Karst

@article{doi10113000167606195667511grsopr20co2,
    author = "Shurbet, G. Lynn and Ewing, Maurice",
    title = "GRAVITY RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY OF PUERTO RICO",
    year = "1956",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[511:grsopr]2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1956)67[511:grsopr]2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W2126057657"
}

@article{doi103133pp317b,
    author = "Kaye, Clifford A.",
    title = "Shoreline features and Quaternary shoreline changes, Puerto Rico",
    year = "1959",
    journal = "USGS professional paper",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp317b",
    doi = "10.3133/pp317b",
    openalex = "W1554416175"
}

@article{openalexw2563924116,
    author = "Giusti, Ennio V. and López, Miguel A.",
    title = "Climate and streamflow of Puerto Rico",
    year = "1967",
    journal = "Caribbean Journal of Science",
    openalex = "W2563924116"
}

@book{jennings1971karst2,
    author = "Jennings, J. N",
    title = "Karst",
    year = "1971",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 252 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jennings, J. N., 1971, Karst: Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 252 p.}"
}

@article{doi10113000167606197889426madorl20co2,
    author = "Day, Michael",
    title = "Morphology and distribution of residual limestone hills (mogotes) in the karst of northern Puerto Rico",
    year = "1978",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<426:madorl>2.0.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1978)89<426:madorl>2.0.co;2",
    openalex = "W1971826750"
}

@article{doi103133pp1012,
    author = "Giusti, E.",
    title = "Hydrogeology of the karst of Puerto Rico",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Professional Paper",
    url = "https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1012/report.pdf",
    doi = "10.3133/PP1012",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "78",
    semanticscholar_id = "496b95cf405764144156152db6a8e5a09458729b"
}

@misc{giusti1978hydrogeology,
    author = "Giusti, Ennio V.",
    title = "Hydrogeology of the karst of Puerto Rico",
    year = "1978",
    booktitle = "Professional Paper",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1012",
    doi = "10.3133/pp1012"
}

@misc{guisti1978hydrogeology1,
    author = "Guisti, E. V",
    title = "Hydrogeology of the karst of Puerto Rico",
    year = "1978",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 1012; 68 pp",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Guisti, E. V., 1978, Hydrogeology of the karst of Puerto Rico: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 1012; 68 pp.}"
}

Karst hydrogeology has been the subject of much study in the United States. About 15 percent of the conterminous United States has carbonates, gypsum, or other soluble rocks at the land surface. Dissolution of these rocks has formed karst topography at the surface and karst features in aquifers that are a major source of drinking water. Carbonate aquifers, however, are commonly vulnerable to contamination from the land surface. In 1985, about 25 million cubic meters of water per day was withdrawn from carbonate aquifers in the United States. Three fields of current karst research in the United States are water-resources management, sinkhole formation, and carbonate geochemistry and geomorphic consequences. Examples of karst fields where these areas of research are continuing, include Alabama, Florida, and Puerto Rico.

@article{doi103133ofr88476,
    author = "Peck, Dallas L. and Troester, Joseph W. and Moore, John E.",
    title = "Karst hydrogeology in the United States",
    year = "1988",
    journal = "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
    abstract = "Karst hydrogeology has been the subject of much study in the United States. About 15 percent of the conterminous United States has carbonates, gypsum, or other soluble rocks at the land surface. Dissolution of these rocks has formed karst topography at the surface and karst features in aquifers that are a major source of drinking water. Carbonate aquifers, however, are commonly vulnerable to contamination from the land surface. In 1985, about 25 million cubic meters of water per day was withdrawn from carbonate aquifers in the United States. Three fields of current karst research in the United States are water-resources management, sinkhole formation, and carbonate geochemistry and geomorphic consequences. Examples of karst fields where these areas of research are continuing, include Alabama, Florida, and Puerto Rico.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr88476",
    doi = "10.3133/ofr88476",
    openalex = "W1514587755",
    references = "doi1010160148906289920032, doi101029wr020i001p00153, doi101111j146783061971tb00826x, doi101130reg6p195, doi103133cir456, doi103133wri7613, doi103133wsp2275, doi104324978100302883310, doi105860choice262715, openalexw1516590724"
}

Karst terrains - irregular limestone regions characterized by sinkholes, underground streams and caverns - have long been of interest because of the dramatic landscapes and the challenge of cave exploration. But the geomorphology and hydrology of karst drainage systems are now of interest to water supply specialists, urban planners, and environmental engineers. This graduate-level text discusses the chemistry of karst waters, the processes of sedimentary in-filling, the origins of caves, and the evolution of karst systems through geologic time. Since karst develops predominently by chemical processes, this text is written from the point of view of the chemistry of limestone solution. The approach is more quantitive and process-oriented than that of existing textbooks, and the author includes material on environmental problems in karst regions, including land use and land management, water supply, and pollution control.

@article{doi105860choice262715,
    title = "Geomorphology and hydrology of karst terrains",
    year = "1989",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Karst terrains - irregular limestone regions characterized by sinkholes, underground streams and caverns - have long been of interest because of the dramatic landscapes and the challenge of cave exploration. But the geomorphology and hydrology of karst drainage systems are now of interest to water supply specialists, urban planners, and environmental engineers. This graduate-level text discusses the chemistry of karst waters, the processes of sedimentary in-filling, the origins of caves, and the evolution of karst systems through geologic time. Since karst develops predominently by chemical processes, this text is written from the point of view of the chemistry of limestone solution. The approach is more quantitive and process-oriented than that of existing textbooks, and the author includes material on environmental problems in karst regions, including land use and land management, water supply, and pollution control.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.26-2715",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.26-2715",
    openalex = "W615991425"
}

@article{doi101016002216949090212g,
    author = "Ellins, K.K. and Roman-Mas, Angel and Lee, R.C.",
    title = "Using 222Rn to examine groundwater/surface discharge interaction in the Rio Grande de Manati, Puerto Rico",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-g",
    doi = "10.1016/0022-1694(90)90212-g",
    openalex = "W1983839835",
    references = "doi103133pp1012, giusti1978hydrogeology"
}

components dissolve. The alumino silicate minerals are the great example of the incongruent class, releasing Na+, K+, HCO-, etc. ions in reaction with J water but retaining most of their atoms in re-ordered solids such as kaolinite. The karst minerals are all congruent in normal conditions. Incongruent solution of dolomite and precipitation of calcite may occur in some exceptional conditions mentioned later. The sample of congruent minerals in Table 3. 1 contains all the common elements of crustal rocks except Fe, and furnishes a majority of the common dissolved inorganic species. The range of solubility is enormou~. Gibbsite is an example that is insoluble to all intents and purposes; even in the most favourable circumstances encountered on the surface of this planet physical processes will disaggregate it and remove it as colloids or larger grains before there is significant solution damage. Rock salt (halite) is so soluble that it is rapidly destroyed in outcrop except in the driest places; it is principally important for its role in interstratal karstification. Sylvite and mirabilite are rarely encountered and never in great bulk. They occur as minor secondary cave minerals (see section 8. 4). Gypsum and anhydrite are quite common in outcrop. Karst features develop upon them rapidly because of their comparatively high solubility. Limestone and dolomite are common in outcrop. Their maximum solubility varies with environmental conditions but never approaches that of gypsum. Quartzite and siliceous sandstones are equally common in outcrop.

@article{doi105860choice273321,
    author = "Ford, D. C. and Williams, P. W.",
    title = "Karst geomorphology and hydrology",
    year = "1990",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "components dissolve. The alumino silicate minerals are the great example of the incongruent class, releasing Na+, K+, HCO-, etc. ions in reaction with J water but retaining most of their atoms in re-ordered solids such as kaolinite. The karst minerals are all congruent in normal conditions. Incongruent solution of dolomite and precipitation of calcite may occur in some exceptional conditions mentioned later. The sample of congruent minerals in Table 3. 1 contains all the common elements of crustal rocks except Fe, and furnishes a majority of the common dissolved inorganic species. The range of solubility is enormou\textasciitilde . Gibbsite is an example that is insoluble to all intents and purposes; even in the most favourable circumstances encountered on the surface of this planet physical processes will disaggregate it and remove it as colloids or larger grains before there is significant solution damage. Rock salt (halite) is so soluble that it is rapidly destroyed in outcrop except in the driest places; it is principally important for its role in interstratal karstification. Sylvite and mirabilite are rarely encountered and never in great bulk. They occur as minor secondary cave minerals (see section 8. 4). Gypsum and anhydrite are quite common in outcrop. Karst features develop upon them rapidly because of their comparatively high solubility. Limestone and dolomite are common in outcrop. Their maximum solubility varies with environmental conditions but never approaches that of gypsum. Quartzite and siliceous sandstones are equally common in outcrop.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.27-3321",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.27-3321",
    openalex = "W1999410840"
}

Karst development on carbonate platforms occurs continuously on emergent portions of the platform. Surficial karst processes produce an irregular pitted and etched surface, or epikarst. The karst surface becomes mantled with soil, which may eventually result in the production of a resistant micritic paleosol. The epikarst transmits surface water into vadose pit caves, which in turn deliver water to a diffuse-flow aquifer. These pit caves form within a 100,000 yr time frame. On islands with a relatively thin carbonate cover over insoluble rock, vadose flow perched at the contact of carbonate rock with insoluble rock results in the lateral growth of vadose voids along the contact, creating large collapse chambers that may later stope to the surface. Carbonate islands record successive sequences of paleosols (platform emergence) and carbonate sedimentation (platform submergence). The appropriate interpretation of paleosols as past exposure surfaces is difficult, because carbonate deposition is not distributed uniformly, paleosol material is commonly transported into vadose and phreatic voids at depth, and micritized zones similar in appearance to paleosols can develop within existing carbonates. On carbonate islands, large dissolution voids called flank margin caves form preferentially in the discharging margin of the freshwater lens from the effects that result from freshwater/saltwater mixing. Similarly, smaller dissolution voids also develop at the top of the lens where vadose and phreatic freshwaters mix. Independent of fluid mixing, oxidation of organic carbon and oxidation/reduction reactions involving sulfur can produce acids that play an important role in phreatic dissolution. This enhanced dissolution can produce caves in freshwater lenses of very small size in less than 15,000 yr. Because dissolution voids develop at discrete horizons, they provide evidence of past sea level positions. The glacio-eustatic sea level changes of the Quaternary have overprinted the dissolutional record of many carbonate islands with multiple episodes of vadose, freshwater phreatic, mixing zone, and marine phreatic conditions. This record is further complicated by

@book{openalexw1604789055,
    author = "Mylroie, John E. and Carew, James L.",
    title = "Karst Development on Carbonate Islands",
    year = "1995",
    abstract = "Karst development on carbonate platforms occurs continuously on emergent portions of the platform. Surficial karst processes produce an irregular pitted and etched surface, or epikarst. The karst surface becomes mantled with soil, which may eventually result in the production of a resistant micritic paleosol. The epikarst transmits surface water into vadose pit caves, which in turn deliver water to a diffuse-flow aquifer. These pit caves form within a 100,000 yr time frame. On islands with a relatively thin carbonate cover over insoluble rock, vadose flow perched at the contact of carbonate rock with insoluble rock results in the lateral growth of vadose voids along the contact, creating large collapse chambers that may later stope to the surface. Carbonate islands record successive sequences of paleosols (platform emergence) and carbonate sedimentation (platform submergence). The appropriate interpretation of paleosols as past exposure surfaces is difficult, because carbonate deposition is not distributed uniformly, paleosol material is commonly transported into vadose and phreatic voids at depth, and micritized zones similar in appearance to paleosols can develop within existing carbonates. On carbonate islands, large dissolution voids called flank margin caves form preferentially in the discharging margin of the freshwater lens from the effects that result from freshwater/saltwater mixing. Similarly, smaller dissolution voids also develop at the top of the lens where vadose and phreatic freshwaters mix. Independent of fluid mixing, oxidation of organic carbon and oxidation/reduction reactions involving sulfur can produce acids that play an important role in phreatic dissolution. This enhanced dissolution can produce caves in freshwater lenses of very small size in less than 15,000 yr. Because dissolution voids develop at discrete horizons, they provide evidence of past sea level positions. The glacio-eustatic sea level changes of the Quaternary have overprinted the dissolutional record of many carbonate islands with multiple episodes of vadose, freshwater phreatic, mixing zone, and marine phreatic conditions. This record is further complicated by",
    openalex = "W1604789055"
}

@article{openalexw2562500319,
    author = "Mylroie, John E. and Carew, JL and Frank, E.F. and Larsen, Matthew",
    title = "Comparison of flank margin cave development on San Salvador island, Bahamas, and Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico",
    year = "1995",
    openalex = "W2562500319"
}

with both terrain conductivity (TC) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surface geophysical techniques. These geophysical surveys were limited to the southern and western parts of the island because of prob-lems with access and cultural metallic objects such as reinforced concrete roadways on the eastern part of the island. The geophysical data were supplemented with the location of a freshwater spring found by scuba divers at a depth of about 20 m below sea level along the northern coast of the island. The geo-physical data suggest that the freshwater lens has a maximum thickness of 20 m in the southern half of the island. The freshwater lens is not thickest at the center of the island but nearer the southwestern edge in Quaternary deposits and the eastern edge of the island in the Tertiary carbonates. This finding indi-cates that the ground-water flow paths on Isla de Mona are not radially symmetrical from the center of the island to the ocean. The asymmetry of the freshwater lens indicates that the differences in hydraulic conductivity are a major factor in determining the shape of the freshwater lens. The porosity of the aquifer, as determined by the geophysical data is about 33%. Isla de Mona is an uninhabited 55-km island located between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The island consists of a nearly circular carbonate plateau that has been uplifted and is

@article{openalexw1517313123,
    author = "Richards, Ronald T. and Troester, Joseph W. and Martínez, Myrna Iris",
    title = "AN ELECTROMAGNETIC GEOPHYSICAL SURVEY OF THE FRESHWATER LENS OF ISLA DE MONA, PUERTO RICO",
    year = "1998",
    abstract = "with both terrain conductivity (TC) and transient electromagnetic (TEM) surface geophysical techniques. These geophysical surveys were limited to the southern and western parts of the island because of prob-lems with access and cultural metallic objects such as reinforced concrete roadways on the eastern part of the island. The geophysical data were supplemented with the location of a freshwater spring found by scuba divers at a depth of about 20 m below sea level along the northern coast of the island. The geo-physical data suggest that the freshwater lens has a maximum thickness of 20 m in the southern half of the island. The freshwater lens is not thickest at the center of the island but nearer the southwestern edge in Quaternary deposits and the eastern edge of the island in the Tertiary carbonates. This finding indi-cates that the ground-water flow paths on Isla de Mona are not radially symmetrical from the center of the island to the ocean. The asymmetry of the freshwater lens indicates that the differences in hydraulic conductivity are a major factor in determining the shape of the freshwater lens. The porosity of the aquifer, as determined by the geophysical data is about 33\%. Isla de Mona is an uninhabited 55-km island located between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. The island consists of a nearly circular carbonate plateau that has been uplifted and is",
    openalex = "W1517313123",
    references = "doi101007bf03175403, doi1010160022169492900506, doi1011300016760619881000580dghaos23co2, doi10119011442158, doi103133i718, doi103133ofr87582, doi10399722144609pdb2061995024, openalexw1589530474, openalexw2968622969, openalexw2982214744"
}

The coincidence of the primary cave development zone with the Lirio Limestone/Isla de Mona Dolomite contact may result from syngenetic speleogenesis and dolomitization rather than preferential dissolution along a lithologic boundary. Tectonic uplift and glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations produced caves at a variety of elevations. Speleothem dissolution took place in many caves under phreatic conditions, evidence these caves were flooded after an initial period of subaerial exposure and speleothem growth. Several features around the perimeter of the island are interpreted to be caves whose roofs were removed by surficial denudation processes. Several large closed depressions and dense pit cave fields are further evidence of surficial karst features. The cliff retreat around the island perimeter since the speleogenesis of the major cave systems is small based upon the distribution of the remnant cave sections.

@article{openalexw1589530474,
    author = "Frank, E.F. and Mylroie, John E. and Troester, Joseph W. and Alexander, E. Calvin and Carew, James L.",
    title = "KARST DEVELOPMENT AND SPELEOGENESIS, ISLA DE MONA, PUERTO RICO",
    year = "1998",
    journal = "Journal of Cave and Karst Studies",
    abstract = "The coincidence of the primary cave development zone with the Lirio Limestone/Isla de Mona Dolomite contact may result from syngenetic speleogenesis and dolomitization rather than preferential dissolution along a lithologic boundary. Tectonic uplift and glacioeustatic sea level fluctuations produced caves at a variety of elevations. Speleothem dissolution took place in many caves under phreatic conditions, evidence these caves were flooded after an initial period of subaerial exposure and speleothem growth. Several features around the perimeter of the island are interpreted to be caves whose roofs were removed by surficial denudation processes. Several large closed depressions and dense pit cave fields are further evidence of surficial karst features. The cliff retreat around the island perimeter since the speleogenesis of the major cave systems is small based upon the distribution of the remnant cave sections.",
    openalex = "W1589530474"
}

@article{doi101016s0022169403001380,
    author = "Jones, Ian C. and Banner, Jay L.",
    title = "Estimating recharge thresholds in tropical karst island aquifers: Barbados, Puerto Rico and Guam",
    year = "2003",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00138-0",
    doi = "10.1016/s0022-1694(03)00138-0",
    openalex = "W2152646374",
    references = "doi103133pp1012, giusti1978hydrogeology"
}

@incollection{doi101016s0070457104800311,
    author = "González, Luis A. and Ruiz, Héctor M. and Taggart, Bruce E. and Budd, Ann F. and Monell, Vanessa",
    title = "Geology of Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico",
    year = "2004",
    booktitle = "Developments in sedimentology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0070-4571(04)80031-1",
    doi = "10.1016/s0070-4571(04)80031-1",
    openalex = "W1592708103",
    references = "doi101002esp3290150505, doi10100797814612374883, doi1010160033589474900076, doi101029gm078, doi101086627434, doi1011300091761319808222cmotny20co2, doi10113000917613198614137ddoapr20co2, doi101130dnaggnah405, openalexw2246632445"
}

Originally published in 1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology became the leading textbook on karst studies. This new textbook has been substantially revised and updated. The first half of the book is a systematic presentation of the dissolution kinetics, chemical equilibria and physical flow laws relating to karst environments. It includes details of the many environmental factors that complicate their chemical evolution, with a critique of measurement of karst erosion rates. The second half of the book looks at the classification system for cave systems and the influence of climate and climatic change on karst development. The book ends with chapters on karst water resource management and a look at the important issues of environmental management, including environmental impact assessment, environmental rehabilitation, tourism impacts and conservation values. Practical application of karst studies are explained throughout the text. "This new edition strengthens the book's position as the essential reference in the field. Karst geoscientists will not dare to stray beyond arm's reach of this volume. It is certain to remain the professional standard for many decades." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 2007

@book{doi1010029781118684986,
    author = "Ford, Derek and Williams, Paul W.",
    title = "Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology",
    year = "2007",
    abstract = {Originally published in 1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology became the leading textbook on karst studies. This new textbook has been substantially revised and updated. The first half of the book is a systematic presentation of the dissolution kinetics, chemical equilibria and physical flow laws relating to karst environments. It includes details of the many environmental factors that complicate their chemical evolution, with a critique of measurement of karst erosion rates. The second half of the book looks at the classification system for cave systems and the influence of climate and climatic change on karst development. The book ends with chapters on karst water resource management and a look at the important issues of environmental management, including environmental impact assessment, environmental rehabilitation, tourism impacts and conservation values. Practical application of karst studies are explained throughout the text. "This new edition strengthens the book's position as the essential reference in the field. Karst geoscientists will not dare to stray beyond arm's reach of this volume. It is certain to remain the professional standard for many decades." Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, August 2007},
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118684986",
    doi = "10.1002/9781118684986",
    openalex = "W2477078832"
}

Abstract: The development of a comprehensive conceptual model for carbonate island karst began in the Bahamas in the 1970s. The use, initially, of cave and karst models created for the interior of continents, on rocks hundreds of millions of years old, was not successful. Models developed in the 1980s for the Bahamas, that recognized the youthfulness of the carbonate rock, the importance of fresh-water mixing with sea water, and the complications introduced by glacioeustatic sea-level change produced the first viable model, the flank margin cave model. This model explains the largest caves in carbonate islands as being the result of mixing zone dissolution in the distal margin of the fresh-water lens, under the flank of the enclosing land mass. The flank margin model, taken from the Bahamas to Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, in the early 1990s, provided the first viable explanation for the very large caves there. Field work in the geologically-complex Mariana Islands in the late 1990s resulted in the development of the Carbonate Island Karst Model, or CIKM, which integrated the various components controlling cave and karst development on carbonate islands. These components are: 1) Mixing of fresh and salt water to create dissolutional aggressivity; 2) Movement of the fresh-water lens, and hence the mixing environments, by 100+ m as a result of Quaternary glacioeustasy; 3) The overprinting of glacioeustatic changes by local tectonic movements, where present; 4) The unique behavior of eogenetic (diagenetically immature) carbonate rocks; and 5) The classification of carbonate islands into simple, carbonate cover, composite, and complex categories. Current research involves the use of flank margin caves as predictors of past and present fresh-water lens configuration, the analysis of flank margin cave morphology as a measure of the processes that create them, and the CIKM as an indicator of paleokarst distribution.

@article{openalexw45852506,
    author = "Mylroie, Joan R. and Mylroie, John E.",
    title = "DEVELOPMENT OF THE CARBONATE ISLAND KARST MODEL",
    year = "2007",
    abstract = "Abstract: The development of a comprehensive conceptual model for carbonate island karst began in the Bahamas in the 1970s. The use, initially, of cave and karst models created for the interior of continents, on rocks hundreds of millions of years old, was not successful. Models developed in the 1980s for the Bahamas, that recognized the youthfulness of the carbonate rock, the importance of fresh-water mixing with sea water, and the complications introduced by glacioeustatic sea-level change produced the first viable model, the flank margin cave model. This model explains the largest caves in carbonate islands as being the result of mixing zone dissolution in the distal margin of the fresh-water lens, under the flank of the enclosing land mass. The flank margin model, taken from the Bahamas to Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico, in the early 1990s, provided the first viable explanation for the very large caves there. Field work in the geologically-complex Mariana Islands in the late 1990s resulted in the development of the Carbonate Island Karst Model, or CIKM, which integrated the various components controlling cave and karst development on carbonate islands. These components are: 1) Mixing of fresh and salt water to create dissolutional aggressivity; 2) Movement of the fresh-water lens, and hence the mixing environments, by 100+ m as a result of Quaternary glacioeustasy; 3) The overprinting of glacioeustatic changes by local tectonic movements, where present; 4) The unique behavior of eogenetic (diagenetically immature) carbonate rocks; and 5) The classification of carbonate islands into simple, carbonate cover, composite, and complex categories. Current research involves the use of flank margin caves as predictors of past and present fresh-water lens configuration, the analysis of flank margin cave morphology as a measure of the processes that create them, and the CIKM as an indicator of paleokarst distribution.",
    openalex = "W45852506"
}

The epikarst (also known as the subcutaneous zone) comprises highly weathered carbonate bedrock immediately beneath the surface or beneath the soil (when present) or exposed at the surface. Porosity and permeability are higher near the surface than at depth, consequently after recharge percolating rainwater is detained near the base of the epikarst, the detention ponding producing an epikarstic aquifer. Such an aquifer is found only where the uppermost part of the vadose zone is very weathered compared to the bedrock at depth. Sometimes this contrast in porosity and permeability does not occur either because the epikarst has been scraped off by glacial scour or because high porosity exists throughout the bedrock. In some conditions porosity may even diminish near the surface because of case-hardening. The epikarst is best developed in pure, crystalline limestones or marble where it is typically about 10 m thick. It then contains a suspended aquifer that is under-drained and sustains the distal tributaries of cave streams and small perennial flows emerging on hillsides (epikarstic springs). Slow leakage paths from the epikarst maintain seepage to many stalactites throughout the year. A distinction should be recognized between the location (and form) of the epikarst and the function of the epikarst, because the near surface zone in carbonate rocks does not always contain a suspended aquifer.

@article{doi1050381827806x3711,
    author = "Williams, Paul W.",
    title = "The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: a review",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    abstract = "The epikarst (also known as the subcutaneous zone) comprises highly weathered carbonate bedrock immediately beneath the surface or beneath the soil (when present) or exposed at the surface. Porosity and permeability are higher near the surface than at depth, consequently after recharge percolating rainwater is detained near the base of the epikarst, the detention ponding producing an epikarstic aquifer. Such an aquifer is found only where the uppermost part of the vadose zone is very weathered compared to the bedrock at depth. Sometimes this contrast in porosity and permeability does not occur either because the epikarst has been scraped off by glacial scour or because high porosity exists throughout the bedrock. In some conditions porosity may even diminish near the surface because of case-hardening. The epikarst is best developed in pure, crystalline limestones or marble where it is typically about 10 m thick. It then contains a suspended aquifer that is under-drained and sustains the distal tributaries of cave streams and small perennial flows emerging on hillsides (epikarstic springs). Slow leakage paths from the epikarst maintain seepage to many stalactites throughout the year. A distinction should be recognized between the location (and form) of the epikarst and the function of the epikarst, because the near surface zone in carbonate rocks does not always contain a suspended aquifer.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.37.1.1",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.37.1.1",
    openalex = "W2144237274",
    references = "doi101007s002540050446, doi1010160022169477900798, doi1010160022169483902342, doi101016s0022169402003499, doi101016s0022169403001719, doi10113000167606197283761maopki20co2, doi1050381827806x2532, doi105194hess44392000, doi105860choice453808, openalexw2184264297"
}

This article presents an introduction to the fundamentals of tracing techniques and their application in cave and karst environments, illustrated by case studies from the Mammoth Cave, USA, and a small experimental site in Switzerland. The properties and limitations of the most important artificial tracers are discussed, and the available methods of tracer injection, sampling, online monitoring and laboratory analysis are presented. Fully quantitative tracer experiments result in continuous or discrete concentration-time data series, i.e. breakthrough curves, and concomitant discharge data, which make it possible to obtain detailed information about groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Within the frame of speleological investigations, tracer tests can help to resolve the active and often inaccessible part of cave and conduit networks and to obtain indications about the geometry and volume of the conduits. For hydrogeological studies, caves can in turn be used as natural experimental and monitoring sites inside the unsaturated or saturated zone of karst aquifer systems.

@article{doi1050381827806x3713,
    author = "Goldscheider, Nico and Meiman, Joe and Pronk, Michiel and Smart, Christopher",
    title = "Tracer tests in karst hydrogeology and speleology",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    abstract = "This article presents an introduction to the fundamentals of tracing techniques and their application in cave and karst environments, illustrated by case studies from the Mammoth Cave, USA, and a small experimental site in Switzerland. The properties and limitations of the most important artificial tracers are discussed, and the available methods of tracer injection, sampling, online monitoring and laboratory analysis are presented. Fully quantitative tracer experiments result in continuous or discrete concentration-time data series, i.e. breakthrough curves, and concomitant discharge data, which make it possible to obtain detailed information about groundwater flow and contaminant transport. Within the frame of speleological investigations, tracer tests can help to resolve the active and often inaccessible part of cave and conduit networks and to obtain indications about the geometry and volume of the conduits. For hydrogeological studies, caves can in turn be used as natural experimental and monitoring sites inside the unsaturated or saturated zone of karst aquifer systems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806x.37.1.3",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.37.1.3",
    openalex = "W2067878185"
}

Originally published in 1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology became the leading textbook on karst studies. This new textbook has been substantially revised and updated. The first half of the book is a systematic presentation of the dissolution kinetics, chemical equilibria and physical flow laws relating to karst environments. It includes details of the many environmental factors that complicate their chemical evolution, with a critique of measurement of karst erosion rates. The second half of the book looks at the classification system for cave systems and the influence of climate and climatic change on karst development. The book ends with chapters on karst water resource management and a look at the important issues of environmental management, including environmental impact assessment, environmental rehabilitation, tourism impacts and conservation values. Practical application of karst studies are explained throughout the text.

@article{doi105860choice453808,
    author = "Ford, Derek 1935- and Williams, Paul W.",
    title = "Karst hydrogeology and geomorphology",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Originally published in 1989, Karst Geomorphology and Hydrology became the leading textbook on karst studies. This new textbook has been substantially revised and updated. The first half of the book is a systematic presentation of the dissolution kinetics, chemical equilibria and physical flow laws relating to karst environments. It includes details of the many environmental factors that complicate their chemical evolution, with a critique of measurement of karst erosion rates. The second half of the book looks at the classification system for cave systems and the influence of climate and climatic change on karst development. The book ends with chapters on karst water resource management and a look at the important issues of environmental management, including environmental impact assessment, environmental rehabilitation, tourism impacts and conservation values. Practical application of karst studies are explained throughout the text.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.45-3808",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.45-3808",
    openalex = "W124181313"
}

Karst Processes, Landforms and Issues.- A Brief Look at Land Use Regulations in Karst Terrains.- What Planners and Land Use Professionals Understand About Karst.- The Practical Impacts of Karst Regulations on the Communities that Implement Them - a Pair of Case Studies.- Karst Land Use Regulation in Rural Settings.- Moving Toward a Framework for Karst Land Use Regulations.

@article{doi105860choice470287,
    title = "Land use policy and practice on karst terrains: living on limestone",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    abstract = "Karst Processes, Landforms and Issues.- A Brief Look at Land Use Regulations in Karst Terrains.- What Planners and Land Use Professionals Understand About Karst.- The Practical Impacts of Karst Regulations on the Communities that Implement Them - a Pair of Case Studies.- Karst Land Use Regulation in Rural Settings.- Moving Toward a Framework for Karst Land Use Regulations.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.47-0287",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.47-0287",
    openalex = "W573101904"
}

@misc{crossref2010karst,
    title = "Karst map of Puerto Rico",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "Open-File Report",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20101104",
    doi = "10.3133/ofr20101104"
}

The history of Puerto Rico has usually been envisioned as a sequence of colonizations-various indigenous peoples from Archaic through Taino were successively invaded, assimilated, or eliminated, followed by the Spanish entrada, which was then modified by African traditions and, since 1898, by the United States. The truth is more complex, but in many ways Puerto Rico remains one of the last colonies in the world. This volume focuses on the successive indigenous cultures of Puerto Rico prior to 1493. Traditional studies of the cultures of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean have centered on ceramic studies, based on the archaeological model developed by Irving Rouse which has guided Caribbean archaeology for decades. Rodriguez Ramos departs from this methodology by implementing lithics as the primary unit for tracing the origins and developments of the indigenous peoples of Puerto Rico. Analyzing the technological styles involved in the production of stone artifacts in the island through time, as well as the evaluation of an inventory of more than 500 radiocarbon dates recovered since Rouse's model emerged, the author presents a truly innovative study revealing alternative perspectives on Puerto Rico's pre-Columbian culture-historical sequence. By applying a multiscalar design, he not only not only provides an analysis of the plural ways in which the precolonial peoples of the island interacted and negotiated their identities but also shows how the cultural landscapes of Puerto Rico, the Antilles, and the Greater Caribbean shaped and were shaped by mutually constituting processes through time.

@book{doi102307jj30347174,
    author = "Ramos, Reniel Rodríguez",
    title = "Rethinking Puerto Rican Precolonial History",
    year = "2010",
    booktitle = "University of Alabama Press eBooks",
    abstract = "The history of Puerto Rico has usually been envisioned as a sequence of colonizations-various indigenous peoples from Archaic through Taino were successively invaded, assimilated, or eliminated, followed by the Spanish entrada, which was then modified by African traditions and, since 1898, by the United States. The truth is more complex, but in many ways Puerto Rico remains one of the last colonies in the world. This volume focuses on the successive indigenous cultures of Puerto Rico prior to 1493. Traditional studies of the cultures of indigenous peoples of the Caribbean have centered on ceramic studies, based on the archaeological model developed by Irving Rouse which has guided Caribbean archaeology for decades. Rodriguez Ramos departs from this methodology by implementing lithics as the primary unit for tracing the origins and developments of the indigenous peoples of Puerto Rico. Analyzing the technological styles involved in the production of stone artifacts in the island through time, as well as the evaluation of an inventory of more than 500 radiocarbon dates recovered since Rouse's model emerged, the author presents a truly innovative study revealing alternative perspectives on Puerto Rico's pre-Columbian culture-historical sequence. By applying a multiscalar design, he not only not only provides an analysis of the plural ways in which the precolonial peoples of the island interacted and negotiated their identities but also shows how the cultural landscapes of Puerto Rico, the Antilles, and the Greater Caribbean shaped and were shaped by mutually constituting processes through time.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.30347174",
    doi = "10.2307/jj.30347174",
    openalex = "W103007779"
}

Karst provides a critical physical backdrop for much of the Caribbean’s history and many of its existing environmental, agricultural, economic and cultural issues. The karstlands are challenging to human habitation, since they possess a broad array of natural hazards, but they are also at risk of degradation and vulnerable to environmental change. The karst has a rich legacy of pre-Colombian settlement and contains many regional archaeological sites. Unsustainable European colonial agricultural practices degraded the vegetation and landscape severely. The karstlands also played a major role in resistance to colonial authority, and were used by Maroons as both refuges and bases for harassment and guerilla actions. Following emancipation and independence, the karst became a basis for subsistence agriculture, increasingly yielding to commercial agriculture, urbanization and industrial activities, and tourism. Despite hazards such as drought and flooding, human impacts on the karstlands have been long-term and severe. Regional predictions are that anthropogenic climatic change will lead to rising sea levels, changing precipitation totals and the increasing frequency of extreme events, such as droughts and hurricanes. The effects of all these changes will be magnified in the karst, particularly with respect to karst hydrology. Climate change and other human impacts will increasingly threaten already at-risk and vulnerable ecosystems and human communities, necessitating integration of climate change parameters and the adoption of appropriate risk management measures.

@article{doi103986acv39i1119,
    author = "Day, Mick",
    title = "Human Interaction with Caribbean Karst Landscapes: Past, Present and Future",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Acta Carsologica",
    abstract = "Karst provides a critical physical backdrop for much of the Caribbean’s history and many of its existing environmental, agricultural, economic and cultural issues. The karstlands are challenging to human habitation, since they possess a broad array of natural hazards, but they are also at risk of degradation and vulnerable to environmental change. The karst has a rich legacy of pre-Colombian settlement and contains many regional archaeological sites. Unsustainable European colonial agricultural practices degraded the vegetation and landscape severely. The karstlands also played a major role in resistance to colonial authority, and were used by Maroons as both refuges and bases for harassment and guerilla actions. Following emancipation and independence, the karst became a basis for subsistence agriculture, increasingly yielding to commercial agriculture, urbanization and industrial activities, and tourism. Despite hazards such as drought and flooding, human impacts on the karstlands have been long-term and severe. Regional predictions are that anthropogenic climatic change will lead to rising sea levels, changing precipitation totals and the increasing frequency of extreme events, such as droughts and hurricanes. The effects of all these changes will be magnified in the karst, particularly with respect to karst hydrology. Climate change and other human impacts will increasingly threaten already at-risk and vulnerable ecosystems and human communities, necessitating integration of climate change parameters and the adoption of appropriate risk management measures.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v39i1.119",
    doi = "10.3986/ac.v39i1.119",
    openalex = "W2116371942"
}

@article{doi101007s1004001208974,
    author = "Ghasemizadeh, Reza and Hellweger, Ferdinand and Butscher, Christoph and Padilla, Ingrid and Vesper, Dorothy J. and Field, Malcolm S. and Alshawabkeh, Akram N.",
    title = "Review: Groundwater flow and transport modeling of karst aquifers, with particular reference to the North Coast Limestone aquifer system of Puerto Rico",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "Hydrogeology Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0897-4",
    doi = "10.1007/s10040-012-0897-4",
    openalex = "W1879541490",
    references = "doi1010160022169479901781, doi103133pp1012, giusti1978hydrogeology"
}

ABSTRACT Coastal caves throughout the Caribbean basin have provided critical environmental settings for diverse human activities spanning many cultural periods and have ranged from ceremonial, mortuary or ritualistic applications to the practical uses of such shoreline structures within the context of past subsistence strategies and subsequent post-contact commercial exploitation. Coastal caves can harbor significant cultural resources, serving as repositories of archaeological and historical materials as well as providing critical physiographic components of cultural development in the Puerto Rican islands. However, anthropogenic uses of coastal cave sites of the Puerto Rico mainland have received limited attention in comparison to the numerous archeologically and geologically significant cave and karst sites located in the island interior. The comparative distribution and diversity of coastal cave rock art forms can serve as indicators of anthropogenic uses, forming an important baseline data set contributing to a more complete understanding of long-term cultural uses of littoral sites. This study integrates an overview of anthropogenic influences on Puerto Rican coastal karst landforms with their distinctive geomorphologies, correlating defined examples of cave structures with associated pre-contact and post-contact uses, contemporary human impact, and applied management/preservation strategies.

@article{doi101080155648942012729011,
    author = "Lace, Michael J.",
    title = "Anthropogenic Use, Modification, and Preservation of Coastal Cave Resources in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2012",
    journal = "The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology",
    abstract = "ABSTRACT Coastal caves throughout the Caribbean basin have provided critical environmental settings for diverse human activities spanning many cultural periods and have ranged from ceremonial, mortuary or ritualistic applications to the practical uses of such shoreline structures within the context of past subsistence strategies and subsequent post-contact commercial exploitation. Coastal caves can harbor significant cultural resources, serving as repositories of archaeological and historical materials as well as providing critical physiographic components of cultural development in the Puerto Rican islands. However, anthropogenic uses of coastal cave sites of the Puerto Rico mainland have received limited attention in comparison to the numerous archeologically and geologically significant cave and karst sites located in the island interior. The comparative distribution and diversity of coastal cave rock art forms can serve as indicators of anthropogenic uses, forming an important baseline data set contributing to a more complete understanding of long-term cultural uses of littoral sites. This study integrates an overview of anthropogenic influences on Puerto Rican coastal karst landforms with their distinctive geomorphologies, correlating defined examples of cave structures with associated pre-contact and post-contact uses, contemporary human impact, and applied management/preservation strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2012.729011",
    doi = "10.1080/15564894.2012.729011",
    openalex = "W2335042750",
    references = "doi101016026481729688336x, doi101016jgeomorph200807007, doi101017s0033822200017689, doi101017s1755691007000096, doi101126science1443618499, doi102307215587, doi1023072804248, doi105860choice391646, doi107560755529, openalexw45852506"
}

@incollection{doi10100797894007501669,
    author = "Lace, Michael J.",
    title = "Coastal Caves and Karst of the Puerto Rican Islands",
    year = "2013",
    booktitle = "Coastal research library",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6\_9",
    doi = "10.1007/978-94-007-5016-6\_9",
    openalex = "W167388840",
    references = "doi1010079781402086397, doi101016s0070457104800311, doi101080155648942012729011, doi101130b265121, doi1023072166363, doi1023072804248, doi102307jj30347174, doi105860choice476866, doi105860choice484562, doi107208chicago97802262533120010001, openalexw2521450165, openalexw45852506"
}

Karst regions represent 7–12% of the Earth's continental area, and about one quarter of the global population is completely or partially dependent on drinking water from karst aquifers. Climate simulations project a strong increase in temperature and a decrease of precipitation in many karst regions in the world over the next decades. Despite this potentially bleak future, few studies specifically quantify the impact of climate change on karst water resources. This review provides an introduction to karst, its evolution, and its particular hydrological processes. We explore different conceptual models of karst systems and how they can be translated into numerical models of varying complexity and therefore varying data requirements and depths of process representation. We discuss limitations of current karst models and show that at the present state, we face a challenge in terms of data availability and information content of the available data. We conclude by providing new research directions to develop and evaluate better prediction models to address the most challenging problems of karst water resources management, including opportunities for data collection and for karst model applications at so far unprecedented scales.

@article{doi1010022013rg000443,
    author = "Hartmann, Andreas and Goldscheider, Nico and Wagener, Thorsten and Lange, Jens and Weiler, Markus",
    title = "Karst water resources in a changing world: Review of hydrological modeling approaches",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Karst regions represent 7–12\% of the Earth's continental area, and about one quarter of the global population is completely or partially dependent on drinking water from karst aquifers. Climate simulations project a strong increase in temperature and a decrease of precipitation in many karst regions in the world over the next decades. Despite this potentially bleak future, few studies specifically quantify the impact of climate change on karst water resources. This review provides an introduction to karst, its evolution, and its particular hydrological processes. We explore different conceptual models of karst systems and how they can be translated into numerical models of varying complexity and therefore varying data requirements and depths of process representation. We discuss limitations of current karst models and show that at the present state, we face a challenge in terms of data availability and information content of the available data. We conclude by providing new research directions to develop and evaluate better prediction models to address the most challenging problems of karst water resources management, including opportunities for data collection and for karst model applications at so far unprecedented scales.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013rg000443",
    doi = "10.1002/2013rg000443",
    openalex = "W1827740926",
    references = "doi1010029781118684986, doi101002hyp3360060305, doi1010160016703776901769, doi1010160022169470902556, doi101016jjhydrol200507007, doi10102991wr02985, doi101038nature10452, doi101038nclimate1744, doi101126science2895477284, doi1050381827806x3711, openalexw1520428197, openalexw44545800"
}

@article{doi101007s1314601401981,
    author = "Sumrall, Jonathan B. and Mylroie, John E. and Kambesis, Patricia N.",
    title = "Microbial mixing zone dolomitization and karst development within Isla de Mona Dolomite, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Carbonates and Evaporites",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0198-1",
    doi = "10.1007/s13146-014-0198-1",
    openalex = "W2072996909",
    references = "doi101016s0070457104800311"
}

Submerged tropical karst features were discovered in Nagura Bay on Ishigaki Island in the southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The coastal seafloor at depths shallower than ~130 m has been subjected to repeated and alternating subaerial erosion and sedimentation during periods of Quaternary sea-level lowstands. We conducted a broadband multibeam survey in the central area of Nagura Bay (1.85 2.7 km) and visualized the highresolution bathymetric results over a depth range of 1.6-58.5 m. Various types of humid tropical karst landforms were found to coexist within the bay, including fluviokarst, doline karst, cockpit karst, polygonal karst, uvalas, and mega-dolines. Although these submerged karst landforms are covered by thick postglacial reef and reef sediments, their shapes and sizes are distinct from those associated with coral reef geomorphology. The submerged landscape of Nagura Bay likely formed during multiple glacial and interglacial periods. According to our bathymetric results and the aerial photographs of the coastal area, this submerged karst landscape appears to have developed throughout Nagura Bay (i.e., over an area of approximately 6 5 km) and represents the largest submerged karst in Japan.

@article{doi101016jgeomorph201407032,
    author = "Kan, Hironobu and Urata, Kensaku and Nagao, Masayuki and Hori, Nobuyuki and Fujita, Kazuhiko and Yokoyama, Yūsuke and Nakashima, Yosuke and Ohashi, Tomoya and Goto, Kazuhisa and Suzuki, Atsushi",
    title = "Submerged karst landforms observed by multibeam bathymetric survey in Nagura Bay, Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Geomorphology",
    abstract = "Submerged tropical karst features were discovered in Nagura Bay on Ishigaki Island in the southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. The coastal seafloor at depths shallower than \textasciitilde 130 m has been subjected to repeated and alternating subaerial erosion and sedimentation during periods of Quaternary sea-level lowstands. We conducted a broadband multibeam survey in the central area of Nagura Bay (1.85 2.7 km) and visualized the highresolution bathymetric results over a depth range of 1.6-58.5 m. Various types of humid tropical karst landforms were found to coexist within the bay, including fluviokarst, doline karst, cockpit karst, polygonal karst, uvalas, and mega-dolines. Although these submerged karst landforms are covered by thick postglacial reef and reef sediments, their shapes and sizes are distinct from those associated with coral reef geomorphology. The submerged landscape of Nagura Bay likely formed during multiple glacial and interglacial periods. According to our bathymetric results and the aerial photographs of the coastal area, this submerged karst landscape appears to have developed throughout Nagura Bay (i.e., over an area of approximately 6 5 km) and represents the largest submerged karst in Japan.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.032",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.07.032",
    openalex = "W2079538677",
    references = "doi10100797894007501664"
}

Phthalate exposure during pregnancy has been linked to adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth, and inflammation and oxidative stress may mediate these relationships. In a prospective cohort study of pregnant women recruited early in gestation in Northern Puerto Rico, we investigated the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and oxidative stress, including 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 8-isoprostane. Inflammation biomarkers were measured in plasma twice during pregnancy (N = 215 measurements, N = 120 subjects), and oxidative stress biomarkers in urine were measured three times (N = 148 measurements, N = 54 subjects) per woman. In adjusted linear mixed models, metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were associated with increased IL-6 and IL-10 but relationships were generally not statistically significant. All phthalates were associated with increases in oxidative stress markers. Relationships with OHdG were significant for DEHP metabolites as well as mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and monoiso-butyl phthalate (MiBP). For 8-isoprostane, associations with nearly all phthalates were statistically significant and the largest effect estimates were observed for MBP and MiBP (49-50% increase in 8-isoprostane with an interquartile range increase in metabolite concentration). These relationships suggest a possible mechanism for phthalate action that may be relevant to a number of adverse health outcomes.

@article{doi101021es502076j,
    author = "Ferguson, Kelly K. and Cantonwine, David E. and Rivera-González, Luis O. and Loch‐Caruso, Rita and Mukherjee, Bhramar and Toro, Liza V. Anzalota Del and Jiménez‐Vélez, Braulio and Calafat, Antonia M. and Ye, Xiaoyun and Alshawabkeh, Akram N. and Cordero, José F. and Meeker, John D.",
    title = "Urinary Phthalate Metabolite Associations with Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Across Pregnancy in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Environmental Science \& Technology",
    abstract = "Phthalate exposure during pregnancy has been linked to adverse birth outcomes such as preterm birth, and inflammation and oxidative stress may mediate these relationships. In a prospective cohort study of pregnant women recruited early in gestation in Northern Puerto Rico, we investigated the associations between urinary phthalate metabolites and biomarkers of inflammation, including C-reactive protein, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, and oxidative stress, including 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (OHdG) and 8-isoprostane. Inflammation biomarkers were measured in plasma twice during pregnancy (N = 215 measurements, N = 120 subjects), and oxidative stress biomarkers in urine were measured three times (N = 148 measurements, N = 54 subjects) per woman. In adjusted linear mixed models, metabolites of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were associated with increased IL-6 and IL-10 but relationships were generally not statistically significant. All phthalates were associated with increases in oxidative stress markers. Relationships with OHdG were significant for DEHP metabolites as well as mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) and monoiso-butyl phthalate (MiBP). For 8-isoprostane, associations with nearly all phthalates were statistically significant and the largest effect estimates were observed for MBP and MiBP (49-50\% increase in 8-isoprostane with an interquartile range increase in metabolite concentration). These relationships suggest a possible mechanism for phthalate action that may be relevant to a number of adverse health outcomes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1021/es502076j",
    doi = "10.1021/es502076j",
    openalex = "W2012396605",
    references = "doi101016jtaap201301020, doi101021es202340b"
}

This report describes new digital maps delineating areas of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, having karst or the potential for development of karst and pseudokarst. These maps show areas underlain by soluble rocks and also by volcanic rocks, sedimentary deposits, and permafrost that have potential for karst or pseudokarst development. All 50 States contain rocks with potential for karst development, and about 18 percent of their area is underlain by soluble rocks having karst or the potential for development of karst features. The areas of soluble rocks shown are based primarily on selection from State geologic maps of rock units containing significant amounts of carbonate or evaporite minerals. Areas underlain by soluble rocks are further classified by general climate setting, degree of induration, and degree of exposure. Areas having potential for volcanic pseudokarst are those underlain chiefly by basaltic-flow rocks no older than Miocene in age. Areas with potential for pseudokarst features in sedimentary rocks are in relatively unconsolidated rocks from which pseudokarst features, such as piping caves, have been reported. Areas having potential for development of thermokarst features, mapped exclusively in Alaska, contain permafrost in relatively thick surficial deposits containing ground ice. This report includes a GIS database with link from the map unit polygons to online geologic unit descriptions.

@article{doi103133ofr20141156,
    author = "Weary, David J. and Doctor, Daniel H.",
    title = "Karst in the United States: A digital map compilation and database",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Antarctica A Keystone in a Changing World",
    abstract = "This report describes new digital maps delineating areas of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, having karst or the potential for development of karst and pseudokarst. These maps show areas underlain by soluble rocks and also by volcanic rocks, sedimentary deposits, and permafrost that have potential for karst or pseudokarst development. All 50 States contain rocks with potential for karst development, and about 18 percent of their area is underlain by soluble rocks having karst or the potential for development of karst features. The areas of soluble rocks shown are based primarily on selection from State geologic maps of rock units containing significant amounts of carbonate or evaporite minerals. Areas underlain by soluble rocks are further classified by general climate setting, degree of induration, and degree of exposure. Areas having potential for volcanic pseudokarst are those underlain chiefly by basaltic-flow rocks no older than Miocene in age. Areas with potential for pseudokarst features in sedimentary rocks are in relatively unconsolidated rocks from which pseudokarst features, such as piping caves, have been reported. Areas having potential for development of thermokarst features, mapped exclusively in Alaska, contain permafrost in relatively thick surficial deposits containing ground ice. This report includes a GIS database with link from the map unit polygons to online geologic unit descriptions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141156",
    doi = "10.3133/ofr20141156",
    openalex = "W1593086292",
    references = "crossref2010karst"
}

@article{hall2014ecotourism,
    author = "Hall, Andrea and Day, Mick",
    title = "Ecotourism in the State Forest Karst of Puerto Rico",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Journal of Cave and Karst Studies",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4311/2011ss0263",
    doi = "10.4311/2011ss0263",
    number = "1",
    pages = "30-41",
    volume = "76"
}

@article{doi101007s1004001614196,
    author = "Ghasemizadeh, Reza and Yu, Xue and Butscher, Christoph and Padilla, Ingrid and Alshawabkeh, Akram N.",
    title = "Improved regional groundwater flow modeling using drainage features: a case study of the central northern karst aquifer system of Puerto Rico (USA)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Hydrogeology Journal",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1419-6",
    doi = "10.1007/s10040-016-1419-6",
    openalex = "W2345918509",
    references = "crossref2010karst"
}

Isla de Mona, a small, uplifted carbonate plateau jutting out of the waters of the Mona Passage, is an incredibly fragile and densely karstic environment. Expedition work was conducted by the Isla de Mona Project in cooperation with the Departamento Recursos Naturales y Ambientales de Puerto Rico (DRNA), including contributions from many researchers and cavers volunteering from across the U.S and Puerto Rico in the course of 12 separate expeditions, spanning a 14-year period (1998 to 2013). Over 200 caves have been documented on the island to date, the majority of this inventory is composed of flank margin caves but also includes sea caves, pit caves and talus caves. The most extensive example of cave development on the island is Sistema Faro – a sprawling maze-like series of chambers formed within the eastern point of the island with over 40 cliffside entrances overlooking the Caribbean Sea. Detailed cartography and analysis of the geomorphology and development of the Sistema Faro has helped form a complex model of carbonate island cave development as a function of tectonic uplift, lithology, sea level changes, karst hydrogeology and cliff retreat. This communication examines the roles these controls have played in the genesis of the world’s largest flank margin cave.

@article{doi1021701bolgeomin1271014,
    author = "Lace, Michael J. and Kambesis, Patricia N. and Mylroie, John E.",
    title = "Sistema Faro, Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico: speleogenesis of the world’s largest flank margin cave",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "BOLETÍN GEOLÓGICO Y MINERO",
    abstract = "Isla de Mona, a small, uplifted carbonate plateau jutting out of the waters of the Mona Passage, is an incredibly fragile and densely karstic environment. Expedition work was conducted by the Isla de Mona Project in cooperation with the Departamento Recursos Naturales y Ambientales de Puerto Rico (DRNA), including contributions from many researchers and cavers volunteering from across the U.S and Puerto Rico in the course of 12 separate expeditions, spanning a 14-year period (1998 to 2013). Over 200 caves have been documented on the island to date, the majority of this inventory is composed of flank margin caves but also includes sea caves, pit caves and talus caves. The most extensive example of cave development on the island is Sistema Faro – a sprawling maze-like series of chambers formed within the eastern point of the island with over 40 cliffside entrances overlooking the Caribbean Sea. Detailed cartography and analysis of the geomorphology and development of the Sistema Faro has helped form a complex model of carbonate island cave development as a function of tectonic uplift, lithology, sea level changes, karst hydrogeology and cliff retreat. This communication examines the roles these controls have played in the genesis of the world’s largest flank margin cave.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.014",
    doi = "10.21701/bolgeomin.127.1.014",
    openalex = "W2515043096",
    references = "doi101007978940075016617, doi10100797894007501663, doi10100797894007501664, doi10100797894007501669, doi101016b9780123747396001317, doi101016s0070457104800311, doi101080155648942012729011, doi102110jsr2007086, openalexw1517313123, openalexw2288526775"
}

We review the current understanding of the physics of caves and karst. Our review focuses on research that has used simple physically based models to improve understanding of processes that occur in karst. The topics we cover include cave atmosphere dynamics, transport within karst conduits, and models of speleogenesis and related processes. We highlight recent advances in these subjects and attempt to identify promising areas for future work. In our judgment, many of the most intriguing open questions relate to the interactions between these three groups of processes.Vzemimo valjasto jamo: pogled fizika na znanost o jamah in krasuV članku pregledava trenutno poznavanje fizike jam in krasa. Pri tem se osredotočava na raziskave, ki so razumevanje kraških procesov poglobile z uporabo preprostih modelov na osnovi fizike. Obravnavava vedenje jamskega ozračja, transport v kraških kanalih in modele nastanka jam ter povezanih procesov. Izpostavljava sodobna dognanja na teh področjih in iščeva obetavne teme za nadaljnje raziskave. Po najinem mnenju so mnoga med bolj privlačnimi odprtimi vprašanji povezana z medsebojnim vplivom med obravnavanimi tremi skupinami procesov.

@article{doi103986acv44i31925,
    author = "Covington, M. D. and Perne, Matija",
    title = "Consider a cylindrical cave: A physicist's view of cave and karst science",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Acta Carsologica",
    abstract = "We review the current understanding of the physics of caves and karst. Our review focuses on research that has used simple physically based models to improve understanding of processes that occur in karst. The topics we cover include cave atmosphere dynamics, transport within karst conduits, and models of speleogenesis and related processes. We highlight recent advances in these subjects and attempt to identify promising areas for future work. In our judgment, many of the most intriguing open questions relate to the interactions between these three groups of processes.Vzemimo valjasto jamo: pogled fizika na znanost o jamah in krasuV članku pregledava trenutno poznavanje fizike jam in krasa. Pri tem se osredotočava na raziskave, ki so razumevanje kraških procesov poglobile z uporabo preprostih modelov na osnovi fizike. Obravnavava vedenje jamskega ozračja, transport v kraških kanalih in modele nastanka jam ter povezanih procesov. Izpostavljava sodobna dognanja na teh področjih in iščeva obetavne teme za nadaljnje raziskave. Po najinem mnenju so mnoga med bolj privlačnimi odprtimi vprašanji povezana z medsebojnim vplivom med obravnavanimi tremi skupinami procesov.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v44i3.1925",
    doi = "10.3986/ac.v44i3.1925",
    openalex = "W2267382642",
    references = "openalexw2288526775"
}

@incollection{doi10100797833195107053,
    author = "Cordero, José F. and Meeker, John D. and Loch‐Caruso, Rita and Giese, Roger W. and Padilla, Ingrid and Vesper, Dorothy J. and Kaeli, David and Sheahan, Thomas C. and Brown, Phil and Vélez-Vega, Carmen M. and Alshawabkeh, Akram N.",
    title = "Team Science Applied to Environmental Health Research: Karst Hydrogeology and Preterm Birth in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2017",
    booktitle = "Advances in karst science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5\_3",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5\_3",
    openalex = "W2753919546",
    references = "doi1010022013rg000443, doi101016jenvres201102002, doi101016jtaap201301020, doi101016s0140673612608204, doi101016s014067361261856x, doi101021es202340b, doi101289ehp0800522, doi101289ehp1103582, doi101289ehp282, doi101542peds20060860"
}

Karst aquifers contribute substantially to freshwater supplies in many regions of the world, but are vulnerable to contamination and difficult to manage because of their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Many karst systems are hydraulically connected over wide areas and require transboundary exploration, protection and management. In order to obtain a better global overview of karst aquifers, to create a basis for sustainable international water-resources management, and to increase the awareness in the public and among decision makers, the World Karst Aquifer Mapping (WOKAM) project was established. The goal is to create a world map and database of karst aquifers, as a further development of earlier maps. This paper presents the basic concepts and the detailed mapping procedure, using France as an example to illustrate the step-by-step workflow, which includes generalization, differentiation of continuous and discontinuous carbonate and evaporite rock areas, and the identification of non-exposed karst aquifers. The map also shows selected caves and karst springs, which are collected in an associated global database. The draft karst aquifer map of Europe shows that 21.6% of the European land surface is characterized by the presence of (continuous or discontinuous) carbonate rocks; about 13.8% of the land surface is carbonate rock outcrop.

@article{doi101007s1004001615193,
    author = "Chen, Zhao and Auler, Augusto S. and Bakalowicz, Michel and Drew, David and Griger, Franziska and Hartmann, Jens and Jiang, Guanghui and Moosdorf, Nils and Richts, Andrea and Stevanović, Zoran and Veni, George and Goldscheider, Nico",
    title = "The World Karst Aquifer Mapping project: concept, mapping procedure and map of Europe",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Hydrogeology Journal",
    abstract = "Karst aquifers contribute substantially to freshwater supplies in many regions of the world, but are vulnerable to contamination and difficult to manage because of their unique hydrogeological characteristics. Many karst systems are hydraulically connected over wide areas and require transboundary exploration, protection and management. In order to obtain a better global overview of karst aquifers, to create a basis for sustainable international water-resources management, and to increase the awareness in the public and among decision makers, the World Karst Aquifer Mapping (WOKAM) project was established. The goal is to create a world map and database of karst aquifers, as a further development of earlier maps. This paper presents the basic concepts and the detailed mapping procedure, using France as an example to illustrate the step-by-step workflow, which includes generalization, differentiation of continuous and discontinuous carbonate and evaporite rock areas, and the identification of non-exposed karst aquifers. The map also shows selected caves and karst springs, which are collected in an associated global database. The draft karst aquifer map of Europe shows that 21.6\% of the European land surface is characterized by the presence of (continuous or discontinuous) carbonate rocks; about 13.8\% of the land surface is carbonate rock outcrop.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-016-1519-3",
    doi = "10.1007/s10040-016-1519-3",
    openalex = "W2578335399",
    references = "doi1010022013rg000443, doi101002hyp7332, doi101016jmarpetgeo201011006"
}

Abstract Quaternary glacio-eustasy has traditionally been determined in part by the examination of fossil coral reefs on carbonate islands and coasts uplifted by tectonics. These studies do not properly account for dissolutional denudation, which is cumulative, making higher and therefore older terraces exist at elevations far below their assumed depositional elevation. Karst pedestals (karrentische) on Guam reveal the extent of the denudation (c. 50 mm ka −1) and demonstrate that theoretical denudation models can be accurately applied to eogenetic carbonates in tropical settings. Aeolian calcarenite islands such as the Bahamas have been used as tectonically stable sea-level calibrations for other islands, which may not be correct. Flank margin caves, forming in the distal margin of the freshwater lens within a carbonate island, are excellent sea-level indicators. Analysis of flank margin cave elevations indicates that the Bahamas have had past sea-level highstands >6 m, perhaps up to 15 m or more, for which no fossil coral data exist. Denudational removal of these older corals has biased the record to younger events and only flank margin caves remain as viable terrestrial signatures of these older sea-level highstands.

@article{doi101144sp4662,
    author = "Mylroie, John E. and Mylroie, Joan R.",
    title = "Role of karst denudation on the accurate assessment of glacio-eustasy and tectonic uplift on carbonate coasts",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Quaternary glacio-eustasy has traditionally been determined in part by the examination of fossil coral reefs on carbonate islands and coasts uplifted by tectonics. These studies do not properly account for dissolutional denudation, which is cumulative, making higher and therefore older terraces exist at elevations far below their assumed depositional elevation. Karst pedestals (karrentische) on Guam reveal the extent of the denudation (c. 50 mm ka −1) and demonstrate that theoretical denudation models can be accurately applied to eogenetic carbonates in tropical settings. Aeolian calcarenite islands such as the Bahamas have been used as tectonically stable sea-level calibrations for other islands, which may not be correct. Flank margin caves, forming in the distal margin of the freshwater lens within a carbonate island, are excellent sea-level indicators. Analysis of flank margin cave elevations indicates that the Bahamas have had past sea-level highstands >6 m, perhaps up to 15 m or more, for which no fossil coral data exist. Denudational removal of these older corals has biased the record to younger events and only flank margin caves remain as viable terrestrial signatures of these older sea-level highstands.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp466.2",
    doi = "10.1144/sp466.2",
    openalex = "W2767303802",
    references = "doi101007978940075016617"
}

Forests on calcareous substrates constitute a large fraction of the vegetation in Puerto Rico. Plant growth on these substrates may be affected by nutrient deficiencies, mainly P and Fe, resulting from high pH and formation of insoluble compounds of these elements. The occurrence of these forests in humid and dry areas provides an opportunity to compare nutrient relations, water use efficiency, and N dynamics, using biogeochemical parameters. We selected sites under humid climate in the north, and dry climate in the southwest of Puerto Rico. Adult, healthy leaves of species with high importance values were collected at each site and analyzed for their elemental composition and the natural abundance of C and N isotopes. Calcium was the dominant cation in leaf tissues, explaining over 70% of the ash content variation, and Al and Ca concentration were positively correlated, excepting only two Al-accumulating species. Karst vegetation consistently showed high N/P ratios comparable to forests on P-poor soils. Dry karst sites had significantly higher δ13C and δ15N ratios. We conclude that forests on karst are mainly limited by P availability, and that mechanisms of nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere lead to linear correlations in the uptake of Ca and Al. Isotope ratios indicate higher water use efficiency, and predominant denitrification in dry karst forest sites.

@article{doi103390f8060182,
    author = "Medina, Ernesto and Cuevas, Elvira and Lugo, Ariel E.",
    title = "Substrate Chemistry and Rainfall Regime Regulate Elemental Composition of Tree Leaves in Karst Forests",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Forests",
    abstract = "Forests on calcareous substrates constitute a large fraction of the vegetation in Puerto Rico. Plant growth on these substrates may be affected by nutrient deficiencies, mainly P and Fe, resulting from high pH and formation of insoluble compounds of these elements. The occurrence of these forests in humid and dry areas provides an opportunity to compare nutrient relations, water use efficiency, and N dynamics, using biogeochemical parameters. We selected sites under humid climate in the north, and dry climate in the southwest of Puerto Rico. Adult, healthy leaves of species with high importance values were collected at each site and analyzed for their elemental composition and the natural abundance of C and N isotopes. Calcium was the dominant cation in leaf tissues, explaining over 70\% of the ash content variation, and Al and Ca concentration were positively correlated, excepting only two Al-accumulating species. Karst vegetation consistently showed high N/P ratios comparable to forests on P-poor soils. Dry karst sites had significantly higher δ13C and δ15N ratios. We conclude that forests on karst are mainly limited by P availability, and that mechanisms of nutrient uptake in the rhizosphere lead to linear correlations in the uptake of Ca and Al. Isotope ratios indicate higher water use efficiency, and predominant denitrification in dry karst forest sites.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060182",
    doi = "10.3390/f8060182",
    openalex = "W2620497149",
    references = "crossref2010karst"
}

@incollection{cordero2018team,
    author = "Cordero, José F. and Meeker, John D. and Loch-Caruso, Rita and Giese, Roger and Padilla, Ingrid and Vesper, Dorothy and Kaeli, David and Sheahan, Thomas and Brown, Phil and Vélez-Vega, Carmen M. and Alshawabkeh, Akram N.",
    title = "Team Science Applied to Environmental Health Research: Karst Hydrogeology and Preterm Birth in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Advances in Karst Science",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5\_3",
    doi = "10.1007/978-3-319-51070-5\_3",
    pages = "17-25"
}

Abstract Karst landscapes and karst aquifers, which are composed of a variety of soluble rocks such as salt, gypsum, anhydrite, limestone, dolomite and quartzite, are fascinating areas of study. As karst rocks are abundant on the Earth's surface, the fast evolution of karst landscapes and the rapid flow of water through karst aquifers present challenges from a number of different perspectives. This collection of 25 papers deals with different aspects of these challenges, including karst geology, geomorphology and speleogenesis, karst hydrogeology, karst modelling, and karst hazards and management. Together these papers provide a state-of-the-art review of the current challenges and solutions in describing karst from a scientific perspective.

@article{doi101144sp46626,
    author = "Parise, Mario and Gabrovšek, Franci and Kaufmann, Georg and Ravbar, Nataša",
    title = "Recent advances in karst research: from theory to fieldwork and applications",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geological Society London Special Publications",
    abstract = "Abstract Karst landscapes and karst aquifers, which are composed of a variety of soluble rocks such as salt, gypsum, anhydrite, limestone, dolomite and quartzite, are fascinating areas of study. As karst rocks are abundant on the Earth's surface, the fast evolution of karst landscapes and the rapid flow of water through karst aquifers present challenges from a number of different perspectives. This collection of 25 papers deals with different aspects of these challenges, including karst geology, geomorphology and speleogenesis, karst hydrogeology, karst modelling, and karst hazards and management. Together these papers provide a state-of-the-art review of the current challenges and solutions in describing karst from a scientific perspective.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/sp466.26",
    doi = "10.1144/sp466.26",
    openalex = "W2800483103",
    references = "doi10100797894007501664"
}

Bukit Jaddih karst in Bangkalan, Madura, is an ex-limestone mining location managed partially by individuals or community groups as tourism area. This study aims to develop sustainable strategies for Bukit Jaddih karst resources and ecotourism. Data were obtained from questionnaires given to 30 respondents consisting of visitors, miners, traders, society, and policymaker then being analyzed for the strategy on the development of tourism object. SWOT strategy was used to determine every aspect of tourism development (weight 0.00 to 1.00). Score are given in a rating where the rating indicates the level of importance. The IFAS analysis shows Bukit Jaddih karst has some dominant internal strengths, i.e. uniqueness, safety, cleanliness, access to food-stalls, and cellular networks covering tourist areas. However, tourist services in Bukit Jaddih karst are not good enough and indicated as dominant weakness. EFAS shows that Bukit Jaddih karst can provide employment opportunities for the surrounding community. The strategy of the Matrix analysis supports an aggressive growth policy (Growth Oriented Strategy), which is using the Strength Opportunities (SO) strategy and is applied based on the utilization of the opportunities of Bukit Jaddih karst ecotourism. The strategies to be developed are 1). Promotion through prints, TV, radio and social media; 2). Developing diversified tourism attractions; 3). Mapping the tourism potential of Bangkalan Regency; 4). Establishment of Tourism Awareness Group (Kelompok Sadar Wisata, Pokdarwis); 5). Training for local community as guide; 6). The establishment of Surabaya-Madura tourism package; 7). Establishment of regulations on the cleanliness, security, and comfort.Keywords: Bukit Jaddih karst, EFAS, IFAS, strategy, tourism development.

@article{doi1021776ubjitode20180060206,
    author = "Parmawati, Rita and Imaniyah, Rif’atul and Rokani, Lutvita Eka and Rajaguni, Muhammad Iqbal and Kurnianto, Agung Sih",
    title = "Ecotourism Development Strategy of Bukit Jaddih Karst, Madura",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies",
    abstract = "Bukit Jaddih karst in Bangkalan, Madura, is an ex-limestone mining location managed partially by individuals or community groups as tourism area. This study aims to develop sustainable strategies for Bukit Jaddih karst resources and ecotourism. Data were obtained from questionnaires given to 30 respondents consisting of visitors, miners, traders, society, and policymaker then being analyzed for the strategy on the development of tourism object. SWOT strategy was used to determine every aspect of tourism development (weight 0.00 to 1.00). Score are given in a rating where the rating indicates the level of importance. The IFAS analysis shows Bukit Jaddih karst has some dominant internal strengths, i.e. uniqueness, safety, cleanliness, access to food-stalls, and cellular networks covering tourist areas. However, tourist services in Bukit Jaddih karst are not good enough and indicated as dominant weakness. EFAS shows that Bukit Jaddih karst can provide employment opportunities for the surrounding community. The strategy of the Matrix analysis supports an aggressive growth policy (Growth Oriented Strategy), which is using the Strength Opportunities (SO) strategy and is applied based on the utilization of the opportunities of Bukit Jaddih karst ecotourism. The strategies to be developed are 1). Promotion through prints, TV, radio and social media; 2). Developing diversified tourism attractions; 3). Mapping the tourism potential of Bangkalan Regency; 4). Establishment of Tourism Awareness Group (Kelompok Sadar Wisata, Pokdarwis); 5). Training for local community as guide; 6). The establishment of Surabaya-Madura tourism package; 7). Establishment of regulations on the cleanliness, security, and comfort.Keywords: Bukit Jaddih karst, EFAS, IFAS, strategy, tourism development.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.02.06",
    doi = "10.21776/ub.jitode.2018.006.02.06",
    openalex = "W2885515043",
    references = "hall2014ecotourism"
}

@article{doi101007s1145701909228x,
    author = "Lace, Michael J. and Albury, Nancy A. and Samson, Alice and Cooper, Jago and Ramos, Reniel Rodríguez",
    title = "Ship Graffiti on the Islands of the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos and Puerto Rico: A Comparative Analysis",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Maritime Archaeology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11457-019-09228-x",
    doi = "10.1007/s11457-019-09228-x",
    openalex = "W2922185845",
    references = "doi101080155648942012729011, doi1021701bolgeomin1271014"
}

Karst aquifers are one of the main potable water sources worldwide. Although the exact global karst water utilisation figures cannot be provided, this study represents an attempt to make an upgraded assessment of earlier and often circulated data. The main objective of the undertaken analysis is not only to provide an assessment of the utilisation of current karst aquifers, but also to estimate possible trends under various impact factors such as population growth or climate changes. In > 140 countries, different types of karstified rocks crop out over some 19.3 × 106 km2, covering > 14% of ice-free land. The main ‘karst countries’, those with > 1 × 106 km2 of karst surface are Russia, USA, China and Canada, while among those with > 80% of the territories covered by karst are Jamaica, Cuba, Montenegro and several others. In contrast, in a quarter of the total number of countries, karstic rocks are either totally absent or have a minor extension, meaning that no karst water sources can be developed. Although the precise number of total karst water consumers cannot be defined, it was assessed in 2016 at approximately 678 million or 9.2% of the world’s population, which is twice less than what was previously estimated in some of the reports. With a total estimated withdrawal of 127 km3/year, karst aquifers are contributing to the total global groundwater withdrawal by about 13%. However, only around 4% of the estimated average global annually renewable karstic groundwater is currently utilised, of which < 1% is for drinking purposes. Although often problematic because of unstable discharge regimes and high vulnerability to pollution, karst groundwater represents the main source of potable water supply in many countries and regions. Nevertheless, engineering solutions are often required to ensure a sustainable water supply and prevent negative consequences of groundwater over-extraction.

@article{doi101007s1266501986709,
    author = "Stevanović, Zoran",
    title = "Karst waters in potable water supply: a global scale overview",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Environmental Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "Karst aquifers are one of the main potable water sources worldwide. Although the exact global karst water utilisation figures cannot be provided, this study represents an attempt to make an upgraded assessment of earlier and often circulated data. The main objective of the undertaken analysis is not only to provide an assessment of the utilisation of current karst aquifers, but also to estimate possible trends under various impact factors such as population growth or climate changes. In > 140 countries, different types of karstified rocks crop out over some 19.3 × 106 km2, covering > 14\% of ice-free land. The main ‘karst countries’, those with > 1 × 106 km2 of karst surface are Russia, USA, China and Canada, while among those with > 80\% of the territories covered by karst are Jamaica, Cuba, Montenegro and several others. In contrast, in a quarter of the total number of countries, karstic rocks are either totally absent or have a minor extension, meaning that no karst water sources can be developed. Although the precise number of total karst water consumers cannot be defined, it was assessed in 2016 at approximately 678 million or 9.2\% of the world’s population, which is twice less than what was previously estimated in some of the reports. With a total estimated withdrawal of 127 km3/year, karst aquifers are contributing to the total global groundwater withdrawal by about 13\%. However, only around 4\% of the estimated average global annually renewable karstic groundwater is currently utilised, of which < 1\% is for drinking purposes. Although often problematic because of unstable discharge regimes and high vulnerability to pollution, karst groundwater represents the main source of potable water supply in many countries and regions. Nevertheless, engineering solutions are often required to ensure a sustainable water supply and prevent negative consequences of groundwater over-extraction.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8670-9",
    doi = "10.1007/s12665-019-8670-9",
    openalex = "W2991243742",
    references = "doi1010022013rg000443"
}

Karst aquifers, capable of storing and transmitting large amount of water, are the main source of drinking water in many regions worldwide. Their excessive permeability leads to an enhanced vulnerability to retain and spread the contamination accordingly. From sustainability perspective, the environmental, economic and social impacts of karst contamination on water resources management are gaining more attention. In this study, an overview of hydrogeological processes and concepts regarding groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karstic systems is presented, followed by a short discussion on surface water and groundwater interaction. Due to the complexity of karstic systems, different approaches have been developed by researchers for investigating and understanding hydrogeological processes and groundwater behavior in karst which are reviewed herein. Additionally, groundwater contamination issues and the most common and effective remediation techniques in karstic terrains are discussed. Lastly, modeling techniques and remote sensing methods, as beneficial and powerful tools for assessing groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karst terrains, are reviewed and evaluated. In each section, relevant research works conducted for Puerto Rico are discussed and some recommendations are presented to complement the ongoing hydrogeological investigations on this island.

@article{doi101016jgsd201810004,
    author = "Kalhor, Koosha and Ghasemizadeh, Reza and Rajic, Ljiljana and Alshawabkeh, Akram",
    title = "Assessment of groundwater quality and remediation in karst aquifers: A review.",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Groundwater for sustainable development",
    abstract = "Karst aquifers, capable of storing and transmitting large amount of water, are the main source of drinking water in many regions worldwide. Their excessive permeability leads to an enhanced vulnerability to retain and spread the contamination accordingly. From sustainability perspective, the environmental, economic and social impacts of karst contamination on water resources management are gaining more attention. In this study, an overview of hydrogeological processes and concepts regarding groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karstic systems is presented, followed by a short discussion on surface water and groundwater interaction. Due to the complexity of karstic systems, different approaches have been developed by researchers for investigating and understanding hydrogeological processes and groundwater behavior in karst which are reviewed herein. Additionally, groundwater contamination issues and the most common and effective remediation techniques in karstic terrains are discussed. Lastly, modeling techniques and remote sensing methods, as beneficial and powerful tools for assessing groundwater flow and contaminant transport in karst terrains, are reviewed and evaluated. In each section, relevant research works conducted for Puerto Rico are discussed and some recommendations are presented to complement the ongoing hydrogeological investigations on this island.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6291008/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsd.2018.10.004",
    pmcid = "PMC6291008",
    pmid = "30555889"
}

Water resources are of enormous societal and ecological importance. In coastal areas, they are under ever greater pressure due to population growth, more affluent lifestyles, food production and the growing tourism industry. Changes to the coastal landscape, through urbanisation and land reclamation, and by natural processes such as climate change and sea level rise, modify the interaction between seawater and groundwater and put water resources at risk. This comprehensive volume covers both theory and practice of coastal hydrogeology. It discusses hydrochemistry; submarine groundwater discharge; groundwater management; palaeo-hydrology; land reclamation; climate change and sea level rise; and mathematical models of variable-density flow. With its up-to-date coverage and numerous case studies that illustrate practical implications, it is perfect for students, practitioners, managers and researchers who wish to develop an in-depth understanding of topics relevant to sustainably managing coastal groundwater resources.

@book{doi1010179781139344142,
    author = "Jiao, Jimmy and Post, Vincent",
    title = "Coastal Hydrogeology",
    year = "2019",
    booktitle = "Cambridge University Press eBooks",
    abstract = "Water resources are of enormous societal and ecological importance. In coastal areas, they are under ever greater pressure due to population growth, more affluent lifestyles, food production and the growing tourism industry. Changes to the coastal landscape, through urbanisation and land reclamation, and by natural processes such as climate change and sea level rise, modify the interaction between seawater and groundwater and put water resources at risk. This comprehensive volume covers both theory and practice of coastal hydrogeology. It discusses hydrochemistry; submarine groundwater discharge; groundwater management; palaeo-hydrology; land reclamation; climate change and sea level rise; and mathematical models of variable-density flow. With its up-to-date coverage and numerous case studies that illustrate practical implications, it is perfect for students, practitioners, managers and researchers who wish to develop an in-depth understanding of topics relevant to sustainably managing coastal groundwater resources.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139344142",
    doi = "10.1017/9781139344142",
    openalex = "W4211080116",
    references = "doi10100797894007501663, doi10100797894007501664, doi101016jjhydrol201010009"
}

Abstract In this article, we perform a parameter study for a recently developed karst hydrological model. The study consists of a high‐dimensional Bayesian inverse problem and a global sensitivity analysis. For the first time in karst hydrology, we use the active subspace method to find directions in the parameter space that dominate the Bayesian update from the prior to the posterior distribution in order to effectively reduce the dimension of the problem and for computational efficiency. Additionally, the calculated active subspace can be exploited to construct sensitivity metrics on each of the individual parameters and be used to construct a natural model surrogate. The model consists of 21 parameters to reproduce the hydrological behavior of spring discharge in a karst aquifer located in the Kerschbaum spring recharge area at Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs in Austria. The experimental spatial and time series data for the inference process were collected by the water works in Waidhofen. We show that this case study has implicit low dimensionality, and we run an adjusted Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm in a low‐dimensional subspace to construct samples of the posterior distribution. The results are visualized and verified by plots of the posterior's push‐forward distribution displaying the uncertainty in predicting discharge values due to the experimental noise in the data. Finally, a discussion provides hydrological interpretation of these results for the Kerschbaum area.

@article{doi1010292019wr024739,
    author = "Parente, Mario Teixeira and Bittner, Daniel and Mattis, Steven and Chiogna, Gabriele and Wohlmuth, Barbara",
    title = "Bayesian Calibration and Sensitivity Analysis for a Karst Aquifer Model Using Active Subspaces",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Water Resources Research",
    abstract = "Abstract In this article, we perform a parameter study for a recently developed karst hydrological model. The study consists of a high‐dimensional Bayesian inverse problem and a global sensitivity analysis. For the first time in karst hydrology, we use the active subspace method to find directions in the parameter space that dominate the Bayesian update from the prior to the posterior distribution in order to effectively reduce the dimension of the problem and for computational efficiency. Additionally, the calculated active subspace can be exploited to construct sensitivity metrics on each of the individual parameters and be used to construct a natural model surrogate. The model consists of 21 parameters to reproduce the hydrological behavior of spring discharge in a karst aquifer located in the Kerschbaum spring recharge area at Waidhofen a.d. Ybbs in Austria. The experimental spatial and time series data for the inference process were collected by the water works in Waidhofen. We show that this case study has implicit low dimensionality, and we run an adjusted Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm in a low‐dimensional subspace to construct samples of the posterior distribution. The results are visualized and verified by plots of the posterior's push‐forward distribution displaying the uncertainty in predicting discharge values due to the experimental noise in the data. Finally, a discussion provides hydrological interpretation of these results for the Kerschbaum area.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019wr024739",
    doi = "10.1029/2019wr024739",
    openalex = "W2910672219",
    references = "doi101007s1266501876607"
}

Countless birds live in environments that have been modified, to some degree, by human activities. This study aims to determine the response of bird community to tourism activities in the karst area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. Bird populations were observed and compared under four different circumstances: in the center of tourist activity (A) with a crowd (on weekends) or (B) without visitors (on weekdays), (C) in rarely used sites through which only the local community passes, and (D) in sites rarely visited by tourists. These circumstances represent four different gradients of human presence disturbances. ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney were used to compare the differences in the number and composition of bird families, species, individuals, and feeding guilds. Results show a low number of birds in the crowded areas, thereby confirming the impact of human presence on the bird community.

@article{doi1010801528008x20191631725,
    author = "Putri, I A S L P and Ansari, Fajri and Susilo, Adi",
    title = "Response of Bird Community Toward Tourism Activities in the Karst Area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality \& Tourism",
    abstract = "Countless birds live in environments that have been modified, to some degree, by human activities. This study aims to determine the response of bird community to tourism activities in the karst area of Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park. Bird populations were observed and compared under four different circumstances: in the center of tourist activity (A) with a crowd (on weekends) or (B) without visitors (on weekdays), (C) in rarely used sites through which only the local community passes, and (D) in sites rarely visited by tourists. These circumstances represent four different gradients of human presence disturbances. ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney were used to compare the differences in the number and composition of bird families, species, individuals, and feeding guilds. Results show a low number of birds in the crowded areas, thereby confirming the impact of human presence on the bird community.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008x.2019.1631725",
    doi = "10.1080/1528008x.2019.1631725",
    openalex = "W2954570262",
    references = "hall2014ecotourism"
}

Abstract Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2). Globally, 31.1% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1% in hills and 40.8% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2% in cold and 15.9% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3%) and North America (23.5%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.

@article{doi101007s10040020021395,
    author = "Goldscheider, Nico and Chen, Zhao and Auler, Augusto S. and Bakalowicz, Michel and Broda, Stefan and Drew, David and Hartmann, Jens and Jiang, Guanghui and Moosdorf, Nils and Stevanović, Zoran and Veni, George",
    title = "Global distribution of carbonate rocks and karst water resources",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Hydrogeology Journal",
    abstract = "Abstract Karst regions offer a variety of natural resources such as freshwater and biodiversity, and many cultural resources. The World Karst Aquifer Map (WOKAM) is the first detailed and complete global geodatabase concerning the distribution of karstifiable rocks (carbonates and evaporites) representing potential karst aquifers. This study presents a statistical evaluation of WOKAM, focusing entirely on karst in carbonate rocks and addressing four main aspects: (1) global occurrence and geographic distribution of karst; (2) karst in various topographic settings and coastal areas; (3) karst in different climatic zones; and (4) populations living on karst. According to the analysis, 15.2\% of the global ice-free continental surface is characterized by the presence of karstifiable carbonate rock. The largest percentage is in Europe (21.8\%); the largest absolute area occurs in Asia (8.35 million km 2). Globally, 31.1\% of all surface exposures of carbonate rocks occur in plains, 28.1\% in hills and 40.8\% in mountains, and 151,400 km or 15.7\% of marine coastlines are characterized by carbonate rocks. About 34.2\% of all carbonate rocks occur in arid climates, followed by 28.2\% in cold and 15.9\% in temperate climates, whereas only 13.1 and 8.6\% occur in tropical and polar climates, respectively. Globally, 1.18 billion people (16.5\% of the global population) live on karst. The highest absolute number occurs in Asia (661.7 million), whereas the highest percentages are in Europe (25.3\%) and North America (23.5\%). These results demonstrate the global importance of karst and serve as a basis for further research and international water management strategies.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02139-5",
    doi = "10.1007/s10040-020-02139-5",
    openalex = "W3018262654",
    references = "doi1010022013rg000443, doi1010292012gc004370"
}

@article{doi101016jjhydrol2020125937,
    author = "Xu, Zexuan and Hu, Bill X.",
    title = "Decadal exploration of karst hydrogeology in the Woodville Karst Plain (WKP): A review of field investigation and modeling development",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Hydrology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125937",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125937",
    openalex = "W3115951072",
    references = "doi101007s1266501876607"
}

Abstract Individuals of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus Fabricius, 1787 use different gastropod shells for shelter during their life span. Availability of shells affects population traits, including density and size structure, influencing their fitness and survival. Locality and human presence can induce variation in the diversity and size of gastropod shells, influencing available shells for hermit crabs. We assessed how the diversity, size, and abundance of the occupied species of gastropod shells affect the density and demography of C. clypeatus in two marine protected areas (MPA) with different recreational use in Puerto Rico, Manatí (high) and Mona Island (low). We also evaluated the relationship between three shell traits (length, width, and aperture length) and the length of the crab chela as a size proxy. We did not find differences in the sex ratio. The density and median chela sizes were higher in crabs from Manatí. In Mona, however, they reached larger sizes. The diversity of occupied shell species was higher in Manatí than in Mona. Dimensions of occupied shells differed between genera and between study sites, and they scaled positively with hermit crab size. Differences in shells diversity, sizes, and abundance between MPAs might cause differences in density and demography of C. clypeatus. We only found large shells of Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758), the only species occupied by larger individuals, occupied by hermit crabs in Mona. The low abundance of C. pica shells in Manatí might have affected the size of hermit crabs in this locality. Our in situ findings suggest that hermit crabs need larger shells to reach larger sizes as previously shown, and that location and the degree of human intervention might influence the availability of gastropod shells. Our study is the first attempt to characterize the demography and gastropod shells used by hermit crabs in Puerto Rico.

@article{doi101093jcbiolruaa101,
    author = "Colón-Piñeiro, Zuania and Nieves-Álvarez, Juan J and Rodríguez-Fourquet, Concepción",
    title = "Demography and shell use of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus Fabricius, 1787 (Decapoda: Anomura: Coenobitidae) in two marine protected areas in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Journal of Crustacean Biology",
    abstract = "Abstract Individuals of the terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus Fabricius, 1787 use different gastropod shells for shelter during their life span. Availability of shells affects population traits, including density and size structure, influencing their fitness and survival. Locality and human presence can induce variation in the diversity and size of gastropod shells, influencing available shells for hermit crabs. We assessed how the diversity, size, and abundance of the occupied species of gastropod shells affect the density and demography of C. clypeatus in two marine protected areas (MPA) with different recreational use in Puerto Rico, Manatí (high) and Mona Island (low). We also evaluated the relationship between three shell traits (length, width, and aperture length) and the length of the crab chela as a size proxy. We did not find differences in the sex ratio. The density and median chela sizes were higher in crabs from Manatí. In Mona, however, they reached larger sizes. The diversity of occupied shell species was higher in Manatí than in Mona. Dimensions of occupied shells differed between genera and between study sites, and they scaled positively with hermit crab size. Differences in shells diversity, sizes, and abundance between MPAs might cause differences in density and demography of C. clypeatus. We only found large shells of Cittarium pica (Linnaeus, 1758), the only species occupied by larger individuals, occupied by hermit crabs in Mona. The low abundance of C. pica shells in Manatí might have affected the size of hermit crabs in this locality. Our in situ findings suggest that hermit crabs need larger shells to reach larger sizes as previously shown, and that location and the degree of human intervention might influence the availability of gastropod shells. Our study is the first attempt to characterize the demography and gastropod shells used by hermit crabs in Puerto Rico.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa101",
    doi = "10.1093/jcbiol/ruaa101",
    openalex = "W3131006639",
    references = "doi101016s0070457104800311"
}

@article{doi1033915etd7716,
    author = "Downey, Autum R.",
    title = "Physical and chemical properties of clastic sediments from two caves in the northern karst region of Puerto Rico",
    year = "2020",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.33915/etd.7716",
    doi = "10.33915/etd.7716",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "d44b43ff77fa8230fdab0e4b3d720e4b947e9610"
}

Karst landscapes are the result of the dissolution of the bedrock, usually limestone or dolomite, by runoff, by infiltration and by deep circulating groundwaters. The theoretical denudation rate based on chemical equilibrium will represent an upper bound since it assumes that the waters discharging from the karst drainage basin are saturated at the local temperature and at the pressure of Carbon dioxide provided by the local environment. The overall rate processes in the system have a chemical part and a hydrodynamic part. The chemistry of carbonate rock dissolution in turn has an equilibrium part and a kinetic part. The dissolution chemistry of calcite and dolomite has been worked out in detail and has been applied to problems of karst landform development, carbonate groundwater geochemistry, cave development and the deposition of secondary minerals in caves. The low solution rates at finite undersaturation allow the “kinetic trigger” mechanism proposed to account for the development of conduit systems in karst aquifers.

@incollection{doi104324978100302883310,
    author = "White, William B.",
    title = "Rate processes: chemical kinetics and karst landform development",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "Karst landscapes are the result of the dissolution of the bedrock, usually limestone or dolomite, by runoff, by infiltration and by deep circulating groundwaters. The theoretical denudation rate based on chemical equilibrium will represent an upper bound since it assumes that the waters discharging from the karst drainage basin are saturated at the local temperature and at the pressure of Carbon dioxide provided by the local environment. The overall rate processes in the system have a chemical part and a hydrodynamic part. The chemistry of carbonate rock dissolution in turn has an equilibrium part and a kinetic part. The dissolution chemistry of calcite and dolomite has been worked out in detail and has been applied to problems of karst landform development, carbonate groundwater geochemistry, cave development and the deposition of secondary minerals in caves. The low solution rates at finite undersaturation allow the “kinetic trigger” mechanism proposed to account for the development of conduit systems in karst aquifers.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003028833-10",
    doi = "10.4324/9781003028833-10",
    openalex = "W3029383698"
}

In this study we provide a historical account of the underwater explorations conducted at Cueva del Agua, Punta Los Ingleses, Mona Island, Puerto Rico. We also present data from our own recent explorations and document a new zoological record: the unidentified estuarine demersal gastropod, similar to Polinices sp. The previously reported spinycheek sleeper fish Eleotris cf. pisonis was updated to E. cf. perniger. These specimens were photographed in situ. So far, only the native crustacean, Macrobrachium faustinum, had been studied in that cave, and by a few specialists, due to the danger, fragility and possible endemism that could exist in this cave system.

@article{doi109784leb81nievesrivera01,
    author = "{Félix Castillo Street 293, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00680-5201. E-mail: anieves740@yahoo.com,anievesster@gmail.com} and Nieves‐Rivera, Ángel M. and Vila, Jan P. Zegarra and P. O. Box 1777, Boquerón, Puerto Rico 00622. E-mail: jpzool@yahoo.com and Hernández, Cielo E. Figuerola and HC 2 Box 27424, Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico 00623. E-mail: cfiguerola@gmail.com and García-Hernández, Jaaziel E. and Schizas, Nikolaos V.",
    title = "Recent and Historical Explorations of the Underwater Section of Cueva del Agua, Punta Los Ingleses, Mona Island (Puerto Rico), with a New Faunal Record",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Life The Excitement of Biology",
    abstract = "In this study we provide a historical account of the underwater explorations conducted at Cueva del Agua, Punta Los Ingleses, Mona Island, Puerto Rico. We also present data from our own recent explorations and document a new zoological record: the unidentified estuarine demersal gastropod, similar to Polinices sp. The previously reported spinycheek sleeper fish Eleotris cf. pisonis was updated to E. cf. perniger. These specimens were photographed in situ. So far, only the native crustacean, Macrobrachium faustinum, had been studied in that cave, and by a few specialists, due to the danger, fragility and possible endemism that could exist in this cave system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.9784/leb8(1)nievesrivera.01",
    doi = "10.9784/leb8(1)nievesrivera.01",
    openalex = "W3023459740",
    references = "doi101016s0070457104800311, doi1021701bolgeomin1271014"
}

@article{doi101007s12665022107202,
    author = "Downey, Autum R. and Riddell, Jill L. and Padilla, I. and Vesper, D.",
    title = "Storage and distribution of organic carbon in cave sediments: examples from two caves in the northern karst region of Puerto Rico",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Environmental Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11150972",
    doi = "10.1007/s12665-022-10720-2",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "4",
    semanticscholar_id = "14a78ac714ca16252a6e21477babdb1c11bfbd5e",
    volume = "82"
}

@article{doi101130abs2022am382429,
    author = "Smith, L. and Doctor, D. and Cox, C. L.",
    title = "MAPPING CLOSED DEPRESSIONS IN THE KARST REGION OF NORTHWEST PUERTO RICO USING LIDAR-DERIVED ELEVATION DATA OBTAINED IN 2018 AFTER HURRICANE MARIA",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    booktitle = "Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/62dd6a2d16d0ceac5c074fe232624bbed04c8a6f",
    doi = "10.1130/abs/2022am-382429",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_id = "62dd6a2d16d0ceac5c074fe232624bbed04c8a6f"
}

) from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y.

@article{doi101007s1252002301771y,
    author = "Briggs, Lisa and Cooper, Jago and Craig, Oliver E. and Heron, Carl and Lucquin, Alexandre and Milantchí, María Mercedes Martínez and Samson, Alice",
    title = "Molecular evidence for new foodways in the early colonial Caribbean: organic residue analysis at Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences",
    abstract = ") from the island. A Spanish olive jar revealed evidence of wine residues, which may constitute the earliest detection of wine residues in pottery found in the Americas. Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y",
    doi = "10.1007/s12520-023-01771-y",
    openalex = "W4367693221",
    references = "doi10100797894007501669"
}

El conjunto de arte rupestre de Isla de Mona (nombre indígena Amona), en su mayor parte relacionado con la dilatada ocupación indígena, es uno de los más diversos y abundantes de las Antillas. Desde el año 2013, nuestro proyecto se focaliza en la historia indígena de la isla, reelaborando los trabajos anteriores realizados por el Dr. Ovidio Dávila Dávila durante los años 80 y 90 y el Dr. Irving Rouse en los años 30 del siglo xx. En este artículo consideramos algunos aspectos de las prácticas subterráneas que quedaron marginadas porque difieren de lo que normalmente consideramos como arte rupestre. En Mona la morfología de las cuevas y las características de las superficies subterráneas fomentan actividades ocultas que incluyen las interacciones con sustancias minerales y distintas formas de dejar imágenes y marcas, y de transitar el espacio. En particular analizamos la práctica común de trazar huellas digitales en los carbonatos suaves y pastosos de las paredes usando las manos, una técnica que observamos en las áreas oscuras de 30 de las aproximadamente 70 cuevas que hemos visitados de un total de 230 cuevas conocidas en la isla. Estos grabados hechos con los dedos, a la misma vez que dejaron huellas negativas y blanquitas, el arte rupestre, también removieron sustancias en actividades acordes a la minería, y a lo que nos referimos como el arte-minería. El arte es minería y la minería es arte. En vez de enfocarnos en las representaciones, nos centramos en la mayoría de las marcas que no son imágenes. Este trabajo es un aporte a los estudios de diferentes partes del mundo donde la relaciones entre el arte rupestre, las cuevas, el uso de minerales subterráneas, y los estados ampliados de conciencia forman ensamblajes dinámicos, conectando Mona con otros espacios subterráneos antillanos, además de con las áreas continentales del centro y norte de América.

@article{doi1022206cys2023v48i1pp91110,
    author = "Samson, Alice and Cooper, Jago E.",
    title = "El arte-minería en Amona, Borinquen (Isla de Mona, Puerto Rico)",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Ciencia y Sociedad",
    abstract = "El conjunto de arte rupestre de Isla de Mona (nombre indígena Amona), en su mayor parte relacionado con la dilatada ocupación indígena, es uno de los más diversos y abundantes de las Antillas. Desde el año 2013, nuestro proyecto se focaliza en la historia indígena de la isla, reelaborando los trabajos anteriores realizados por el Dr. Ovidio Dávila Dávila durante los años 80 y 90 y el Dr. Irving Rouse en los años 30 del siglo xx. En este artículo consideramos algunos aspectos de las prácticas subterráneas que quedaron marginadas porque difieren de lo que normalmente consideramos como arte rupestre. En Mona la morfología de las cuevas y las características de las superficies subterráneas fomentan actividades ocultas que incluyen las interacciones con sustancias minerales y distintas formas de dejar imágenes y marcas, y de transitar el espacio. En particular analizamos la práctica común de trazar huellas digitales en los carbonatos suaves y pastosos de las paredes usando las manos, una técnica que observamos en las áreas oscuras de 30 de las aproximadamente 70 cuevas que hemos visitados de un total de 230 cuevas conocidas en la isla. Estos grabados hechos con los dedos, a la misma vez que dejaron huellas negativas y blanquitas, el arte rupestre, también removieron sustancias en actividades acordes a la minería, y a lo que nos referimos como el arte-minería. El arte es minería y la minería es arte. En vez de enfocarnos en las representaciones, nos centramos en la mayoría de las marcas que no son imágenes. Este trabajo es un aporte a los estudios de diferentes partes del mundo donde la relaciones entre el arte rupestre, las cuevas, el uso de minerales subterráneas, y los estados ampliados de conciencia forman ensamblajes dinámicos, conectando Mona con otros espacios subterráneos antillanos, además de con las áreas continentales del centro y norte de América.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22206/cys.2023.v48i1.pp91-110",
    doi = "10.22206/cys.2023.v48i1.pp91-110",
    openalex = "W4360850281",
    references = "doi10100797894007501669, doi101080155648942012729011"
}

Abstract. Understanding groundwater recharge processes is important for sustainable water resource management. Experimental approaches to study recharge in karst areas often focus on analysing the aquifer response using a disintegration of its outlet signals, but only a few approaches directly investigate the recharge processes that occur at the surface of the system. Soil moisture measurements have a high potential to investigate water infiltration to deeper soil depth or epikarst with an easy and not too intrusive installation. They can yield long-term measurements with high temporal resolution. Using these advantages, we developed and tested a method to estimate recharge based on soil moisture measurements. The method consists of the extraction of linked events in rainfall, soil moisture, and discharge time series, as well as a subsequent fitting of the parameters of a simple drainage model to calculate karst recharge from soil moisture metrics of individual events. The fitted parameters could be interpreted in physically meaningful terms and were related to the properties of the karstic system. The model was tested and validated in a karst catchment located in southwest Germany with hourly precipitation, soil moisture, and discharge data of 8 years duration. The soil moisture measurements were distributed among grassland (n = 8) and woodland areas (n = 7) at 20 cm depth. A threshold of about 35 % (± 8 %) of volumetric water content was necessary to initiate effective infiltration. Soil moisture averaged during the wetting period of each event was the best metric for the prediction of recharge. The model performed reasonably well, estimating recharge during single rainfall events. It was also capable of simulating 88 % of the average annual recharge volume despite considerable differences in the performance between years. The event-based approach is potentially applicable to other karstic systems where soil moisture and precipitation measurements are available to predict karst groundwater recharge.

@article{doi105194hess273852023,
    author = "Berthelin, Romane and Olarinoye, Tunde and Rinderer, Michael and Mudarra, Matías and Demand, Dominic and Scheller, Mirjam and Hartmann, Andreas",
    title = "Estimating karst groundwater recharge from soil moisture observations – a new method tested at the Swabian Alb, southwest Germany",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Hydrology and earth system sciences",
    abstract = "Abstract. Understanding groundwater recharge processes is important for sustainable water resource management. Experimental approaches to study recharge in karst areas often focus on analysing the aquifer response using a disintegration of its outlet signals, but only a few approaches directly investigate the recharge processes that occur at the surface of the system. Soil moisture measurements have a high potential to investigate water infiltration to deeper soil depth or epikarst with an easy and not too intrusive installation. They can yield long-term measurements with high temporal resolution. Using these advantages, we developed and tested a method to estimate recharge based on soil moisture measurements. The method consists of the extraction of linked events in rainfall, soil moisture, and discharge time series, as well as a subsequent fitting of the parameters of a simple drainage model to calculate karst recharge from soil moisture metrics of individual events. The fitted parameters could be interpreted in physically meaningful terms and were related to the properties of the karstic system. The model was tested and validated in a karst catchment located in southwest Germany with hourly precipitation, soil moisture, and discharge data of 8 years duration. The soil moisture measurements were distributed among grassland (n = 8) and woodland areas (n = 7) at 20 cm depth. A threshold of about 35 \% (± 8 \%) of volumetric water content was necessary to initiate effective infiltration. Soil moisture averaged during the wetting period of each event was the best metric for the prediction of recharge. The model performed reasonably well, estimating recharge during single rainfall events. It was also capable of simulating 88 \% of the average annual recharge volume despite considerable differences in the performance between years. The event-based approach is potentially applicable to other karstic systems where soil moisture and precipitation measurements are available to predict karst groundwater recharge.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-27-385-2023",
    doi = "10.5194/hess-27-385-2023",
    openalex = "W4317402177",
    references = "doi101007s1266501876607"
}

This study reports the results of recent neutron activation analysis (NAA) of 60 ceramics recovered from the Santa Elena and Toita sites in Puerto Rico. Both are large village sites with long occupational histories (circa AD 400–1500s). Data are evaluated using bivariate and multivariate analyses to identify trends in compositional variability, style, potential source areas, and trade routes. These results are also compared to data from a previous NAA study on the island, from the sites of Maisabel and HU-7, as well as from previous studies of eastern Dominican Republic and St. Croix assemblages, resulting in nearly 500 ceramics evaluated here. These sites together cover a broad range of ceramic styles, occupational histories, and diversity of settlement types, ultimately representing a comprehensive evaluation of eastern Puerto Rico, and its connections to the broader region. Results indicate that intraisland exchange was happening at greater levels than previously assumed, and connections between islands may have been prolific as well. The importance of open data and reevaluating prior analyses is also emphasized.

@article{doi101016jjasrep2025105452,
    author = "Kracht, Emily C. and Wallis, Neill J. and Ramos, Reniel Rodríguez",
    title = "Local and long-distance ceramic exchange in early Puerto Rico: A comparative sourcing study",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Journal of Archaeological Science Reports",
    abstract = "This study reports the results of recent neutron activation analysis (NAA) of 60 ceramics recovered from the Santa Elena and Toita sites in Puerto Rico. Both are large village sites with long occupational histories (circa AD 400–1500s). Data are evaluated using bivariate and multivariate analyses to identify trends in compositional variability, style, potential source areas, and trade routes. These results are also compared to data from a previous NAA study on the island, from the sites of Maisabel and HU-7, as well as from previous studies of eastern Dominican Republic and St. Croix assemblages, resulting in nearly 500 ceramics evaluated here. These sites together cover a broad range of ceramic styles, occupational histories, and diversity of settlement types, ultimately representing a comprehensive evaluation of eastern Puerto Rico, and its connections to the broader region. Results indicate that intraisland exchange was happening at greater levels than previously assumed, and connections between islands may have been prolific as well. The importance of open data and reevaluating prior analyses is also emphasized.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105452",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105452",
    openalex = "W4415328245",
    references = "doi10100797894007501669"
}

Abstract Karst water resources are valuable freshwater sources for around 10% of the world's population. Nonetheless, anthropogenic impacts and global changes have seriously deteriorated karst water quality and dependent ecosystems. Multiscale karstic heterogeneity—referring to the spatial variations of the karst aquifer's physical and chemical characteristics at varying scales—is the main challenge in describing karst flow and contaminant transport dynamics. Solute transport models are powerful tools to represent and predict the spatiotemporal behaviors of contaminant migration in karst water resources. By enhancing our understanding of the transport processes, the solute transport models enable us to explore contamination risks and potential outcomes of the contamination‐related issues in karst systems. Because of that, they are often used for monitoring, controlling, and managing karst water quality and dependent ecosystem functioning. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the modeling of karst transport processes with a focus on single‐phase solute transport. By unveiling the fundamental challenges underlying a successful real‐world application of karst transport models, we discuss to what extent and how we can handle these challenges. By further deriving the key challenges afront the successful modeling applications in karst systems, we, therefore, provide directions to ensure the reliable modeling of karst transport dynamics in the present context of global changes.

@article{doi1010292023rg000811,
    author = "Çallı, Kübra Özdemir and Chiogna, Gabriele and Bittner, Daniel and Sivelle, Vianney and Labat, David and Richieri, Beatrice and Çallı, Süleyman Selim and Hartmann, Andreas",
    title = "Karst Water Resources in a Changing World: Review of Solute Transport Modeling Approaches",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Reviews of Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Karst water resources are valuable freshwater sources for around 10\% of the world's population. Nonetheless, anthropogenic impacts and global changes have seriously deteriorated karst water quality and dependent ecosystems. Multiscale karstic heterogeneity—referring to the spatial variations of the karst aquifer's physical and chemical characteristics at varying scales—is the main challenge in describing karst flow and contaminant transport dynamics. Solute transport models are powerful tools to represent and predict the spatiotemporal behaviors of contaminant migration in karst water resources. By enhancing our understanding of the transport processes, the solute transport models enable us to explore contamination risks and potential outcomes of the contamination‐related issues in karst systems. Because of that, they are often used for monitoring, controlling, and managing karst water quality and dependent ecosystem functioning. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on the modeling of karst transport processes with a focus on single‐phase solute transport. By unveiling the fundamental challenges underlying a successful real‐world application of karst transport models, we discuss to what extent and how we can handle these challenges. By further deriving the key challenges afront the successful modeling applications in karst systems, we, therefore, provide directions to ensure the reliable modeling of karst transport dynamics in the present context of global changes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2023rg000811",
    doi = "10.1029/2023rg000811",
    openalex = "W4407562825",
    references = "doi101007s1266501876607, doi101007s1314601201127"
}

In historic downtown Arecibo, Puerto Rico, a closed and abandoned building which used to be a school is undergoing a remarkable transformation. Since 2016, the structure is property of Citizens of Karst, a local non-profit organization leading the creation at the site of the Karst Institute of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. By the end of its transformation, it will house a natural history museum, cave and karst exhibits, spaces for research and art, and community emergency services. While some geographers have drawn from anthropologist Nancy Munn’s work in Australia and Melanesia, here I integrate insights from her rarely cited research on the transformations of late nineteenth century New York. This work provides an insightful framework to analyze persons in movement over time and across generations, within the built environment, and yet vitally connected to and oriented towards the broader landscape, its past and its future. Specifically, I identify critical spatiotemporalizing practices undergirding not only the building’s transformation, but also catalyzing Puerto Rican environmental education, science, and conservation efforts. The practices of walking with, listening to, and supporting volunteers’ work reveal a rich and complex palimpsest of values and histories which document how, when, and in what ways the Institute project unfolds. Its strength derives from reorienting our attention to this palimpsest at the threshold connecting complex and dynamic landforms such as Puerto Rico’s iconic karst, fresh groundwater, and sea. Finally, two phenomena further underscore the Institute’s significance beyond Arecibo: first, Puerto Rico’s rate of public-school closures and their impacts on Puerto Rican society, and the scalar dimensions of Latin American and Caribbean cave and karst education and science oriented to the broader public.

@article{doi10117725148486251383786,
    author = "Pérez, María Alejandra",
    title = "Spacetimes catalyzing Puerto Rican Karst education, science, and conservation: Microanalyses in a building in transformation",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Environment and Planning E Nature and Space",
    abstract = "In historic downtown Arecibo, Puerto Rico, a closed and abandoned building which used to be a school is undergoing a remarkable transformation. Since 2016, the structure is property of Citizens of Karst, a local non-profit organization leading the creation at the site of the Karst Institute of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. By the end of its transformation, it will house a natural history museum, cave and karst exhibits, spaces for research and art, and community emergency services. While some geographers have drawn from anthropologist Nancy Munn’s work in Australia and Melanesia, here I integrate insights from her rarely cited research on the transformations of late nineteenth century New York. This work provides an insightful framework to analyze persons in movement over time and across generations, within the built environment, and yet vitally connected to and oriented towards the broader landscape, its past and its future. Specifically, I identify critical spatiotemporalizing practices undergirding not only the building’s transformation, but also catalyzing Puerto Rican environmental education, science, and conservation efforts. The practices of walking with, listening to, and supporting volunteers’ work reveal a rich and complex palimpsest of values and histories which document how, when, and in what ways the Institute project unfolds. Its strength derives from reorienting our attention to this palimpsest at the threshold connecting complex and dynamic landforms such as Puerto Rico’s iconic karst, fresh groundwater, and sea. Finally, two phenomena further underscore the Institute’s significance beyond Arecibo: first, Puerto Rico’s rate of public-school closures and their impacts on Puerto Rican society, and the scalar dimensions of Latin American and Caribbean cave and karst education and science oriented to the broader public.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1177/25148486251383786",
    doi = "10.1177/25148486251383786",
    openalex = "W4415490770",
    references = "doi10100797894007501669"
}

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected access to healthcare and social support. This especially impacted vulnerable populations like pregnant and postpartum women. Purpose: The specific aims of the project are the following: (1) examine the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy experiences and outcomes; (2) examine the mental health impact of COVID-19 in pregnant women and mothers of children 12 months or younger; (3) identify risk and protective factors among this population in Puerto Rico. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) cohort, which is composed of pregnant women and mothers from the northern karst region of Puerto Rico. This research has a mixed methods approach with a quantitative survey (n = 184) and qualitative interviews (n = 10); data collection was performed remotely. Findings: Results from the survey (n = 184) show that 20% of the cohort gave birth alone, 39% were separated from their baby after birth, 21% experienced isolation before birth, and 20% were separated after birth. In the study, 54% of the women were very worried about giving COVID-19 to their baby and avoided going out, receiving visits, and even canceling baby showers. The most reported sources of stress were their health status, work situation, and childcare, while the most reported coping mechanisms were watching TV or playing video games, using social media, and talking with loved ones. Forty-two percent reported that they frequently stopped enjoying activities that used to make them happy, and only 21% considered seeking mental health support. Conclusion: COVID-19 restrictions changed initial plans for baby showers, births, and childcare, and impacted the participants’ mental health. Physical distance measures have resulted in isolation and stress. We expect these findings to lead to developing interventions for community health centers and parents/caretakers in Puerto Rico.

@article{doi103390ijerph22020141,
    author = "Previdi, Irene Lafarga and Otero, Nobel O Hernández and Vasques, Ana C Guzzi and Ayala, I. and Colón, Génesis Alvelo and Guilloty, Natacha and Medina, Jessica and Cancel-Garcia, Marielane and Cordero, José and Alshawabkeh, Akram N. and Vega, Carmen M. Vélez",
    title = "The Impact of COVID-19 on Maternal Health: Quantitative Data Related to Risk and Protective Factors Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women in Puerto Rico",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health",
    abstract = "Background: The COVID-19 pandemic affected access to healthcare and social support. This especially impacted vulnerable populations like pregnant and postpartum women. Purpose: The specific aims of the project are the following: (1) examine the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy experiences and outcomes; (2) examine the mental health impact of COVID-19 in pregnant women and mothers of children 12 months or younger; (3) identify risk and protective factors among this population in Puerto Rico. Methods: Participants were recruited from the Puerto Rico Testsite for Exploring Contamination Threats (PROTECT) cohort, which is composed of pregnant women and mothers from the northern karst region of Puerto Rico. This research has a mixed methods approach with a quantitative survey (n = 184) and qualitative interviews (n = 10); data collection was performed remotely. Findings: Results from the survey (n = 184) show that 20\% of the cohort gave birth alone, 39\% were separated from their baby after birth, 21\% experienced isolation before birth, and 20\% were separated after birth. In the study, 54\% of the women were very worried about giving COVID-19 to their baby and avoided going out, receiving visits, and even canceling baby showers. The most reported sources of stress were their health status, work situation, and childcare, while the most reported coping mechanisms were watching TV or playing video games, using social media, and talking with loved ones. Forty-two percent reported that they frequently stopped enjoying activities that used to make them happy, and only 21\% considered seeking mental health support. Conclusion: COVID-19 restrictions changed initial plans for baby showers, births, and childcare, and impacted the participants’ mental health. Physical distance measures have resulted in isolation and stress. We expect these findings to lead to developing interventions for community health centers and parents/caretakers in Puerto Rico.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/904a97218e9793f881c7b3b5c75ae11b8bd8592b",
    doi = "10.3390/ijerph22020141",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "2",
    pages = "141",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "904a97218e9793f881c7b3b5c75ae11b8bd8592b",
    volume = "22"
}

Stalagmites are invaluable archivers of past climate conditions, as their oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸Oc) closely mirrors the isotopic signature of the drip water (δ¹⁸Ow) from which they precipitate. This isotopic relationship is governed by the fractionation factor (1000ln¹⁸α), which is temperature dependent. In this research, we studied 1000ln¹⁸α within Cueva Ensueño, a cave situated in Puerto Rico’s northern karst region, as a step toward calibrating δ¹⁸Oc for paleoclimate interpretations using stalagmites. We collected drip waters, measured their temperature in situ, and sampled carbonates from ten selected stations within the cave. Sampling was conducted in December and May, representing months of the dry and wet seasons, respectively. To better understand isotopic variations in stalagmites, we farmed calcite at the same drip sampling locations during both seasons. Our findings reveal a seasonal bias in isotopic fractionation of farmed carbonates at Cueva Ensueño, with higher 1000ln¹⁸α values in May (30.7–32.7) and lower values in December (27.8–29.7), but when these values are averaged, they merge towards the isotopic fractionation of the shaved stalagmites. We also found that stable isotope transfer into the cave is delayed, which could be due to epikarst storage effect and piston flow recharge, with the May drip water likely affected by moisture recycling before reaching the cave (as shown by the high d-excess values). In contrast to stable isotopes, the drip elemental composition suggests an immediate prior calcite precipitation response, which could be evidence of a dual transfer process. This research illuminates our understanding of oxygen isotope fractionation, which is useful for paleoclimate reconstructions and can provide insights into similar settings in the region.

@article{doi1050381827806xijs2555,
    author = "Borobia, Gabriel Enrique López and Voarintsoa, N. R. G. and Sánchez‐Murillo, R. and Román, Pablo Antonio Llerandi",
    title = "Pre-calibration of δ18O for paleoclimatic interpretations using stalagmites in Cueva Ensueño, Puerto Rico",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "International Journal of Speleology",
    abstract = "Stalagmites are invaluable archivers of past climate conditions, as their oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸Oc) closely mirrors the isotopic signature of the drip water (δ¹⁸Ow) from which they precipitate. This isotopic relationship is governed by the fractionation factor (1000ln¹⁸α), which is temperature dependent. In this research, we studied 1000ln¹⁸α within Cueva Ensueño, a cave situated in Puerto Rico’s northern karst region, as a step toward calibrating δ¹⁸Oc for paleoclimate interpretations using stalagmites. We collected drip waters, measured their temperature in situ, and sampled carbonates from ten selected stations within the cave. Sampling was conducted in December and May, representing months of the dry and wet seasons, respectively. To better understand isotopic variations in stalagmites, we farmed calcite at the same drip sampling locations during both seasons. Our findings reveal a seasonal bias in isotopic fractionation of farmed carbonates at Cueva Ensueño, with higher 1000ln¹⁸α values in May (30.7–32.7) and lower values in December (27.8–29.7), but when these values are averaged, they merge towards the isotopic fractionation of the shaved stalagmites. We also found that stable isotope transfer into the cave is delayed, which could be due to epikarst storage effect and piston flow recharge, with the May drip water likely affected by moisture recycling before reaching the cave (as shown by the high d-excess values). In contrast to stable isotopes, the drip elemental composition suggests an immediate prior calcite precipitation response, which could be evidence of a dual transfer process. This research illuminates our understanding of oxygen isotope fractionation, which is useful for paleoclimate reconstructions and can provide insights into similar settings in the region.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e912deb0d96dae71e2793839c5c3d10ad133f8d7",
    doi = "10.5038/1827-806x.ijs2555",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "e912deb0d96dae71e2793839c5c3d10ad133f8d7",
    volume = "54"
}