Mesozoic

@book{vanmorkhoven1962postpaleozoic9,
    author = "Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M",
    title = "Post-Paleozoic Ostracoda",
    year = "1962",
    publisher = "Amsterdam, Elsevier, 204 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M., 1962, Post-Paleozoic Ostracoda: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 204 p.}"
}

@inproceedings{ostrom1969terrestrial8,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates",
    year = "1969",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, p. 347-376",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1969, Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates: Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, p. 347-376.}"
}

@article{clemens1970mesozoic1,
    author = "Clemens, W. A",
    title = "Mesozoic mammalian evolution",
    year = "1970",
    journal = "Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 1, p. 357-390",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Clemens, W. A., 1970, Mesozoic mammalian evolution: Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, v. 1, p. 357-390.}"
}

@misc{fain1975oil5,
    author = "Fain, Y. B. and Bikbulatov, B. M",
    title = "Oil prospects of the pre-Jurassic formations in West Siberia [in Russian]",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, v. 2, p. 8-11; English summary in Petroleum Geology, v.13, no.2, 1976, p. 61-62",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fain, Y. B., and Bikbulatov, B. M., 1975, Oil prospects of the pre-Jurassic formations in West Siberia [in Russian]: Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, v. 2, p. 8-11; English summary in Petroleum Geology, v.13, no.2, 1976, p. 61-62.}"
}

@misc{goldberg1976conditions6,
    author = "Gol'dberg, I. S. and Zelichenko, I. A. and Chernikov, K. A",
    title = "Conditions for the appearance of the main phase of oil formation in clastic rocks of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic [in Russian]",
    year = "1976",
    howpublished = "Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, v. 3, p. 57- 63; English summary in Petroleum Geology, v.14, no.3, 1977, p.135-137",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gol'dberg, I. S., Zelichenko, I. A., and Chernikov, K. A., 1976, Conditions for the appearance of the main phase of oil formation in clastic rocks of the Mesozoic and Paleozoic [in Russian]: Geologiya Nefti i Gaza, v. 3, p. 57- 63; English summary in Petroleum Geology, v.14, no.3, 1977, p.135-137.}"
}

@book{crompton1978mesozoic2,
    author = "Crompton, A. W. and Jenkins, F. A. and Jr",
    title = "Mesozoic Mammals, in Maglio, V. J., and Cooke, H. B. S., eds., Evolution of African Mammals",
    year = "1978",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Crompton, A. W., and Jenkins, F. A., Jr., 1978, Mesozoic Mammals, in Maglio, V. J., and Cooke, H. B. S., eds., Evolution of African Mammals: Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press.}"
}

@misc{emiliani1980death3,
    author = "Emiliani, C",
    title = "Death and renovation at the end of the Mesozoic",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Eos, v. 61, no. 1, p. 505-506",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Emiliani, C., 1980, Death and renovation at the end of the Mesozoic: Eos, v. 61, no. 1, p. 505-506.}"
}

@misc{olsen1986a7,
    author = "Olsen, P. E",
    title = "A 40-million-year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing",
    year = "1986",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 234, p. 842-848",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Olsen, P. E., 1986, A 40-million-year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing: Science, v. 234, p. 842-848.}"
}

@misc{erwin1987a4,
    author = "Erwin, D. H. and Valentine, J. W. and Sepkoski, J. J",
    title = "A comparative study of diversification events",
    year = "1987",
    howpublished = "The early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic: Evolution, v. 141, p. 1177-1186",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Erwin, D. H., Valentine, J. W., and Sepkoski, J. J., 1987, A comparative study of diversification events: The early Paleozoic versus the Mesozoic: Evolution, v. 141, p. 1177-1186.}"
}

The ever-changing distribution of continents and ocean basins on Earth is fundamental to the environment of the planet. Recent ideas regarding pre-Pangea geography and tectonics offer fresh opportunities to examine possible causative relations between tectonics and environmental and biologic changes during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras. The starting point is an appreciation that Laurentia, the rift-bounded Precambrian core of North America, could have been juxtaposed with the cratonic cores of some present-day southern continents. This has led to reconstructions of Rodinia and Pannotia, supercontinents that may have existed in early and latest Neoproterozoic time, respectively, before and after the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin. Recognition that the Precordillera of northwest Argentina constitutes a terrane derived from Laurentia may provide critical longitudinal control on the relations of that craton to Gondwana during the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary transition, and in the early Paleozoic. The Precordillera was most likely derived from the general area of the Ouachita embayment, and may have been part of a hypothetical promontory of Laurentia, the “Texas plateau,” which was detached from the Cape of Good Hope embayment within Gondwana between the present-day Falkland-Malvinas Plateau and Transantarctic Mountains margins. Thus the American continents may represent geometric “twins” detached from the Pannotian and Pangean supercontinents in Early Cambrian and Early Cretaceous time, respectively—the new mid-ocean ridge crests of those times initiating the two environmental supercycles of Phanerozoic history 400 m.y. apart. In this scenario, the extremity of the Texas plateau was detached from Laurentia during the Caradocian Epoch, in a rift event ca. 455 Ma that followed Middle Ordovician collision with the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana as part of the complex Indonesian-style Taconic-Famatinian orogeny, which involved several island arc-continent collisions between the two major continental entities. Laurentia then continued its clockwise relative motion around the proto-Andean margin, colliding with other arc terranes, Avalonia, and Baltica en route to the Ouachita-Alleghanian-Hercynian-Uralian collision that completed the amalgamation of Pangea. The important change in single-celled organisms at the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary (1000 Ma) accompanied assembly of Rodinia along Grenvillian sutures. Possible divergence of metazoan phyla, the appearance and disappearance of the Ediacaran fauna (ca. 650–545 Ma), and the Cambrian “explosion” of skeletalized metazoans (ca. 545–500 Ma) also appear to have taken place within the framework of tectonic change of truly global proportions. These are the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin; uplift and erosion of orogens within the newly assembled Gondwana portion of Pannotia, including a collisional mountain range extending ≈7500 km from Arabia to the Pacific margin of Antarctica; the development of a Pannotia-splitting oceanic spreading ridge system nearly 10 000 km long as Laurentia broke away from Gondwana, Baltica, and Siberia; and initiation of subduction zones along thousands of kilometres of the South American and Antarctic-Australian continental margins. The Middle Ordovician sea-level changes and biologic radiation broadly coincided with initiation of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system along >7000 km of the Taconic and Famatinian belts. These correlations, based on testable paleogeographic reconstructions, invite further speculation about possible causative relations between the internally driven long-term tectonic evolution of the planet, its surface environment, and life.

@article{doi1011300016760619971090016onpgat23co2,
    author = "Dalziel, Ian W. D.",
    title = "OVERVIEW: Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation",
    year = "1997",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "The ever-changing distribution of continents and ocean basins on Earth is fundamental to the environment of the planet. Recent ideas regarding pre-Pangea geography and tectonics offer fresh opportunities to examine possible causative relations between tectonics and environmental and biologic changes during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras. The starting point is an appreciation that Laurentia, the rift-bounded Precambrian core of North America, could have been juxtaposed with the cratonic cores of some present-day southern continents. This has led to reconstructions of Rodinia and Pannotia, supercontinents that may have existed in early and latest Neoproterozoic time, respectively, before and after the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin. Recognition that the Precordillera of northwest Argentina constitutes a terrane derived from Laurentia may provide critical longitudinal control on the relations of that craton to Gondwana during the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary transition, and in the early Paleozoic. The Precordillera was most likely derived from the general area of the Ouachita embayment, and may have been part of a hypothetical promontory of Laurentia, the “Texas plateau,” which was detached from the Cape of Good Hope embayment within Gondwana between the present-day Falkland-Malvinas Plateau and Transantarctic Mountains margins. Thus the American continents may represent geometric “twins” detached from the Pannotian and Pangean supercontinents in Early Cambrian and Early Cretaceous time, respectively—the new mid-ocean ridge crests of those times initiating the two environmental supercycles of Phanerozoic history 400 m.y. apart. In this scenario, the extremity of the Texas plateau was detached from Laurentia during the Caradocian Epoch, in a rift event ca. 455 Ma that followed Middle Ordovician collision with the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana as part of the complex Indonesian-style Taconic-Famatinian orogeny, which involved several island arc-continent collisions between the two major continental entities. Laurentia then continued its clockwise relative motion around the proto-Andean margin, colliding with other arc terranes, Avalonia, and Baltica en route to the Ouachita-Alleghanian-Hercynian-Uralian collision that completed the amalgamation of Pangea. The important change in single-celled organisms at the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary (1000 Ma) accompanied assembly of Rodinia along Grenvillian sutures. Possible divergence of metazoan phyla, the appearance and disappearance of the Ediacaran fauna (ca. 650–545 Ma), and the Cambrian “explosion” of skeletalized metazoans (ca. 545–500 Ma) also appear to have taken place within the framework of tectonic change of truly global proportions. These are the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin; uplift and erosion of orogens within the newly assembled Gondwana portion of Pannotia, including a collisional mountain range extending ≈7500 km from Arabia to the Pacific margin of Antarctica; the development of a Pannotia-splitting oceanic spreading ridge system nearly 10 000 km long as Laurentia broke away from Gondwana, Baltica, and Siberia; and initiation of subduction zones along thousands of kilometres of the South American and Antarctic-Australian continental margins. The Middle Ordovician sea-level changes and biologic radiation broadly coincided with initiation of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system along >7000 km of the Taconic and Famatinian belts. These correlations, based on testable paleogeographic reconstructions, invite further speculation about possible causative relations between the internally driven long-term tectonic evolution of the planet, its surface environment, and life.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:onpgat>2.3.co;2",
    doi = "10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0016:onpgat>2.3.co;2",
    openalex = "W2124559878",
    references = "doi1010160012821x84900177, doi1010160012825296000086, doi101038356673a0, doi101126science25250111409, doi101126science2705236598, doi101126science2735276752, doi10113000167606198394941teomaa20co2, doi1011300091761319880160649iolcmb23co2, doi1011300091761319910190598pmolae23co2, doi1011300091761319950230407scirpo23co2, doi101130dnaggnaf2, doi101146annurevea22050194001535, doi1023073515270, openalexw1549706842, openalexw319663532, openalexw623436458"
}

We present a synthesis and a new account of the geological and tectonic history of the terranes of the Chinese Paleozoic Altai orogen together with new, single zircon ages for granitic and rhyodacitic rocks. A central terrane consists of Neoproterozoic to Silurian, amphibolite facies, metasedimentary rocks, and abundant Devonian‐Carboniferous granites. The presence of Precambrian basement is indicated by Sinian fossils, our xenocryst ages, and published Nd mean crustal residence ages of granites. Felsic arc‐type lavas on the southern margin of the terrane have a mean 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 505 Ma, reflecting the time of arc volcanism, and the presence of xenocysts with ages between 614 and 921 Ma suggests derivation by intracrustal melting. Accordingly, we suggest that a Cambro‐Ordovician continental magmatic arc was built on the southern margin of the central terrane by northward subduction. A low‐grade Ordovician Andean‐type arc with a continental basement is situated above a normal fault on the northern side of the central terrane, and a low‐grade Late Silurian to Early Devonian island arc on its southern side is succeeded southward by a terrane with Proterozoic basement overlain by Devonian to Carboniferous basins. During continent‐arc collision high‐grade gneisses of the central terrane were thrust southward over the Late Silurian to Early Devonian island arc with formation of inverted, Barrovian‐type metamorphic isograds. The collisional processes caused exhumation of the high‐grade central terrane and consequent emplacement of abundant granites derived by mixed arc‐crust melting. This new model has major implications for the crustal and tectonic evolution of the Altaids.

@article{doi101086342866,
    author = "Windley, Brian F. and Kröner, Alfred and Guo, Jinghui and Guosheng, Qu and Li, Yingyi and Zhang, Chi",
    title = "Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic Geology of the Altai Orogen, NW China: New Zircon Age Data and Tectonic Evolution",
    year = "2002",
    journal = "The Journal of Geology",
    abstract = "We present a synthesis and a new account of the geological and tectonic history of the terranes of the Chinese Paleozoic Altai orogen together with new, single zircon ages for granitic and rhyodacitic rocks. A central terrane consists of Neoproterozoic to Silurian, amphibolite facies, metasedimentary rocks, and abundant Devonian‐Carboniferous granites. The presence of Precambrian basement is indicated by Sinian fossils, our xenocryst ages, and published Nd mean crustal residence ages of granites. Felsic arc‐type lavas on the southern margin of the terrane have a mean 207Pb/206Pb zircon age of 505 Ma, reflecting the time of arc volcanism, and the presence of xenocysts with ages between 614 and 921 Ma suggests derivation by intracrustal melting. Accordingly, we suggest that a Cambro‐Ordovician continental magmatic arc was built on the southern margin of the central terrane by northward subduction. A low‐grade Ordovician Andean‐type arc with a continental basement is situated above a normal fault on the northern side of the central terrane, and a low‐grade Late Silurian to Early Devonian island arc on its southern side is succeeded southward by a terrane with Proterozoic basement overlain by Devonian to Carboniferous basins. During continent‐arc collision high‐grade gneisses of the central terrane were thrust southward over the Late Silurian to Early Devonian island arc with formation of inverted, Barrovian‐type metamorphic isograds. The collisional processes caused exhumation of the high‐grade central terrane and consequent emplacement of abundant granites derived by mixed arc‐crust melting. This new model has major implications for the crustal and tectonic evolution of the Altaids.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1086/342866",
    doi = "10.1086/342866",
    openalex = "W2047807381"
}

This paper deals with the various tectonic units in the Chinese Eastern Tianshan orogenic collage in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, and discusses the Paleozoic geological history of the several periods of accretion and collision of archipelago systems lying between the Tarim and southern Angaran continental margins. The Late Ordovician-Silurian to Early Devonian Eastern Tianshan archipelago was characterized by (a) the Harlik-Dananhu subduction system with a S-dipping polarity in the north; (b) a southerly N-dipping subduction system beneath the Central Tianshan arc in the middle; and (c) the South Tianshan ocean against Tarim in the south. During the Devonian to Early Carboniferous, N-dipping subduction led to the Harlik-Dananhu arc and the Kanggurtag forearc basin/accretionary complex. In the Early to Mid-Carboniferous, the magmatic front associated with the N-dipping subduction beneath the Dananhu-Harlik arc migrated southwards, forming the Yamansu arc constructed upon the Kanggurtag accretionary forearc. By the Late Carboniferous the Dananhu-Harlik arc was attached northwards to the Angaran margin, resulting in lateral enlargement of the Angaran continent. In the latest Carboniferous to Early Permian a multiple soft collision left wide suture zones in the south that include the ophiolite-strewn Aqikkuduk-Shaquanzi and Kumishi accretion-collision complexes, which were stitched by Early Permian post-collisional plutons. By re-defining and re-interpreting the various tectonic terranes, this paper presents a new, improved model for the Paleozoic evolution of this part of Central Asia.

@article{doi102475ajs3044370,
    author = "Xiao, Wenjiao",
    title = "Paleozoic accretionary and collisional tectonics of the eastern Tianshan (China): Implications for the continental growth of central Asia",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "American Journal of Science",
    abstract = "This paper deals with the various tectonic units in the Chinese Eastern Tianshan orogenic collage in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, and discusses the Paleozoic geological history of the several periods of accretion and collision of archipelago systems lying between the Tarim and southern Angaran continental margins. The Late Ordovician-Silurian to Early Devonian Eastern Tianshan archipelago was characterized by (a) the Harlik-Dananhu subduction system with a S-dipping polarity in the north; (b) a southerly N-dipping subduction system beneath the Central Tianshan arc in the middle; and (c) the South Tianshan ocean against Tarim in the south. During the Devonian to Early Carboniferous, N-dipping subduction led to the Harlik-Dananhu arc and the Kanggurtag forearc basin/accretionary complex. In the Early to Mid-Carboniferous, the magmatic front associated with the N-dipping subduction beneath the Dananhu-Harlik arc migrated southwards, forming the Yamansu arc constructed upon the Kanggurtag accretionary forearc. By the Late Carboniferous the Dananhu-Harlik arc was attached northwards to the Angaran margin, resulting in lateral enlargement of the Angaran continent. In the latest Carboniferous to Early Permian a multiple soft collision left wide suture zones in the south that include the ophiolite-strewn Aqikkuduk-Shaquanzi and Kumishi accretion-collision complexes, which were stitched by Early Permian post-collisional plutons. By re-defining and re-interpreting the various tectonic terranes, this paper presents a new, improved model for the Paleozoic evolution of this part of Central Asia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2475/ajs.304.4.370",
    doi = "10.2475/ajs.304.4.370",
    openalex = "W2162457106",
    references = "doi101016004019519090004r, doi1010160040195193902259, doi101016s0040195100001761, doi1010292002tc001484, doi1011440016764903165"
}

This paper summarizes the new results on the petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks in South China. The authors propose that these rocks were formed in time and space as a response to regional tectonic regime change from the continent-continent collision of the Indosinian orogeny within the broad Tethyan orogenic domain in the Early Mesozoic (T 1 -T 3) (Period I) to the largely extensional setting as a result of the Yanshanian orogeny genetically associated with the NW-WNW-ward subduction of the paleo-Pacific oceanic lithosphere in the Late Mesozoic (J 2 -K 2) (Period II). Of the Period I Indosinian granitoids, the early (T 1 -T 2 1) ones are syn-collisional, and formed in a compressional setting; the late (T 2 2 -T 3) ones are latecollisional, and formed in a locally extensional environment. During the Period II Yanshanian magmatism, the Early Yanshanian (J 2 -J 3) granitoid-volcanic rocks, which are distributed mainly in the Nanling Range and in the interior of the South China tectonic block (SCB), are characteristic of rift-type intraplate magmatism, whereas the Late Yanshanian K 1 granitoid-volcanic rocks are interpreted as genetically representing active continental margin magmatism. The K 2 tholeiitic basalts interlayered with red beds are interpreted as genetically associated with the development of back-arc extensional basins in the interior of the SCB. The Yanshanian granitoid-volcanic rocks are distributed widely in South China, reflecting extensional tectonics within much of the SCB. The extension-induced deep crustal melting and underplating of mantle-derived basaltic melts are suggested as the two principal driving mechanisms for the Yanshanian granitic magmatism in South China.

@article{doi1018814epiiugs2006v29i1004,
    author = "Zhou, Xinmin and Sun, Tao and Shen, Weizhou and Shu, Liangshu and Niu, Yaoling",
    title = "Petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks in South China: A response to tectonic evolution",
    year = "2006",
    journal = "Episodes",
    abstract = "This paper summarizes the new results on the petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids and volcanic rocks in South China. The authors propose that these rocks were formed in time and space as a response to regional tectonic regime change from the continent-continent collision of the Indosinian orogeny within the broad Tethyan orogenic domain in the Early Mesozoic (T 1 -T 3) (Period I) to the largely extensional setting as a result of the Yanshanian orogeny genetically associated with the NW-WNW-ward subduction of the paleo-Pacific oceanic lithosphere in the Late Mesozoic (J 2 -K 2) (Period II). Of the Period I Indosinian granitoids, the early (T 1 -T 2 1) ones are syn-collisional, and formed in a compressional setting; the late (T 2 2 -T 3) ones are latecollisional, and formed in a locally extensional environment. During the Period II Yanshanian magmatism, the Early Yanshanian (J 2 -J 3) granitoid-volcanic rocks, which are distributed mainly in the Nanling Range and in the interior of the South China tectonic block (SCB), are characteristic of rift-type intraplate magmatism, whereas the Late Yanshanian K 1 granitoid-volcanic rocks are interpreted as genetically representing active continental margin magmatism. The K 2 tholeiitic basalts interlayered with red beds are interpreted as genetically associated with the development of back-arc extensional basins in the interior of the SCB. The Yanshanian granitoid-volcanic rocks are distributed widely in South China, reflecting extensional tectonics within much of the SCB. The extension-induced deep crustal melting and underplating of mantle-derived basaltic melts are suggested as the two principal driving mechanisms for the Yanshanian granitic magmatism in South China.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i1/004",
    doi = "10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i1/004",
    openalex = "W1525258218"
}

The paper reviews previous and recently obtained geological, stratigraphic and geochronological data on the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen, which is located in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), between the Kazakhstan and Siberian continental blocks. The Russian-Kazakh Altai is a typical Pacific-type orogen, which represents a collage of oceanic, accretionary, fore-arc, island-arc and continental margin terranes of different ages separated by strike-slip faults and thrusts. Evidence for this comes from key indicative rock associations, such as boninite- and turbidite (graywacke)-bearing volcanogenic-sedimentary units, accreted pelagic chert, oceanic islands and plateaus, MORB-OIB-protolith blueschists. The three major tectonic domains of the Russian-Kazakh Altai are: (1) Altai-Mongolian terrane (AMT); (2) subduction-accretionary (Rudny Altai, Gorny Altai) and collisional (Kalba-Narym) terranes; (3) Kurai, Charysh-Terekta, North-East, Irtysh and Char suture-shear zones (SSZ). The evolution of this orogen proceeded in five major stages: (i) late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic subduction-accretion in the Paleo-Asian Ocean; (ii) Ordovician–Silurian passive margin; (iii) Devonian–Carboniferous active margin and collision of AMT with the Siberian continent; (iv) late Paleozoic closure of the PAO and coeval collisional magmatism; (v) Mesozoic post-collisional deformation and anarogenic magmatism, which created the modern structural collage of the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen. The major still unsolved problem of Altai geology is origin of the Altai-Mongolian terrane (continental versus active margin), age of Altai basement, proportion of juvenile and recycled crust and origin of the middle Paleozoic units of the Gorny Altai and Rudny Altai terranes.

@article{doi101016jgsf201312003,
    author = "Safonova, Inna",
    title = "The Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen: An overview and main debatable issues",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "The paper reviews previous and recently obtained geological, stratigraphic and geochronological data on the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen, which is located in the western Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), between the Kazakhstan and Siberian continental blocks. The Russian-Kazakh Altai is a typical Pacific-type orogen, which represents a collage of oceanic, accretionary, fore-arc, island-arc and continental margin terranes of different ages separated by strike-slip faults and thrusts. Evidence for this comes from key indicative rock associations, such as boninite- and turbidite (graywacke)-bearing volcanogenic-sedimentary units, accreted pelagic chert, oceanic islands and plateaus, MORB-OIB-protolith blueschists. The three major tectonic domains of the Russian-Kazakh Altai are: (1) Altai-Mongolian terrane (AMT); (2) subduction-accretionary (Rudny Altai, Gorny Altai) and collisional (Kalba-Narym) terranes; (3) Kurai, Charysh-Terekta, North-East, Irtysh and Char suture-shear zones (SSZ). The evolution of this orogen proceeded in five major stages: (i) late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic subduction-accretion in the Paleo-Asian Ocean; (ii) Ordovician–Silurian passive margin; (iii) Devonian–Carboniferous active margin and collision of AMT with the Siberian continent; (iv) late Paleozoic closure of the PAO and coeval collisional magmatism; (v) Mesozoic post-collisional deformation and anarogenic magmatism, which created the modern structural collage of the Russian-Kazakh Altai orogen. The major still unsolved problem of Altai geology is origin of the Altai-Mongolian terrane (continental versus active margin), age of Altai basement, proportion of juvenile and recycled crust and origin of the middle Paleozoic units of the Gorny Altai and Rudny Altai terranes.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2013.12.003",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2013.12.003",
    openalex = "W1964724263",
    references = "doi1010160040195190900162, doi101016jgr200806001, doi101016jgr201001007, doi101016jgr201212023, doi101016jprecamres200704021, doi101016s0040195100001761, doi101016s1367912003001305, doi1011440016764903165, doi101144001676492006022"
}

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.

@article{doi101134s0016852113010044,
    author = "Лаверов, Н. П. and Lobkovsky, L. I. and Kononov, M. V. and Dobretsov, N. L. and Vernikovsky, V. A. and Соколов, С. Д. and Shipilov, E. V.",
    title = "A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Geotectonics",
    abstract = "The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1134/s0016852113010044",
    doi = "10.1134/s0016852113010044",
    openalex = "W2004918097",
    references = "doi1010079781461323518, doi101016jepsl201008012, doi101016jpepi200811009, doi1010292005tc001830, doi1010292007pa001476, doi1011300016760619981100801psonrm23co2, doi1011300813723604333, doi101130spe206, doi101130spe206p1, doi101144m3550"
}

The Tarim Craton, located in the center of Asia, was involved in the assembly and breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent during the Neoproterozoic and the subduction-accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) during the Paleozoic. However, its tectonic evolution during these events is controversial, and a link between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic processes is missing. Here we present zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical data for the extensive granitoids in the western Kuruktag area, northeastern Tarim Craton. Three distinct periods of granitoid magmatism are evident: circa 830–820 Ma, 660–630 Ma, and 420–400 Ma. The magma sources, melting conditions (pressure, temperature, and water availability), and tectonic settings of various granitoids from each period are determined. Based on our results and the geological, geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data from adjacent areas, a long-lived accretionary orogenic model is proposed. This model involves an early phase (circa 950–780 Ma) of southward advancing accretion from the Tianshan to northern Tarim and a late phase (circa 780–600 Ma) of northward retreating accretion, followed by back-arc opening and subsequent bidirectional subduction (circa 460–400 Ma) of a composite back-arc basin (i.e., the South Tianshan Ocean). Our model highlights a long-lived accretionary history of the southwestern CAOB, which may have initiated as part of the circum-Rodinia subduction zone and was comparable with events occurring at the southern margin of the Siberian Craton, thus challenging the traditional southward migrating accretionary models for the CAOB.

@article{doi1010022013tc003501,
    author = "Ge, Rongfeng and Zhu, Wenbin and Wilde, Simon A. and He, Jingwen and Cui, Xiang and Wang, Xi and Bihai, Zheng",
    title = "Neoproterozoic to Paleozoic long-lived accretionary orogeny in the northern Tarim Craton",
    year = "2014",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "The Tarim Craton, located in the center of Asia, was involved in the assembly and breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent during the Neoproterozoic and the subduction-accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) during the Paleozoic. However, its tectonic evolution during these events is controversial, and a link between the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic processes is missing. Here we present zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopes, and whole-rock geochemical data for the extensive granitoids in the western Kuruktag area, northeastern Tarim Craton. Three distinct periods of granitoid magmatism are evident: circa 830–820 Ma, 660–630 Ma, and 420–400 Ma. The magma sources, melting conditions (pressure, temperature, and water availability), and tectonic settings of various granitoids from each period are determined. Based on our results and the geological, geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data from adjacent areas, a long-lived accretionary orogenic model is proposed. This model involves an early phase (circa 950–780 Ma) of southward advancing accretion from the Tianshan to northern Tarim and a late phase (circa 780–600 Ma) of northward retreating accretion, followed by back-arc opening and subsequent bidirectional subduction (circa 460–400 Ma) of a composite back-arc basin (i.e., the South Tianshan Ocean). Our model highlights a long-lived accretionary history of the southwestern CAOB, which may have initiated as part of the circum-Rodinia subduction zone and was comparable with events occurring at the southern margin of the Siberian Craton, thus challenging the traditional southward migrating accretionary models for the CAOB.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2013tc003501",
    doi = "10.1002/2013tc003501",
    openalex = "W2159084449",
    references = "doi101016jgr201212023"
}

The South Anyui suture zone consists of late Paleozoic–Jurassic ultramafic rocks and Jurassic–Cretaceous pre-, syn-, and postcollisional sedimentary rocks. It represents the closure of a Mesozoic ocean basin that separated two microcontinents in northeastern Russia, the Kolyma-Omolon block and the Chukotka block. In order to understand the geologic history and improve our understanding of Mesozoic paleogeography of the Arctic region, we obtained U-Pb ages on pre- and postcollisional igneous rocks and detrital zircons from sandstone in the suture zone. We identified four groups of sedimentary rocks: (1) Triassic sandstone deposited on the southern margin of Chukotka; (2) Middle Jurassic volcanogenic sandstone that was derived from the Oloy arc, a continental margin arc, along the Kolyma-Omolon block, south of the Anyui Ocean, a sample of which yielded no pre-Jurassic zircons and a single peak at 164 Ma; (3) suture zone sandstone that yielded Late Jurassic maximum depositional ages and likely predated the collision; and (4) a Mid-Cretaceous syncollisional sandstone that had a maximum depositional age of 125 Ma. These rocks were intruded by postkinematic plutons and dikes with ages of 109 Ma and 101 Ma that postdate the collision. We present a seismic-reflection line through the South Anyui suture zone that indicates south-vergence of thrusting of the Chukotka block over the Kolyma-Omolon block, opposite of most existing models and opposite of the vergence in the Angayucham suture zone, the postulated along-strike equivalent in Alaska. This suggests that Chukotka and Arctic Alaska may have different pre-Cretaceous histories, which could solve space problems with existing reconstructions of the Arctic region. We combine our detrital zircon data and interpretations of the seismic line to construct a new GPlates model for the Mesozoic evolution of the region that decouples Chukotka and Arctic Alaska to solve space problems with previous Arctic reconstructions.

@article{doi101130ges011651,
    author = "Amato, Jeffrey M. and Toro, Jaime and Акинин, В. В. and Hampton, Brian A. and Salnikov, Alexander S. and Тучкова, М. И.",
    title = "Tectonic evolution of the Mesozoic South Anyui suture zone, eastern Russia: A critical component of paleogeographic reconstructions of the Arctic region",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Geosphere",
    abstract = "The South Anyui suture zone consists of late Paleozoic–Jurassic ultramafic rocks and Jurassic–Cretaceous pre-, syn-, and postcollisional sedimentary rocks. It represents the closure of a Mesozoic ocean basin that separated two microcontinents in northeastern Russia, the Kolyma-Omolon block and the Chukotka block. In order to understand the geologic history and improve our understanding of Mesozoic paleogeography of the Arctic region, we obtained U-Pb ages on pre- and postcollisional igneous rocks and detrital zircons from sandstone in the suture zone. We identified four groups of sedimentary rocks: (1) Triassic sandstone deposited on the southern margin of Chukotka; (2) Middle Jurassic volcanogenic sandstone that was derived from the Oloy arc, a continental margin arc, along the Kolyma-Omolon block, south of the Anyui Ocean, a sample of which yielded no pre-Jurassic zircons and a single peak at 164 Ma; (3) suture zone sandstone that yielded Late Jurassic maximum depositional ages and likely predated the collision; and (4) a Mid-Cretaceous syncollisional sandstone that had a maximum depositional age of 125 Ma. These rocks were intruded by postkinematic plutons and dikes with ages of 109 Ma and 101 Ma that postdate the collision. We present a seismic-reflection line through the South Anyui suture zone that indicates south-vergence of thrusting of the Chukotka block over the Kolyma-Omolon block, opposite of most existing models and opposite of the vergence in the Angayucham suture zone, the postulated along-strike equivalent in Alaska. This suggests that Chukotka and Arctic Alaska may have different pre-Cretaceous histories, which could solve space problems with existing reconstructions of the Arctic region. We combine our detrital zircon data and interpretations of the seismic line to construct a new GPlates model for the Mesozoic evolution of the region that decouples Chukotka and Arctic Alaska to solve space problems with previous Arctic reconstructions.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/ges01165.1",
    doi = "10.1130/ges01165.1",
    openalex = "W2332667845",
    references = "doi101007978940172809615, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jchemgeo200401003, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101029gd021, doi101093petrology254956, doi10113000167606198394222ponaps20co2, doi1011300091761319990270123tocotn23co2, doi101306212f83b92b2411d78648000102c1865d, doi10130674d720182b2111d78648000102c1865d"
}

@article{doi101016jgloplacha201610002,
    author = "Matthews, Kara J. and Maloney, Kayla and Zahirovic, Sabin and Williams, Simon and Seton, Maria and Müller, R. Dietmar",
    title = "Global plate boundary evolution and kinematics since the late Paleozoic",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Global and Planetary Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.10.002",
    openalex = "W2527875242",
    references = "doi1010022013eo450001, doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev201206007, doi101016jgr201209007, doi101016jgsf201401002, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi1010292001gc000252, doi101111j1365246x1975tb00631x, doi101130dnaggnag149, doi101130ges000541, doi1011440016764901118, doi101144gslmem19900120101, doi101144gslsp20001790103, doi101144m3531, doi101146annurevearth060115012211, doi102475ajs2837641"
}

Abstract The geodynamic reconstruction using new data on the composition, age, and paleomagnetism of Neoproterozoic and Vendian–Early Paleozoic island arc complexes has provided new insights into the evolution of the subduction zone magmatism over extensive areas of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, including eastern Altai–Sayan, Transbaikalia, and Northern Mongolia. Comparison of the igneous complexes of modern and ancient ensimatic and ensialic island arcs in the subduction zone forms a basis for possible geodynamic scenarios of the subduction zone magmatism in Neoproterozoic and Vendian–Early Paleozoic island arcs in the zone of interaction between the Siberian paleocontinent and the Paleoasian Ocean, which take into account the composition of crustal and mantle (including mantle plume) components.

@article{doi101016jrgg201601005,
    author = "Гордиенко, И. В. and Метелкин, Д. В.",
    title = "The evolution of the subduction zone magmatism on the Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic active margins of the Paleoasian Ocean",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract The geodynamic reconstruction using new data on the composition, age, and paleomagnetism of Neoproterozoic and Vendian–Early Paleozoic island arc complexes has provided new insights into the evolution of the subduction zone magmatism over extensive areas of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, including eastern Altai–Sayan, Transbaikalia, and Northern Mongolia. Comparison of the igneous complexes of modern and ancient ensimatic and ensialic island arcs in the subduction zone forms a basis for possible geodynamic scenarios of the subduction zone magmatism in Neoproterozoic and Vendian–Early Paleozoic island arcs in the zone of interaction between the Siberian paleocontinent and the Paleoasian Ocean, which take into account the composition of crustal and mantle (including mantle plume) components.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.005",
    doi = "10.1016/j.rgg.2016.01.005",
    openalex = "W2266994890",
    references = "doi101016jprecamres201409013, doi101016jrgg201307006"
}

The largest accretionary orogen in the world, the Central Asian orogenic belt, has evolved through the assembly of various oceanic and continental blocks. Understanding the processes associated with the development of this orogenic belt relies on precise recognition of the boundaries between various terranes. One such major suture zone, which records the collisional history of the Siberian marginal arc system (Chinese Altai) with intra-oceanic arc systems (East/West Junggar), is the Irtysh shear zone in NW China. The spatial continuity and the tectonic nature of this shear zone are still poorly understood, but its development has supposedly made a significant impact on the architecture of the western Central Asian orogenic belt and the formation of the Kazakhstan orocline. Here, we provide new insight into the evolution of this shear zone based on detrital zircon ages, Hf isotope composition, structural data and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the timing of deformation. Our results show a major discrepancy in detrital zircon populations and Hf model ages across the southern Chinese Altai and the northern East/West Junggar, thus allowing us to map the exact location of the tectonic boundary. Detrital zircon data constrain the initial closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean to the late Carboniferous (<323 Ma), and new structural and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data shed light on the subsequent collisional processes. We propose that the collisional zone between the Chinese Altai and the East/West Junggar was initially subjected to crustal thickening at ca. 323-295 Ma, followed by orogen-parallel extension (ca. 295 Ma) and transpressional deformation (ca. 286-253 Ma). The closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean in NW China postdates the initial phase of oroclinal bending in the western Central Asian orogenic belt, thus indicating that oroclinal bending initiated during subduction. Based on our new constraints and other available geological data, we suggest that the early stage of oroclinal bending was likely driven by slab rollback.

@article{doi101130b315411,
    author = "Li, Pengfei and Sun, Min and Rosenbaum, Gideon and Jourdan, Fred and Li, Sanzhong and Cai, Keda",
    title = "Late Paleozoic closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean along the Irtysh shear zone (NW China): Implications for arc amalgamation and oroclinal bending in the Central Asian orogenic belt",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "The largest accretionary orogen in the world, the Central Asian orogenic belt, has evolved through the assembly of various oceanic and continental blocks. Understanding the processes associated with the development of this orogenic belt relies on precise recognition of the boundaries between various terranes. One such major suture zone, which records the collisional history of the Siberian marginal arc system (Chinese Altai) with intra-oceanic arc systems (East/West Junggar), is the Irtysh shear zone in NW China. The spatial continuity and the tectonic nature of this shear zone are still poorly understood, but its development has supposedly made a significant impact on the architecture of the western Central Asian orogenic belt and the formation of the Kazakhstan orocline. Here, we provide new insight into the evolution of this shear zone based on detrital zircon ages, Hf isotope composition, structural data and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on the timing of deformation. Our results show a major discrepancy in detrital zircon populations and Hf model ages across the southern Chinese Altai and the northern East/West Junggar, thus allowing us to map the exact location of the tectonic boundary. Detrital zircon data constrain the initial closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean to the late Carboniferous (<323 Ma), and new structural and 40Ar/39Ar geochronological data shed light on the subsequent collisional processes. We propose that the collisional zone between the Chinese Altai and the East/West Junggar was initially subjected to crustal thickening at ca. 323-295 Ma, followed by orogen-parallel extension (ca. 295 Ma) and transpressional deformation (ca. 286-253 Ma). The closure of the Ob-Zaisan Ocean in NW China postdates the initial phase of oroclinal bending in the western Central Asian orogenic belt, thus indicating that oroclinal bending initiated during subduction. Based on our new constraints and other available geological data, we suggest that the early stage of oroclinal bending was likely driven by slab rollback.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b31541.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b31541.1",
    openalex = "W2562357877",
    references = "doi1010160012821x77900607, doi101016jgsf201312003, doi101016jjsg201508008, doi101016s0012821x9700040x, doi101016s0016703799003439, doi101016s0024493702000828, doi101038364299a0, doi101093petrologyegp082, doi101144001676492006022, doi101146annurevearth281211, doi102138am20103371, openalexw2883478268"
}

Abstract Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic accretionary processes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt have been evaluated so far mainly using the geology of ophiolites and/or magmatic arcs. Thus, the knowledge of the nature and evolution of associated sedimentary prisms remains fragmentary. We carried out an integrated geological, geochemical, and zircon U‐Pb geochronological study on a giant Ordovician metasedimentary succession of the Mongolian Altai Mountains. This succession is characterized by dominant terrigenous components mixed with volcanogenic material. It is chemically immature, compositionally analogous to graywacke, and marked by significant input of felsic to intermediate arc components, pointing to an active continental margin depositional setting. Detrital zircon U‐Pb ages suggest a source dominated by products of early Paleozoic magmatism prevailing during the Cambrian‐Ordovician and culminating at circa 500 Ma. We propose that the Ordovician succession forms an “Altai sedimentary wedge,” the evolution of which can be linked to the geodynamics of the margins of the Mongolian Precambrian Zavhan‐Baydrag blocks. This involved subduction reversal from southward subduction of a passive continental margin (Early Cambrian) to the development of the “Ikh‐Mongol Magmatic Arc System” and the giant Altai sedimentary wedge above a north dipping subduction zone (Late Cambrian‐Ordovician). Such a dynamic process resembles the tectonic evolution of the peri‐Pacific accretionary Terra Australis Orogen. A new model reconciling the Baikalian metamorphic belt along the southern Siberian Craton with peri‐Pacific Altai accretionary systems fringing the Mongolian microcontinents is proposed to explain the Cambro‐Ordovician geodynamic evolution of the Mongolian collage system.

@article{doi1010022017tc004533,
    author = "Jiang, Yingde and Schulmann, Karel and Kröner, Alfred and Sun, Min and Lexa, Ondrej and Janoušek, Vojtĕch and Buriánek, David and Yuan, Chao and Hanžl, Pavel",
    title = "Neoproterozoic‐Early Paleozoic Peri‐Pacific Accretionary Evolution of the Mongolian Collage System: Insights From Geochemical and U‐Pb Zircon Data From the Ordovician Sedimentary Wedge in the Mongolian Altai",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Abstract Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic accretionary processes of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt have been evaluated so far mainly using the geology of ophiolites and/or magmatic arcs. Thus, the knowledge of the nature and evolution of associated sedimentary prisms remains fragmentary. We carried out an integrated geological, geochemical, and zircon U‐Pb geochronological study on a giant Ordovician metasedimentary succession of the Mongolian Altai Mountains. This succession is characterized by dominant terrigenous components mixed with volcanogenic material. It is chemically immature, compositionally analogous to graywacke, and marked by significant input of felsic to intermediate arc components, pointing to an active continental margin depositional setting. Detrital zircon U‐Pb ages suggest a source dominated by products of early Paleozoic magmatism prevailing during the Cambrian‐Ordovician and culminating at circa 500 Ma. We propose that the Ordovician succession forms an “Altai sedimentary wedge,” the evolution of which can be linked to the geodynamics of the margins of the Mongolian Precambrian Zavhan‐Baydrag blocks. This involved subduction reversal from southward subduction of a passive continental margin (Early Cambrian) to the development of the “Ikh‐Mongol Magmatic Arc System” and the giant Altai sedimentary wedge above a north dipping subduction zone (Late Cambrian‐Ordovician). Such a dynamic process resembles the tectonic evolution of the peri‐Pacific accretionary Terra Australis Orogen. A new model reconciling the Baikalian metamorphic belt along the southern Siberian Craton with peri‐Pacific Altai accretionary systems fringing the Mongolian microcontinents is proposed to explain the Cambro‐Ordovician geodynamic evolution of the Mongolian collage system.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/2017tc004533",
    doi = "10.1002/2017tc004533",
    openalex = "W2763692478",
    references = "doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016jchemgeo200808004, doi101016jgsf201312003, doi101016jrgg201309002, doi101016s000925410200195x, doi101016s0009254197001502, doi101038299715a0, doi101038364299a0, doi101130spe284p21, doi101144001676492006022, doi101144gslsp19890420119, doi1015159781501509032010"
}

@article{doi101016jgr201710002,
    author = "Yang, Hao and Ge, Wen‐Chun and Bi, Jun-Hui and Wang, Zhihui and Tian, De-Xin and Dong, Yu and Chen, Huijun",
    title = "The Neoproterozoic-early Paleozoic evolution of the Jiamusi Block, NE China and its East Gondwana connection: Geochemical and zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic constraints from the Mashan Complex",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Gondwana Research",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.10.002",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gr.2017.10.002",
    openalex = "W2767324758",
    references = "doi101007bf00384745, doi101007bf00402202, doi1010160012821x75900886, doi101016jchemgeo200406017, doi101016jchemgeo200711005, doi101016jgr201704005, doi101016jjseaes201503011, doi101016jlithos201610017, doi101111j1751908x1995tb00147x, doi101139e71055, doi101144gslsp19890420119, doi10247509201003, openalexw14108998, openalexw2797914455"
}

Asia is key to a richer understanding of many important lithospheric processes such as crustal growth, continental evolution and orogenesis. But to properly decipher the secrets Asia holds, a first-order tectonic context is needed. This presents a challenge, however, because a great variety of alternative and often contradictory tectonic models of Asia have flourished. This plethora of models has in part arisen from efforts to explain limited observations (in space, time or discipline) without regard for the broader assemblage of established constraints. The way forward, then, is to endeavor to construct paleogeographic models that fully incorporate the diverse constraints available, namely from quantitative paleomagnetic data, the plentiful record of geologic and paleobiologic observations, and the principles of plate tectonics. This paper presents a preliminary attempt at such a synthesis concerning the early Paleozoic tectonic history of Asia. A review of salient geologic observations and paleomagnetic data from the various continental blocks and terranes of Asia is followed by the presentation of a new, full-plate tectonic model of the region from middle Cambrian to end-Silurian time (500–420 Ma). Although this work may serve as a reference point, the model itself can only be considered provisional and ideally it will evolve with time. Accordingly, all the model details are released so that they may be used to test and improve the framework as new discoveries unfold.

@article{doi101016jgsf201711012,
    author = "Domeier, Mathew",
    title = "Early Paleozoic tectonics of Asia: Towards a full-plate model",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Geoscience Frontiers",
    abstract = "Asia is key to a richer understanding of many important lithospheric processes such as crustal growth, continental evolution and orogenesis. But to properly decipher the secrets Asia holds, a first-order tectonic context is needed. This presents a challenge, however, because a great variety of alternative and often contradictory tectonic models of Asia have flourished. This plethora of models has in part arisen from efforts to explain limited observations (in space, time or discipline) without regard for the broader assemblage of established constraints. The way forward, then, is to endeavor to construct paleogeographic models that fully incorporate the diverse constraints available, namely from quantitative paleomagnetic data, the plentiful record of geologic and paleobiologic observations, and the principles of plate tectonics. This paper presents a preliminary attempt at such a synthesis concerning the early Paleozoic tectonic history of Asia. A review of salient geologic observations and paleomagnetic data from the various continental blocks and terranes of Asia is followed by the presentation of a new, full-plate tectonic model of the region from middle Cambrian to end-Silurian time (500–420 Ma). Although this work may serve as a reference point, the model itself can only be considered provisional and ideally it will evolve with time. Accordingly, all the model details are released so that they may be used to test and improve the framework as new discoveries unfold.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.012",
    doi = "10.1016/j.gsf.2017.11.012",
    openalex = "W2772951609",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev201203002, doi101016jearscirev201206007, doi101016jgr201202002, doi101016jjseaes201011014, doi101016jjseaes201212020, doi101016jmarpetgeo200503002, doi101016jprecamres201209017, doi101016jtecto201609012, doi101016s0012821x0100588x, doi1010292002tc001484, doi101038364299a0, doi101144001676492006022, doi103301ijg201109, doi103906yer100511"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2019102951,
    author = "Li, Pengfei and Sun, Min and Shu, Chutian and Yuan, Chao and Jiang, Yingde and Zhang, Le and Cai, Keda",
    title = "Evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt along the Siberian margin from Neoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic accretion to Devonian trench retreat and a comparison with Phanerozoic eastern Australia",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102951",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102951",
    openalex = "W2971763562",
    references = "doi1010022017tc004533, doi101016jgr201807007, doi101016jjseaes201707029, doi101016jjsg201508008, doi101130b312481, doi101130b315411"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2019103034,
    author = "Nikishin, Anatoly M. and Petrov, E. I. and Cloetingh, Sierd and Freiman, S. I. and Malyshev, N. A. and Morozov, Andrey and Posamentier, Henry W. and Verzhbitsky, V. E. and Zhukov, Nikolay N. and Startseva, Ksenia",
    title = "Arctic Ocean Mega Project: Paper 3 - Mesozoic to Cenozoic geological evolution",
    year = "2019",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103034",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.103034",
    openalex = "W2987846992",
    references = "doi101016jcrte200510006, doi101016jearscirev201707012, doi101016jmargeo201811002, doi101016jrgg201307006, doi101016s0040195196002284, doi1010179781316225523, doi1010292008pa001683, doi1010292012gl052219, doi101029gd021, doi101038nature04692, doi101038nature04800, doi101130ges011651, doi101134s0016852113010044, doi101144m3531, doi101306m43478, doi105800gt2017810231"
}

Ophiolites are important archives of oceanic crust development and preservation in the rock record, and the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt (AHOB) is one of the most comprehensive ophiolite depositories in earth’s history. We have compiled published data on the field occurrences and geochemistry from 137 AHOB ophiolites, ranging in age from Triassic through Cretaceous, in order to characterize the nature of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceanic crust. We have used in this synthesis our recent ophiolite classification approach and applied the most effective geochemical discrimination diagrams to categorize the Neotethyan ophiolites within the AHOB. The subduction-related, Backarc (BA), Forearc (FA), Backarc to Forearc (BA-FA) and Volcanic Arc (VA) ophiolites exhibit different geochemical features, with the BA and FA types defining the end-members with low-high and high subduction influence, respectively. The subduction-related ophiolites constitute 76% of the ophiolite record in the AHOB, with the BA type ophiolites being the most dominant group (43%), followed by the BA-FA (19%) and with FA and VA types as subordinate groups (8% and 6%, respectively). The subduction-unrelated ophiolites, making up 24% of the AHOB ophiolite archive, include Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR), Continental Margin, and Plume type ophiolites. The MOR type comprises 19% of this total and is the dominant type in the western part of the AHOB. Both major ophiolite categories are commonly associated with tholeiitic to alkaline ocean island basalt (OIB) associations, which represent the remnants of plume-proximal magmatism in different Neotethyan seaways. Subduction-unrelated ophiolites in the westernmost end of the Neotethyan realm were derived from downgoing oceanic plates, and were involved in high-pressure, subduction zone metamorphism prior to their exhumation along the suture zones. Subduction-related ophiolites, derived from the upper plates at Neotethyan convergent margins, escaped such high-pressure metamorphism and extreme fragmentation during their emplacement. Therefore, their complete Penrose ophiolite stratigraphy with greenschist facies metamorphic overprint is commonly well preserved in the collision zones of the AHOB. Different subduction contributions (from zero to 100% in the MOR and FA, respectively) may attest to variable slab dip angles and fluctuations in slab-induced elements and sediments into the mantle melt source of ophiolite–forming magmas.

@article{doi101016jearscirev2020103258,
    author = "Furnes, Harald and Dilek, Yıldırım and Zhao, Guochun and Safonova, Inna and Santosh, M.",
    title = "Geochemical characterization of ophiolites in the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt: Magmatically and tectonically diverse evolution of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceanic crust",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    abstract = "Ophiolites are important archives of oceanic crust development and preservation in the rock record, and the Alpine-Himalayan Orogenic Belt (AHOB) is one of the most comprehensive ophiolite depositories in earth’s history. We have compiled published data on the field occurrences and geochemistry from 137 AHOB ophiolites, ranging in age from Triassic through Cretaceous, in order to characterize the nature of the Mesozoic Neotethyan oceanic crust. We have used in this synthesis our recent ophiolite classification approach and applied the most effective geochemical discrimination diagrams to categorize the Neotethyan ophiolites within the AHOB. The subduction-related, Backarc (BA), Forearc (FA), Backarc to Forearc (BA-FA) and Volcanic Arc (VA) ophiolites exhibit different geochemical features, with the BA and FA types defining the end-members with low-high and high subduction influence, respectively. The subduction-related ophiolites constitute 76\% of the ophiolite record in the AHOB, with the BA type ophiolites being the most dominant group (43\%), followed by the BA-FA (19\%) and with FA and VA types as subordinate groups (8\% and 6\%, respectively). The subduction-unrelated ophiolites, making up 24\% of the AHOB ophiolite archive, include Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR), Continental Margin, and Plume type ophiolites. The MOR type comprises 19\% of this total and is the dominant type in the western part of the AHOB. Both major ophiolite categories are commonly associated with tholeiitic to alkaline ocean island basalt (OIB) associations, which represent the remnants of plume-proximal magmatism in different Neotethyan seaways. Subduction-unrelated ophiolites in the westernmost end of the Neotethyan realm were derived from downgoing oceanic plates, and were involved in high-pressure, subduction zone metamorphism prior to their exhumation along the suture zones. Subduction-related ophiolites, derived from the upper plates at Neotethyan convergent margins, escaped such high-pressure metamorphism and extreme fragmentation during their emplacement. Therefore, their complete Penrose ophiolite stratigraphy with greenschist facies metamorphic overprint is commonly well preserved in the collision zones of the AHOB. Different subduction contributions (from zero to 100\% in the MOR and FA, respectively) may attest to variable slab dip angles and fluctuations in slab-induced elements and sediments into the mantle melt source of ophiolite–forming magmas.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103258",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103258",
    openalex = "W3038000051",
    references = "doi101016jgr201704005, doi101016jgsf201812007"
}

Abstract Subduction transformation (advancing vs. retreating) may be manifested by compositional variations of arc magmas and may result in oroclinal bending. Identifying relevant chemical and physical processes is crucial for understanding accretionary orogenesis and continental crustal evolution. The Northern Yili Block (NYB) was situated on an active margin associated with subduction of the Junggar Ocean (part of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean) and underwent perplexing accretionary orogenesis in late Paleozoic. Two episodes of subduction‐related granitoid magmatism have been identified, the first in the Late Devonian (374–369 Ma) and the second in the Late Carboniferous (ca. 304 Ma). These two episodes of granitoid magmatism exhibit contrasting features; for example, the first episode shows low ε Nd (t) (−6 to −2) and ε Hf (t) (−12 to +3) values, while the second episode displays relatively higher values (−2 to +7 and 0 to +20, respectively), suggesting increase contribution of juvenile components in the magma sources. The calculated zircon saturation temperatures are mostly 800°C for the second episode. The (La/Yb) N ratios of the two‐episode granitoids vary from 2–17 to 1–9, indicative of the NYB crustal thinning in the Late Carboniferous. In addition, the migrations of the magmatic arc and trench in the NYB took place coevally in the Late Carboniferous and were accompanied by development of an accretionary complex and an immature back‐arc basin. We interpret that the arc magmatic variations and migrations reflect geodynamic transition from the Late Devonian advancing subduction to the Late Carboniferous retreating subduction. The retreating subduction of the Junggar oceanic plate possibly resulted in prominent oroclinal bending of the southern Kazakhstan collage system in the Late Carboniferous.

@article{doi1010292019tc005822,
    author = "Wang, Xiangsong and Cai, Keda and Sun, Min and Zhao, Guochun and Xiao, Wenjiao and Xia, Xiaoping",
    title = "Evolution of Late Paleozoic Magmatic Arc in the Yili Block, NW China: Implications for Oroclinal Bending in the Western Central Asian Orogenic Belt",
    year = "2020",
    journal = "Tectonics",
    abstract = "Abstract Subduction transformation (advancing vs. retreating) may be manifested by compositional variations of arc magmas and may result in oroclinal bending. Identifying relevant chemical and physical processes is crucial for understanding accretionary orogenesis and continental crustal evolution. The Northern Yili Block (NYB) was situated on an active margin associated with subduction of the Junggar Ocean (part of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean) and underwent perplexing accretionary orogenesis in late Paleozoic. Two episodes of subduction‐related granitoid magmatism have been identified, the first in the Late Devonian (374–369 Ma) and the second in the Late Carboniferous (ca. 304 Ma). These two episodes of granitoid magmatism exhibit contrasting features; for example, the first episode shows low ε Nd (t) (−6 to −2) and ε Hf (t) (−12 to +3) values, while the second episode displays relatively higher values (−2 to +7 and 0 to +20, respectively), suggesting increase contribution of juvenile components in the magma sources. The calculated zircon saturation temperatures are mostly 800°C for the second episode. The (La/Yb) N ratios of the two‐episode granitoids vary from 2–17 to 1–9, indicative of the NYB crustal thinning in the Late Carboniferous. In addition, the migrations of the magmatic arc and trench in the NYB took place coevally in the Late Carboniferous and were accompanied by development of an accretionary complex and an immature back‐arc basin. We interpret that the arc magmatic variations and migrations reflect geodynamic transition from the Late Devonian advancing subduction to the Late Carboniferous retreating subduction. The retreating subduction of the Junggar oceanic plate possibly resulted in prominent oroclinal bending of the southern Kazakhstan collage system in the Late Carboniferous.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1029/2019tc005822",
    doi = "10.1029/2019tc005822",
    openalex = "W3109606055",
    references = "doi101016jjseaes201707029, doi101016jprecamres201809003"
}

Foraminiferal wall microstructures, consistent with the molecular-based high-rank classification, are critical to understanding foraminiferal evolution and advanced taxonomic relationships. Although test structures are well documented for recent, Cenozoic, and some Mesozoic foraminifera, the diagnostic characteristics of Paleozoic taxa are largely unexplored. The majority of calcareous Paleozoic foraminifera have been assigned to the Fusulinata based on questionable homogeneously "microgranular" test wall microstructures, which have never been sufficiently documented for most taxa. We investigated the test structures of exceptionally well-preserved Devonian (Eifelian) Semitextularia thomasi, representing the first calcareous true multichambered (serial) foraminifera, and compared this species with a large fusiform Permian representative of "true" fusulinids (Neoschwagerinidae). The tests of Semitextularia thomasi display lamellar structures that are not observed in any other fossil or recent foraminiferal group. The Paleozoic foraminifera, traditionally referred to one taxon (the class Fusulinata), possess at least three contrasting test wall microstructures, representing separate high-rank taxonomic groups. Fusulinata is most likely a highly polyphyletic group that is in need of taxonomic revision. The term Fusulinata, defined as including all Paleozoic calcareous forms except Miliolida and Lagenata, is not phylogenetically meaningful and should no longer be used or should be restricted to true complex fusulinids with microgranular test structures, which appeared in the Carboniferous.

@article{doi101073pnas2100656118,
    author = "Dubicka, Zofia and Gajewska, Maria and Kozłowski, Wojciech and Mikhalevich, Valeria",
    title = "Test structure in some pioneer multichambered Paleozoic foraminifera.",
    year = "2021",
    journal = "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America",
    abstract = {Foraminiferal wall microstructures, consistent with the molecular-based high-rank classification, are critical to understanding foraminiferal evolution and advanced taxonomic relationships. Although test structures are well documented for recent, Cenozoic, and some Mesozoic foraminifera, the diagnostic characteristics of Paleozoic taxa are largely unexplored. The majority of calcareous Paleozoic foraminifera have been assigned to the Fusulinata based on questionable homogeneously "microgranular" test wall microstructures, which have never been sufficiently documented for most taxa. We investigated the test structures of exceptionally well-preserved Devonian (Eifelian) Semitextularia thomasi, representing the first calcareous true multichambered (serial) foraminifera, and compared this species with a large fusiform Permian representative of "true" fusulinids (Neoschwagerinidae). The tests of Semitextularia thomasi display lamellar structures that are not observed in any other fossil or recent foraminiferal group. The Paleozoic foraminifera, traditionally referred to one taxon (the class Fusulinata), possess at least three contrasting test wall microstructures, representing separate high-rank taxonomic groups. Fusulinata is most likely a highly polyphyletic group that is in need of taxonomic revision. The term Fusulinata, defined as including all Paleozoic calcareous forms except Miliolida and Lagenata, is not phylogenetically meaningful and should no longer be used or should be restricted to true complex fusulinids with microgranular test structures, which appeared in the Carboniferous.},
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8255957/",
    doi = "10.1073/pnas.2100656118",
    openalex = "W3175058871",
    pmcid = "PMC8255957",
    pmid = "34155110",
    references = "doi101002adma201204589, doi1010079781489957603, doi101016jjsb200609005, doi101016jmarmicro201304002, doi101016jrevmic201010001, doi101021cr8002856, doi101073pnas1810394116, doi103389fmars201800353, openalexw620130932, pawlowski2003the"
}

Abstract Origins of early Paleozoic metabasites (granulites and amphibolites) and their host metasedimentary rocks in the Dunhuang block, NW China, are addressed by new geochronological and geochemical data. The metabasites show back-arc basalt–like geochemical features, marked by high Zr/Nb ratios and Zr-Hf troughs, but they can be classified into two groups based on their dissimilar protolith ages and distinct Nd signatures. Most group I metabasaltic rocks were emplaced before 455 Ma and possess high Ba/Nb ratios (11.46–224), low (Nb/La)PM (0.10–0.71), and negative whole-rock εNd(t) values (−12.7 to −2.7), whereas group II rocks have protolith ages around 445 Ma, low Ba/Nb ratios (0.70–22.93), low (Nb/La)PM (0.78–1.51), and less evolved whole-rock Nd isotopic features (εNd[t]: −2.0 to +2.7). It is proposed that group I metabasites originated from an enriched lithospheric mantle, while group II metabasites were derived from the depleted asthenospheric mantle. The metasedimentary rocks received detritus mainly from the neighboring Cambrian magmatic arc, and they are compositionally similar to active-margin sediments. Metamorphic zircon U-Pb ages ranging 462–422 Ma from the investigated rocks together with prominent magmatism further suggest high-grade metamorphism prevailing during the Late Ordovician–early Silurian. Based on these data, a Cascadia-type evolution is proposed involving an Ordovician–early Silurian suprasubduction stretching of the Cambrian active continental margin, which culminated with mantle upwelling. Recent paleogeographic reconstructions support the evolution and assembly of interior Proto–Tethys-Ran oceanic and continental plates, including the Dunhuang block, between 510 and 440 Ma, followed by Panthalassan subduction beneath the Tarim–North China continental assemblage at 440–430 Ma.

@article{doi101130b362201,
    author = "Soldner, Jérémie and Yuan, Chao and Schulmann, Karel and Jiang, Yingde and Štípská, Pavla and Zhang, Yunying and Huang, Zongying and Wang, Xinyu",
    title = "Early Paleozoic Cascadia-type active-margin evolution of the Dunhuang block (NW China): Geochemical and geochronological constraints",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Geological Society of America Bulletin",
    abstract = "Abstract Origins of early Paleozoic metabasites (granulites and amphibolites) and their host metasedimentary rocks in the Dunhuang block, NW China, are addressed by new geochronological and geochemical data. The metabasites show back-arc basalt–like geochemical features, marked by high Zr/Nb ratios and Zr-Hf troughs, but they can be classified into two groups based on their dissimilar protolith ages and distinct Nd signatures. Most group I metabasaltic rocks were emplaced before 455 Ma and possess high Ba/Nb ratios (11.46–224), low (Nb/La)PM (0.10–0.71), and negative whole-rock εNd(t) values (−12.7 to −2.7), whereas group II rocks have protolith ages around 445 Ma, low Ba/Nb ratios (0.70–22.93), low (Nb/La)PM (0.78–1.51), and less evolved whole-rock Nd isotopic features (εNd[t]: −2.0 to +2.7). It is proposed that group I metabasites originated from an enriched lithospheric mantle, while group II metabasites were derived from the depleted asthenospheric mantle. The metasedimentary rocks received detritus mainly from the neighboring Cambrian magmatic arc, and they are compositionally similar to active-margin sediments. Metamorphic zircon U-Pb ages ranging 462–422 Ma from the investigated rocks together with prominent magmatism further suggest high-grade metamorphism prevailing during the Late Ordovician–early Silurian. Based on these data, a Cascadia-type evolution is proposed involving an Ordovician–early Silurian suprasubduction stretching of the Cambrian active continental margin, which culminated with mantle upwelling. Recent paleogeographic reconstructions support the evolution and assembly of interior Proto–Tethys-Ran oceanic and continental plates, including the Dunhuang block, between 510 and 440 Ma, followed by Panthalassan subduction beneath the Tarim–North China continental assemblage at 440–430 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1130/b36220.1",
    doi = "10.1130/b36220.1",
    openalex = "W4212982130",
    references = "doi101016jtecto201609012"
}

Abstract Tectonic and geodynamic models of the formation of the Amerasian Basin are discussed. The Arctic margins of the Chukchi region and Northern Alaska have much in common in their Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution: (1) Both have a Neoproterozoic basement and a complexly deformed sedimentary cover, with the stage of Elsmere deformations recorded in their tectonic history; (2) the South Anyui and Angayucham ocean basins have a common geologic history from the beginning of formation in the late Paleozoic to the closure at the end of the Early Cretaceous, which allows us to consider them branches of the single Proto-Arctic Ocean, the northern margin of which was passive and the southern margin was active; (3) the dipping of the oceanic and, then, continental lithosphere took place in subduction zones southerly; (4) the collision of the passive and active margins of both basins occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous and ended in Hauterivian–Barremian time; (5) the collision resulted in thrust–fold structures of northern vergence in the Chukchi fold belt and in the orogen of the Brooks Ridge. A subduction-convective geodynamic model of the formation of the Amerasian Basin is proposed, which is based on seismic-tomography data on the existence of a circulation of matter in the upper mantle beneath the Arctic and East Asia in a horizontally elongated convective cell with a length of several thousand kilometers. This circulation involves the subducted Pacific lithosphere, the material of which moves along the bottom of the upper mantle from the subduction zone toward the continent, forming the lower branch of the cell, and the closing upper branch of the cell forms a reverse flow of matter beneath the lithosphere toward the subduction zone, which is the driving force determining the surface kinematics of crustal blocks and the deformation of the lithosphere. The viscous dragging of the Amerasian lithosphere by the horizontal flow of the upper mantle matter toward the Pacific leads to the separation of the system of blocks of Alaska and the Chukchi region from the Canadian Arctic margin. The resulting scattered deformations can cause a different-scale thinning of the continental crust with the formation of a region of Central Arctic elevation and troughs or with a breakup of the continental crust with subsequent rifting and spreading in the Canadian Basin.

@article{doi102113rgg20214435,
    author = "Соколов, С. Д. and Lobkovsky, L. I. and Vernikovsky, V. A. and Тучкова, М. И. and Сорохтин, Н. О. and Kononov, M. V.",
    title = "Late Mesozoic–Cenozoic Tectonics and Geodynamics of the East Arctic Region",
    year = "2022",
    journal = "Russian Geology and Geophysics",
    abstract = "Abstract Tectonic and geodynamic models of the formation of the Amerasian Basin are discussed. The Arctic margins of the Chukchi region and Northern Alaska have much in common in their Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous tectonic evolution: (1) Both have a Neoproterozoic basement and a complexly deformed sedimentary cover, with the stage of Elsmere deformations recorded in their tectonic history; (2) the South Anyui and Angayucham ocean basins have a common geologic history from the beginning of formation in the late Paleozoic to the closure at the end of the Early Cretaceous, which allows us to consider them branches of the single Proto-Arctic Ocean, the northern margin of which was passive and the southern margin was active; (3) the dipping of the oceanic and, then, continental lithosphere took place in subduction zones southerly; (4) the collision of the passive and active margins of both basins occurred at the end of the Early Cretaceous and ended in Hauterivian–Barremian time; (5) the collision resulted in thrust–fold structures of northern vergence in the Chukchi fold belt and in the orogen of the Brooks Ridge. A subduction-convective geodynamic model of the formation of the Amerasian Basin is proposed, which is based on seismic-tomography data on the existence of a circulation of matter in the upper mantle beneath the Arctic and East Asia in a horizontally elongated convective cell with a length of several thousand kilometers. This circulation involves the subducted Pacific lithosphere, the material of which moves along the bottom of the upper mantle from the subduction zone toward the continent, forming the lower branch of the cell, and the closing upper branch of the cell forms a reverse flow of matter beneath the lithosphere toward the subduction zone, which is the driving force determining the surface kinematics of crustal blocks and the deformation of the lithosphere. The viscous dragging of the Amerasian lithosphere by the horizontal flow of the upper mantle matter toward the Pacific leads to the separation of the system of blocks of Alaska and the Chukchi region from the Canadian Arctic margin. The resulting scattered deformations can cause a different-scale thinning of the continental crust with the formation of a region of Central Arctic elevation and troughs or with a breakup of the continental crust with subsequent rifting and spreading in the Canadian Basin.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214435",
    doi = "10.2113/rgg20214435",
    openalex = "W4280646234",
    references = "doi101016jmargeo201811002, doi101134s0016852121050083"
}

@article{doi101016jearscirev2023104418,
    author = "Guo, Zhi-Xin and Yang, Yongtai",
    title = "Late Mesozoic basin evolution in NE China and its surrounding areas, mechanisms of the continental-scale extensional regime in East Asia during the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous",
    year = "2023",
    journal = "Earth-Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104418",
    doi = "10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104418",
    openalex = "W4365517938",
    references = "currie1993palaeontology, doi101016jepsl201011005, doi101016jgr201202002, doi101016jjseaes201011014, doi101016jjseaes201304003, doi101016s1464189501001247, doi101029gd021, doi10113000917613198210611petian20co2, doi101130b255951, doi101130ges011651, doi101144gslsp19860190107"
}

@article{doi101016jgeomorph2024109447,
    author = "Xu, Lin and Jolivet, Marc and Liu‐Zeng, Jing and Guan, Kaige and Cheng, Feng and Cleber, Soares Jose and Hu, Chengwei",
    title = "Paleozoic-Mesozoic multistage tectonic evolution of the North Qilian Shan revealed by detrital zircon U-Pb and fission-track double dating",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Geomorphology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109447",
    doi = "10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109447",
    openalex = "W4403064804",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2022104298"
}

The Arctic region, including vast shelf zones, has enormous resource and transport potential and is currently key to Russia’s strategic development. This region is promising and attractive for the intensification of global economic activity. When developing this region, it is very important to avoid emergency situations that could result in numerous negative environmental and socio-economic consequences. Therefore, when designing and constructing critical infrastructure facilities in the Arctic, it is necessary to conduct high-quality studies of potential geohazards. This paper reviews and summarizes the scattered information on the main geohazards in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean, such as earthquakes, underwater landslides, tsunamis, and focused fluid discharges (gas seeps), and discusses patterns of their spatial distribution and possible relationships with the geodynamic setting of the Arctic region. The study revealed that the main patterns of the mutual distribution of the main geohazards of the Russian sector of the Arctic seas are determined by both the modern geodynamic situation in the region and the history of the geodynamic evolution of the Arctic, namely the formation of the spreading axis and deep-sea basins of the Arctic Ocean. The high probability of the influence of seismotectonic activity on the state of subsea permafrost and massive methane release is emphasized. This review contributes toward better understanding and progress in the zoning of seismic and other geological hazards in the vast Arctic seas of Russia.

@article{doi103390jmse12122209,
    author = "Krylov, Artem A. and Рукавишникова, Д. Д. and Novikov, M. A. and Baranov, Boris and Medvedev, Igor and Kovachev, S. A. and Lobkovsky, L. I. and Semiletov, Igor",
    title = "The Main Geohazards in the Russian Sector of the Arctic Ocean",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Journal of Marine Science and Engineering",
    abstract = "The Arctic region, including vast shelf zones, has enormous resource and transport potential and is currently key to Russia’s strategic development. This region is promising and attractive for the intensification of global economic activity. When developing this region, it is very important to avoid emergency situations that could result in numerous negative environmental and socio-economic consequences. Therefore, when designing and constructing critical infrastructure facilities in the Arctic, it is necessary to conduct high-quality studies of potential geohazards. This paper reviews and summarizes the scattered information on the main geohazards in the Russian sector of the Arctic Ocean, such as earthquakes, underwater landslides, tsunamis, and focused fluid discharges (gas seeps), and discusses patterns of their spatial distribution and possible relationships with the geodynamic setting of the Arctic region. The study revealed that the main patterns of the mutual distribution of the main geohazards of the Russian sector of the Arctic seas are determined by both the modern geodynamic situation in the region and the history of the geodynamic evolution of the Arctic, namely the formation of the spreading axis and deep-sea basins of the Arctic Ocean. The high probability of the influence of seismotectonic activity on the state of subsea permafrost and massive methane release is emphasized. This review contributes toward better understanding and progress in the zoning of seismic and other geological hazards in the vast Arctic seas of Russia.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122209",
    doi = "10.3390/jmse12122209",
    openalex = "W4404920528",
    references = "doi101016jearscirev2021103559"
}