Kirgitei formation

@misc{golovenok1982on1,
    author = "Golovenok, V. K",
    title = "On the Precambrian microbial remains in the Kirgitei Formation of the Yenisei Ridge [in Russian]",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR, v. 262, no. 2, p. 394-396",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Golovenok, V. K., 1982, On the Precambrian microbial remains in the Kirgitei Formation of the Yenisei Ridge [in Russian]: Doklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR, v. 262, no. 2, p. 394-396.}"
}

The Yenisei Ridge is known as a classical province of Au-quartz sulfide-poor deposits. In addition, ore-bearing aposhist metasomatites have been recently recognized there with a subordinate quantity of veined quartz in ore bodies. This paper describes elements of mineral and substance zoning, geological, geochemical, and physicochemical conditions of the formation of these metasomatites. Regularities in distribution and conditions of localization of polymineral gold-ore association (sulfides, arsenides, antimonides, sulfosalts, tellurides, oxides, hydroxides, native antimony, bismuth and three generations of gold) have been revealed in zones of metasomatic column. The aposchist gold-bearing metasomatites are found to belong to the beresite formation and it is shown that the mineralization age in these beresites is close to the time of formation (Upper-Riphean) of quartz-vein gold-ore deposits of the region.

@article{sazonov1995aposchist,
    author = "Sazonov, A. M. and Zvyagina, E. A. and Romanovskii, A. E. and Shvedov, G. I. and Leontiev, S. I.",
    title = "APOSCHIST Au-BEARING METASOMATITES OF BERESITE FORMATION (Yenisei Ridge)",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "The Yenisei Ridge is known as a classical province of Au-quartz sulfide-poor deposits. In addition, ore-bearing aposhist metasomatites have been recently recognized there with a subordinate quantity of veined quartz in ore bodies. This paper describes elements of mineral and substance zoning, geological, geochemical, and physicochemical conditions of the formation of these metasomatites. Regularities in distribution and conditions of localization of polymineral gold-ore association (sulfides, arsenides, antimonides, sulfosalts, tellurides, oxides, hydroxides, native antimony, bismuth and three generations of gold) have been revealed in zones of metasomatic column. The aposchist gold-bearing metasomatites are found to belong to the beresite formation and it is shown that the mineralization age in these beresites is close to the time of formation (Upper-Riphean) of quartz-vein gold-ore deposits of the region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/rgg.1995.36.4.48",
    doi = "10.2113/rgg.1995.36.4.48",
    number = "4",
    openalex = "W4413368061",
    pages = "48-56",
    volume = "36"
}

Four Precambrian metamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge were examined. Based on geothermobarometry and P-T path calculations, our geological and petrological studies showed that the Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks at about 850 Ma. A positive correlation between rock ages and P-T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provide evidence of the regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures, and kyanite-bearing blastocataclasites (blastomylonites) with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional metamorphic rocks; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of medium-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized in the vicinity of the overthrusts; (3) a low metamorphic field gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12 °C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in lithostatic pressure towards the thrust faults. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence for near-isothermal loading. This event was justified within the framework of the crustal tectonic thickening model via rapid overthrusting and subsequent rapid uplifting and erosion. The results obtained allowed us to consider medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collision metamorphism, formed either by unidirectional thrusting of rock blocks from Siberian craton onto the Yenisei Ridge in the zones of regional faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) or by opposite movements in the zone of splay faults of higher orders (Garevka area).

@article{likhanov2009kyanitesillimanite,
    author = "Likhanov, I.I. and Reverdatto, V.V. and Kozlov, P.S. and Popov, N.V.",
    title = "Kyanite–sillimanite metamorphism of the Precambrian complexes, Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Four Precambrian metamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge were examined. Based on geothermobarometry and P-T path calculations, our geological and petrological studies showed that the Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks at about 850 Ma. A positive correlation between rock ages and P-T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provide evidence of the regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures, and kyanite-bearing blastocataclasites (blastomylonites) with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional metamorphic rocks; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of medium-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized in the vicinity of the overthrusts; (3) a low metamorphic field gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12 °C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in lithostatic pressure towards the thrust faults. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence for near-isothermal loading. This event was justified within the framework of the crustal tectonic thickening model via rapid overthrusting and subsequent rapid uplifting and erosion. The results obtained allowed us to consider medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collision metamorphism, formed either by unidirectional thrusting of rock blocks from Siberian craton onto the Yenisei Ridge in the zones of regional faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) or by opposite movements in the zone of splay faults of higher orders (Garevka area).",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2009.11.003",
    number = "12",
    pages = "1034-1051",
    volume = "50"
}

@article{vernikovsky2010paleozoic,
    author = "Vernikovsky, V. A. and Vernikovskaya, A. E. and Matushkin, N. Yu. and Romanova, I. V. and Berezhnaya, N. G. and Larionov, A. N. and Travin, A. V.",
    title = "Paleozoic and early mesozoic magmatism manifestations in the early Precambrian structure of the South Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Doklady Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x10050016",
    doi = "10.1134/s1028334x10050016",
    number = "1",
    openalex = "W2090009536",
    pages = "547-552",
    volume = "432",
    references = "doi101016s0024493702001925, doi101016s0040195103003378, doi101134s1028334x08020086"
}

Geological, isotopic, and geochemical data permitted distinguishing the Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.05 Ga), Early Neoproterozoic (1.05–0.8 Ga), and Late Neoproterozoic (0.8–0.6 Ga) stages of magmatism and crustal evolution in the Yenisei Ridge. Each of them contributed to the regional Au metallogeny. In the Early Mesoproterozoic, crustal destruction and stretching in the southwestern Siberian craton (Yenisei Ridge) led to the initiation of a pericratonic trough, the formation of rift mafic associations (Rybnaya–Panimba volcanic belt), and the accumulation of fine-grained terrigenous sediments (Sukhoi Pit Group). Black carbonaceous shales and the picrite basalt–basalt association were enriched in Au. In the early Neoproterozoic, the terrigenous strata of the Sukhoi Pit Group were deformed, metamorphosed, and granitized as a result of the Grenville orogeny. Granite-gneiss domes formed in the earlier, syncollisional, period (1.05–0.95 Ga) of this stage, and K–Na granitoid plutons formed in the late collisional one (0.88–0.86 Ga). Premineral metasomatites formed in the zone where these plutons influenced enclosing black shale–terrigenous strata. They host Au deposits, which formed later. The formation of quartz-reef zones correlates with that of thrust nappes (0.85–0.82 Ga). The latter is genetically related to the final stage of the evolution of a collisional orogen. In the Late Neoproterozoic, rift and intraplate magmatism was most intense and frequent (780, 750, 700, 670–650 Ma) in the Tatarka–Ishimba fault system. Manifestations of Mesoproterozoic volcanism and all the Au deposits of the Central metallogenic belt in the Yenisei Ridge are concentrated here. The three periods of gold–arsenopyrite–quartz, gold–sulfide, and Au–Sb mineralization correlate well with the initiation and evolution of rift structures and the manifestations of intraplate magmatism at 800–770, 720–700, and 670–650 Ma. The tectonomagmatic processes which took place in these periods might have been crucial in Au ore accumulation.

@article{doi101016jrgg201012010,
    author = "Nozhkin, A. D. and Borisenko, A. S. and Nevolko, Peter A.",
    title = "Stages of Late Proterozoic magmatism and periods of Au mineralization in the Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Geological, isotopic, and geochemical data permitted distinguishing the Mesoproterozoic (1.6–1.05 Ga), Early Neoproterozoic (1.05–0.8 Ga), and Late Neoproterozoic (0.8–0.6 Ga) stages of magmatism and crustal evolution in the Yenisei Ridge. Each of them contributed to the regional Au metallogeny. In the Early Mesoproterozoic, crustal destruction and stretching in the southwestern Siberian craton (Yenisei Ridge) led to the initiation of a pericratonic trough, the formation of rift mafic associations (Rybnaya–Panimba volcanic belt), and the accumulation of fine-grained terrigenous sediments (Sukhoi Pit Group). Black carbonaceous shales and the picrite basalt–basalt association were enriched in Au. In the early Neoproterozoic, the terrigenous strata of the Sukhoi Pit Group were deformed, metamorphosed, and granitized as a result of the Grenville orogeny. Granite-gneiss domes formed in the earlier, syncollisional, period (1.05–0.95 Ga) of this stage, and K–Na granitoid plutons formed in the late collisional one (0.88–0.86 Ga). Premineral metasomatites formed in the zone where these plutons influenced enclosing black shale–terrigenous strata. They host Au deposits, which formed later. The formation of quartz-reef zones correlates with that of thrust nappes (0.85–0.82 Ga). The latter is genetically related to the final stage of the evolution of a collisional orogen. In the Late Neoproterozoic, rift and intraplate magmatism was most intense and frequent (780, 750, 700, 670–650 Ma) in the Tatarka–Ishimba fault system. Manifestations of Mesoproterozoic volcanism and all the Au deposits of the Central metallogenic belt in the Yenisei Ridge are concentrated here. The three periods of gold–arsenopyrite–quartz, gold–sulfide, and Au–Sb mineralization correlate well with the initiation and evolution of rift structures and the manifestations of intraplate magmatism at 800–770, 720–700, and 670–650 Ma. The tectonomagmatic processes which took place in these periods might have been crucial in Au ore accumulation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2010.12.010",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2010.12.010",
    openalex = "W2074109408",
    references = "doi101007bf00402202, doi101016002449379090043z, doi101016b9780444421487500083, doi101016b9780750633864x50009, doi101016c20090145403, doi101016jprecamres200704019, doi101016jprecamres200704021, doi101016s0166263508x70045, doi101016s0166263508x70100, doi101134s1028334x08020086, doi101144gslsp19890420119, likhanov2009kyanitesillimanite"
}

Abstract In the Transangarian part of the Yenisei Ridge, rocks near the thrusts in area of the Tatarka deep fault underwent the medium-pressure kyanite-sillimanite grade metamorphism, which resulted locally in the progressive replacement of andalusite by kyanite, the development of new mineral assemblages and deformation structures. A number of features special to kyanite-sillimanite grade metamorphism, such as a relatively small measured thickness of the medium-pressure zones (from 2.5 to 7 km) and a gradual increase in pressure towards the thrust faults from 4.5–5 kbar to 6.5–8 kbar with slightly increasing temperature, suggest a low metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH ranging from 7 to 12 °C/km. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and suggest a near-isothermal loading in accordance with the transient emplacement of thrust sheets and subsequent rapid exhumation and erosion. Based on geothermobarometry and 40Ar-39Ar mica ages, the proposed model suggests that, given an estimated exhumation rate of 0.368 mm/yr for a number of areas, the peaks of collision-related metamorphism occurred at 849–862 and 798–802 Ma. The older metamorphic complexes (Angara, Mayakon, Teya, and Chapa areas) are interpreted to have formed by thrusting of Siberian cratonal blocks onto the Yenisei Ridge, as indicated by geophysical observations and regional provenance studies. A later phase of the repeated collisional metamorphism appears to have been associated with reverse motion of some smaller blocks along higher-order splay faults in the eastward direction (Garevka area). On a regional scale, this may result from collision and accretion of a microcontinent split off the craton at the Early–Middle Riphean boundary onto the Central Angara terrane.

@article{doi101016jrgg201109015,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Ревердатто, В. В. and Козлов, П. С.",
    title = "Collision-related metamorphic complexes of the Yenisei Ridge: their evolution, ages, and exhumation rate",
    year = "2011",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract In the Transangarian part of the Yenisei Ridge, rocks near the thrusts in area of the Tatarka deep fault underwent the medium-pressure kyanite-sillimanite grade metamorphism, which resulted locally in the progressive replacement of andalusite by kyanite, the development of new mineral assemblages and deformation structures. A number of features special to kyanite-sillimanite grade metamorphism, such as a relatively small measured thickness of the medium-pressure zones (from 2.5 to 7 km) and a gradual increase in pressure towards the thrust faults from 4.5–5 kbar to 6.5–8 kbar with slightly increasing temperature, suggest a low metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH ranging from 7 to 12 °C/km. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and suggest a near-isothermal loading in accordance with the transient emplacement of thrust sheets and subsequent rapid exhumation and erosion. Based on geothermobarometry and 40Ar-39Ar mica ages, the proposed model suggests that, given an estimated exhumation rate of 0.368 mm/yr for a number of areas, the peaks of collision-related metamorphism occurred at 849–862 and 798–802 Ma. The older metamorphic complexes (Angara, Mayakon, Teya, and Chapa areas) are interpreted to have formed by thrusting of Siberian cratonal blocks onto the Yenisei Ridge, as indicated by geophysical observations and regional provenance studies. A later phase of the repeated collisional metamorphism appears to have been associated with reverse motion of some smaller blocks along higher-order splay faults in the eastward direction (Garevka area). On a regional scale, this may result from collision and accretion of a microcontinent split off the craton at the Early–Middle Riphean boundary onto the Central Angara terrane.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2011.09.015",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2011.09.015",
    openalex = "W1974105851",
    references = "doi101016c20201040965, doi101016jgr200606003, doi101016jgr200811004, doi101016jprecamres200704019, doi101016jprecamres200704021, doi101016s1342937x05710492, doi101134s0016702911030062, doi102138am20103371, likhanov2009kyanitesillimanite, openalexw2010625414, openalexw2338152791"
}

@article{borisenko2014gold,
    author = "Borisenko, A.S. and Sazonov, A. M. and Nevolko, P.A. and Naumov, E.A. and Tessalina, S. and Kovalev, K.R. and Sukhorukov, V.P.",
    title = "Gold Deposits of the Yenisei Ridge (Russia) and Age of Its Formation",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-6724.12375\_4",
    doi = "10.1111/1755-6724.12375\_4",
    number = "s2",
    openalex = "W2045311206",
    pages = "686-687",
    volume = "88",
    references = "doi101134s1028334x07030336, doi101134s1028334x08020086, doi101134s1028334x13060160, doi101134s1028334x14010140"
}

Abstract Two metamorphic complexes of the Yenisei Ridge with contrasting composition are analyzed to unravel their tectonothermal evolution and geodynamic processes during the Riphean geologic history of the area. The structural, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data are used to distinguish two stages of the evolution with different ages, thermodynamic regimes, and metamorphic field gradients. Reaction textures, chemical zoning in minerals, shapes of the P-T paths, and isotope dates provide convincing evidence for a polymetamorphic history of the region. The first stage is marked by the formation of the ~ 970 Ma low-pressure zoned And–Sil rocks (P = 3.9-5.1 kbar, T = 510–640 °C) of the Teya aureole and a high metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH = 25–35 °C/km typical of many orogenic belts. At the second stage, these rocks experienced Late Riphean (853–849 Ma) collisional medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type (P = 5.7–7.2 kbar, T = 660–700 °C) and a low metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH < 12 °C/km. This metamorphic event was almost coeval with the Late Riphean (862 Ma) contact metamorphism in the vicinity of the granitic plutons, which was accompanied by a high metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH > 100 °C/km. At the first stage, the deepest blocks of the Garevka complex in the vicinity of the Yenisei regional shear zone underwent high-pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphism within a narrow range of P = 7.1–8.7 kbar and T = 580–630 °C, suggesting the burial of rocks to mid-crustal depths at a metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH ~ 20–25 °C/km. At the second stage, these rocks experienced the Late Riphean (900–850 Ma) syn-exhumation dynamometamorphism under epidote–amphibolte facies conditions (P = 3.9–4.9 kbar, T = 460–550 °C) and a low gradient with dT/dH < 10 °C/km accompanied by the formation of blastomylonitic complexes in shear zones. All these deformation and metamorphic events identified on the western margin of the Siberian craton are correlated with the final episodes of the Late Grenville orogeny and provide supporting evidence for a close spatial connection between Siberia and Laurentia during early Neoproterozoic time, which is in good agreement with recent paleomagnetic reconstuctions.

@article{doi101016jrgg201401013,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Ревердатто, В. В.",
    title = "P–T–t constraints on the metamorphic evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge: geodynamic and petrological implications",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Two metamorphic complexes of the Yenisei Ridge with contrasting composition are analyzed to unravel their tectonothermal evolution and geodynamic processes during the Riphean geologic history of the area. The structural, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data are used to distinguish two stages of the evolution with different ages, thermodynamic regimes, and metamorphic field gradients. Reaction textures, chemical zoning in minerals, shapes of the P-T paths, and isotope dates provide convincing evidence for a polymetamorphic history of the region. The first stage is marked by the formation of the \textasciitilde\ 970 Ma low-pressure zoned And–Sil rocks (P = 3.9-5.1 kbar, T = 510–640 °C) of the Teya aureole and a high metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH = 25–35 °C/km typical of many orogenic belts. At the second stage, these rocks experienced Late Riphean (853–849 Ma) collisional medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type (P = 5.7–7.2 kbar, T = 660–700 °C) and a low metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH \< 12 °C/km. This metamorphic event was almost coeval with the Late Riphean (862 Ma) contact metamorphism in the vicinity of the granitic plutons, which was accompanied by a high metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH \> 100 °C/km. At the first stage, the deepest blocks of the Garevka complex in the vicinity of the Yenisei regional shear zone underwent high-pressure amphibolite-facies metamorphism within a narrow range of P = 7.1–8.7 kbar and T = 580–630 °C, suggesting the burial of rocks to mid-crustal depths at a metamorphic field gradient with dT/dH \textasciitilde\ 20–25 °C/km. At the second stage, these rocks experienced the Late Riphean (900–850 Ma) syn-exhumation dynamometamorphism under epidote–amphibolte facies conditions (P = 3.9–4.9 kbar, T = 460–550 °C) and a low gradient with dT/dH \< 10 °C/km accompanied by the formation of blastomylonitic complexes in shear zones. All these deformation and metamorphic events identified on the western margin of the Siberian craton are correlated with the final episodes of the Late Grenville orogeny and provide supporting evidence for a close spatial connection between Siberia and Laurentia during early Neoproterozoic time, which is in good agreement with recent paleomagnetic reconstuctions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2014.01.013",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2014.01.013",
    openalex = "W1987548533",
    references = "doi101007bf00306444, doi101007bf00372150, doi1010160012821x8390211x, doi101016jrgg201109015, doi101093petrology292445, doi101093petrology42112033, doi101134s0016702911030062, doi101134s0016702914010042, doi101134s0869591113060040, doi102138am19955614, doi102138am20103371, likhanov2009kyanitesillimanite, openalexw2010625414, openalexw2495048261"
}

Geological, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological evidence for Grenville events at the western margin of the Siberian Craton are considered. These events were related to assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. Multiple manifestations of riftogenic and within-plate magmatism at the final stage of orogenic evolution gave rise to breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of the Paleoasian ocean. The results allowed us to develop a new concept on the Precambrian geological evolution of the Yenisei Ridge and the processes that created its tectonic structure. The chronological sequence of events in the history of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge is based on geological evidence and isotopic dating of Precambrian complexes variable in geodynamic nature. Four tectonic stages dated at 1.4−1.1, 1.1−0.9, 0.90−0.85, and 0.8−0.6 Ga were controlled by collision and extension recognized from large regional linear crustal structural elements. The evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge, which lasted for ∼650 Ma, corresponds in duration to supercontinental cycles that begin from rifting and breakdown of the predated supercontinent and was completed by orogeny and the formation of a new supercontinent. The regional geodynamic history correlates with the synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonothermal events at the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia and Baltica cratons. This is evidenced by paleocontinental reconstructions, which confirm close spatiotemporal links of Siberia with cratons in the northern Atlantic 1400−600 Ma ago and indicate incorporation of the Siberian Craton into the ancient Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents.

@article{doi101134s0016852114050045,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Nozhkin, A. D. and Ревердатто, В. В. and Козлов, П. С.",
    title = "Grenville tectonic events and evolution of the Yenisei Ridge at the western margin of the Siberian Craton",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Geotectonics",
    abstract = "Geological, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological evidence for Grenville events at the western margin of the Siberian Craton are considered. These events were related to assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. Multiple manifestations of riftogenic and within-plate magmatism at the final stage of orogenic evolution gave rise to breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of the Paleoasian ocean. The results allowed us to develop a new concept on the Precambrian geological evolution of the Yenisei Ridge and the processes that created its tectonic structure. The chronological sequence of events in the history of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge is based on geological evidence and isotopic dating of Precambrian complexes variable in geodynamic nature. Four tectonic stages dated at 1.4−1.1, 1.1−0.9, 0.90−0.85, and 0.8−0.6 Ga were controlled by collision and extension recognized from large regional linear crustal structural elements. The evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge, which lasted for ∼650 Ma, corresponds in duration to supercontinental cycles that begin from rifting and breakdown of the predated supercontinent and was completed by orogeny and the formation of a new supercontinent. The regional geodynamic history correlates with the synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonothermal events at the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia and Baltica cratons. This is evidenced by paleocontinental reconstructions, which confirm close spatiotemporal links of Siberia with cratons in the northern Atlantic 1400−600 Ma ago and indicate incorporation of the Siberian Craton into the ancient Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016852114050045",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016852114050045",
    openalex = "W2012830164",
    references = "doi101016jrgg201012010, doi101016jrgg201109015, doi101016jrgg201401013, doi101134s0016702914010042, doi101134s0869591113060040, doi101134s1028334x13060160"
}

@article{doi101016jjseaes201510017,
    author = "Kuzmichev, A. B. and Sklyarov, Е. V.",
    title = "The Precambrian of Transangaria, Yenisei Ridge (Siberia): Neoproterozoic microcontinent, Grenville-age orogen, or reworked margin of the Siberian craton?",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of Asian Earth Sciences",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.10.017",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.10.017",
    openalex = "W2195106693",
    references = "doi101016jjseaes201410026, doi101016jrgg201012010, doi101134s0016702911030062, doi101134s0016702914010042, doi101134s1028334x08020086"
}

Abstract Studies of gneisses from the Yenisei regional shear zone (YRSZ) provide the first evidence for Mesoproterozoic tectonic events in the geologic history of the South Yenisei Ridge and allowed the recognition of several stages of deformation and metamorphism spanning from Late Paleoproterozoic to Vendian. The first stage (~1.73 Ga), corresponding to the period of granulite–amphibolite metamorphism at P = 5.9 kbar and T = 635 °C, marks the final amalgamation of the Siberian craton to the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Nuna supercontinent. During the second stage, corresponding to a hypothesized breakup of Nuna as a result of crustal extension, these rocks underwent Mesoproterozoic dynamic metamorphism (P = 7.4 kbar and T = 660 °C) with three peaks at 1.54, 1.38, and 1.25 Ga and the formation of high-pressure blastomylonite rocks in shear zones. Late-stage deformations during the Mesoproterozoic tectonic activity in the region, related to the Grenville-age collision processes and assembly of Rodinia, took place at 1.17–1.03 Ga. The latest pulse of dynamic metamorphism (615–600 Ma) marks the final stage of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Yenisei Ridge, which is associated with the accretion of island-arc terranes to the western margin of the Siberian craton. The overall duration of identified tectonothermal processes within the South Yenisei Ridge during the Riphean (~650 Ma) is correlated with the duration of geodynamic cycles in the supercontinent evolution. A similar succession and style of tectonothermal events in the history of both the southern and the northern parts of the Yenisei Ridge suggest that they evolved synchronously within a single structure over a prolonged time span (1385–600 Ma). New data on coeavl events identified on the western margin of the Siberian craton contradict the hypothesis of a mantle activity lull (from 1.75 to 0.7 Ga) on the southwestern margins of the Siberian craton during the Precambrian. The synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonic events on the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia cratons suggest their spatial proximity over a prolonged time span (1550–600 Ma). The above conclusion is consistent with the results of modern paleomagnetic reconstructions suggesting that these cratons represented the cores of Nuna and Rodinia within the above time interval.

@article{doi101016jrgg201505001,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Ревердатто, В. В. and Козлов, П. С. and Zinoviev, S. V. and Хиллер, В. В.",
    title = "P-T-t reconstructions of South Yenisei Ridge metamorphic history (Siberian craton): petrological consequences and application to the supercontinental cycles",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Studies of gneisses from the Yenisei regional shear zone (YRSZ) provide the first evidence for Mesoproterozoic tectonic events in the geologic history of the South Yenisei Ridge and allowed the recognition of several stages of deformation and metamorphism spanning from Late Paleoproterozoic to Vendian. The first stage (\textasciitilde 1.73 Ga), corresponding to the period of granulite–amphibolite metamorphism at P = 5.9 kbar and T = 635 °C, marks the final amalgamation of the Siberian craton to the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic Nuna supercontinent. During the second stage, corresponding to a hypothesized breakup of Nuna as a result of crustal extension, these rocks underwent Mesoproterozoic dynamic metamorphism (P = 7.4 kbar and T = 660 °C) with three peaks at 1.54, 1.38, and 1.25 Ga and the formation of high-pressure blastomylonite rocks in shear zones. Late-stage deformations during the Mesoproterozoic tectonic activity in the region, related to the Grenville-age collision processes and assembly of Rodinia, took place at 1.17–1.03 Ga. The latest pulse of dynamic metamorphism (615–600 Ma) marks the final stage of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Yenisei Ridge, which is associated with the accretion of island-arc terranes to the western margin of the Siberian craton. The overall duration of identified tectonothermal processes within the South Yenisei Ridge during the Riphean (\textasciitilde 650 Ma) is correlated with the duration of geodynamic cycles in the supercontinent evolution. A similar succession and style of tectonothermal events in the history of both the southern and the northern parts of the Yenisei Ridge suggest that they evolved synchronously within a single structure over a prolonged time span (1385–600 Ma). New data on coeavl events identified on the western margin of the Siberian craton contradict the hypothesis of a mantle activity lull (from 1.75 to 0.7 Ga) on the southwestern margins of the Siberian craton during the Precambrian. The synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonic events on the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia cratons suggest their spatial proximity over a prolonged time span (1550–600 Ma). The above conclusion is consistent with the results of modern paleomagnetic reconstructions suggesting that these cratons represented the cores of Nuna and Rodinia within the above time interval.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2015.05.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2015.05.001",
    openalex = "W603880251",
    references = "doi101016jrgg201109015, doi101016jrgg201401013, doi101134s0016702911030062, doi101134s0016702914010042, doi101134s0869591113060040, doi101134s1028334x13060160"
}

Abstract There are continuing issues concerning the formation and reconstruction of the geographic position of the Neoproterozoic Yenisei Ridge—a key element of the western framing of the Siberian craton and the Central Asian orogenic belt. This study focuses on the inner structure, composition, and boundaries of the Central Angara terrane, which is the largest in the Transangarian segment of the Yenisei Ridge. We propose a scheme of fault deformation of the region and demonstrate that the fault tectonics of the Central Angara terrane is distinct from that of adjacent terranes. We study in detail the Yeruda pluton granitoids of the Teya complex, which indicate accretionary-collisional magmatic events in this terrane prior to its collision with Siberia. New geochemistry and SHRIMP U–Th–Pb zircon geochronology of the granites indicate that they formed at 880–860 Ma in a collisional setting. Integrated petromagnetic and paleomagnetic investigations yield a paleomagnetic pole that is significantly different from the corresponding Neoproterozoic interval of the apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Siberia. The difference in paleolatitudes between the Central Angara terrane and the Siberian craton at the time of the Teya granites formation was at least 8.6 degrees, which equals a latitudinal separation of at least 1000 km. We consider various possible positions for the terrane relative to the Siberian craton. These results demonstrate that the 880–860 Ma magmatic events in the Central Angara terrane are not related to events in the western margin of the Siberian craton. Therefore, they do not indicate the existence of a Grenville-age orogenic belt in this location, as proposed by some authors.

@article{doi101016jrgg201601004,
    author = "Vernikovsky, V. A. and Метелкин, Д. В. and Vernikovskaya, A. E. and Matushkin, N. Yu. and Kazansky, A. Yu. and Kadilnikov, P. I. and Романова, И. В. and Wingate, M.T.D. and Ларионов, А. Н. and Родионов, Н. В.",
    title = "Neoproterozoic tectonic structure of the Yenisei Ridge and formation of the western margin of the Siberian craton based on new geological, paleomagnetic, and geochronological data",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract There are continuing issues concerning the formation and reconstruction of the geographic position of the Neoproterozoic Yenisei Ridge—a key element of the western framing of the Siberian craton and the Central Asian orogenic belt. This study focuses on the inner structure, composition, and boundaries of the Central Angara terrane, which is the largest in the Transangarian segment of the Yenisei Ridge. We propose a scheme of fault deformation of the region and demonstrate that the fault tectonics of the Central Angara terrane is distinct from that of adjacent terranes. We study in detail the Yeruda pluton granitoids of the Teya complex, which indicate accretionary-collisional magmatic events in this terrane prior to its collision with Siberia. New geochemistry and SHRIMP U–Th–Pb zircon geochronology of the granites indicate that they formed at 880–860 Ma in a collisional setting. Integrated petromagnetic and paleomagnetic investigations yield a paleomagnetic pole that is significantly different from the corresponding Neoproterozoic interval of the apparent polar wander path (APWP) for Siberia. The difference in paleolatitudes between the Central Angara terrane and the Siberian craton at the time of the Teya granites formation was at least 8.6 degrees, which equals a latitudinal separation of at least 1000 km. We consider various possible positions for the terrane relative to the Siberian craton. These results demonstrate that the 880–860 Ma magmatic events in the Central Angara terrane are not related to events in the western margin of the Siberian craton. Therefore, they do not indicate the existence of a Grenville-age orogenic belt in this location, as proposed by some authors.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.004",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.004",
    openalex = "W2254648302",
    references = "doi101016jrgg201401013, doi101134s1028334x08020086"
}

The mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data were used to evaluate the age and petrogenesis of compositionally contrasting metamorphic rocks at the junction between Meso-Neoproterozoic Transangarian structures and Archean-Paleoproterozoic complexes of the Angara–Kan inlier of the Yenisei Ridge. The studied metabasites and metapelites provide clues for understanding the evolution of the region. The magmatic protoliths of low-Ti metabasites were derived by melting of depleted (N-MORB) upper mantle, and their high-Ti counterparts are interpreted to have originated from an enriched mantle source (E-MORB). The petrogeochemical characteristics of protoliths of the metabasite dikes resemble those of within-plate basalts and ocean island tholeiites. The Fe- and Al-rich metapelites are redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian weathering crusts of kaolinite and montmorillonite-chlorite-hydromica compositions. The Р–Т conditions of metamorphism (4.9–5.5 kbar/570–650°С for metabasites; 4.1–7.1 kbar/500–630°С for metapelites) correspond to epidote–amphibolite to amphibolite facies transition. The evolution of the Angara complex occurred in two stages. The early stage (1.18–0.85 Ga) is associated with Grenville tectonics and the late stage is correlated with accretion/collision episodes of the Valhalla orogeny, with the peaks at 810–790 and 730–720 Ma, and the final stage of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the orogen on the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. The correlation of regional crustal processes with globalscale geological events in the Precambrian evolution of the Earth supports recent paleomagnetic reconstructions that allow a direct, long-lived (1400–600 Ma) spatial and temporal connection between Siberia, Laurentia, and Baltica, which have been parts of ancient supercontinents.

@article{doi101134s0016702916020051,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Ревердатто, В. В.",
    title = "Geochemistry, petrogenesis and age of metamorphic rocks of the Angara complex at the junction of South and North Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geochemistry International",
    abstract = "The mineralogical, petrological, geochemical and geochronological data were used to evaluate the age and petrogenesis of compositionally contrasting metamorphic rocks at the junction between Meso-Neoproterozoic Transangarian structures and Archean-Paleoproterozoic complexes of the Angara–Kan inlier of the Yenisei Ridge. The studied metabasites and metapelites provide clues for understanding the evolution of the region. The magmatic protoliths of low-Ti metabasites were derived by melting of depleted (N-MORB) upper mantle, and their high-Ti counterparts are interpreted to have originated from an enriched mantle source (E-MORB). The petrogeochemical characteristics of protoliths of the metabasite dikes resemble those of within-plate basalts and ocean island tholeiites. The Fe- and Al-rich metapelites are redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian weathering crusts of kaolinite and montmorillonite-chlorite-hydromica compositions. The Р–Т conditions of metamorphism (4.9–5.5 kbar/570–650°С for metabasites; 4.1–7.1 kbar/500–630°С for metapelites) correspond to epidote–amphibolite to amphibolite facies transition. The evolution of the Angara complex occurred in two stages. The early stage (1.18–0.85 Ga) is associated with Grenville tectonics and the late stage is correlated with accretion/collision episodes of the Valhalla orogeny, with the peaks at 810–790 and 730–720 Ma, and the final stage of the Neoproterozoic evolution of the orogen on the southwestern margin of the Siberian craton. The correlation of regional crustal processes with globalscale geological events in the Precambrian evolution of the Earth supports recent paleomagnetic reconstructions that allow a direct, long-lived (1400–600 Ma) spatial and temporal connection between Siberia, Laurentia, and Baltica, which have been parts of ancient supercontinents.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702916020051",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016702916020051",
    openalex = "W2287429553",
    references = "doi101016jrgg201109015, doi101016jrgg201401013, doi101134s0016702911030062, doi101134s0016702914010042, doi101134s0869591113060040, doi101134s1028334x13060160"
}

This work presents first results on40Ar/39Ar dating by stepwise heating method, as well as geochemistry of rare trace elements by ICP-MS and isotopic (Nd, Sr) composition of metabasites from tributaries basins of Velmo and Bolshoi Pit rivers (Transangaria, Yenisei ridge). The studied rocks form small areas of concordant boudined plate-shape amphibolite bodies among Late Archaean marbles, calciphyres, schists, and are derived from a metapicrite-basalt complex. They have schistose and banded structure and consist of hornblende with andesine, biotite, zoisite, carbonate, quartz, as well as accessory аpatite, sphene, and ilmenite.Mineral paragenesis corresponds to the conditions of low-temperature metamorphism of amphibolite facies.Chemical composition of rocks (wt %): 44-49 SiO2, 2-4 Na2O + K2O, 1.1-1.8 TiO2, 12-17 Fe2O3, 8-11 CaO, 7-11 MgO; FeO(t)/MgO 1-2 correspond to basalts and trachybasalts of the tholeiitic series from the ocean floor. Rock-forming age of amphibole is Late Precambrian (≈700 Ma) that matches early stages of Paleo Asian Ocean development. According to distribution of LILE (ppm) (≈20-1000 Ba,≈100-635 Sr) and HFSE (ppm) (46-83 REE, 4-10 Nb, 0.3-0.7 Ta, 30-90 Zr, 0.6-1.1 Th, ≈0.2 U), studied rocks coincide with tholeiitic E-MORB, which formed in the setting of back-arc spreading and had enriched asthenospheric source. Isotopic specifics: εNd(t)from +3.6 to -5.2; TNdDM ≈ 1.4-2.2 Ga; 0.7046-0.715487Sr/86Sr(t)) indicate that mantle diapirism could have been accompanied by mixing of plume, subduction and crust (DMM + PREMA + EM) material. High concentrations of HREE (LaN /YbN 1-3, LREE/HREE - 2.2-3.2) and Y allow us to assume absence of restite garnet and extraction of primary tholeiitic E-MORB magma under setting/conditions of ≈ 4-20 % equilibrium melting of spinel lherzolite from upper mantle.

@article{doi1024930168190042017175067084,
    author = "Врублевский, Василий Васильевич and Никитин, Радим Николаевич and Тишин, П. А. and Травин, А. В.",
    title = "METABASITES OF MIDDLE TRANSANGARIA, YENISEI RIDGE: E-MORB RELICTS OF NEOPROTEROZOIC LITHOSPHERE",
    year = "2017",
    abstract = "This work presents first results on40Ar/39Ar dating by stepwise heating method, as well as geochemistry of rare trace elements by ICP-MS and isotopic (Nd, Sr) composition of metabasites from tributaries basins of Velmo and Bolshoi Pit rivers (Transangaria, Yenisei ridge). The studied rocks form small areas of concordant boudined plate-shape amphibolite bodies among Late Archaean marbles, calciphyres, schists, and are derived from a metapicrite-basalt complex. They have schistose and banded structure and consist of hornblende with andesine, biotite, zoisite, carbonate, quartz, as well as accessory аpatite, sphene, and ilmenite.Mineral paragenesis corresponds to the conditions of low-temperature metamorphism of amphibolite facies.Chemical composition of rocks (wt \%): 44-49 SiO2, 2-4 Na2O + K2O, 1.1-1.8 TiO2, 12-17 Fe2O3, 8-11 CaO, 7-11 MgO; FeO(t)/MgO 1-2 correspond to basalts and trachybasalts of the tholeiitic series from the ocean floor. Rock-forming age of amphibole is Late Precambrian (≈700 Ma) that matches early stages of Paleo Asian Ocean development. According to distribution of LILE (ppm) (≈20-1000 Ba,≈100-635 Sr) and HFSE (ppm) (46-83 REE, 4-10 Nb, 0.3-0.7 Ta, 30-90 Zr, 0.6-1.1 Th, ≈0.2 U), studied rocks coincide with tholeiitic E-MORB, which formed in the setting of back-arc spreading and had enriched asthenospheric source. Isotopic specifics: εNd(t)from +3.6 to -5.2; TNdDM ≈ 1.4-2.2 Ga; 0.7046-0.715487Sr/86Sr(t)) indicate that mantle diapirism could have been accompanied by mixing of plume, subduction and crust (DMM + PREMA + EM) material. High concentrations of HREE (LaN /YbN 1-3, LREE/HREE - 2.2-3.2) and Y allow us to assume absence of restite garnet and extraction of primary tholeiitic E-MORB magma under setting/conditions of ≈ 4-20 \% equilibrium melting of spinel lherzolite from upper mantle.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2017-17-5-067-084",
    doi = "10.24930/1681-9004-2017-17-5-067-084",
    openalex = "W2775032012"
}

@article{andsazonov2018new,
    author = "Sazonov, Anatoliy M. and Sosnovskaya, Olga V. and Yekhanin, Dmitriy A.",
    title = "New species of Globuloella Korde genus from the Precambrian Yenisei ridge",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Geosfernye issledovaniya",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17223/25421379/6/5",
    doi = "10.17223/25421379/6/5",
    number = "1",
    pages = "55-60"
}

40Ar/39Ar dates on the quartz–micaceous–sulfide, quartz–gold–arsenopyrite–pyrrhotite, and quartz–gold–stibium associations at the superlarge (>1000 t Au) Olimpiada gold deposit, the Yenisei Ridge, are compared. It is established that the hydrothermal activity at the deposit has continued for no less than 150 Ma from 817 to 660 Ma.

@article{doi101134s0016702919050033,
    author = "Гибшер, Н. А. and Сазонов, А. М. and Травин, А. В. and Томиленко, А. А. and Пономарчук, А. В. and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Nekrasova, N. A. and Shaparenko, Elena and Ryabukha, M.A. and Khomenko, M.O.",
    title = "Age and Duration of the Formation of the Olimpiada Gold Deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia)",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Geochemistry International",
    abstract = "40Ar/39Ar dates on the quartz–micaceous–sulfide, quartz–gold–arsenopyrite–pyrrhotite, and quartz–gold–stibium associations at the superlarge (>1000 t Au) Olimpiada gold deposit, the Yenisei Ridge, are compared. It is established that the hydrothermal activity at the deposit has continued for no less than 150 Ma from 817 to 660 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702919050033",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016702919050033",
    openalex = "W2947070705",
    references = "borisenko2014gold, doi1010160169136895000283, doi101016jrgg201603006, doi101016jrgg201604010, doi101111j175139281998tb00021x, doi101201b185665, doi10175161999494x201692174188, doi102113gsecongeo1052375"
}

Abstract —New thermobarogeochemical and isotope-geochemical data are presented, which show the intricate and long history of the formation of the unique Olimpiadinskoe gold deposit with predicted gold reserves of >1000 tons on the Yenisei Ridge. Metal-bearing oxidized water–carbon dioxide and reduced carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids participated (at the same time or successively) in the formation of the deposit at 220–470 °C and 0.6–2.5 kbar. Fluids of gold-bearing mineral assemblages include CO2, hydrocarbons, and S-, N-, and halogen-containing compounds capable of transporting ore elements, including gold. Highly mobile carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids were responsible for the appearance of disseminated gold mineralization in large bodies of quartz–carbonate–mica schists serving as geochemical barriers in the Olimpiadinskoe deposit. The deposit formed in the period from 817 to 660 Ma, which fits the time interval from crystallization to cooling (868–721 Ma) of the most proximal multiphase Chirimba granitoid pluton. The hydrothermal activity of the fluids that formed the Olimpiadinskoe deposit lasted at least 100–150 Myr year.

@article{doi1015372rgg2019073,
    author = "Гибшер, Н. А. and Томиленко, А. А. and Sazonov, A.V. and Бульбак, Т. А. and Ryabukha, M.A. and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Некрасова, Наталья Александровна and Khomenko, M.O. and Shaparenko, Elena",
    title = "The Olimpiadinskoe Gold Deposit (Yenisei Ridge): Temperature, Pressure, Composition of Ore-Forming Fluids, δ34S in Sulfides, 3He/4He of Fluids, Ar–Ar Age, and Duration of Formation1",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract —New thermobarogeochemical and isotope-geochemical data are presented, which show the intricate and long history of the formation of the unique Olimpiadinskoe gold deposit with predicted gold reserves of \>1000 tons on the Yenisei Ridge. Metal-bearing oxidized water–carbon dioxide and reduced carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids participated (at the same time or successively) in the formation of the deposit at 220–470 °C and 0.6–2.5 kbar. Fluids of gold-bearing mineral assemblages include CO2, hydrocarbons, and S-, N-, and halogen-containing compounds capable of transporting ore elements, including gold. Highly mobile carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids were responsible for the appearance of disseminated gold mineralization in large bodies of quartz–carbonate–mica schists serving as geochemical barriers in the Olimpiadinskoe deposit. The deposit formed in the period from 817 to 660 Ma, which fits the time interval from crystallization to cooling (868–721 Ma) of the most proximal multiphase Chirimba granitoid pluton. The hydrothermal activity of the fluids that formed the Olimpiadinskoe deposit lasted at least 100–150 Myr year.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.15372/rgg2019073",
    doi = "10.15372/rgg2019073",
    openalex = "W3136099628",
    references = "borisenko2014gold, doi101002aic690410712, doi1010160016703789900574, doi101016001670379600004x, doi10103821406, doi101038342793a0, doi101127ejm140517, doi101127ejm660753, doi101134s0016702919050033, doi10175161999494x201692174188, doi102113gsecongeo10071287, doi102113gselements55281, openalexw2212178433"
}

The Mössbauer spectroscopy method was used to study the ligand microstructure of natural arsenopyrite (31 specimens) from the ores of the major gold deposits of the Yenisei Ridge (Eastern Siberia, Russia). Arsenopyrite and native gold are paragenetic minerals in the ore; meanwhile, arsenopyrite is frequently a gold carrier. We detected iron positions with variable distribution of sulfur and arsenic anions at the vertexes of the coordination octahedron {6S}, {5S1As}, {4S2As}, {3S3As}, {2S4As}, {1S5As}, {6As} in the mineral structure. Iron atoms with reduced local symmetry in tetrahedral cavities, as well as iron in the high-spin condition with a high local symmetry of the first coordination sphere, were identified. The configuration {3S3As} typical for the stoichiometric arsenopyrite is the most occupied. The occupation degree of other configurations is not subordinated to the statistic distribution and varies within a wide range. The presence of configurations {6S}, {3S3As}, {6As} and their variable occupation degree indicate that natural arsenopyrites are solid pyrite {6S}, arsenopyrite {3S3As}, and loellingite {6As} solutions, with the thermodynamic preference to the formation of configurations in the arsenopyrite–pyrite–loellingite order. It is assumed that in the variations as part of the coordination octahedron, the iron output to the tetrahedral positions and the presence of high-spin Fe cations depend on the physical and chemical conditions of the mineral formation. It was identified that the increased gold concentrations are typical for arsenopyrites with an elevated content of sulfur or arsenic and correlate with the increase of the occupation degree of configurations {5S1As}, {4S2As}, {1S5As}, reduction of the share of {3S3As}, and the amount of iron in tetrahedral cavities.

@article{doi103390min9120737,
    author = "Сазонов, А. М. and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Bayukov, O. A. and Knyazev, Yu. V. and Zvyagina, Yelena A. and Тишин, П. А.",
    title = "Composition and Ligand Microstructure of Arsenopyrite from Gold Ore Deposits of the Yenisei Ridge (Eastern Siberia, Russia)",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Minerals",
    abstract = "The Mössbauer spectroscopy method was used to study the ligand microstructure of natural arsenopyrite (31 specimens) from the ores of the major gold deposits of the Yenisei Ridge (Eastern Siberia, Russia). Arsenopyrite and native gold are paragenetic minerals in the ore; meanwhile, arsenopyrite is frequently a gold carrier. We detected iron positions with variable distribution of sulfur and arsenic anions at the vertexes of the coordination octahedron {6S}, {5S1As}, {4S2As}, {3S3As}, {2S4As}, {1S5As}, {6As} in the mineral structure. Iron atoms with reduced local symmetry in tetrahedral cavities, as well as iron in the high-spin condition with a high local symmetry of the first coordination sphere, were identified. The configuration {3S3As} typical for the stoichiometric arsenopyrite is the most occupied. The occupation degree of other configurations is not subordinated to the statistic distribution and varies within a wide range. The presence of configurations {6S}, {3S3As}, {6As} and their variable occupation degree indicate that natural arsenopyrites are solid pyrite {6S}, arsenopyrite {3S3As}, and loellingite {6As} solutions, with the thermodynamic preference to the formation of configurations in the arsenopyrite–pyrite–loellingite order. It is assumed that in the variations as part of the coordination octahedron, the iron output to the tetrahedral positions and the presence of high-spin Fe cations depend on the physical and chemical conditions of the mineral formation. It was identified that the increased gold concentrations are typical for arsenopyrites with an elevated content of sulfur or arsenic and correlate with the increase of the occupation degree of configurations {5S1As}, {4S2As}, {1S5As}, reduction of the share of {3S3As}, and the amount of iron in tetrahedral cavities.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/min9120737",
    doi = "10.3390/min9120737",
    openalex = "W2989856495",
    references = "doi101134s0016702919050033, doi101722325421379102"
}

The article proposes a model of collisional and accretionary events of the Neoproterozoic at the western margin of the Siberian Craton based on the results of geological, petrological, and geochronological studies of Precambrian complexes of the Yenisei Ridge and comprehensive geophysical data. Mineralogical and petrological evidence of paleosubduction is presented, represented by relicts of glaucophane-bearing high-pressure mineral assemblages in metabasites (630‒620 Ma) within the tectonic mélange of the suture zone and by metamorphosed ophiolites and island arc complexes of the Isakovka and Predivinsk terranes (700–600 Ma) of the Sayan–Yenisei accretionary belt. The proposed geodynamic evolutionary model of the Yenisei paleosubduction zone includes reconstructions for time intervals of 740‒700, 640‒600, 580‒540 Ma, during which a suture zone was formed as a result of collision of the Kas–Turukhansk microcontinent with the Siberian Craton. Tectonized fragments of the suture partially outcrop on the surface on the right bank of the Yenisei River. The bulk of the deformed and metamorphosed oceanic crust is buried beneath the Ediacaran and Phanerozoic sedimentary cover in the eastern part of the Kas–Turukhansk microcontinent, which is traceable by geophysical data. The history of the region’s geological development in the Late Meso‒Neoproterozoic correlates with synchronous endogenic events along the Arctic margin of the Nuna and Rodinia paleocontinents, which confirms the spatial proximity of the Siberian and North Atlantic cratons (Laurentia and Baltica) in a wide time range.

@article{doi101134s0016852120010069,
    author = "Козлов, П. С. and Filippov, Yu. F. and Лиханов, И. И. and Nozhkin, A. D.",
    title = "Geodynamic Model of the Neoproterozoic Evolution of the Yenisei Paleosubduction Zone (Western Margin of the Siberian Craton), Russia",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Geotectonics",
    abstract = "The article proposes a model of collisional and accretionary events of the Neoproterozoic at the western margin of the Siberian Craton based on the results of geological, petrological, and geochronological studies of Precambrian complexes of the Yenisei Ridge and comprehensive geophysical data. Mineralogical and petrological evidence of paleosubduction is presented, represented by relicts of glaucophane-bearing high-pressure mineral assemblages in metabasites (630‒620 Ma) within the tectonic mélange of the suture zone and by metamorphosed ophiolites and island arc complexes of the Isakovka and Predivinsk terranes (700–600 Ma) of the Sayan–Yenisei accretionary belt. The proposed geodynamic evolutionary model of the Yenisei paleosubduction zone includes reconstructions for time intervals of 740‒700, 640‒600, 580‒540 Ma, during which a suture zone was formed as a result of collision of the Kas–Turukhansk microcontinent with the Siberian Craton. Tectonized fragments of the suture partially outcrop on the surface on the right bank of the Yenisei River. The bulk of the deformed and metamorphosed oceanic crust is buried beneath the Ediacaran and Phanerozoic sedimentary cover in the eastern part of the Kas–Turukhansk microcontinent, which is traceable by geophysical data. The history of the region’s geological development in the Late Meso‒Neoproterozoic correlates with synchronous endogenic events along the Arctic margin of the Nuna and Rodinia paleocontinents, which confirms the spatial proximity of the Siberian and North Atlantic cratons (Laurentia and Baltica) in a wide time range.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016852120010069",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016852120010069",
    openalex = "W3021780818",
    references = "doi101016jlithos201802021"
}

Abstract The Olympiada deposit, containing >1,560 metric tons (t; 50 Moz) of gold at an average grade of 4 to 4.6 g/t Au, occurs in central Siberia, Russia. Over 30 years, the deposit produced more than 580 t of gold, including 200 t from oxidized ore grading 11.1 g/t. The deposit forms a 2-km-long, steeply dipping system, which is traced downdip for 1.7 km. It occurs in the Neoproterozoic orogen of the Yenisei Ridge at the western margin of the Siberian craton. This and other gold deposits in the district are controlled by the large, long-lived Tatarka-Ishimbino tectonic zone, marking a suture between terranes chiefly consisting of deformed Meso- to Neoproterozoic carbonate-clastic sedimentary rocks. The combination of lithologic and structural factors was critical for localization of gold mineralization associated with calcic and siliceous alteration accompanied by early arsenic and late antimony sulfides. As a result, very fine (10 μm) and high fineness (910–997) gold associates with diverse sulfides, especially arsenopyrite, and commonly contains mercury, similar to some characteristics of Carlin-type deposits. Geochronologic studies suggest that mineralization was formed during several stages between 817 and 660 Ma. The isotopic composition of Os and He, along with presence of anomalous Ni, Co, and Pt, points to a mantle mafic source, whereas isotopic composition of Pb and S suggest a contaminated crustal source, i.e., originating from a mix of mantle and crustal fluids.

@incollection{doi105382sp2310,
    author = "Сазонов, А. М. and Лобанов, К. В. and Zvyagina, Elena and Leontiev, S. I. and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Nekrasova, N. A. and Nekrasov, A. Y. and Borodushkin, A. B. and Poperekov, V. A. and Журавлев, В. В. and Ilyin, S. S. and Kalinin, Yu. A. and Savichev, Andrey A. and Yakubchuk, Alexander",
    title = "Chapter 10: Olympiada Gold Deposit, Yenisei Ridge, Russia",
    year = "2020",
    abstract = "Abstract The Olympiada deposit, containing \>1,560 metric tons (t; 50 Moz) of gold at an average grade of 4 to 4.6 g/t Au, occurs in central Siberia, Russia. Over 30 years, the deposit produced more than 580 t of gold, including 200 t from oxidized ore grading 11.1 g/t. The deposit forms a 2-km-long, steeply dipping system, which is traced downdip for 1.7 km. It occurs in the Neoproterozoic orogen of the Yenisei Ridge at the western margin of the Siberian craton. This and other gold deposits in the district are controlled by the large, long-lived Tatarka-Ishimbino tectonic zone, marking a suture between terranes chiefly consisting of deformed Meso- to Neoproterozoic carbonate-clastic sedimentary rocks. The combination of lithologic and structural factors was critical for localization of gold mineralization associated with calcic and siliceous alteration accompanied by early arsenic and late antimony sulfides. As a result, very fine (10 μm) and high fineness (910–997) gold associates with diverse sulfides, especially arsenopyrite, and commonly contains mercury, similar to some characteristics of Carlin-type deposits. Geochronologic studies suggest that mineralization was formed during several stages between 817 and 660 Ma. The isotopic composition of Os and He, along with presence of anomalous Ni, Co, and Pt, points to a mantle mafic source, whereas isotopic composition of Pb and S suggest a contaminated crustal source, i.e., originating from a mix of mantle and crustal fluids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5382/sp.23.10",
    doi = "10.5382/sp.23.10",
    openalex = "W3204821296",
    references = "borisenko2014gold, doi1010079781475742152, doi101007s116639980115x, doi1010160016703764900833, doi101016s0016703701008493, doi101038ngeo2700, doi101093petrologyegh038, doi101180minmag198304734503, doi1015372rgg2019073, doi102138am20000701, doi102138am20051498, openalexw2344665303"
}

@article{andlikhanov2021evidence,
    author = "Likhanov, I.I. and Reverdatto, V.V.",
    title = "Evidence for polymetamorphic evolution of the Precambrian geological complexes of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geosfernye issledovaniya",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.17223/25421379/20/2",
    doi = "10.17223/25421379/20/2",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W3212192680",
    pages = "19-41"
}

Metapelites and metabasites within the Yenisei regional shear zone of the Yenisei Ridge underwent strong deformations with substrate recrystallization and blastomylonite formation during the Ediacaran. The geostructural, petrological, and isotopic–geochronological characteristics of development of the Late Neoproterozoic blastomylonite complexes marking the junction zone of the paleocontinental and paleoceanic sectors of the Yenisei Ridge have been analyzed. Two zones of heterogeneous blastomylonite complexes have been recognized from west to east, in order of increasing distance from the paleoceanic structures: (I) high-baric complexes of the suture zone and (II) frontal (above-suture) medium-baric and medium- to low-temperature complexes. The established differences in the Р–Т parameters of metamorphism between strongly and weakly deformed rocks were interpreted using well-known geodynamic models based on different tectonic mechanisms. As a result of the analysis, we found that the polychronous dynamic metamorphism of gneisses of the Angara–Kan block in the south and formation of the bulk of blastomylonites in the northern segment of the shear zone in the Northern Yenisei Ridge occurred with a 1.5–3 kbar increase in pressure along with insignificant increase in temperature and low metamorphic gradient dT/dH < 10°C/km compared to the background values of earlier regional metamorphism. This was probably due to crustal thickening as a result of rapid thrusting/subduction, followed by rapid uplift. The maximum excess values of the thermodynamic parameters of metamorphism were established in apometabasite tectonites of the suture zone with relict glaucophane schist associations that underwent metamorphism with a simultaneous significant increase in pressure by 3–5 kbar and temperature by 180–240°C with a higher dT/dH gradient of 15–20°C/km. Such excess Р–Т values could be due to progressive metamorphism, complicated by local heating of rocks during viscous deformations and excess oriented tectonic pressure over lithostatic in ductile shear zones. The data agree well with the results of numerical experiments, and this confirms the role of tectonic stress as an additional thermodynamic factor of metamorphic alterations in crustal suture zones.

@article{doi101134s0016852121010076,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Zinoviev, S. V. and Козлов, П. С.",
    title = "Blastomylonite Complexes of the Western Yenisei Ridge (Eastern Siberia, Russia): Geological Position, Metamorphic Evolution and Geodynamic Models",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Geotectonics",
    abstract = "Metapelites and metabasites within the Yenisei regional shear zone of the Yenisei Ridge underwent strong deformations with substrate recrystallization and blastomylonite formation during the Ediacaran. The geostructural, petrological, and isotopic–geochronological characteristics of development of the Late Neoproterozoic blastomylonite complexes marking the junction zone of the paleocontinental and paleoceanic sectors of the Yenisei Ridge have been analyzed. Two zones of heterogeneous blastomylonite complexes have been recognized from west to east, in order of increasing distance from the paleoceanic structures: (I) high-baric complexes of the suture zone and (II) frontal (above-suture) medium-baric and medium- to low-temperature complexes. The established differences in the Р–Т parameters of metamorphism between strongly and weakly deformed rocks were interpreted using well-known geodynamic models based on different tectonic mechanisms. As a result of the analysis, we found that the polychronous dynamic metamorphism of gneisses of the Angara–Kan block in the south and formation of the bulk of blastomylonites in the northern segment of the shear zone in the Northern Yenisei Ridge occurred with a 1.5–3 kbar increase in pressure along with insignificant increase in temperature and low metamorphic gradient dT/dH < 10°C/km compared to the background values of earlier regional metamorphism. This was probably due to crustal thickening as a result of rapid thrusting/subduction, followed by rapid uplift. The maximum excess values of the thermodynamic parameters of metamorphism were established in apometabasite tectonites of the suture zone with relict glaucophane schist associations that underwent metamorphism with a simultaneous significant increase in pressure by 3–5 kbar and temperature by 180–240°C with a higher dT/dH gradient of 15–20°C/km. Such excess Р–Т values could be due to progressive metamorphism, complicated by local heating of rocks during viscous deformations and excess oriented tectonic pressure over lithostatic in ductile shear zones. The data agree well with the results of numerical experiments, and this confirms the role of tectonic stress as an additional thermodynamic factor of metamorphic alterations in crustal suture zones.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016852121010076",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016852121010076",
    openalex = "W3159734133",
    references = "doi101016jlithos201802021"
}

The mineral sequence and LA-ICP-MS study of the trace-elements distribution in chalcogenides (arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, ullmannite, tetrahedrite, berthierite, stibnite, gudmundite, jamesonite) of the Olympiada gold ore deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia) are presented. The deposit was formed in three stages, separated by tectonic breaks. Early (I) corresponds to the paragenesis of acicular arsenopyrite + pyrite + pyrrhotite. At the stage of base-metal sulfides (II), the deposition of the bulk of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena occurred. Mineral associations of these stages determined the gold-arsenic (Au-As) type of ores. The stage of late sulfides (III) is characterized by the paragenesis of antimony minerals (stibnite + berthierite + gudmundite) and corresponds to the gold-antimony (Au-Sb) ore type. Commercial concentrations of gold were formed at the early sulfides stage in the lattice bonded and nanosize mode in acicular arsenopyrite (12.5–1,512 ppm). The progress of the ore deposition process with the formation of late polymetallic and stibnite-berthierite mineralization led to recrystallization of early sulfides (prismatic arsenopyrite Au ∼ 36.4 ppm → dipyramidal arsenopyrite Au ∼ 0.5 ppm), remobilization and re-deposition of gold in a native form. Pyrite of the deposit does not contain significant amounts of gold (∼0.4 ppm). Silver is absent in early sulfides, but is concentrated in tetrahedrite (348.0–3,811 ppm), jamesonite (0.1–7.7 ppm), berthierite (0.1–2.3 ppm) and stibnite (0.2–2.0 ppm) of the later stage (III). Early sulfides (stage I) are characterized by the As-Au-W-Se-Te geochemical association; polymetallic sulfides (stage II) — by the Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-In association; and late sulfides (stage III) — by the Sb-Co-Ni-Te-Bi-Pb-Hg-Ag association.

@article{doi101016joregeorev2022104750,
    author = "Silyanov, Sergey A. and Сазонов, А. М. and Naumov, E. A. and Lobastov, Boris M. and Zvyagina, Yelena A. and Artemyev, Dmitry A. and Некрасова, Наталья Александровна and Pirajno, Franco",
    title = "Mineral Paragenesis, formation stages and trace elements in sulfides of the Olympiada gold deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia)",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Ore Geology Reviews",
    abstract = "The mineral sequence and LA-ICP-MS study of the trace-elements distribution in chalcogenides (arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, ullmannite, tetrahedrite, berthierite, stibnite, gudmundite, jamesonite) of the Olympiada gold ore deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia) are presented. The deposit was formed in three stages, separated by tectonic breaks. Early (I) corresponds to the paragenesis of acicular arsenopyrite + pyrite + pyrrhotite. At the stage of base-metal sulfides (II), the deposition of the bulk of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena occurred. Mineral associations of these stages determined the gold-arsenic (Au-As) type of ores. The stage of late sulfides (III) is characterized by the paragenesis of antimony minerals (stibnite + berthierite + gudmundite) and corresponds to the gold-antimony (Au-Sb) ore type. Commercial concentrations of gold were formed at the early sulfides stage in the lattice bonded and nanosize mode in acicular arsenopyrite (12.5–1,512 ppm). The progress of the ore deposition process with the formation of late polymetallic and stibnite-berthierite mineralization led to recrystallization of early sulfides (prismatic arsenopyrite Au ∼ 36.4 ppm → dipyramidal arsenopyrite Au ∼ 0.5 ppm), remobilization and re-deposition of gold in a native form. Pyrite of the deposit does not contain significant amounts of gold (∼0.4 ppm). Silver is absent in early sulfides, but is concentrated in tetrahedrite (348.0–3,811 ppm), jamesonite (0.1–7.7 ppm), berthierite (0.1–2.3 ppm) and stibnite (0.2–2.0 ppm) of the later stage (III). Early sulfides (stage I) are characterized by the As-Au-W-Se-Te geochemical association; polymetallic sulfides (stage II) — by the Cu-Zn-Pb-Cd-In association; and late sulfides (stage III) — by the Sb-Co-Ni-Te-Bi-Pb-Hg-Ag association.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104750",
    doi = "10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104750",
    openalex = "W4210569317",
    references = "borisenko2014gold, doi101016jgca200501011, doi101016jgca200905045, doi101016jlithos201507011, doi101016joregeorev201512017, doi101039b108787h, doi101039c1ja10172b, doi101039ja9961100899, doi101134s0016702919050033, doi102113econgeo1063331, doi102113gsecongeo10271233, doi102113rgg20194105, doi105382av10014, doi105382sp2310"
}

The Fe- and Al-rich metapelites of the North Yenisei Ridge are redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian kaolinite-type weathering crusts of predominantly kaolinite–illite–montmorillonite–quartz composition. The petro- and geochemical characteristics of the metapelites studied are mainly due to the features of sedimentation during the formation of the protolith, which could have been formed due to erosion of the Lower Proterozoic microgneisses (1962–2043 Ma) of the Siberian Сraton with the involvement of an admixture of mafic and felsic rocks into the provenance area and subsequent accumulation in marginal continental shallow basins under humid climate conditions and a calm tectonic regime. The data obtained on the nature and composition of the protolith of these rocks are consistent with data of lithofacies analysis and geodynamic reconstructions of the Precambrian evolution of geological complexes in the North Yenisei Ridge.

@article{doi101134s1028334x22700428,
    author = "Лиханов, И. И. and Ревердатто, В. В.",
    title = "Geochemistry, Formation Settings, Composition, and Age of the Protolith for the Fe- and Al-Rich Metapelites of the North Yenisei Ridge",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Doklady Earth Sciences",
    abstract = "The Fe- and Al-rich metapelites of the North Yenisei Ridge are redeposited and metamorphosed products of Precambrian kaolinite-type weathering crusts of predominantly kaolinite–illite–montmorillonite–quartz composition. The petro- and geochemical characteristics of the metapelites studied are mainly due to the features of sedimentation during the formation of the protolith, which could have been formed due to erosion of the Lower Proterozoic microgneisses (1962–2043 Ma) of the Siberian Сraton with the involvement of an admixture of mafic and felsic rocks into the provenance area and subsequent accumulation in marginal continental shallow basins under humid climate conditions and a calm tectonic regime. The data obtained on the nature and composition of the protolith of these rocks are consistent with data of lithofacies analysis and geodynamic reconstructions of the Precambrian evolution of geological complexes in the North Yenisei Ridge.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x22700428",
    doi = "10.1134/s1028334x22700428",
    openalex = "W4310027474",
    references = "doi101134s1028334x13060160"
}

Research subject. Petrophysical zoning of the Blagodatnoye gold-sulfide deposit in the Yenisei Ridge. Aim. To determine indicative petrophysical characteristics of the products of the main occurrence stages and to develop an evolutionary petrophysical model of the investigated deposit. Materials and methods. Physical fields were studied by the methods of magnetic and electrical exploration and gamma-spectrometry. The petromagnetic heterogeneity and mineralogical-geo chemical features of formation of polymetamorphic complexes, metasomatites and ores were studied by a neutron activation analysis of the content of rare earth and radioactive elements, petrochemical x-ray fluorescence analysis, as well as by an electron-probe microanalysis of pyrite. Results. The syncollisional fold-overthrust fault (785 Ma) of the preparatory stage provided structural control over the ore-bearing mineral-forming system. The signs of zone dislocation metamorphism include geophysical anomalies: magnetic and natural electrical anomalies due to pyrrhotite and graphite mineralization of cleavage zones on fold limbs, and specific electrical resistance from silicification zones in fold hinges. The metasomatism of the pre-ore (753 Ma) and ore (698 Ma) stages took place under rifting conditions. Pre-ore quartz-muscovite and chlorite metasomatites with carbon mineralization and supra-background Au concentrations were formed under the action of reducing reaction solutions; they remained unaltered in the non-productive part of the deposit. These formations are characterized by elevated concentrations of radioactive elements and natural electrochemical polarizability. During the ore stage, Au was concentrated by fluids with hydro-carbonate-sulfide composition under the violation of the strike-slip kinematics, which caused significant petrophysical transformations of the productive part of the deposit. Early carbon metasomatites in the sub-ore and root sections of the ore bodies were depleted in terms of U, at the same time as retaining their electrochemical activity. Uranium accumulated in the upper horizons of the productive part, whose rocks lost their polarizability due to scattered carbonate mineralization. Magnetic pyrrhotite crystallized as part of sulfides with a regular increase in its proportion in the root sections of the ore bodies. At the final stage (368 Ma), the mineralized zone was broken into a series of blocks with unequal vertical displacements and levels of erosional truncation by upcasts. This led to the exposure of various-depth sections with contrast petrophysical characteristics. Conclusions. The Blagodatnoye deposit was formed in four stages: preparatory, two ore-generating and final. The petrophysical features of the products of each stage formed the basis for the developed evolutionary petrophysical model, which will be tested on the materials of geophysical studies of the Yenisei Ridge territories.

@article{doi1024930168190042022225667693,
    author = "Kolmakov, Yu. V. and Сазонов, А. М.",
    title = "Reconstruction of petrophysical zoning of the Blagodatnoye gold deposit in the Yenisei Ridge: Geodynamic and physical-chemical aspect",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "LITHOSPHERE (Russia)",
    abstract = "Research subject. Petrophysical zoning of the Blagodatnoye gold-sulfide deposit in the Yenisei Ridge. Aim. To determine indicative petrophysical characteristics of the products of the main occurrence stages and to develop an evolutionary petrophysical model of the investigated deposit. Materials and methods. Physical fields were studied by the methods of magnetic and electrical exploration and gamma-spectrometry. The petromagnetic heterogeneity and mineralogical-geo chemical features of formation of polymetamorphic complexes, metasomatites and ores were studied by a neutron activation analysis of the content of rare earth and radioactive elements, petrochemical x-ray fluorescence analysis, as well as by an electron-probe microanalysis of pyrite. Results. The syncollisional fold-overthrust fault (785 Ma) of the preparatory stage provided structural control over the ore-bearing mineral-forming system. The signs of zone dislocation metamorphism include geophysical anomalies: magnetic and natural electrical anomalies due to pyrrhotite and graphite mineralization of cleavage zones on fold limbs, and specific electrical resistance from silicification zones in fold hinges. The metasomatism of the pre-ore (753 Ma) and ore (698 Ma) stages took place under rifting conditions. Pre-ore quartz-muscovite and chlorite metasomatites with carbon mineralization and supra-background Au concentrations were formed under the action of reducing reaction solutions; they remained unaltered in the non-productive part of the deposit. These formations are characterized by elevated concentrations of radioactive elements and natural electrochemical polarizability. During the ore stage, Au was concentrated by fluids with hydro-carbonate-sulfide composition under the violation of the strike-slip kinematics, which caused significant petrophysical transformations of the productive part of the deposit. Early carbon metasomatites in the sub-ore and root sections of the ore bodies were depleted in terms of U, at the same time as retaining their electrochemical activity. Uranium accumulated in the upper horizons of the productive part, whose rocks lost their polarizability due to scattered carbonate mineralization. Magnetic pyrrhotite crystallized as part of sulfides with a regular increase in its proportion in the root sections of the ore bodies. At the final stage (368 Ma), the mineralized zone was broken into a series of blocks with unequal vertical displacements and levels of erosional truncation by upcasts. This led to the exposure of various-depth sections with contrast petrophysical characteristics. Conclusions. The Blagodatnoye deposit was formed in four stages: preparatory, two ore-generating and final. The petrophysical features of the products of each stage formed the basis for the developed evolutionary petrophysical model, which will be tested on the materials of geophysical studies of the Yenisei Ridge territories.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-5-667-693",
    doi = "10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-5-667-693",
    openalex = "W4308329668",
    references = "doi10175161999494x201692174188"
}

The Dobroe deposit with 10 t gold reserves is one of the gold mines located within the Yenisei Ridge Orogenic Belt. The ore-forming conditions of orogenic gold deposits are have recently been widely discussed. A comprehensive study of fluid inclusions revealed that the Dobroe gold deposit was formed by water–carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids within a temperature range of 180 to 360 °C, a pressure range of 0.8 to 1.3 kbar, and a salinity range of 1.5 to 15.0 wt.% (NaCl-equiv.). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that ore-forming fluids consisted of H2O, CO2, hydrocarbons, nitrogenated, sulfonated, and chlorinated compounds. The distribution patterns of δ13C in fluid inclusions (−11.3‰–−3.6‰) and δ34S in sulfides (1.9‰–17‰) of the Dobroe deposit indicate a crustal source for ore-bearing fluids.

@article{doi103390min13010011,
    author = "Shaparenko, Elena and Гибшер, Н. А. and Khomenko, M.O. and Томиленко, А. А. and Сазонов, А. М. and Бульбак, Т. А. and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Petrova, Marina and Ryabukha, M.A.",
    title = "Parameters for the Formation of the Dobroe Gold Deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia): Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and S–C Isotopes",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Minerals",
    abstract = "The Dobroe deposit with 10 t gold reserves is one of the gold mines located within the Yenisei Ridge Orogenic Belt. The ore-forming conditions of orogenic gold deposits are have recently been widely discussed. A comprehensive study of fluid inclusions revealed that the Dobroe gold deposit was formed by water–carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids within a temperature range of 180 to 360 °C, a pressure range of 0.8 to 1.3 kbar, and a salinity range of 1.5 to 15.0 wt.\% (NaCl-equiv.). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that ore-forming fluids consisted of H2O, CO2, hydrocarbons, nitrogenated, sulfonated, and chlorinated compounds. The distribution patterns of δ13C in fluid inclusions (−11.3‰–−3.6‰) and δ34S in sulfides (1.9‰–17‰) of the Dobroe deposit indicate a crustal source for ore-bearing fluids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/min13010011",
    doi = "10.3390/min13010011",
    openalex = "W4313260145",
    references = "borisenko2014gold, doi101007s00126019008775, doi1010160016703789900574, doi101016001670379600004x, doi101016jcageo201201022, doi101016jgexplo201109009, doi101016jgexplo201203001, doi101016jgsf201507001, doi101016jlithos201507011, doi101016s0024493700000438, doi101127ejm140517, doi101134s0016702919050033, doi1015372rgg2019073, doi101722325421379102"
}

The paper provides evidence that collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic (880−860 Ma) orogenic event occurred in the southwest of the Siberian Craton. Newly obtained data are presented on the major-component and trace-element composition, U−Pb (SHRIMP II) zircon age, and Sm−Nd isotope composition for rocks of the Gusyanka granitoid massif in the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. The concordant U−Pb zircon age of the Gusyanka massif is 871 ± 11 Ma indicates that its rocks were formed in the mid-Early Neoproterozoic, simultaneously with the rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs in the Tatarka−Ishimba fault system, during the same stage of the collisional events at approximately 880–860 Ma. The calc-alkaline granites, granodiorites, and leucogranites of the Gusyanka massif are classified, on the basis of their high alumina content and trace element composition, as S-type and were derived from a metapelitic source. Many trace-element parameters of rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs correspond to those of low-potassium I-type granites, which were most likely derived from mafic rocks and tonalites. The granitoids of the Gusyanka massif, on the one hand, and the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs, on the other, differ contrastingly in Nd isotope composition. The source of the former was either metapelites of the Tungusik Group or metasedimentary rocks of the Sukhoi Pit Group, with the involvement of juvenile material. The melts of granites of the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs might have been derived from a source with the involvement of an older, possibly Paleoproterozoic, crustal material and a juvenile mafic source. Thus, the orogenic events at 880−860 Ma led to the generation of melts at different levels of the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic crust of the trans-Angara region of the Yenisei Ridge. The geodynamic history of the region is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectono-thermal events along the peripheries of the large Precambrian cratons of Laurentia and Baltica, and this is consistent with paleocontinental reconstructions of the close spatiotemporal relations between these cratons, Siberia, and their incorporation into Rodinia.

@article{doi101134s0016702923050063,
    author = "Nozhkin, A. D. and Turkina, О. М. and Лиханов, И. И.",
    title = "Neoproterozoic Collision Granitoids in the Southwestern Margin of the Siberian Craton: Chemical Composition, U−Pb Age, and Formation Conditions of the Gusyanka Massif",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Geochemistry International",
    abstract = "The paper provides evidence that collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic (880−860 Ma) orogenic event occurred in the southwest of the Siberian Craton. Newly obtained data are presented on the major-component and trace-element composition, U−Pb (SHRIMP II) zircon age, and Sm−Nd isotope composition for rocks of the Gusyanka granitoid massif in the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. The concordant U−Pb zircon age of the Gusyanka massif is 871 ± 11 Ma indicates that its rocks were formed in the mid-Early Neoproterozoic, simultaneously with the rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs in the Tatarka−Ishimba fault system, during the same stage of the collisional events at approximately 880–860 Ma. The calc-alkaline granites, granodiorites, and leucogranites of the Gusyanka massif are classified, on the basis of their high alumina content and trace element composition, as S-type and were derived from a metapelitic source. Many trace-element parameters of rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs correspond to those of low-potassium I-type granites, which were most likely derived from mafic rocks and tonalites. The granitoids of the Gusyanka massif, on the one hand, and the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs, on the other, differ contrastingly in Nd isotope composition. The source of the former was either metapelites of the Tungusik Group or metasedimentary rocks of the Sukhoi Pit Group, with the involvement of juvenile material. The melts of granites of the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs might have been derived from a source with the involvement of an older, possibly Paleoproterozoic, crustal material and a juvenile mafic source. Thus, the orogenic events at 880−860 Ma led to the generation of melts at different levels of the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic crust of the trans-Angara region of the Yenisei Ridge. The geodynamic history of the region is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectono-thermal events along the peripheries of the large Precambrian cratons of Laurentia and Baltica, and this is consistent with paleocontinental reconstructions of the close spatiotemporal relations between these cratons, Siberia, and their incorporation into Rodinia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702923050063",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016702923050063",
    openalex = "W4383383362",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

Research subject. Аndalusite- and kyanite-bearing (13–19 wt % Al2SiO5) rocks of the Teya metamorphic complex (Mayakon and Panimba areas), Yenisei Ridge. Aim. To study the composition and mineral content of high-alumina rocks from the Panimba and Mayakon areas. Materials and methods. Laboratory mineral processing was employed to estimate the mineral content of metamorphic rocks of the Teya complex using a magnetic and gravity separation at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk). The concentrates were obtained from typical samples of andalusite, kyanite, and andalusite-kyanite metapilites. After crushing and grinding, the rock samples were separated into size fractions <0.06, 0.06 ≤ x < 0.1 and 0.1 ≤ x < 0.25 mm. The concentrates were recovered from size fractions ≥0.06 mm. Phase, bulk rock, and trace element composition of the rock samples, mineral concentrates, and other fractions were analyzed using XRD, XRF, ICP-MS, and SEM. Results. The magnetic product obtained at the first stage of mineral processing using magnetic separation accumalated staurolite, biotite, chlorite, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. At the second stage, light products containing quartz, feldspars, and muscovite were separated from non-magnetic products with CHBr3 using a centrifugal concentrator. At the last stage, using a double-knife separator, the heavy product from the previous beneficiation stage was separated into a “magnetic” raw concentrate (52–92 wt % Al2SiO5) and a “non-magnetic” final (70–97 wt % Al2SiO5) concentrate. The andalusite-kyanite concentrates (up to 97 wt % Al2SiO5) were obtained by the combination of cheapest and simplest methods of magnetic and gravity separation. The concentrates containing andalusite and kyanite with low recovery (0.7–6%) are comparable to the grade of kyanite-bearing ores of Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, and Gansu Province, China. Conclusions. The study shows that high-quality andalusite and/or kyanite concentrates can be recovered from high-alumina metapelites of the Teya metamorphic complex.

@article{doi1024930168190042023233447465,
    author = "Nekipelova, Anna V. and Sokol, É. V. and Kokh, Svetlana N. and Лиханов, И. И. and Khvorov, P. V.",
    title = "High-alumina rocks from the Panimba and Mayakon areas (Yenisei Ridge): Composition and industrial perspectives",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "LITHOSPHERE (Russia)",
    abstract = "Research subject. Аndalusite- and kyanite-bearing (13–19 wt \% Al2SiO5) rocks of the Teya metamorphic complex (Mayakon and Panimba areas), Yenisei Ridge. Aim. To study the composition and mineral content of high-alumina rocks from the Panimba and Mayakon areas. Materials and methods. Laboratory mineral processing was employed to estimate the mineral content of metamorphic rocks of the Teya complex using a magnetic and gravity separation at the Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Novosibirsk). The concentrates were obtained from typical samples of andalusite, kyanite, and andalusite-kyanite metapilites. After crushing and grinding, the rock samples were separated into size fractions <0.06, 0.06 ≤ x < 0.1 and 0.1 ≤ x < 0.25 mm. The concentrates were recovered from size fractions ≥0.06 mm. Phase, bulk rock, and trace element composition of the rock samples, mineral concentrates, and other fractions were analyzed using XRD, XRF, ICP-MS, and SEM. Results. The magnetic product obtained at the first stage of mineral processing using magnetic separation accumalated staurolite, biotite, chlorite, ilmenite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. At the second stage, light products containing quartz, feldspars, and muscovite were separated from non-magnetic products with CHBr3 using a centrifugal concentrator. At the last stage, using a double-knife separator, the heavy product from the previous beneficiation stage was separated into a “magnetic” raw concentrate (52–92 wt \% Al2SiO5) and a “non-magnetic” final (70–97 wt \% Al2SiO5) concentrate. The andalusite-kyanite concentrates (up to 97 wt \% Al2SiO5) were obtained by the combination of cheapest and simplest methods of magnetic and gravity separation. The concentrates containing andalusite and kyanite with low recovery (0.7–6\%) are comparable to the grade of kyanite-bearing ores of Karelia, the Kola Peninsula, and Gansu Province, China. Conclusions. The study shows that high-quality andalusite and/or kyanite concentrates can be recovered from high-alumina metapelites of the Teya metamorphic complex.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2023-23-3-447-465",
    doi = "10.24930/1681-9004-2023-23-3-447-465",
    openalex = "W4384034132",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

The paper provides evidence that collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic (880−860 Ma) orogenic event occurred in the southwest of the Siberian Craton. Newly obtained data are presented on the major-component and trace-element composition, U−Pb (SHRIMP II) zircon age, and Sm−Nd isotope composition for rocks of the Gusyanka granitoid massif in the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. The concordant U−Pb zircon age of the Gusyanka massif is 871 ± 11 Ma indicates that its rocks were formed in the mid-Early Neoproterozoic, simultaneously with the rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs in the Tatarka−Ishimba fault system, during the same stage of the collisional events at approximately 880–860 Ma. The calc-alkaline granites, granodiorites, and leucogranites of the Gusyanka massif are classified, on the basis of their high alumina content and trace element composition, as S-type and were derived from a metapelitic source. Many trace-element parameters of rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs correspond to those of low-potassium I-type granites, which were most likely derived from mafic rocks and tonalites. The granitoids of the Gusyanka massif, on the one hand, and the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs, on the other, differ contrastingly in Nd isotope composition. The source of the former was either metapelites of the Tungusik Group or metasedimentary rocks of the Sukhoi Pit Group, with the involvement of juvenile material. The melts of granites of the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs might have been derived from a source with the involvement of an older, possibly Paleoproterozoic, crustal material and a juvenile mafic source. Thus, the orogenic events at 880−860 Ma led to the generation of melts at different levels of the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic crust of the trans-Angara region of the Yenisei Ridge. The geodynamic history of the region is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectono-thermal events along the peripheries of the large Precambrian cratons of Laurentia and Baltica, and this is consistent with paleocontinental reconstructions of the close spatiotemporal relations between these cratons, Siberia, and their incorporation into Rodinia.

@article{doi1031857s0016752523050060,
    author = "Nozhkin, A. D. and Turkina, О. М. and Лиханов, И. И.",
    title = "Neoproterozoic Collision Granitoids in the Southwestern Margin of the Siberian Craton: Chemical Composition, U−Pb Age, and Formation Conditions of the Gusyanka Massif",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Геохимия",
    abstract = "The paper provides evidence that collisional magmatism related to the Neoproterozoic (880−860 Ma) orogenic event occurred in the southwest of the Siberian Craton. Newly obtained data are presented on the major-component and trace-element composition, U−Pb (SHRIMP II) zircon age, and Sm−Nd isotope composition for rocks of the Gusyanka granitoid massif in the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. The concordant U−Pb zircon age of the Gusyanka massif is 871 ± 11 Ma indicates that its rocks were formed in the mid-Early Neoproterozoic, simultaneously with the rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs in the Tatarka−Ishimba fault system, during the same stage of the collisional events at approximately 880–860 Ma. The calc-alkaline granites, granodiorites, and leucogranites of the Gusyanka massif are classified, on the basis of their high alumina content and trace element composition, as S-type and were derived from a metapelitic source. Many trace-element parameters of rocks of the Kalama and Eruda massifs correspond to those of low-potassium I-type granites, which were most likely derived from mafic rocks and tonalites. The granitoids of the Gusyanka massif, on the one hand, and the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs, on the other, differ contrastingly in Nd isotope composition. The source of the former was either metapelites of the Tungusik Group or metasedimentary rocks of the Sukhoi Pit Group, with the involvement of juvenile material. The melts of granites of the Kalama and Middle Tyrada massifs might have been derived from a source with the involvement of an older, possibly Paleoproterozoic, crustal material and a juvenile mafic source. Thus, the orogenic events at 880−860 Ma led to the generation of melts at different levels of the Paleo- to Mesoproterozoic crust of the trans-Angara region of the Yenisei Ridge. The geodynamic history of the region is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectono-thermal events along the peripheries of the large Precambrian cratons of Laurentia and Baltica, and this is consistent with paleocontinental reconstructions of the close spatiotemporal relations between these cratons, Siberia, and their incorporation into Rodinia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31857/s0016752523050060",
    doi = "10.31857/s0016752523050060",
    openalex = "W4394784068",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

As a large gold-bearing province, the Yenisei Ridge does not show elevated background gold concentrations. All types of its sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, except only the carbonaceous black shales, contain concentrations of the noble metal at the level of its Clarke values. All local gold deposits are constrained within the regional Central Metallogenic Belt, in which geological–geochemical conditions occurred that were favorable for the deposition of gold and gold–uranium ore mineralization: most of the deposits are constrained within a trough structure, the area was affected by several pulses of plume magmatism, which introduced, redistributed, and concentrated gold and uranium, and the developing ore-concentrating and ore-controlling systems formed economic deposits and associated zones of hydrothermal metamorphism with geochemical aureoles of Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, Bi, and As.

@article{doi101134s0016702924700666,
    author = "Nozhkin, A. D. and Лиханов, И. И.",
    title = "Gold in Precambrian Rocks of the Yenisei Ridge, East Siberia, and Geological and Geochemical Prerequisites for the Formation of Gold Mineralization in the Central Metallogenic Belt of the Region",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geochemistry International",
    abstract = "As a large gold-bearing province, the Yenisei Ridge does not show elevated background gold concentrations. All types of its sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, except only the carbonaceous black shales, contain concentrations of the noble metal at the level of its Clarke values. All local gold deposits are constrained within the regional Central Metallogenic Belt, in which geological–geochemical conditions occurred that were favorable for the deposition of gold and gold–uranium ore mineralization: most of the deposits are constrained within a trough structure, the area was affected by several pulses of plume magmatism, which introduced, redistributed, and concentrated gold and uranium, and the developing ore-concentrating and ore-controlling systems formed economic deposits and associated zones of hydrothermal metamorphism with geochemical aureoles of Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, Bi, and As.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016702924700666",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016702924700666",
    openalex = "W4405801934",
    references = "doi101016jlithos201802021, doi101134s1028334x13060160, doi1015372rgg2019073, doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

Based on the proposed numerical model of the stress-strain state of polymineral rocks, which describes the formation of blastomylonites in the Yenisei Regional Shear Zone (YRSZ) in the Yenisei Ridge, the possibility of local tectonic overpressure exceeding the lithostatic pressure in rocks subjected to shear deformations is shown. For tectonites of the southern (Angara–Kan block) and northern (Isakovka terrane and Garevka complex) segments of the YRSZ, estimates of the maximum overpressure were obtained from 2–3 to 4–5 kbar, which range from 25 to 50% of the lithostatic pressure. It is shown that the excess pressures can be preserved in a local volume on a geological time scale sufficient for their fixation in metamorphic minerals. Model values of overlithostatic pressure in the garnet–amphibole tectonites and geobarometric estimates of peak values during stress metamorphism allow us to offer new evidence for pressure inhomogeneity in natural mineral associations. Using the results of numerical modeling for the evolution of metabasite blastomylonites, it was established that the overpressure at the stage of syn-deformation metamorphism in the shear zone is possible at temperatures up to 600–650°C and not reaching 800°C; the presence of fluid or partial melt prevents the occurrence of overpressure. Magnitudes of excess pressure caused by shear stresses depend on the mineral composition and structure of the rock.

@article{doi101134s0869591124010077,
    author = "Polyansky, O. P. and Лиханов, И. И. and Babichev, A. V. and Козлов, П. С. and Zinoviev, S. V. and Sverdlova, V. G.",
    title = "Tectonites of the Yenisei Shear Zone (Yenisei Ridge): Evidence and Thermomechanical Numerical Model of Generation of Tectonic Overpressure",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Petrology",
    abstract = "Based on the proposed numerical model of the stress-strain state of polymineral rocks, which describes the formation of blastomylonites in the Yenisei Regional Shear Zone (YRSZ) in the Yenisei Ridge, the possibility of local tectonic overpressure exceeding the lithostatic pressure in rocks subjected to shear deformations is shown. For tectonites of the southern (Angara–Kan block) and northern (Isakovka terrane and Garevka complex) segments of the YRSZ, estimates of the maximum overpressure were obtained from 2–3 to 4–5 kbar, which range from 25 to 50\% of the lithostatic pressure. It is shown that the excess pressures can be preserved in a local volume on a geological time scale sufficient for their fixation in metamorphic minerals. Model values of overlithostatic pressure in the garnet–amphibole tectonites and geobarometric estimates of peak values during stress metamorphism allow us to offer new evidence for pressure inhomogeneity in natural mineral associations. Using the results of numerical modeling for the evolution of metabasite blastomylonites, it was established that the overpressure at the stage of syn-deformation metamorphism in the shear zone is possible at temperatures up to 600–650°C and not reaching 800°C; the presence of fluid or partial melt prevents the occurrence of overpressure. Magnitudes of excess pressure caused by shear stresses depend on the mineral composition and structure of the rock.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0869591124010077",
    doi = "10.1134/s0869591124010077",
    openalex = "W4395015817",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

Based on the proposed numerical model of the stress-strain state of polymineral rocks, which describes the formation of blastomylonites in the Yenisei Regional Shear Zone (PRSZ) in the Yenisei Ridge, the possibility of local tectonic overpressure exceeding the lithostatic pressure in rocks subjected to shear deformations is shown. For tectonites of the southern (Angara-Kan block) and northern (Isakovka terrane and Garevka complex) segments of the PRSZ, estimates of the maximum overpressure were obtained from 2–3 to 4–5 kbar, which range from 25 to 50% of the lithostatic pressure. It is shown that excess pressures can be preserved in a local volume on a geological time scale sufficient for their fixation in metamorphic minerals. Model values of overlithostatic pressure in garnet-amphibole tectonites and geobarometric estimates of peak values during stress metamorphism allow us to offer new evidence of pressure inhomogeneity in natural mineral associations. Using the results of numerical modeling for the evolution of fault metabasite blastomylonites, it was established that the overpressure at the stage of syn-deformation metamorphism in the shear zone are possible at temperatures up to 600–650°C and not reaching 800°C; the presence of fluid or partial melt prevents the occurrence of overpressure. The amount of excess pressure due to shear stresses depends on the mineral composition and structure of the rock.

@article{doi1031857s0869590324010036,
    author = "Polyansky, O. P. and Лиханов, И. И. and Babichev, A. V. and Козлов, П. С. and Zinoviev, S. V. and Sverdlova, V. G.",
    title = "Fault Tectonites of the Yenisei Shear Zone (Yenisei Ridge): Evidence and Thermomechanical Numerical Model of Generation of Tectonic Overpressure",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Петрология",
    abstract = "Based on the proposed numerical model of the stress-strain state of polymineral rocks, which describes the formation of blastomylonites in the Yenisei Regional Shear Zone (PRSZ) in the Yenisei Ridge, the possibility of local tectonic overpressure exceeding the lithostatic pressure in rocks subjected to shear deformations is shown. For tectonites of the southern (Angara-Kan block) and northern (Isakovka terrane and Garevka complex) segments of the PRSZ, estimates of the maximum overpressure were obtained from 2–3 to 4–5 kbar, which range from 25 to 50\% of the lithostatic pressure. It is shown that excess pressures can be preserved in a local volume on a geological time scale sufficient for their fixation in metamorphic minerals. Model values of overlithostatic pressure in garnet-amphibole tectonites and geobarometric estimates of peak values during stress metamorphism allow us to offer new evidence of pressure inhomogeneity in natural mineral associations. Using the results of numerical modeling for the evolution of fault metabasite blastomylonites, it was established that the overpressure at the stage of syn-deformation metamorphism in the shear zone are possible at temperatures up to 600–650°C and not reaching 800°C; the presence of fluid or partial melt prevents the occurrence of overpressure. The amount of excess pressure due to shear stresses depends on the mineral composition and structure of the rock.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.31857/s0869590324010036",
    doi = "10.31857/s0869590324010036",
    openalex = "W4399420888",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

Studies of the geological history of the Yenisei Ridge are important not only for understanding the tectonic evolution of mobile belts at the boundaries of ancient cratons but also for problem solving whether the Siberian craton was a part of the Rodinia supercontinent. The mineralogical-petrological, geochemical and isotope-geochronological studies yielded new data on the petrogeochemical composition, petrogenesis features, U-Pb age of zircon, and Sr and 147 Sm- 143 Nd isotopic parameters for the rocks of the Ryazanovsky granitoid massif located near the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. These rocks are represented by high-ferruginous peraluminous varieties and are comparable to A-granites or highly differentiated I-granites. Their composition evolves from normal to subalkaline granites and leucogranites, characterized by increased concentrations of highly charged and radioactive elements. Isotopic (Sr, Nd) characteristics of the rocks indicate generation from an ancient crustal substrate, the average age of which corresponds to the Paleoproterozoic. The formation of these granites at the Meso-Neoproterozoic boundary (1013±9.9 Ma) corresponds to the early stage of the Grenville orogeny and the formation time of the structure of the Rodinia supercontinent. This episode of regional crustal evolution is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectonothermal events on the periphery of large Precambrian cratons (Laurentia and Baltica), thus confirming the reliability of the proposed paleocontinental reconstructions of incorporation of the Siberian craton into the Rodinia.

@article{doi105800gt20241520745,
    author = "Nozhkin, A. D. and Turkina, О. М. and Лиханов, И. И. and Ronkin, Yu. L.",
    title = "EARLY NEOPROTEROZOIC GRANITOIDS IN THE RYAZANOVSKY MASSIF OF THE YENISEI RIDGE AS INDICATORS OF THE GRENVILLE OROGENY AT THE WESTERN MARGIN OF THE SIBERIAN CRATON",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geodynamics \& Tectonophysics",
    abstract = "Studies of the geological history of the Yenisei Ridge are important not only for understanding the tectonic evolution of mobile belts at the boundaries of ancient cratons but also for problem solving whether the Siberian craton was a part of the Rodinia supercontinent. The mineralogical-petrological, geochemical and isotope-geochronological studies yielded new data on the petrogeochemical composition, petrogenesis features, U-Pb age of zircon, and Sr and 147 Sm- 143 Nd isotopic parameters for the rocks of the Ryazanovsky granitoid massif located near the Yenisei fault zone of the Yenisei Ridge. These rocks are represented by high-ferruginous peraluminous varieties and are comparable to A-granites or highly differentiated I-granites. Their composition evolves from normal to subalkaline granites and leucogranites, characterized by increased concentrations of highly charged and radioactive elements. Isotopic (Sr, Nd) characteristics of the rocks indicate generation from an ancient crustal substrate, the average age of which corresponds to the Paleoproterozoic. The formation of these granites at the Meso-Neoproterozoic boundary (1013±9.9 Ma) corresponds to the early stage of the Grenville orogeny and the formation time of the structure of the Rodinia supercontinent. This episode of regional crustal evolution is correlated with the synchronous successions and similar style of tectonothermal events on the periphery of large Precambrian cratons (Laurentia and Baltica), thus confirming the reliability of the proposed paleocontinental reconstructions of incorporation of the Siberian craton into the Rodinia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5800/gt-2024-15-2-0745",
    doi = "10.5800/gt-2024-15-2-0745",
    openalex = "W4394985928",
    references = "doi101016jlithos201802021, doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

The Gorevskoye deposit (Yenisei Ridge) is one of the largest polymetallic deposits localized in metamorphic rocks. Despite the long history of study, there is still no consensus on its genesis. Considering the important role of metamorphic transformations in recrystallisation and formation of ore appearance, assessments of the metamorphic conditions that affected the host rocks are the basis for reconstructions of the deposit genesis. Previously, such estimates were made approximately using mineral paragenesis in the rocks. This paper presents the results of studying the temperature conditions of metamorphic transformations of the host rocks of the Gorevskoye deposit using a geothermometer based on Raman spectrometry data of carbonaceous material, as well as traditional methods of mineralogical thermometry. The data obtained allowed us to estimate the peak temperature values of regional metamorphism at 490-530 °C with good convergence of the results of different methods. It is also found that the rocks were transformed by hydrothermal processes at temperatures around 345-365 °C during the post-metamorphic stage.

@article{doi1018599grs202515,
    author = "Volkova, Valeriya and Сухоруков, В. П.",
    title = "Mineral Composition and Metamorphic Conditions of the Host Rocks of the Gorevskoye Polymetallic Deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Krasnoyarsk Region, Russia)",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Georesursy",
    abstract = "The Gorevskoye deposit (Yenisei Ridge) is one of the largest polymetallic deposits localized in metamorphic rocks. Despite the long history of study, there is still no consensus on its genesis. Considering the important role of metamorphic transformations in recrystallisation and formation of ore appearance, assessments of the metamorphic conditions that affected the host rocks are the basis for reconstructions of the deposit genesis. Previously, such estimates were made approximately using mineral paragenesis in the rocks. This paper presents the results of studying the temperature conditions of metamorphic transformations of the host rocks of the Gorevskoye deposit using a geothermometer based on Raman spectrometry data of carbonaceous material, as well as traditional methods of mineralogical thermometry. The data obtained allowed us to estimate the peak temperature values of regional metamorphism at 490-530 °C with good convergence of the results of different methods. It is also found that the rocks were transformed by hydrothermal processes at temperatures around 345-365 °C during the post-metamorphic stage.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2025.1.5",
    doi = "10.18599/grs.2025.1.5",
    openalex = "W4409485375",
    references = "doi103390geosciences12110402"
}

The Konduyak gold–quartz–sulfide deposit is one of the most promising gold mines in the Ayakhta gold ore cluster on the Yenisei ridge. This article is devoted to the study of the composition of the volatile compounds in the ore-forming fluid, since this is one of the key aspects in understanding the conditions of deposit formation. The compositions of the fluids that formed quartz and pyrite in the deposit ore zone were determined using Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis-free gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The study of the fluid inclusions in the minerals showed that complex C-H-O-S-N multi-component fluids formed the quartz–sulfide ore zones. A range of 232 to 302 various volatile compounds were found in the fluids. The mineralizing fluids mainly consist of H2O (14.25–96.02 rel. %) and CO2 (2.07–54.44 rel. %). A high SO2 content (14.60–44.95 rel. %) is typical of fluids trapped by pyrites. Moreover, a wide range of hydrocarbons (oxygen-free aliphatic, cyclic, heterocyclic, and oxygenated) and nitrogenated and sulfur compounds were found among the volatiles in the fluid. The variable H/(H + O) ratios, from 0.51 to 0.81, and CO2/(CO2 + H2O) ratios, from 0.02 to 0.56, indicate changes in the redox conditions during ore formation.

@article{doi103390min15030278,
    author = "Shaparenko, Elena and Бульбак, Т. А. and Томиленко, А. А. and Сазонов, А. М. and Petrova, Marina and Silyanov, Sergey A. and Гибшер, Н. А. and Khomenko, M.O.",
    title = "The Composition of Volatiles in Quartz and Pyrite from the Konduyak Gold Deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia)",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Minerals",
    abstract = "The Konduyak gold–quartz–sulfide deposit is one of the most promising gold mines in the Ayakhta gold ore cluster on the Yenisei ridge. This article is devoted to the study of the composition of the volatile compounds in the ore-forming fluid, since this is one of the key aspects in understanding the conditions of deposit formation. The compositions of the fluids that formed quartz and pyrite in the deposit ore zone were determined using Raman spectroscopy and pyrolysis-free gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The study of the fluid inclusions in the minerals showed that complex C-H-O-S-N multi-component fluids formed the quartz–sulfide ore zones. A range of 232 to 302 various volatile compounds were found in the fluids. The mineralizing fluids mainly consist of H2O (14.25–96.02 rel. \%) and CO2 (2.07–54.44 rel. \%). A high SO2 content (14.60–44.95 rel. \%) is typical of fluids trapped by pyrites. Moreover, a wide range of hydrocarbons (oxygen-free aliphatic, cyclic, heterocyclic, and oxygenated) and nitrogenated and sulfur compounds were found among the volatiles in the fluid. The variable H/(H + O) ratios, from 0.51 to 0.81, and CO2/(CO2 + H2O) ratios, from 0.02 to 0.56, indicate changes in the redox conditions during ore formation.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/min15030278",
    doi = "10.3390/min15030278",
    openalex = "W4408295915",
    references = "doi103390min13010011"
}

Relevance. The need to establish the parameters of ore-bearing fluids of the Ayakhta gold deposit, one of the standard and large objects in the Yenisei Ridge. The data obtained can be used to develop a holistic model of gold mineralization in the region. Aim. To determine the physicochemical conditions for the formation of quartz vein zones and ore-bearing fluids source. Methods. We analyzed the ore minerals composition by micro-X-ray spectral analysis, determined the temperatures of phase transitions in fluid inclusions using the microthermometry method, determined the individual fluid inclusions composition by Raman spectroscopy. The fluid bulk composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To establish the source of the fluid, we used isotopes of sulfur (δ34S) sulfides and carbon dioxide (δ13C) in fluid inclusions in quartz. Results and conclusions. We established that the gold-quartz vein zones formation occurred under medium temperature conditions (121–424°C) with significant pressure fluctuations (0.5–1.5 kbar). The fluid salinity was moderate (up to 25.5 wt %, NaCl-eq.). Using the GC-MS method, we detected from 178 to 286 compounds in the ore-bearing fluid, H2O and CO2 predominate among them. The share of hydrocarbons, their derivatives, S-, N- and halogenated compounds in total accounts for 7.4–22.6 rel. %. We assume that organic compounds were directly involved in the enrichment of quartz veins with gold mineralization. The isotope composition values of sulfur (+6.6…+9.5 ‰) and carbon from fluid inclusions in quartz (–12.5…–21.9 ‰) indicate a metamorphic-crustal source of fluids.

@article{petrova2025ayakhta,
    author = "Petrova, Marina A. and Gibsher, Nadezhda A. and Shaparenko, Elena O. and Tomilenko, Anatoly A. and Bulbak, Taras A. and Sazonov, Anatoly M. and Khomenko, Margarita O. and Silyanov, Sergey A.",
    title = "Ayakhta gold-quartz deposit (Yenisei Ridge): formation conditions and source of fluids",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering",
    abstract = "Relevance. The need to establish the parameters of ore-bearing fluids of the Ayakhta gold deposit, one of the standard and large objects in the Yenisei Ridge. The data obtained can be used to develop a holistic model of gold mineralization in the region. Aim. To determine the physicochemical conditions for the formation of quartz vein zones and ore-bearing fluids source. Methods. We analyzed the ore minerals composition by micro-X-ray spectral analysis, determined the temperatures of phase transitions in fluid inclusions using the microthermometry method, determined the individual fluid inclusions composition by Raman spectroscopy. The fluid bulk composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). To establish the source of the fluid, we used isotopes of sulfur (δ34S) sulfides and carbon dioxide (δ13C) in fluid inclusions in quartz. Results and conclusions. We established that the gold-quartz vein zones formation occurred under medium temperature conditions (121–424°C) with significant pressure fluctuations (0.5–1.5 kbar). The fluid salinity was moderate (up to 25.5 wt \%, NaCl-eq.). Using the GC-MS method, we detected from 178 to 286 compounds in the ore-bearing fluid, H2O and CO2 predominate among them. The share of hydrocarbons, their derivatives, S-, N- and halogenated compounds in total accounts for 7.4–22.6 rel. \%. We assume that organic compounds were directly involved in the enrichment of quartz veins with gold mineralization. The isotope composition values of sulfur (+6.6…+9.5 ‰) and carbon from fluid inclusions in quartz (–12.5…–21.9 ‰) indicate a metamorphic-crustal source of fluids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2025/3/4673",
    doi = "10.18799/24131830/2025/3/4673",
    number = "3",
    openalex = "W4408965634",
    pages = "74-88",
    volume = "336"
}

@article{vikentyev2025the,
    author = "Vikentyev, I. V. and Kuznetsov, V. V. and Seravina, T. V. and Konkin, V. D. and Kuznetsova, T. P.",
    title = "The Gorevskoe Giant Zinc–Lead Deposit, Yenisei Ridge, Russian Federation",
    year = "2025",
    journal = "Geology of Ore Deposits",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s1075701525700278",
    doi = "10.1134/s1075701525700278",
    number = "5",
    pages = "698-722",
    volume = "67"
}