Morphology

@article{garstang1928the5,
    author = "Garstang, W",
    title = "The morphology of the Tunicata and its bearings on the phylogeny of the Chordata",
    year = "1928",
    journal = "Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v. 72, p. 51-187",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Garstang, W., 1928, The morphology of the Tunicata and its bearings on the phylogeny of the Chordata: Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, v. 72, p. 51-187.}"
}

@misc{goodrich1930studies6,
    author = "Goodrich, E. S",
    title = "Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates",
    year = "1930",
    howpublished = "London, Macmillan",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Goodrich, E. S., 1930, Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates: London, Macmillan.}"
}

@misc{huxley1932problems8,
    author = "Huxley, J",
    title = "Problems of Relative Growth",
    year = "1932",
    howpublished = "New York, Lincoln McVeagh",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Huxley, J., 1932, Problems of Relative Growth: New York, Lincoln McVeagh.}"
}

@article{howells1950genetics,
    author = "Howells, W. W.",
    title = "Genetics, Paleontology, and Evolution",
    year = "1950",
    journal = "American Anthropologist",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00270",
    doi = "10.1525/aa.1950.52.4.02a00270",
    number = "4",
    pages = "542-544",
    volume = "52"
}

@misc{williams1953north12,
    author = "Williams, A",
    title = "North American and European stropheodontids - their morphology and systematics, 56 of Geological Society of America, Memoirs",
    year = "1953",
    howpublished = "p. 1-67",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Williams, A., 1953, North American and European stropheodontids - their morphology and systematics, 56 of Geological Society of America, Memoirs: p. 1-67.}"
}

@book{bowman1961morphological2,
    author = "Bowman, R. L",
    title = "Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galpagos finches",
    year = "1961",
    publisher = "University of California Publications in Zoology, v. 58, p. 326 pp.; University of California Press, Berkeley",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bowman, R. L., 1961, Morphological differentiation and adaptation in the Galpagos finches: University of California Publications in Zoology, v. 58, p. 326 pp.; University of California Press, Berkeley.}"
}

@book{thompson1961on11,
    author = "Thompson, D'A. W",
    title = "On Growth and Form",
    year = "1961",
    publisher = "Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; [Abriged edition by J.T. Bonner]",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Thompson, D'A. W., 1961, On Growth and Form: Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; [Abriged edition by J.T. Bonner].}"
}

@misc{fox1966simulation4,
    author = "Fox, S. W. and Joseph, D. and McCauley, R. J. and Windsor, C. R. and Yuyama, S",
    title = "Simulation of organismic morphology and behavior by synthetic poly--amino acids, in Brown, A. H., and Florkin, M., eds., Life Sciences and Space Research",
    year = "1966",
    howpublished = "Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, v. IV, p. 111-120",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Fox, S. W., Joseph, D., McCauley, R. J., Windsor, C. R., and Yuyama, S., 1966, Simulation of organismic morphology and behavior by synthetic poly--amino acids, in Brown, A. H., and Florkin, M., eds., Life Sciences and Space Research: Washington, D.C., Spartan Books, v. IV, p. 111-120.}"
}

@misc{beaver1967morphology1,
    author = "Beaver, H. H",
    title = "Morphology, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, P. S297-S650",
    year = "1967",
    howpublished = "v. 2 (Blastoids), p. S300-S344",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Beaver, H. H., 1967, Morphology, in Moore, R. C., ed., Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, P. S297-S650: v. 2 (Blastoids), p. S300-S344.}"
}

@techreport{cracraft1971the3,
    author = "Cracraft, J",
    title = "The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pgeon, Columba livia",
    year = "1971",
    howpublished = "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 144, p. 175-268",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Cracraft, J., 1971, The functional morphology of the hind limb of the domestic pgeon, Columba livia: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, v. 144, p. 175-268.}"
}

@article{raup1974stochastic,
    author = "Raup, David M. and Gould, Stephen Jay",
    title = "Stochastic Simulation and Evolution of Morphology-Towards a Nomothetic Paleontology",
    year = "1974",
    journal = "Systematic Zoology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.2307/2412538",
    doi = "10.2307/2412538",
    number = "3",
    pages = "305",
    volume = "23"
}

@misc{raup1974stochastic10,
    author = "Raup, D. M. and Gould, S. J",
    title = "Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology-towards a nomothetic paleontology",
    year = "1974",
    howpublished = "Systematic Zoology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 305-322",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Raup, D. M., and Gould, S. J., 1974, Stochastic simulation and evolution of morphology-towards a nomothetic paleontology: Systematic Zoology, v. 23, no. 3, p. 305-322.}"
}

@book{jarvick198019819,
    author = "Jarvick, E",
    title = "1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates",
    year = "1980",
    publisher = "London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Jarvick, E., 1980, 1981, Basic Structure and Evolution of Vertebrates: London, Academic Press; 2 Volumes.}"
}

@misc{gould1982exaptation7,
    author = "Gould, S. J. and Vrba, E. S",
    title = "Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form",
    year = "1982",
    howpublished = "Paleobiology, v. 8, p. 4-15",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S., 1982, Exaptation - a missing term in the science of form: Paleobiology, v. 8, p. 4-15.}"
}

@article{crossref1995functional,
    title = "Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology",
    year = "1995",
    journal = "Choice Reviews Online",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.32-6223",
    doi = "10.5860/choice.32-6223",
    number = "11",
    pages = "32-6223-32-6223",
    volume = "32"
}

@article{benton1996functional,
    author = "Benton, Michael J.",
    title = "Functional morphology in vertebrate paleontology",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(96)85055-3",
    doi = "10.1016/0031-0182(96)85055-3",
    number = "1-4",
    pages = "262-264",
    volume = "122"
}

@article{eldredge2008paleontology,
    author = "Eldredge, Niles",
    title = "PALEONTOLOGY AND EVOLUTION",
    year = "2008",
    journal = "Evolution",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00382.x",
    doi = "10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00382.x",
    number = "6",
    pages = "1544-1546",
    volume = "62"
}

Genetic resemblances among groups are non-randomly distributed in humans. This population structure may influence the correlations between traits and environmental drivers of natural selection thus complicating the interpretation of the fossil record when modern human variation is used as a referential model. In this paper, we examine the effects of population structure and natural selection on postcranial traits that reflect body size and shape with application to the more general issue of how climate - using latitude as a proxy - has influenced hominin morphological variation. We compare models that include terms reflecting population structure, ascertained from globally distributed microsatellite data, and latitude on postcranial phenotypes derived from skeletal dimensions taken from a large global sample of modern humans. We find that models with a population structure term fit better than a model of natural selection along a latitudinal cline in all cases. A model including both latitude and population structure terms is a good fit to distal limb element lengths and bi-iliac breadth, indicating that multiple evolutionary forces shaped these morphologies. In contrast, a model that included only a population structure term best explained femoral head diameter and the crural index. The results demonstrate that population structure is an important part of human postcranial variation, and that clinally distributed natural selection is not sufficient to explain among-group differentiation. The distribution of human body form is strongly influenced by the contingencies of modern human origins, which calls for new ways to approach problems in the evolution of human variation, past and present.

@article{doi101016jjhevol201407006,
    author = "Roseman, Charles C and Auerbach, Benjamin M",
    title = "Ecogeography, genetics, and the evolution of human body form.",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Journal of human evolution",
    abstract = "Genetic resemblances among groups are non-randomly distributed in humans. This population structure may influence the correlations between traits and environmental drivers of natural selection thus complicating the interpretation of the fossil record when modern human variation is used as a referential model. In this paper, we examine the effects of population structure and natural selection on postcranial traits that reflect body size and shape with application to the more general issue of how climate - using latitude as a proxy - has influenced hominin morphological variation. We compare models that include terms reflecting population structure, ascertained from globally distributed microsatellite data, and latitude on postcranial phenotypes derived from skeletal dimensions taken from a large global sample of modern humans. We find that models with a population structure term fit better than a model of natural selection along a latitudinal cline in all cases. A model including both latitude and population structure terms is a good fit to distal limb element lengths and bi-iliac breadth, indicating that multiple evolutionary forces shaped these morphologies. In contrast, a model that included only a population structure term best explained femoral head diameter and the crural index. The results demonstrate that population structure is an important part of human postcranial variation, and that clinally distributed natural selection is not sufficient to explain among-group differentiation. The distribution of human body form is strongly influenced by the contingencies of modern human origins, which calls for new ways to approach problems in the evolution of human variation, past and present.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25456824/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.07.006",
    pmid = "25456824"
}

The development of first cellular structures played an important role in the early evolution of life. Early evolution of life probably took place on a molecular level in a reactive environment. The iron-sulfur theory postulates the formation of cell-like structures on catalytic surfaces. Experiments show that H2S together with FeS and other metallic centers drive auto-catalytic surface reactions, in which organic molecules such as pyruvic and amino acids occur. It is questionable which mechanisms are needed to form cell-like structures under these conditions. To address this question, we implemented a model system featuring the fundamentals of molecular dynamics: heat, attraction, repulsion and formation of covalent bonds. Our basic model exhibits a series of essential processes: self-organization of lipid micelles and bilayers, formation of fluid filled cavities, flux of molecules along membranes, transport of energized groups towards sinks and whole colonies of cell-like structures on a larger scale. The results demonstrate that only a few features are sufficient for discovering hitherto non described phenomena of self-assembly and dynamics of cell-like structures as candidates for early evolving proto-cells. Significance statement The quest for a possible origin of life continues to be one of the most fascinating problems in biology. In one theoretical scenario, early life originated from a solution of reactive chemicals in the ancient deep sea, similar to conditions as to be found in thermal vents. Experiments have shown that a variety of organic molecules, the building blocks of life, form under these conditions. Based on such experiments, the iron-sulfur theory postulates the growth of cell-like structures at certain catalytic surfaces. For an explanation and proof of such a process we have developed a computer model simulating molecular assembly of lipid bilayers and formation of semi-cell cavities. The results demonstrate the possibility of cell-like self-organization under appropriate physico-chemical conditions.

@article{doi101016jbiosystems201611001,
    author = "Klein, Adrian and Bock, Martin and Alt, Wolfgang",
    title = "Simple mechanisms of early life - simulation model on the origin of semi-cells.",
    year = "2017",
    journal = "Bio Systems",
    abstract = "The development of first cellular structures played an important role in the early evolution of life. Early evolution of life probably took place on a molecular level in a reactive environment. The iron-sulfur theory postulates the formation of cell-like structures on catalytic surfaces. Experiments show that H2S together with FeS and other metallic centers drive auto-catalytic surface reactions, in which organic molecules such as pyruvic and amino acids occur. It is questionable which mechanisms are needed to form cell-like structures under these conditions. To address this question, we implemented a model system featuring the fundamentals of molecular dynamics: heat, attraction, repulsion and formation of covalent bonds. Our basic model exhibits a series of essential processes: self-organization of lipid micelles and bilayers, formation of fluid filled cavities, flux of molecules along membranes, transport of energized groups towards sinks and whole colonies of cell-like structures on a larger scale. The results demonstrate that only a few features are sufficient for discovering hitherto non described phenomena of self-assembly and dynamics of cell-like structures as candidates for early evolving proto-cells. Significance statement The quest for a possible origin of life continues to be one of the most fascinating problems in biology. In one theoretical scenario, early life originated from a solution of reactive chemicals in the ancient deep sea, similar to conditions as to be found in thermal vents. Experiments have shown that a variety of organic molecules, the building blocks of life, form under these conditions. Based on such experiments, the iron-sulfur theory postulates the growth of cell-like structures at certain catalytic surfaces. For an explanation and proof of such a process we have developed a computer model simulating molecular assembly of lipid bilayers and formation of semi-cell cavities. The results demonstrate the possibility of cell-like self-organization under appropriate physico-chemical conditions.",
    url = "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27902924/",
    doi = "10.1016/j.biosystems.2016.11.001",
    pmid = "27902924"
}

@inproceedings{brunevNonekinetic,
    author = "Brunev, D.V. and Karpov, A.N. and Neizvestny, I.G. and Shwartz, N.L. and Yanovitskaja, Z.S. and Zverev, A.V.",
    title = "Kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of thin film morphology evolution during growth",
    year = "None",
    booktitle = "2003 Siberian Russian Workshop on Electron Devices and Materials. Proceedings. 4th Annual (IEEE Cat. No.03EX664)",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1109/sredm.2003.1224173",
    doi = "10.1109/sredm.2003.1224173",
    pages = "21-26"
}