Pennsylvanian column-bearing coral fauna is described, and a terminology of lophophyllid coral structures is given.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17161/kgsbulletin.no.41.21924",
    doi = "10.17161/kgsbulletin.no.41.21924",
    number = "41",
    pages = "187-260"
}

This report summarizes information on late Paleozoic corals in Kansas that has become available during somewhat detailed studies of these fossils. Although the systematic investigations are incomplete as yet, preliminary data on the more abundant types of corals in Kansas may be of immediate use in studies of the rock formations in the State and to students of paleontology. The morphology of the corals is considered briefly and major structural characters are illustrated. The genera of corals known to occur in the State are illustrated and characterized, and a key is given for ease in identification of the several distinctive genera. The stratigraphic occurrence of the corals in Kansas as determined by careful study of the collections made by the Geological Survey is recorded, and mention is made of corals that seem especially useful in the determination and tracing of stratigraphic horizons.

@article{doi1017161kgsbulletinno7622002,
    author = "Moore, Raymond C.",
    title = "The Occurrence of Corals in Late Paleozoic Rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1948",
    journal = "Bulletin (Kansas Geological Survey)",
    abstract = "This report summarizes information on late Paleozoic corals in Kansas that has become available during somewhat detailed studies of these fossils. Although the systematic investigations are incomplete as yet, preliminary data on the more abundant types of corals in Kansas may be of immediate use in studies of the rock formations in the State and to students of paleontology. The morphology of the corals is considered briefly and major structural characters are illustrated. The genera of corals known to occur in the State are illustrated and characterized, and a key is given for ease in identification of the several distinctive genera. The stratigraphic occurrence of the corals in Kansas as determined by careful study of the collections made by the Geological Survey is recorded, and mention is made of corals that seem especially useful in the determination and tracing of stratigraphic horizons.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17161/kgsbulletin.no.76.22002",
    doi = "10.17161/kgsbulletin.no.76.22002",
    openalex = "W4406741313"
}

@article{doi103133pp323,
    author = "Mudge, Melville Rhodes and Yochelson, Ellis L. and Douglass, Raymond C. and Duncan, Helen and Strimple, H. L. and Gordon, Mackenzie and Dunkle, David H",
    title = "Stratigraphy and paleontology of the uppermost Pennsylvanian and lowermost Permian Rocks in Kansas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp323",
    doi = "10.3133/pp323",
    openalex = "W1543481403"
}

Rugose corals, only locally common in the Pennsylvanian Gaptank Formation, include Dibunophyllum moorei, Dibunophyllum sp. A, Neokoninckophyllum dunbari, n. sp., from Des Moinesian strata, and N. cooperi, n. sp., Pseudozaphrentoides ordinatus, n. sp., Lophopyllidium vallum, n. sp., L. solidum, n. sp., Leonadophyllum kingi, n. sp., Amplexizaphrentis sp, and Amplexocarinia sp., from Virgilian strata. The Permian (Wolfcampian) Neal Ranch Formation contains Neokoninckophyllum deciensis, n. sp., and Lophophyllidium cf. L. vidriensis, n. sp., and the Permian (Wolfcampian) Lenox Hills Formation has Amplexocarinia sp. A, Dibunophyllum hessensis, n. sp., Dibunophyllum sp. B, Lophophyllidium vidriensis, n. sp., L. skinneri, n. sp., Stereostylus tergidus, n. sp., and Amplexocarinia sp. The Gaptank Formation is equivalent to the upper part of the Des Moinesian Series, the upper part of the Missourian Series and the Virgilian Series of the U.S., and the Moscovian, Zhigulevian, and Orenburgian series of Russia, The lower part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Neal Ranch Formation, is equivalent to the Council Grove Group of Kansas and the Asselian Series of Russia; and the upper part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Lenox Hills Formation, is equivalent to the Chase Group of Kansas and the Sakmarian (restricted) of Russia.

@article{openalexw2596843697,
    author = "Ross, Charles A. and Ross, June Phillips",
    title = "Pennsylvanian, Permian rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1962",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Rugose corals, only locally common in the Pennsylvanian Gaptank Formation, include Dibunophyllum moorei, Dibunophyllum sp. A, Neokoninckophyllum dunbari, n. sp., from Des Moinesian strata, and N. cooperi, n. sp., Pseudozaphrentoides ordinatus, n. sp., Lophopyllidium vallum, n. sp., L. solidum, n. sp., Leonadophyllum kingi, n. sp., Amplexizaphrentis sp, and Amplexocarinia sp., from Virgilian strata. The Permian (Wolfcampian) Neal Ranch Formation contains Neokoninckophyllum deciensis, n. sp., and Lophophyllidium cf. L. vidriensis, n. sp., and the Permian (Wolfcampian) Lenox Hills Formation has Amplexocarinia sp. A, Dibunophyllum hessensis, n. sp., Dibunophyllum sp. B, Lophophyllidium vidriensis, n. sp., L. skinneri, n. sp., Stereostylus tergidus, n. sp., and Amplexocarinia sp. The Gaptank Formation is equivalent to the upper part of the Des Moinesian Series, the upper part of the Missourian Series and the Virgilian Series of the U.S., and the Moscovian, Zhigulevian, and Orenburgian series of Russia, The lower part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Neal Ranch Formation, is equivalent to the Council Grove Group of Kansas and the Asselian Series of Russia; and the upper part of the Wolfcampian Series, the Lenox Hills Formation, is equivalent to the Chase Group of Kansas and the Sakmarian (restricted) of Russia.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W2596843697",
    openalex = "W2596843697",
    references = "doi101130spe26p1, doi10130674d70b412b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi103133pp187, openalexw1120443734, openalexw1577462563, openalexw2342177010, openalexw2611170882, openalexw2727438241, openalexw2728862360, openalexw632859326"
}

From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.

@article{openalexw2165951665,
    author = "de Groot, G.E.",
    title = "Rugose corals from the carboniferous of Northern Palencia (Spain)",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Leidse Geologische Mededelingen",
    abstract = "From Carboniferous deposits exposed on the southern slope of the Cantabric mountain chain, 58 rugose coral species are described. The rugose coral fauna of this area is not yet completely known. 32 of the species are new, 13 are unnamed and 12 are identical with or closely related to Upper Middle Carboniferous species from the Moscow and Donetz basins of Russia. These species have a fairly long stratigraphie range and their occurrence is largely conditioned by favourable environment. Hillia is erected as a subgenus of Lithostrotionella. New genera have not been founded, existing genera have been interpreted rather widely. The species recorded belong to the following genera or subgenera: Rotiphyllum, Bradyphyllum, Amplexocarinia, Polycoelia, Sochkineophyllum, Ufimia, Cyathaxonia, Lophophyllidiurn, Stereostylus, Zaphrentites, Duplophyllum?, Euryphyllum, Lithostrotion, Arachnastraea, Clisiophyllum, Dibunophyllum, Koninckophyllum, Corwenia, Pseudozaphrentoides, Bothrophyllum, Lonsdaleia, Lithostrotionella, Hillia, Koninckocarinia, Carcinophyllum, Axolithophyllum, Lonsdaleoides, Amygdalophylloides, Ivanovia. The distribution of the corals in the Carboniferous of Palencia is shown on Tables I to III (p. 108). The age of the formations from which the corals were obtained ranges from the Namurian up into the Westphalian D, as established by goniatite and plant evidence, or from the Bashkirian to the Upper Moscovian on fusulinid evidence.",
    openalex = "W2165951665"
}

Many of the rarer species of solitary and colonial rugose corals from the upper part of the Gaptank Formation [Pennsylvanian], Glass Mountains, are of particular interest because of their general similarity in part with the late Pennsylvanian and early Permian(?) coral faunas in the Rocky Mountain region of Canada and in part with those in the mid-continent region of the U.S. New species described from the Uddenites-bearing shale member of the Gaptank Formation include Amplexizaphrentis sp. B, Amplexizaphrentis? sp., Dibunophyllum uddeni and Amplexocarinia. sp. B; from the upper part the Gaptank Formation, Amplexocarinia delicata, Amplexizaphrentis sp. A and Lithostrotionella? sp.; and from loose material that may possibly include Permian (Wolfcampian) specimens, Amplexizaphrentis sp. A, Amplexizaphrentis sp. B, Dibunophyllum sp., Heritschioides sp. and Amplexocarinia sp. B.

@article{openalexw2313285153,
    author = "Ross, June Phillips and Ross, Charles A.",
    title = "Late Paleozoic rugose corals, Glass Mountains, Texas",
    year = "1963",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Many of the rarer species of solitary and colonial rugose corals from the upper part of the Gaptank Formation [Pennsylvanian], Glass Mountains, are of particular interest because of their general similarity in part with the late Pennsylvanian and early Permian(?) coral faunas in the Rocky Mountain region of Canada and in part with those in the mid-continent region of the U.S. New species described from the Uddenites-bearing shale member of the Gaptank Formation include Amplexizaphrentis sp. B, Amplexizaphrentis? sp., Dibunophyllum uddeni and Amplexocarinia. sp. B; from the upper part the Gaptank Formation, Amplexocarinia delicata, Amplexizaphrentis sp. A and Lithostrotionella? sp.; and from loose material that may possibly include Permian (Wolfcampian) specimens, Amplexizaphrentis sp. A, Amplexizaphrentis sp. B, Dibunophyllum sp., Heritschioides sp. and Amplexocarinia sp. B.",
    openalex = "W2313285153",
    references = "doi10130674d70b412b2111d78648000102c1865d, doi102475ajss532188134, doi104095100517, openalexw2595471857, openalexw2596843697, openalexw2727438241, openalexw2742928226, openalexw642019061"
}

@article{cocke1968classification,
    author = "Cocke, J. M. and Cocke, N. C.",
    title = "Classification and Distribution of Missourian (Upper Pennsylvanian) Geyerophyllid Corals from Kansas",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903-)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3627397",
    doi = "10.2307/3627397",
    number = "1",
    pages = "38",
    volume = "71"
}

A consideration of reproduction among fossil compound and ‘solitary’ rugose corals leads to the conclusion that(1) compound corals belonging to the order Rugosa must have been dimorphic and alternated between an asexual generation and a sexual generation; and (2) ‘solitary’ forms of rugose corals, although dominantly sexually-reproducing, included some individuals in which evidence of a repressed asexual generation is present. The presence of a sexually-reproducing generation among compound corals cannot be demonstrated by clear morphological evidence, but is deduced from the observation that this is the most likely explanation for the origin of the initial corallite (‘protocorallite’) of a compound corallum. It is proposed to restrict the term ‘solitary’ to non-compound individual corallites in which asexual budding is not observed and which therefore are presumed to have reproduced sexually. Simple corallites in which budding is observable are referred to as ‘simple budding’ forms. Thus, several described species of non-colonial rugose corals include both solitary individuals and simple budding individuals, including ‘Lonsdaleoides’ nishikawai Hayasaka & Minato, Timania rainbowensis Rowett, and ‘Clisaxophyllum’ awa atetsuense Minato & Nakazawa.

@article{doi101111j150239311968tb01735x,
    author = "Minato, Masao and Rowett, C.L.",
    title = "MODES OF REPRODUCTION IN RUGOSE CORALS",
    year = "1968",
    journal = "Lethaia",
    abstract = "A consideration of reproduction among fossil compound and ‘solitary’ rugose corals leads to the conclusion that(1) compound corals belonging to the order Rugosa must have been dimorphic and alternated between an asexual generation and a sexual generation; and (2) ‘solitary’ forms of rugose corals, although dominantly sexually-reproducing, included some individuals in which evidence of a repressed asexual generation is present. The presence of a sexually-reproducing generation among compound corals cannot be demonstrated by clear morphological evidence, but is deduced from the observation that this is the most likely explanation for the origin of the initial corallite (‘protocorallite’) of a compound corallum. It is proposed to restrict the term ‘solitary’ to non-compound individual corallites in which asexual budding is not observed and which therefore are presumed to have reproduced sexually. Simple corallites in which budding is observable are referred to as ‘simple budding’ forms. Thus, several described species of non-colonial rugose corals include both solitary individuals and simple budding individuals, including ‘Lonsdaleoides’ nishikawai Hayasaka \& Minato, Timania rainbowensis Rowett, and ‘Clisaxophyllum’ awa atetsuense Minato \& Nakazawa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3931.1968.tb01735.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1502-3931.1968.tb01735.x",
    openalex = "W2147820390",
    references = "openalexw102904210"
}

ABSTRACT A phylloid algal-mound complex is a local to subregional thickening of limestone attributed chiefly to the presence of a distinctive suite of rock types containing leaflike or phylloid algae. Twenty-three such mound complexes are present at or near the southern ends of most limestone units in Missourian and lower Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) rocks exposed in eastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, and northwestern Missouri. Mound complexes are composed of two facies, (1) the mound, consisting primarily of massive algal calcilutite to algal sparite, and (2) mound-associated facies, consisting primarily of thin- and cross-bedded skeletal and oolitic calcarenite capping and flanking the mound. Overlying shale beds thin across the tops of mound complexes. Most mound complexes. Most mound complexes grade northward into thinner, more diversely fossiliferous, open marine limestone beds, and grade abruptly southward into thin limestone beds and lenses and thick terrigenous clasticstrata. Pennsylvanian phylloid algae are comparable with Holocene calcareous codiacean green algae and coralline red algae, and flourished in shallow sunlit water where they were sediment suppliers and stabilizers. Mounds probably began on topographic highs favorably situated between a region of great clastic influx and the open sea, and grew as the algae proliferated and produced sufficient sediment to compensate for subsidence. Mound growth allowed the algae to continue to flourish in their optimum sunlit environment. Stacking of mound complexes may reflect positive topographic influence of underlying mounds on the sea bottom, and shifts in the stackings probably resulted from shifts in northward extent of the clastic influx.

@article{doi1013065d25c81916c111d78645000102c1865d,
    author = "Heckel, J. M. Cocke Philip H. and Cocke, J. M.",
    title = "Phylloid Algal-Mound Complexes in Outcropping Upper Pennsylvanian Rocks of Mid-Continent",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT A phylloid algal-mound complex is a local to subregional thickening of limestone attributed chiefly to the presence of a distinctive suite of rock types containing leaflike or phylloid algae. Twenty-three such mound complexes are present at or near the southern ends of most limestone units in Missourian and lower Virgilian (Upper Pennsylvanian) rocks exposed in eastern Kansas, northeastern Oklahoma, and northwestern Missouri. Mound complexes are composed of two facies, (1) the mound, consisting primarily of massive algal calcilutite to algal sparite, and (2) mound-associated facies, consisting primarily of thin- and cross-bedded skeletal and oolitic calcarenite capping and flanking the mound. Overlying shale beds thin across the tops of mound complexes. Most mound complexes. Most mound complexes grade northward into thinner, more diversely fossiliferous, open marine limestone beds, and grade abruptly southward into thin limestone beds and lenses and thick terrigenous clasticstrata. Pennsylvanian phylloid algae are comparable with Holocene calcareous codiacean green algae and coralline red algae, and flourished in shallow sunlit water where they were sediment suppliers and stabilizers. Mounds probably began on topographic highs favorably situated between a region of great clastic influx and the open sea, and grew as the algae proliferated and produced sufficient sediment to compensate for subsidence. Mound growth allowed the algae to continue to flourish in their optimum sunlit environment. Stacking of mound complexes may reflect positive topographic influence of underlying mounds on the sea bottom, and shifts in the stackings probably resulted from shifts in northward extent of the clastic influx.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5d25c819-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5d25c819-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    openalex = "W2161204447"
}

@article{hlstrimple1969facies,
    author = "H. L. Strimple, J. M. Cocke",
    title = "Facies and Faunal Relations in Pennsylvanian Missourian Rocks Along Oklahoma-Kansas Boundary: ABSTRACT",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "AAPG Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1306/5d25c7c1-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    doi = "10.1306/5d25c7c1-16c1-11d7-8645000102c1865d",
    volume = "53"
}

Two externally similar species of Upper Pennsylvanian rugose corals Dibunophyllum parvum COCKE, n. sp., from the Wyandotte Formation, and D. perplexum COCKE, n. sp., from the Amazonia Limestone, Lawrence Formation, were studied for 1) taxonomic differentiation and 2) environmental significance. An objective test of numerical data from each species was made using discriminant analysis. Variation in dissepiment types and characters of the columella were most useful in specific assignment. On the basis of rock type and fossil analyses, specimens of D. parvum are considered representative of an in situ assemblage which grew in shallow, well-lighted marine waters with numerous other organisms. In contrast, D. perplexum shows evidence of being transported and sorted.

@article{openalexw915286571,
    author = "Cocke, J. M.",
    title = "Taxonomic and environmental study of two dibunophyllid coral species from Upper Pennsylvanian rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1969",
    journal = "KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)",
    abstract = "Two externally similar species of Upper Pennsylvanian rugose corals Dibunophyllum parvum COCKE, n. sp., from the Wyandotte Formation, and D. perplexum COCKE, n. sp., from the Amazonia Limestone, Lawrence Formation, were studied for 1) taxonomic differentiation and 2) environmental significance. An objective test of numerical data from each species was made using discriminant analysis. Variation in dissepiment types and characters of the columella were most useful in specific assignment. On the basis of rock type and fossil analyses, specimens of D. parvum are considered representative of an in situ assemblage which grew in shallow, well-lighted marine waters with numerous other organisms. In contrast, D. perplexum shows evidence of being transported and sorted.",
    openalex = "W915286571",
    references = "openalexw2601167116"
}

@book{cocke1970dissepimental1,
    author = "Cocke, J. M",
    title = "Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1970",
    publisher = "University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cocke, J. M., 1970, Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas: University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, p. 1-67.}"
}

@article{openalexw832759637,
    author = "Cocke, J. M.",
    title = "Dissepimental rugose corals of Upper Pennsylvanian (Missourian) rocks of Kansas",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W832759637",
    openalex = "W832759637"
}

@article{cocke1971revision,
    author = "Cocke, J. M.",
    title = "Revision of Coral Zones in Missourian Rocks of Kansas: A Note",
    year = "1971",
    journal = "Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903-)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/3627679",
    doi = "10.2307/3627679",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2315674706",
    pages = "114",
    volume = "74"
}

Three apparatus types (five genera), one new (Type 5), Aethotaxis advena n. gen., n. sp., taxonomy

@article{openalexw2601695287,
    author = "Baesemann, John F.",
    title = "Missourian (upper Pennsylvanian) conodonts of northeastern Kansas",
    year = "1973",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Three apparatus types (five genera), one new (Type 5), Aethotaxis advena n. gen., n. sp., taxonomy",
    openalex = "W2601695287",
    references = "doi101111j150239311970tb00834x, doi101111j150239311971tb01865x, doi1013065d25c81916c111d78645000102c1865d, doi105962p310413, openalexw2481064115, openalexw2589007131, openalexw2604438446, openalexw2614833179, openalexw2753772898, openalexw615509995, openalexw832759637"
}

Nine facies are described within the Beil Limestone Member in the Forest City and Cherokee basins in eastern Kansas.The lower Beil is characterized by carbonate rocks indicative of deposition in a transgressing, shallow sea where conditions were unfavorable for abundant organic growth.As the transgression continued, a diverse fauna developed.The middle Beil records a shift from transgression to regression, and the fauna began to decline.The upper Beil was deposited in very shallow water that supported only sediment-binding algae and other organisms tolerant of a restricted environment.The coral fauna of the Beil Member is dominated by one species of rugose coral, Caninia torquia (Owen), which is abundant in rocks representing maximum transgression of the unit, and where phylloid algae formed incipient mounds.Other organisms, particularly bryozoans, commonly encrust the corals; but none displays a preferred position.Corals occur in poorly defined clusters, possibly as the result of concentration of asexually budded juveniles near parents.Associated with specimens of C. torquia are tabulate corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and crinoids, all of which have been interpreted as "normal marine" organisms.Four growth forms, probably related to substrate stability, are recognized in Can inia targuia.Although data are sparse, small trochoid forms occur in calcareous shales; geniculated trochoid and geniculated ceratoid to cylindrical corallites occur in argillaceous carbonates; and very large, robust corallites are restricted to phylloid algae facies.Populations of C. torquia were characterized by high juvenile mortality.Most budded juveniles died on contact with the substrate after detachment from the parent; those surviving remained free-living.Damage during life, evidenced by disruption of growth lines and internal deformation, was repaired as growth continued.Principal components analysis partly supports hypotheses that corals in argillaceous facies are smaller than those in phylloid algae facies.Correlation coefficients indicate that maximum diameter is highly correlated with many other characters and is sufficient to characterize the size of the coral.

@article{openalexw654280865,
    author = "Maerz, Richard H.",
    title = "Paleoautecology of Caninia torquia (Owen) from the Beil Limestone Member (Pennsylvanian, Virgilian), Kansas",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "KU ScholarWorks (The University of Kansas)",
    abstract = {Nine facies are described within the Beil Limestone Member in the Forest City and Cherokee basins in eastern Kansas.The lower Beil is characterized by carbonate rocks indicative of deposition in a transgressing, shallow sea where conditions were unfavorable for abundant organic growth.As the transgression continued, a diverse fauna developed.The middle Beil records a shift from transgression to regression, and the fauna began to decline.The upper Beil was deposited in very shallow water that supported only sediment-binding algae and other organisms tolerant of a restricted environment.The coral fauna of the Beil Member is dominated by one species of rugose coral, Caninia torquia (Owen), which is abundant in rocks representing maximum transgression of the unit, and where phylloid algae formed incipient mounds.Other organisms, particularly bryozoans, commonly encrust the corals; but none displays a preferred position.Corals occur in poorly defined clusters, possibly as the result of concentration of asexually budded juveniles near parents.Associated with specimens of C. torquia are tabulate corals, bryozoans, brachiopods, and crinoids, all of which have been interpreted as "normal marine" organisms.Four growth forms, probably related to substrate stability, are recognized in Can inia targuia.Although data are sparse, small trochoid forms occur in calcareous shales; geniculated trochoid and geniculated ceratoid to cylindrical corallites occur in argillaceous carbonates; and very large, robust corallites are restricted to phylloid algae facies.Populations of C. torquia were characterized by high juvenile mortality.Most budded juveniles died on contact with the substrate after detachment from the parent; those surviving remained free-living.Damage during life, evidenced by disruption of growth lines and internal deformation, was repaired as growth continued.Principal components analysis partly supports hypotheses that corals in argillaceous facies are smaller than those in phylloid algae facies.Correlation coefficients indicate that maximum diameter is highly correlated with many other characters and is sufficient to characterize the size of the coral.},
    url = "https://openalex.org/W654280865",
    openalex = "W654280865"
}

Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Penn- sylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n. gen., which includes P. grandis n. sp. and P. complexa n. sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern Cali- fornia. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.

@article{openalexw77558167,
    author = "Sando, William J.",
    title = "Paraheritschioides, a new rugose coral genus from the Upper Pennsylvanian of Idaho",
    year = "1985",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Colonial rugose corals are rare and generally poorly diversified in the Upper Penn- sylvanian of the western interior region, conterminous USA. Paraheritschioides n. gen., which includes P. grandis n. sp. and P. complexa n. sp. from the Oquirrh Formation in Idaho, provides a new tool for distinguishing Upper Pennsylvanian rocks in the western interior. The new genus is also represented by P. stevensi (Wilson) in the Permian McCloud Limestone of northern Cali- fornia. The new family Heritschioididae is created to include Paraheritschioides, Heritschioides, Amandophyllum and Heintzella.",
    url = "https://openalex.org/W77558167",
    openalex = "W77558167",
    references = "doi102183pjab1945262574, doi103133b1399, doi103133ofr8479, doi104095103960, openalexw196600814, openalexw2284789870, openalexw2589540818"
}

Analysis of the rugose coral fauna of the Carhoniferous/Permian transition strata is discussed, with special emphasis on corals from the Pseudoschwagerina Zone. Two distinct realms: the Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm were developed in the Carboniferous-Permian time. Recently introduced taxonomic, biostratigraphic and paleogeographic data and interpretations are evaluated in terms of their global and regional value. It is postulated that corals,have some importance as a supplementary group for establishing the lower limit of the Permian System.

@article{openalexw914759412,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy",
    title = "The rugose coral faunas of the Carboniferous/Permian boundary interval",
    year = "1986",
    journal = "Acta Palaeontologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Analysis of the rugose coral fauna of the Carhoniferous/Permian transition strata is discussed, with special emphasis on corals from the Pseudoschwagerina Zone. Two distinct realms: the Tethys Realm and the Cordillera-Arctic-Uralian Realm were developed in the Carboniferous-Permian time. Recently introduced taxonomic, biostratigraphic and paleogeographic data and interpretations are evaluated in terms of their global and regional value. It is postulated that corals,have some importance as a supplementary group for establishing the lower limit of the Permian System.",
    openalex = "W914759412",
    references = "doi10100797894009562619, doi101017s0016756800053693, doi101086628416, doi101130001676061960711763cotpfo20co2, doi104095103960, doi105479si00810266321, openalexw1248671424, openalexw2165951665, openalexw2353442078, openalexw2596843697, openalexw385577933, openalexw832759637"
}

The radiation of early Carboniferous foraminifers and rugose corals following the Devonian–Carboniferous crisis offers the best tool for high-resolution correlations in the Mississippian, together with the conodonts in the Tournaisian, notably in the Namur–Dinant Basin. However, some of the guides are facies-controlled and an integrated approach combining biostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy is critical to identify delayed entries, potential stratigraphic gaps and to avoid diachronous correlations. The main difficulty is in correlating shallow and deeper water facies at any given time. In existing zonations, the Viséan part of the scheme is always more detailed, reflecting the widespread development of shallow-water platforms in the early Viséan which created conditions more suitable for foraminifers and rugose corals over large areas. In contrast, the Tournaisian zones, less well documented, reflect unfavourable environmental conditions in the lower ramp (Dinant Sedimentation Area) and pervasive dolomitization of the inner ramp (Condroz and Namur Sedimentation Areas). Recent progress in understanding the Belgian early Carboniferous sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and revision of the biostratigraphy of the key sections, strongly modify former biostratigraphic interpretations. Improvements mainly concern the latest Devonian, the late Tournaisian and the early Viséan. The late Devonian and the Tournaisian are equated with foraminifer zones DFZ1 to DFZ8 and MFZ1 to MFZ8 respectively. The Viséan correlates with zones MFZ9 to MFZ14. Zone MFZ15 straddles the Viséan–Namurian boundary and Zone MFZ16 is the youngest Mississippian zone. The rugose corals allow the recognition of ten zones, RC0 to RC9, covering the Strunian (late Famennian) to Serpukhovian interval. Discrepancies with former zonations are discussed. The Moliniacian Stage is emended to restore the coincidence between its base and that of the Viséan.

@article{doi101017s0016756806002457,
    author = "Poty, Édouard and Devuyst, François‐Xavier and Hance, Luc",
    title = "Upper Devonian and Mississippian foraminiferal and rugose coral zonations of Belgium and northern France: a tool for Eurasian correlations",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Geological Magazine",
    abstract = "The radiation of early Carboniferous foraminifers and rugose corals following the Devonian–Carboniferous crisis offers the best tool for high-resolution correlations in the Mississippian, together with the conodonts in the Tournaisian, notably in the Namur–Dinant Basin. However, some of the guides are facies-controlled and an integrated approach combining biostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy is critical to identify delayed entries, potential stratigraphic gaps and to avoid diachronous correlations. The main difficulty is in correlating shallow and deeper water facies at any given time. In existing zonations, the Viséan part of the scheme is always more detailed, reflecting the widespread development of shallow-water platforms in the early Viséan which created conditions more suitable for foraminifers and rugose corals over large areas. In contrast, the Tournaisian zones, less well documented, reflect unfavourable environmental conditions in the lower ramp (Dinant Sedimentation Area) and pervasive dolomitization of the inner ramp (Condroz and Namur Sedimentation Areas). Recent progress in understanding the Belgian early Carboniferous sequence stratigraphy and lithostratigraphy, and revision of the biostratigraphy of the key sections, strongly modify former biostratigraphic interpretations. Improvements mainly concern the latest Devonian, the late Tournaisian and the early Viséan. The late Devonian and the Tournaisian are equated with foraminifer zones DFZ1 to DFZ8 and MFZ1 to MFZ8 respectively. The Viséan correlates with zones MFZ9 to MFZ14. Zone MFZ15 straddles the Viséan–Namurian boundary and Zone MFZ16 is the youngest Mississippian zone. The rugose corals allow the recognition of ten zones, RC0 to RC9, covering the Strunian (late Famennian) to Serpukhovian interval. Discrepancies with former zonations are discussed. The Moliniacian Stage is emended to restore the coincidence between its base and that of the Viséan.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0016756806002457",
    doi = "10.1017/s0016756806002457",
    openalex = "W2103953123",
    references = "openalexw1452154075, openalexw3157516218"
}

The most comprehensive summary available on the stratigraphic occurrence, geographic distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Early Permian colonial rugose corals that occupied the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian (CAU) Realm, along the northwestern and western marine shelves and accreted terranes of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. It is based on all previous studies by other coral specialists, a thorough review of all published data, and on information from a very large number of new collections from new areas. This book contains a new classification and phylogenetic scheme, based on critical restudy of the entire coral fauna at all taxonomic levels

@book{doi1011399780660196640,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Lower Permian Colonial Rugose Corals, Western and Northwestern Pangaea Taxonomy and Distribution",
    year = "2007",
    booktitle = "Canadian Science Publishing eBooks",
    abstract = "The most comprehensive summary available on the stratigraphic occurrence, geographic distribution, phylogeny, and taxonomy of Early Permian colonial rugose corals that occupied the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian (CAU) Realm, along the northwestern and western marine shelves and accreted terranes of the ancient supercontinent Pangaea. It is based on all previous studies by other coral specialists, a thorough review of all published data, and on information from a very large number of new collections from new areas. This book contains a new classification and phylogenetic scheme, based on critical restudy of the entire coral fauna at all taxonomic levels",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1139/9780660196640",
    doi = "10.1139/9780660196640",
    openalex = "W2488909531"
}

The rugose corals from the topmost part of the Kapp Starostin Formation on the Treskelen Peninsula, South Spitsbergen, are described. The collection consists of 22 specimens, representing the genera Calophyllum, Allotropiochisma and Euryphyllum. These solitary and non-dissepimented taxa, considered to be cold-water forms, are representatives of the Calophyllum Province of the Cordilleran-Arctic- Uralian Realm, and confirm a biogeographical connection between Alaska, Ural Mts., Central European Basin, Sverdrup Basin, and Arctic Canada in the Middle Permian. In southern Spitsbergen the Kapp Starostin Formation yields apparently the latest representatives of the Rugosa in the whole Hornsund region, dated to the Guadalupian and probably to the Wordian.

@article{openalexw71042762,
    author = "Chwieduk, Edward",
    title = "Middle Permian rugose corals from the Kapp Starostin Formation, South Spitsbergen (Treskelen Peninsula)",
    year = "2007",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Polonica",
    abstract = "The rugose corals from the topmost part of the Kapp Starostin Formation on the Treskelen Peninsula, South Spitsbergen, are described. The collection consists of 22 specimens, representing the genera Calophyllum, Allotropiochisma and Euryphyllum. These solitary and non-dissepimented taxa, considered to be cold-water forms, are representatives of the Calophyllum Province of the Cordilleran-Arctic- Uralian Realm, and confirm a biogeographical connection between Alaska, Ural Mts., Central European Basin, Sverdrup Basin, and Arctic Canada in the Middle Permian. In southern Spitsbergen the Kapp Starostin Formation yields apparently the latest representatives of the Rugosa in the whole Hornsund region, dated to the Guadalupian and probably to the Wordian.",
    openalex = "W71042762",
    references = "doi1011399780660196640, openalexw914759412"
}

Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.

@article{doi101017s0022336000055396,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Fasciculate rugose corals from Gzhelian and Lower Permian strata, Pequop Mountains, northeast Nevada",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000055396",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000055396",
    openalex = "W4239129805",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000026573"
}

Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.

@article{doi101666071061,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Fasciculate rugose corals from Gzhelian and Lower Permian strata, Pequop Mountains, northeast Nevada",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian shallow marine rocks in the Pequop Mountains of northeastern Nevada contain an abundance of fossils, especially fusulinids and fasciculate corals. As the composite stratigraphic section in this area represents the most nearly complete sequence of this type of corals anywhere in the Cordilleran miogeocline, this study was undertaken to document their occurrence sequentially. This information should be useful for comparison with other sections in the miogeocline containing similar corals. Only one species of Durhamina is present in the Gzhelian rocks. Durhamina, Heintzella, and Paraheritschioides occur in the Asselian rocks, and all of these genera plus Wilsonastraea are present in the Sakmarian part of the section. Corals in the Artinskian and Kungurian are represented by an advanced species of Durhamina and the very advanced durhaminid, Sandolasma. Newly described species are: Durhamina primitiva, D. snyderi, Sandolasma perplexa, Heintzella davydovi, Paraheritschioides nevadaensis, and Wilsonastraea fraseri.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/07-106.1",
    doi = "10.1666/07-106.1",
    openalex = "W2102985866",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101017s0022336000026573, doi1011399780660196640, openalexw77558167"
}

Five new species of Early Permian (late Sakmarian to Kungurian) colonial corals from eastern Nevada and southeastern California, one assigned to a new genus, are described and illustrated. These include Heintzella playfordi n. sp. from the Arcturus Formation in Nevada and the Darwin Canyon Formation in California, Paraheritschioides fergusonensis n. sp. from the Ferguson Mountain and Bird Spring formations in Nevada, and Wendoverella arca n. gen. and n. sp., Permastraea nevadensis n. sp., and Pararachnastraea moormanensis n. sp. from the Pequop Formation in eastern Nevada. These new taxa are distinct from all previously described species, but most are related to other species in the North American miogeocline. Wendoverella arca n. sp., however, is unlike any other species described from North America but is quite similar to a Russian species, indicating faunal communication between the Ural Mountains and the Cordilleran miogeocline at least into Artinskian time.

@article{doi101666091251,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "New Early Permian colonial rugose corals from the central Cordilleran miogeocline, U.S.A.",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Five new species of Early Permian (late Sakmarian to Kungurian) colonial corals from eastern Nevada and southeastern California, one assigned to a new genus, are described and illustrated. These include Heintzella playfordi n. sp. from the Arcturus Formation in Nevada and the Darwin Canyon Formation in California, Paraheritschioides fergusonensis n. sp. from the Ferguson Mountain and Bird Spring formations in Nevada, and Wendoverella arca n. gen. and n. sp., Permastraea nevadensis n. sp., and Pararachnastraea moormanensis n. sp. from the Pequop Formation in eastern Nevada. These new taxa are distinct from all previously described species, but most are related to other species in the North American miogeocline. Wendoverella arca n. sp., however, is unlike any other species described from North America but is quite similar to a Russian species, indicating faunal communication between the Ural Mountains and the Cordilleran miogeocline at least into Artinskian time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/09-125.1",
    doi = "10.1666/09-125.1",
    openalex = "W2172845788",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000026573"
}

Unique among the Rugosa are specialized cyst-like structures in corals from an upper Carboniferous limestone within the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains, northern California. These structures, here referred to as septal cysts, occur mostly along the distal margins of the dark line extending along the axes of the major septa as seen in transverse section. However, they also commonly extend beyond the distal extent of those lines and may interrupt the fibrous coating in the more proximal parts of some septa. Their function is uncertain. Also present are small dissepiments which form a ring around the distal margins of the minor septa. These structures, however, do not appear to be related to the development of those septa. Some other taxa, including corals from the Bashkirian of Spain and the Kasimovian of Kansas, possess some specialized structures similar to those in the California specimens suggesting at least a remote relationship.

@article{doi101666101481,
    author = "Stevens, Calvin H. and Fedorowski, Jerzy and Kawamura, Toshio",
    title = "New unusual skeletal structure in an upper Carboniferous rugose coral, Klamath Mountains, northern California",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Unique among the Rugosa are specialized cyst-like structures in corals from an upper Carboniferous limestone within the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains, northern California. These structures, here referred to as septal cysts, occur mostly along the distal margins of the dark line extending along the axes of the major septa as seen in transverse section. However, they also commonly extend beyond the distal extent of those lines and may interrupt the fibrous coating in the more proximal parts of some septa. Their function is uncertain. Also present are small dissepiments which form a ring around the distal margins of the minor septa. These structures, however, do not appear to be related to the development of those septa. Some other taxa, including corals from the Bashkirian of Spain and the Kasimovian of Kansas, possess some specialized structures similar to those in the California specimens suggesting at least a remote relationship.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/10-148.1",
    doi = "10.1666/10-148.1",
    openalex = "W2092349293",
    references = "doi101007bf02367177, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi101098rstb19500002, doi10130683d9104716c711d78645000102c1865d, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw2978213415, openalexw832759637"
}

Four new species of colonial corals, one previously described coral, and two other unidentified species of coral have been recovered from the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. The newly erected species are Heritschioides armstrongi n. sp., Pararachnastraea klamathensis n. sp., P. watkinsi n. sp., and P. kabyaiensis n. sp. These corals are associated with the fusulinids Millerella marblensis Thompson, 1944, Paramillerella Thompson, 1951, and Pseudostaffella Thompson, 1942, emend Groves, 1984, suggesting an early Atokan (Bashkirian) age. Both the coral and foraminiferal faunas bear a resemblance to those of similar age in the Brooks Range, Alaska, which could suggest geographic proximity between the two terranes at that time. These corals also represent the earliest known occurrence of the Family Durhamididae.

@article{doi101666111231,
    author = "Kawamura, Toshio and Stevens, Calvin H.",
    title = "Middle Pennsylvanian rugose corals from the Baird Formation, Klamath Mountains, northwestern California",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Four new species of colonial corals, one previously described coral, and two other unidentified species of coral have been recovered from the Baird Formation in the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. The newly erected species are Heritschioides armstrongi n. sp., Pararachnastraea klamathensis n. sp., P. watkinsi n. sp., and P. kabyaiensis n. sp. These corals are associated with the fusulinids Millerella marblensis Thompson, 1944, Paramillerella Thompson, 1951, and Pseudostaffella Thompson, 1942, emend Groves, 1984, suggesting an early Atokan (Bashkirian) age. Both the coral and foraminiferal faunas bear a resemblance to those of similar age in the Brooks Range, Alaska, which could suggest geographic proximity between the two terranes at that time. These corals also represent the earliest known occurrence of the Family Durhamididae.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/11-123.1",
    doi = "10.1666/11-123.1",
    openalex = "W2150972765",
    references = "armstrong1972pennsylvanian, doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101029tc006i006p00807, doi10108000222932608633383, doi1011399780660196640, doi101144m3531, doi10130683d9104716c711d78645000102c1865d, doi101666101481, doi102183pjab1945262574, doi102475ajs2406403, doi103133pp747, openalexw2595471857, openalexw77558167"
}

The oldest known Carboniferous rugose coral fauna in the Canadian Arctic Islands was collected in the Yelverton Inlet area of northern Ellesmere Island, from Bashkirian carbonates of the lower Nansen and Otto Fiord formations. It includes the genera Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, Lonsdaleia McCoy, Palaeosmilia Milne-Edwards and Haime and Tizraia? Said and Rodríguez. Such a generic assemblage is unknown elsewhere above the Serpukhovian. An upper? Bashkirian specimen of Paraheritschioides Sando, collected above the main fauna, is the oldest known representative of that genus. Faunal comparisons suggest Novaya Zemlya or northern Timan as the most likely source areas for the Yelverton Inlet fauna.

@article{doi10166611144r11,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Bamber, E W and Baranova, Darya V.",
    title = "An Unusual Occurrence of Bashkirian (Pennsylvanian) Rugose Corals From the Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The oldest known Carboniferous rugose coral fauna in the Canadian Arctic Islands was collected in the Yelverton Inlet area of northern Ellesmere Island, from Bashkirian carbonates of the lower Nansen and Otto Fiord formations. It includes the genera Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, Lonsdaleia McCoy, Palaeosmilia Milne-Edwards and Haime and Tizraia? Said and Rodríguez. Such a generic assemblage is unknown elsewhere above the Serpukhovian. An upper? Bashkirian specimen of Paraheritschioides Sando, collected above the main fauna, is the oldest known representative of that genus. Faunal comparisons suggest Novaya Zemlya or northern Timan as the most likely source areas for the Yelverton Inlet fauna.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/11-144r1.1",
    doi = "10.1666/11-144r1.1",
    openalex = "W1834754973",
    references = "doi101016s0012825297834848, doi101017cbo9781316143445, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108003745485909494606, doi101098rstb19500002, doi1011399780660196640, doi1023071483846, doi105962bhltitle119699, doi105962bhltitle154975, openalexw3157516218, openalexw658437845, openalexw77558167"
}

The Mississippian rugose corals from Alabama housed in several museums in that state are revised on the basis of current knowledge of this subclass. Fifteen species belonging to 10 genera have been identified; three species are new, including Zaphrentites lacefieldi, Palastraea cullmanense, and Siphonophyllia alabamaense. Four coral assemblages characterize four stratigraphic subdivisions of the Mississippian in Alabama: Osagean, Meramecian, lower Chesterian, and upper Chesterian. Corals are abundant in some units but diversity is quite low in all assemblages. The level of endemism is very high, except for the lower Chesterian assemblage, which contains some western Paleotethyan forms. Two possible coral evolutionary lineages have been identified.

@article{doi101017s0022336000057541,
    author = "Rodríguez, Sergio and Kopaska‐Merkel, David C.",
    title = "Mississippian Rugose Corals from Alabama: A Review",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Mississippian rugose corals from Alabama housed in several museums in that state are revised on the basis of current knowledge of this subclass. Fifteen species belonging to 10 genera have been identified; three species are new, including Zaphrentites lacefieldi, Palastraea cullmanense, and Siphonophyllia alabamaense. Four coral assemblages characterize four stratigraphic subdivisions of the Mississippian in Alabama: Osagean, Meramecian, lower Chesterian, and upper Chesterian. Corals are abundant in some units but diversity is quite low in all assemblages. The level of endemism is very high, except for the lower Chesterian assemblage, which contains some western Paleotethyan forms. Two possible coral evolutionary lineages have been identified.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000057541",
    doi = "10.1017/s0022336000057541",
    openalex = "W4238690219",
    references = "openalexw2601167116"
}

The Mississippian rugose corals from Alabama housed in several museums in that state are revised on the basis of current knowledge of this subclass. Fifteen species belonging to 10 genera have been identified; three species are new, including Zaphrentites lacefieldi, Palastraea cullmanense, and Siphonophyllia alabamaense. Four coral assemblages characterize four stratigraphic subdivisions of the Mississippian in Alabama: Osagean, Meramecian, lower Chesterian, and upper Chesterian. Corals are abundant in some units but diversity is quite low in all assemblages. The level of endemism is very high, except for the lower Chesterian assemblage, which contains some western Paleotethyan forms. Two possible coral evolutionary lineages have been identified.

@article{doi10166613100,
    author = "Rodríguez, Sergio and Kopaska‐Merkel, David C.",
    title = "Mississippian Rugose Corals from Alabama: A Review",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "The Mississippian rugose corals from Alabama housed in several museums in that state are revised on the basis of current knowledge of this subclass. Fifteen species belonging to 10 genera have been identified; three species are new, including Zaphrentites lacefieldi, Palastraea cullmanense, and Siphonophyllia alabamaense. Four coral assemblages characterize four stratigraphic subdivisions of the Mississippian in Alabama: Osagean, Meramecian, lower Chesterian, and upper Chesterian. Corals are abundant in some units but diversity is quite low in all assemblages. The level of endemism is very high, except for the lower Chesterian assemblage, which contains some western Paleotethyan forms. Two possible coral evolutionary lineages have been identified.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1666/13-100",
    doi = "10.1666/13-100",
    openalex = "W2158482199",
    references = "hudson1940on, openalexw2601167116"
}

A chaetetid sponge and coral fauna from a Carboniferous exotic limestone block in the Lower Jurassic Esciorda olistostrome on the Bodrak River (Crimean Mountains) are described for the first time. The Bodrak exotic block is composed of massive limestone. It contains the chaetetid Chaetetes (Boswellia) sp., the tabulate coral Multithecopora sp., and poorly preserved rugose corals, including Dibunophyllum? sp., Cordibia? sp. and gen. et sp. indet. Only the fasciculate colonies of the rugose coral Lytvophyllum askynensis (Kossovaya, 2009) are confidently identified. The studied association of fossils is similar to that of the Donets Basin and the Urals and confirms the Lower Bashkirian age of the Bodrak limestone block.

@article{doi1013130203949426510,
    author = "Огар, В.В. and KLEVTSOVSKYI, ANDREY",
    title = "CARBONIFEROUS CORALS AND CHAETETIDS FROM EXOTIC LIMESTONE BLOCK OF THE CRIMEA",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Riviste UNIMI (Università degli studi di Milano)",
    abstract = "A chaetetid sponge and coral fauna from a Carboniferous exotic limestone block in the Lower Jurassic Esciorda olistostrome on the Bodrak River (Crimean Mountains) are described for the first time. The Bodrak exotic block is composed of massive limestone. It contains the chaetetid Chaetetes (Boswellia) sp., the tabulate coral Multithecopora sp., and poorly preserved rugose corals, including Dibunophyllum? sp., Cordibia? sp. and gen. et sp. indet. Only the fasciculate colonies of the rugose coral Lytvophyllum askynensis (Kossovaya, 2009) are confidently identified. The studied association of fossils is similar to that of the Donets Basin and the Urals and confirms the Lower Bashkirian age of the Bodrak limestone block.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.13130/2039-4942/6510",
    doi = "10.13130/2039-4942/6510",
    openalex = "W2191909803"
}

Abstract Permian rugose corals underwent evolutionary episodes of assemblage changeover, biogeographical separation and extinction, which are closely related to geological events during this time. Two coral realms were recognized, the Tethyan Realm and the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian Realm. These are characterized by the families Kepingophyllidae and Waagenophyllidae during the Cisuralian, Waagenophyllidae in the Guadalupian and the subfamily Waagenophyllinae in the Lopingian, and the families Durhaminidae and Kleopatrinidae during the Cisuralian and major disappearance of colonial and dissepimented solitary rugose corals from the Guadalupian to the Lopingian, respectively. The development of these coral realms is controlled by the geographical barrier resulting from the Pangaea formation. According to the changes in the composition and diversity of the Permian rugose corals, a changeover event might have occurred at the end-Sakmarian and is characterized by the mixed Pennsylvanian and Permian faunas to typical Permian faunas, probably related to a global regression. In addition, three extinction events are present at the end-Kungurian, the end-Guadalupian and the end-Permian, which are respectively triggered by the northward movement of Pangaea, the Emeishan volcanic eruptions and subsequent global regression, and the global climate warming induced by the Siberian Traps eruption.

@article{doi101144sp45013,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Yao, Le and Lin, Wei",
    title = "Permian rugose corals of the world",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Permian rugose corals underwent evolutionary episodes of assemblage changeover, biogeographical separation and extinction, which are closely related to geological events during this time. Two coral realms were recognized, the Tethyan Realm and the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian Realm. These are characterized by the families Kepingophyllidae and Waagenophyllidae during the Cisuralian, Waagenophyllidae in the Guadalupian and the subfamily Waagenophyllinae in the Lopingian, and the families Durhaminidae and Kleopatrinidae during the Cisuralian and major disappearance of colonial and dissepimented solitary rugose corals from the Guadalupian to the Lopingian, respectively. The development of these coral realms is controlled by the geographical barrier resulting from the Pangaea formation. According to the changes in the composition and diversity of the Permian rugose corals, a changeover event might have occurred at the end-Sakmarian and is characterized by the mixed Pennsylvanian and Permian faunas to typical Permian faunas, probably related to a global regression. In addition, three extinction events are present at the end-Kungurian, the end-Guadalupian and the end-Permian, which are respectively triggered by the northward movement of Pangaea, the Emeishan volcanic eruptions and subsequent global regression, and the global climate warming induced by the Siberian Traps eruption.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp450.13",
    doi = "10.1144/sp450.13",
    openalex = "W2621657731",
    references = "doi101017s0022336000019193, doi101017s0022336000026573, doi103390geosciences2020042, openalexw914759412"
}

@article{doi101016jgeobios201811004,
    author = "Kora, Mahmoud and Herbig, Hans‐Georg and El-Desouky, Heba",
    title = "Late Moscovian (mid-Pennsylvanian) rugose corals from Wadi Araba (Egypt, Eastern Desert): Taxonomy, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geobios",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2018.11.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geobios.2018.11.004",
    openalex = "W2901799912",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo201311023, doi1010179781316225523, doi10108000222936508679407, doi10108002693445193812035657, doi101144pygs5211, doi101515agp20160001, doi101515agp20170013, doi103724spj1261201300014, doi104202app20100048, doi105252g2011n4a3, openalexw1452154075, openalexw1590468748, openalexw607087370"
}

Abstract The rugose corals described in this study were collected from the Gyanyima section in the Ngari region of southwestern Tibet (Xizang) and are assigned to three genera and 11 species, including a new genus and seven new species: Waagenophyllum (Waagenophyllum) ngariense He, 1990; W. (W.) elegantulum He in Luo et al., 1989; W. (W.) minutum Zhao, 1981; W. (W.) tachtabulasicum Ilyina, 1997; W. (W.) gyanyimaense n. sp., W. (W.) intermedium n. sp., Waagenophyllum (Liangshanophyllum) clisicolumellum n. sp., Ipciphyllum naoticum n. sp., I. floricolumellum n. sp., I. zandaense n. sp., and Gyanyimaphyllum crassiseptatum n. gen. n. sp. Ontogeny and intraspecific variation are given special attention when describing and discussing these taxa. Coral reefs, with Waagenophyllum as the major skeletal reef builder, occur in several horizons in the uppermost part of the section. The accompanying foraminifers indicate the rugose coral fauna is a late Permian Changhsingian age. Therefore, this is possibly one of the latest Permian rugose coral reefs in the world known up to now. UUID: http://zoobank.org/b9e621cb-197d-4208-8267-14d62f382a1b

@article{doi101017jpa201937,
    author = "Wang, Xiaojuan and Wang, Xiangdong and Zhang, Yichun and Cao, Changqun and Lee, Dongjin",
    title = "Late Permian rugose corals from Gyanyima of Drhada, Tibet (Xizang), Southwest China",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Paleontology",
    abstract = "Abstract The rugose corals described in this study were collected from the Gyanyima section in the Ngari region of southwestern Tibet (Xizang) and are assigned to three genera and 11 species, including a new genus and seven new species: Waagenophyllum (Waagenophyllum) ngariense He, 1990; W. (W.) elegantulum He in Luo et al., 1989; W. (W.) minutum Zhao, 1981; W. (W.) tachtabulasicum Ilyina, 1997; W. (W.) gyanyimaense n. sp., W. (W.) intermedium n. sp., Waagenophyllum (Liangshanophyllum) clisicolumellum n. sp., Ipciphyllum naoticum n. sp., I. floricolumellum n. sp., I. zandaense n. sp., and Gyanyimaphyllum crassiseptatum n. gen. n. sp. Ontogeny and intraspecific variation are given special attention when describing and discussing these taxa. Coral reefs, with Waagenophyllum as the major skeletal reef builder, occur in several horizons in the uppermost part of the section. The accompanying foraminifers indicate the rugose coral fauna is a late Permian Changhsingian age. Therefore, this is possibly one of the latest Permian rugose coral reefs in the world known up to now. UUID: http://zoobank.org/b9e621cb-197d-4208-8267-14d62f382a1b",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2019.37",
    doi = "10.1017/jpa.2019.37",
    openalex = "W2966140447",
    references = "openalexw1590468748"
}

Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.

@article{doi101111gcb14912,
    author = "Drake, Jeana L. and Mass, Tali and Stolarski, Jarosław and Euw, Stanislas Von and van de Schootbrugge, Bas and Falkowski, Paul G.",
    title = "How corals made rocks through the ages",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Global Change Biology",
    abstract = "Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary oceans, reef-building corals retain information about the marine environment in their skeletons, which is an organic-inorganic composite material. The elemental and isotopic composition of their skeletons is frequently used to reconstruct the environmental history of Earth's oceans over time, including temperature, pH, and salinity. Interpretation of this information requires knowledge of how the organisms formed their skeletons. The basic mechanism of formation of calcium carbonate skeleton in stony corals has been studied for decades. While some researchers consider coral skeletons as mainly passive recorders of ocean conditions, it has become increasingly clear that biological processes play key roles in the biomineralization mechanism. Understanding the role of the animal in living stony coral biomineralization and how it evolved has profound implications for interpreting environmental signatures in fossil corals to understand past ocean conditions. Here we review historical hypotheses and discuss the present understanding of how corals evolved and how their skeletons changed over geological time. We specifically explain how biological processes, particularly those occurring at the subcellular level, critically control the formation of calcium carbonate structures. We examine the different models that address the current debate including the tissue-skeleton interface, skeletal organic matrix, and biomineralization pathways. Finally, we consider how understanding the biological control of coral biomineralization is critical to informing future models of coral vulnerability to inevitable global change, particularly increasing ocean acidification.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14912",
    doi = "10.1111/gcb.14912",
    openalex = "W2989492430",
    references = "doi101130g459491, doi101144pygs5211"
}

Abstract Rugose corals are one of the major fossil groups in shallow-water environments. They played an important role in dividing and correlating Carboniferous strata during the last century, when regional biostratigraphic schemes were established, and may be useful for long-distance correlation. Carboniferous rugose corals document two evolutionary events. One is the Tournaisian recovery event, with abundant occurrences of typical Carboniferous rugose corals such as columellate taxa and a significant diversification of large, dissepimented corals. The other is the changeover of rugose coral composition at the mid-Carboniferous boundary, which is represented by the disappearance of many large dissepimented taxa with complex axial structures and the appearance of typical Pennsylvanian taxa characterized by compound rugose taxa. The biostratigraphic scales for rugose corals show a finer temporal resolution in the Mississippian than in the Pennsylvanian, which was probably caused by the Late Paleozoic Ice Age that resulted in glacial–eustatic changes and a lack of continuous Pennsylvanian carbonate strata. The Pennsylvanian rugose corals are totally missing in the Cimmerian Continent. High-resolution biostratigraphy of rugose corals has so far only been achieved in few regions for the Mississippian timescale. In most regions, more detailed taxonomic work and precise correlations between different fossil groups are needed.

@article{doi101144sp512202179,
    author = "Wang, Xiangdong and Yang, Sun-Rong and Yao, Le and Sugiyama, Tetsuo and Hu, Keyi",
    title = "Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Rugose corals are one of the major fossil groups in shallow-water environments. They played an important role in dividing and correlating Carboniferous strata during the last century, when regional biostratigraphic schemes were established, and may be useful for long-distance correlation. Carboniferous rugose corals document two evolutionary events. One is the Tournaisian recovery event, with abundant occurrences of typical Carboniferous rugose corals such as columellate taxa and a significant diversification of large, dissepimented corals. The other is the changeover of rugose coral composition at the mid-Carboniferous boundary, which is represented by the disappearance of many large dissepimented taxa with complex axial structures and the appearance of typical Pennsylvanian taxa characterized by compound rugose taxa. The biostratigraphic scales for rugose corals show a finer temporal resolution in the Mississippian than in the Pennsylvanian, which was probably caused by the Late Paleozoic Ice Age that resulted in glacial–eustatic changes and a lack of continuous Pennsylvanian carbonate strata. The Pennsylvanian rugose corals are totally missing in the Cimmerian Continent. High-resolution biostratigraphy of rugose corals has so far only been achieved in few regions for the Mississippian timescale. In most regions, more detailed taxonomic work and precise correlations between different fossil groups are needed.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp512-2021-79",
    doi = "10.1144/sp512-2021-79",
    openalex = "W3204095023",
    references = "doi101007978364279634011, doi1010160012825272900724, doi101016jearscirev2019103060, doi101016jgeobios201811004, doi101016jpalaeo200803053, doi101016jpalaeo201108019, doi101016s0031018201002280, doi1010179781316225523, doi101017s0016756806002457, doi101130spe195p1, doi101146annurevearth031208100118, doi10166611144r11, doi103133pp613e, doi105252g2011n4a3, doi107203sjp28217858, openalexw1452154075, openalexw625509931, openalexw832759637"
}

@article{doi101016jpalwor202212009,
    author = "Yang, Sun-Rong and Yao, Le and Hou, Zhangshuai and Ye, Xun-Yan and Li, Ying and Huang, Xing and Shen, Shu‐zhong and Wang, Xiangdong",
    title = "A Pennsylvanian rugose coral assemblage from eastern Junggar Basin, Northwest China",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Palaeoworld",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palwor.2022.12.009",
    doi = "10.1016/j.palwor.2022.12.009",
    openalex = "W4313251762",
    references = "doi101007s114300104091z, doi101016jgloplacha2022103852, doi1010179781316225523, doi1010800020681420171335243, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144pygs513177, doi101144sp512202179, doi101306m1357, doi103133pp613e, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw1452154075, openalexw2596843697, openalexw3157516218"
}

Rugose corals are described from the lower Viséan of the Donets Basin. The new coral Dorlodotidae fam. nov. and the species Cyathoclisia sukhensis sp. nov. are here introduced and the presence of the genera Amygdalophyllum and Ceriodotia are established for the first time in the Donets Basin. The priority of the generic name Protolonsdaleia over Eolithostrotionella is discussed. The lower Viséan rugose coral assemblage of the Donets Basin differs from those of the upper Tournaisian and upper Viséan. Global and regional events may have led to abrupt changes in sedimentation conditions at the end of the Tournaisian time and at the beginning of the late Viséan. The colonial rugose corals Siphonodendron, Dorlodotia, Protolonsdaleia and Ceriodotia appear in the early Viséan of the Donets Basin as in many other regions of Eurasia. The similarity of the lower Viséan coral assemblage of the Donets Basin with that of the Western Paleotethys is noted but at the same time, there are significant differences with the regions of the Eastern Paleotethys. This is due to the presence of a possible paleogeographic barrier located to the eastern part of Laurussia hindering the migration of corals.Keywords: Mississippian, Viséan, corals, paleobiogeography, Ukraine.

@article{doi104072rbp2021401,
    author = "Ohar, Viktor and Denayer, Julien",
    title = "Lower Viséan (Lower Carboniferous) rugose corals from the Donets Basin (Ukraine)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia",
    abstract = "Rugose corals are described from the lower Viséan of the Donets Basin. The new coral Dorlodotidae fam. nov. and the species Cyathoclisia sukhensis sp. nov. are here introduced and the presence of the genera Amygdalophyllum and Ceriodotia are established for the first time in the Donets Basin. The priority of the generic name Protolonsdaleia over Eolithostrotionella is discussed. The lower Viséan rugose coral assemblage of the Donets Basin differs from those of the upper Tournaisian and upper Viséan. Global and regional events may have led to abrupt changes in sedimentation conditions at the end of the Tournaisian time and at the beginning of the late Viséan. The colonial rugose corals Siphonodendron, Dorlodotia, Protolonsdaleia and Ceriodotia appear in the early Viséan of the Donets Basin as in many other regions of Eurasia. The similarity of the lower Viséan coral assemblage of the Donets Basin with that of the Western Paleotethys is noted but at the same time, there are significant differences with the regions of the Eastern Paleotethys. This is due to the presence of a possible paleogeographic barrier located to the eastern part of Laurussia hindering the migration of corals.Keywords: Mississippian, Viséan, corals, paleobiogeography, Ukraine.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2021.4.01",
    doi = "10.4072/rbp.2021.4.01",
    openalex = "W4293227279",
    references = "doi1024425agp2020132258"
}

Abstract A strongly endemic Upper Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian) rugose coral association consisting of small, mostly non-dissepimented, simple structured and poorly diversified species is studied from the lower member of the Aheimer Formation (Western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt). The unit is composed of grey, silty mudstone intercalated with thin, ferruginous, silty dolostone–limestone and calcareous siltstone beds. Ten taxa from four families were identified. Four species of the Antiphyllinae are new; Actinophrentis crassithecata n. sp., Lytvolasma aheimerensis n. sp., L. paraaucta n. sp. and Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. Besides, Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963 and Bothrophyllum okense Kossovaya, 2001 were identified; four taxa remain in open nomenclature (Lytvolasma cf. canadense, Zaphrentites cf. parallela, Zaphrentites sp. and Ufimia sp.). Rejuvenation, encrustation and bioerosion phenomena are rare. Attachment structures during mature stages are not evident; attachment scars in the apical parts are also rare. Growth patterns and embedding in the muddy deposits indicates that the corals lived as mudstickers in soft substrate. Recrystallization, dolomitization and ferrugination of open pore spaces inside the corals are the most common diagenetic features. The corals from the lower Aheimer Formation represent a typical cyathaxonid fauna that was adapted to high clastic input and turbid waters in a restricted, sheltered, episodically storm-swept inner ramp environment in an embayment of the southern shelf of the Palaeotethys. A time-averaged ramp model shows a regressive development from a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic open inner ramp setting during the Moscovian to the restricted inner ramp of the lower Aheimer Formation (Kasimovian) and following peritidal to fluvial environments of the Gzhelian. General and local palaeoclimatic considerations indicate cooling. Besides relations to northern Spain that root Egypt in the western Palaeotethys, connections existed via the Donets Basin (and the southern Urals) to the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian realm which is a cool water province during the Lower and Middle Permian. The Egyptian fauna appears to be a precursor of the anti-tropical cyathaxonid fauna of the latter time slice and also of the Lower Permian cool-water faunas of the east Cimmerian peri-Gondwana terranes. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:708F049E-F27B-4DDA-B052-22B56D883CAE

@article{doi101186s13358023002960,
    author = "El-Desouky, Heba and Herbig, Hans‐Georg and Kora, Mahmoud",
    title = "Kasimovian (late Pennsylvanian) cornute rugose corals from Egypt: taxonomy, facies and palaeogeography of a cool-water fauna from northern Gondwana",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Swiss Journal of Palaeontology",
    abstract = "Abstract A strongly endemic Upper Pennsylvanian (Kasimovian) rugose coral association consisting of small, mostly non-dissepimented, simple structured and poorly diversified species is studied from the lower member of the Aheimer Formation (Western side of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt). The unit is composed of grey, silty mudstone intercalated with thin, ferruginous, silty dolostone–limestone and calcareous siltstone beds. Ten taxa from four families were identified. Four species of the Antiphyllinae are new; Actinophrentis crassithecata n. sp., Lytvolasma aheimerensis n. sp., L. paraaucta n. sp. and Monophyllum galalaensis n. sp. Besides, Rotiphyllum exile de Groot, 1963 and Bothrophyllum okense Kossovaya, 2001 were identified; four taxa remain in open nomenclature (Lytvolasma cf. canadense, Zaphrentites cf. parallela, Zaphrentites sp. and Ufimia sp.). Rejuvenation, encrustation and bioerosion phenomena are rare. Attachment structures during mature stages are not evident; attachment scars in the apical parts are also rare. Growth patterns and embedding in the muddy deposits indicates that the corals lived as mudstickers in soft substrate. Recrystallization, dolomitization and ferrugination of open pore spaces inside the corals are the most common diagenetic features. The corals from the lower Aheimer Formation represent a typical cyathaxonid fauna that was adapted to high clastic input and turbid waters in a restricted, sheltered, episodically storm-swept inner ramp environment in an embayment of the southern shelf of the Palaeotethys. A time-averaged ramp model shows a regressive development from a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic open inner ramp setting during the Moscovian to the restricted inner ramp of the lower Aheimer Formation (Kasimovian) and following peritidal to fluvial environments of the Gzhelian. General and local palaeoclimatic considerations indicate cooling. Besides relations to northern Spain that root Egypt in the western Palaeotethys, connections existed via the Donets Basin (and the southern Urals) to the Cordilleran–Arctic–Uralian realm which is a cool water province during the Lower and Middle Permian. The Egyptian fauna appears to be a precursor of the anti-tropical cyathaxonid fauna of the latter time slice and also of the Lower Permian cool-water faunas of the east Cimmerian peri-Gondwana terranes. ZooBank LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:708F049E-F27B-4DDA-B052-22B56D883CAE",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13358-023-00296-0",
    doi = "10.1186/s13358-023-00296-0",
    openalex = "W4389057342",
    references = "doi1010079783662087268, doi101007s00531021020977, doi1010160040195182901299, doi101016jgeobios201811004, doi101016jjafrearsci2020103811, doi1010179781316225523, doi101038ngeo2822, doi101098rstb19500002, doi101144sp3578, doi101144sp512202179, doi101306e4fd4215173211d78645000102c1865d, doi1024425agp2022140426, doi105962bhltitle11691, openalexw2751580477, openalexw2984174186, openalexw914759412"
}

The Mississippian was an epoch of strong earth system changes, both tectonic and climatic. During the Mississippian, the marine faunas experienced a recovery after the late Devonian mass extinctions, and the rugose corals are a conspicuous example. This study tries to give a general view of the utility of rugose coral to reconstruct the palaeogeography in the Western Palaeotethys during the Mississippian. The methodology includes a database with the genera and species recorded in that area and time period, compiled using more than 700 articles and revisions of several collections in Europe. We worked with the six sub-provinces defined in previous studies for the Western Palaeotethys. A generic-level analysis was performed using paired group hierarchical clustering, building clusters for the Tournaisian, early Visean, late Visean and Serpukhovian. With that information, palaeomaps for those intervals have been illustrated and discussed. The rugose corals have some deficits for the reconstruction of the biogeography because of their strong palaeoecologic control and their insufficient and unequal record, but they provide important information that improves the knowledge on the palaeogeography of the studied region.

@article{doi103390geosciences14110282,
    author = "Rodríguez-Castro, Isabel and Rodríguez, Sergio",
    title = "Rugose Coral Biogeography of the Western Palaeotethys During the Mississippian",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geosciences",
    abstract = "The Mississippian was an epoch of strong earth system changes, both tectonic and climatic. During the Mississippian, the marine faunas experienced a recovery after the late Devonian mass extinctions, and the rugose corals are a conspicuous example. This study tries to give a general view of the utility of rugose coral to reconstruct the palaeogeography in the Western Palaeotethys during the Mississippian. The methodology includes a database with the genera and species recorded in that area and time period, compiled using more than 700 articles and revisions of several collections in Europe. We worked with the six sub-provinces defined in previous studies for the Western Palaeotethys. A generic-level analysis was performed using paired group hierarchical clustering, building clusters for the Tournaisian, early Visean, late Visean and Serpukhovian. With that information, palaeomaps for those intervals have been illustrated and discussed. The rugose corals have some deficits for the reconstruction of the biogeography because of their strong palaeoecologic control and their insufficient and unequal record, but they provide important information that improves the knowledge on the palaeogeography of the studied region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14110282",
    doi = "10.3390/geosciences14110282",
    openalex = "W4403638052",
    references = "doi101016jpalaeo2023111683, doi1024425agp2022140426"
}

Species that earlier authors included in Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, 1876 are re-identified here as belonging to Dibunophylloides Fomichev, 1953 and specimens from the Missourian (Pennsylvanian) deposits of the Glass Mountains (SW Texas, USA) are described. Species described previously in adequate detail and specimens from our collection display great morphological diversity. This and the lack of data on intraspecific variability for most species described so far resulted in the introduction here of six new species (Dibunophylloides differentialis, D. parcus, D. colligatus, D. similis, D. infirmis and D. complexus). An additional species is identified as Dibunophylloides cf. valeriae (Newell, 1935) and four species are left in open nomenclature. Stressful extrinsic conditions, documented by common rejuvenations and possibly variegated micro-environmental niches on the one hand and close relationships of specimens on the other hand are suggested as responsible for the large morphological variability and repetitions of some skeletal features across species. Dibunophylloides supplements a group of genera suggested by Fedorowski (2023) as having originated in the Paleotethyan superprovince before migrating to the North American superprovince. Paleobiogeography, including that based on rugose corals) provides an important tool for tectonic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, coral taxonomy may be hampered by the great variability displayed by many taxa.

@article{doi1024425agp2025155947,
    author = "Fedorowski, Jerzy and Chwieduk, Edward",
    title = "Some genera and species of dissepimented solitary Rugosa (Anthozoa) from the Pennsylvanian (Carboniferous) and Cisuralian (Permian) of North America. Part 2. Dibunophylloides Fomichev, 1953",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Polonica",
    abstract = "Species that earlier authors included in Dibunophyllum Thomson and Nicholson, 1876 are re-identified here as belonging to Dibunophylloides Fomichev, 1953 and specimens from the Missourian (Pennsylvanian) deposits of the Glass Mountains (SW Texas, USA) are described. Species described previously in adequate detail and specimens from our collection display great morphological diversity. This and the lack of data on intraspecific variability for most species described so far resulted in the introduction here of six new species (Dibunophylloides differentialis, D. parcus, D. colligatus, D. similis, D. infirmis and D. complexus). An additional species is identified as Dibunophylloides cf. valeriae (Newell, 1935) and four species are left in open nomenclature. Stressful extrinsic conditions, documented by common rejuvenations and possibly variegated micro-environmental niches on the one hand and close relationships of specimens on the other hand are suggested as responsible for the large morphological variability and repetitions of some skeletal features across species. Dibunophylloides supplements a group of genera suggested by Fedorowski (2023) as having originated in the Paleotethyan superprovince before migrating to the North American superprovince. Paleobiogeography, including that based on rugose corals) provides an important tool for tectonic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. However, coral taxonomy may be hampered by the great variability displayed by many taxa.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.24425/agp.2025.155947",
    doi = "10.24425/agp.2025.155947",
    openalex = "W4414064347"
}