Pacific ocean

Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean. The isotopic record reflects major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography, probably dominated by a major phase of Antarctic ice-cap growth. The transition from a relatively unglaciated world to one similar to today occurred between 16.5 × 10 6 and 13 × 10 6 years before the present, with the greatest change occurring between approximately 14.8 × 10 6 and 14.0 × 10 6 years before the present.

@article{doi101126science2124495665,
    author = "Woodruff, F. and Savin, S. and Dougląs, R.",
    title = "Miocene stable isotope record: a detailed deep pacific ocean study and its paleoclimatic implications.",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean. The isotopic record reflects major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography, probably dominated by a major phase of Antarctic ice-cap growth. The transition from a relatively unglaciated world to one similar to today occurred between 16.5 × 10 6 and 13 × 10 6 years before the present, with the greatest change occurring between approximately 14.8 × 10 6 and 14.0 × 10 6 years before the present.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2dabb50d07c829468eb74b1cca120cfdb9efda9e",
    doi = "10.1126/SCIENCE.212.4495.665",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4495",
    pages = "665-668",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "275",
    semanticscholar_id = "2dabb50d07c829468eb74b1cca120cfdb9efda9e",
    volume = "212"
}

Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean. The isotopic record reflects major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography, probably dominated by a major phase of Antarctic ice-cap growth. The transition from a relatively unglaciated world to one similar to today occurred between 16.5 × 10 6 and 13 × 10 6 years before the present, with the greatest change occurring between approximately 14.8 × 10 6 and 14.0 × 10 6 years before the present.

@article{woodruff1981miocene,
    author = "Woodruff, Fay and Savin, Samuel M. and Douglas, Robert G.",
    title = "Miocene Stable Isotope Record: A Detailed Deep Pacific Ocean Study and Its Paleoclimatic Implications",
    year = "1981",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "Deep Sea Drilling Project site 289 in the western equatorial Pacific has yielded an extremely detailed record of the carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in the Miocene deep ocean. The isotopic record reflects major changes in paleoclimate and paleoceanography, probably dominated by a major phase of Antarctic ice-cap growth. The transition from a relatively unglaciated world to one similar to today occurred between 16.5 × 10 6 and 13 × 10 6 years before the present, with the greatest change occurring between approximately 14.8 × 10 6 and 14.0 × 10 6 years before the present.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.212.4495.665",
    doi = "10.1126/science.212.4495.665",
    number = "4495",
    pages = "665-668",
    volume = "212"
}

@misc{woodruff1981miocene2,
    author = "Woodruff, F. and Savin, S. M. and Douglas, R. G",
    title = "Miocene stable isotope record",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "a detailed deep Pacific Ocean Study and its paleoclimatic implications: Science, v. 212, p. 665-668",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodruff, F., Savin, S. M., and Douglas, R. G., 1981, Miocene stable isotope record: a detailed deep Pacific Ocean Study and its paleoclimatic implications: Science, v. 212, p. 665-668.}"
}

Upper Miocene foraminiferal nannofossil ooze and chalk from DSDP Hole 552A in the northeast Atlantic Ocean have been closely sampled for biostratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and stable-isotopic studies. Sampling at 10-cm intervals resulted in an uppermost Miocene isotope stratigraphy with a 1000- to 3000-yr. resolution. Covariance in benthic (Planulina wuellerstorfi) and planktonic (Globigerina bulloides) foraminiferal δ^O¸ records is taken as evidence for variability in continental ice volume. Our best estimate is that glacial maxima occurred at ~ 5.0 and ~ 5.5 Ma and lasted no more than 20,000 yrs. These events probably lowered sea level by 60 m below the latest Miocene average. There is little oxygen-isotope evidence, however, for a prolonged glaciation during the last 2 m.y. of the late Miocene. High- and low-frequency variability in the δ^13C record of foraminifers is useful for correlation among North Atlantic DSDP Sites 408, 410, 522, 610, and 611, and for correlation with sites in other oceans. Similar δ^13C changes are seen in P. wuellerstorfi and G. bulloides, but the amplitude of the signal is always greater in G. bulloides. Variability in δ^13C common to both species probably reflects variability in the δ^13C of total CO2 in seawater. Major long-term features in the δ^13C record include a latest Miocene maximum (P. wuellerstorfi = 1.5‰) in paleomagnetic Chron 7, an abrupt decrease in δ^13C at -6.2 Ma, and a slight increase at -5.5 Ma. The decrease in δ^13C at -6.2 Ma, which has been paleomagnetically dated only twice before, occurs in the upper reversed part of Chronozone 6 at Holes 552A and 611C, in excellent agreement with earlier studies. Cycles in δ^13C with a period of ~ 104 yrs. are interpreted as changes in seawater chemistry, which may have resulted from orbitally induced variability in continental biomass. Samples of P. wuellerstorfi younger than 6 Ma from throughout the North Atlantic have δ^13C near 1‰, on average ~ 1‰ greater than samples of the same age in the Pacific Ocean. Thus, there is no evidence for cessation of North Atlantic Deep Water production resulting from the Messinian "salinity crisis." Biostratigraphic results indicate continuous sedimentation during the late Miocene after about -6.5 Ma at Hole 552A. Nannofossil biostratigraphy is complicated by the scarcity of low-latitude marker species, but middle and late Miocene Zones NN7 through NN11 are recognized. A hiatus is present at -6.5 Ma, on the basis of simultaneous first occurrences of Amaurolithusprimus, Amaurolithus delicatus, Amaurolithus amplificus, and Scyphosphaera globulata. The frequency and duration of older hiatuses increase downsection in Hole 552A, as suggested by calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy. Paleomagnetic results at Hole 552A indicate a systematic pattern of inclination changes. Chronozone 6 was readily identified because of its characteristic nannoflora (sequential occurrences of species assigned to the genus Amaurolithus) and the δ^13C decrease in foraminifers, but its lower reversed interval is condensed. Only the lower normal interval of Chronozone 5 was recognized at Hole 552A; the upper normal interval and the lowest Gilbert sediment are not recognized, owing to low intensity of magnetization and to coring disturbance. Interpreting magnetic reversals below Chronozone 6 was difficult because of hiatuses, but a lower normally magnetized interval is probably Chronozone 7. Correlation between DSDP Hole 552A and other North Atlantic sites is demonstrated using coiling direction changes in the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina. At most sites this genus changed its coiling preference from dominantly right to dominantly left during the late Miocene. At Hole 552A this event probably occurred about 7 m.y. ago. At the same time, P. wuellerstorfi had maximum δ^13C values. A similar δ^13C maximum and coiling change occurred together in Chron 7 at Hole 611C, and at Hole 610E. In sediment younger than -5.5 Ma, the coiling of small Neogloboquadrina species is random, but the larger species N. atlantica retains preferential left coiling.

@misc{keigwin1987north,
    author = "Keigwin, L. D. and Aubry, Marie-Pierre and Kent, Dennis V.",
    title = "North Atlantic Late Miocene Stable-Isotope Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, and Magnetostratigraphy",
    year = "1987",
    publisher = "Columbia University",
    abstract = {Upper Miocene foraminiferal nannofossil ooze and chalk from DSDP Hole 552A in the northeast Atlantic Ocean have been closely sampled for biostratigraphic, paleomagnetic, and stable-isotopic studies. Sampling at 10-cm intervals resulted in an uppermost Miocene isotope stratigraphy with a 1000- to 3000-yr. resolution. Covariance in benthic (Planulina wuellerstorfi) and planktonic (Globigerina bulloides) foraminiferal δ^O¸ records is taken as evidence for variability in continental ice volume. Our best estimate is that glacial maxima occurred at \textasciitilde\ 5.0 and \textasciitilde\ 5.5 Ma and lasted no more than 20,000 yrs. These events probably lowered sea level by 60 m below the latest Miocene average. There is little oxygen-isotope evidence, however, for a prolonged glaciation during the last 2 m.y. of the late Miocene. High- and low-frequency variability in the δ^13C record of foraminifers is useful for correlation among North Atlantic DSDP Sites 408, 410, 522, 610, and 611, and for correlation with sites in other oceans. Similar δ^13C changes are seen in P. wuellerstorfi and G. bulloides, but the amplitude of the signal is always greater in G. bulloides. Variability in δ^13C common to both species probably reflects variability in the δ^13C of total CO2 in seawater. Major long-term features in the δ^13C record include a latest Miocene maximum (P. wuellerstorfi = 1.5‰) in paleomagnetic Chron 7, an abrupt decrease in δ^13C at -6.2 Ma, and a slight increase at -5.5 Ma. The decrease in δ^13C at -6.2 Ma, which has been paleomagnetically dated only twice before, occurs in the upper reversed part of Chronozone 6 at Holes 552A and 611C, in excellent agreement with earlier studies. Cycles in δ^13C with a period of \textasciitilde\ 104 yrs. are interpreted as changes in seawater chemistry, which may have resulted from orbitally induced variability in continental biomass. Samples of P. wuellerstorfi younger than 6 Ma from throughout the North Atlantic have δ^13C near 1‰, on average \textasciitilde\ 1‰ greater than samples of the same age in the Pacific Ocean. Thus, there is no evidence for cessation of North Atlantic Deep Water production resulting from the Messinian "salinity crisis." Biostratigraphic results indicate continuous sedimentation during the late Miocene after about -6.5 Ma at Hole 552A. Nannofossil biostratigraphy is complicated by the scarcity of low-latitude marker species, but middle and late Miocene Zones NN7 through NN11 are recognized. A hiatus is present at -6.5 Ma, on the basis of simultaneous first occurrences of Amaurolithusprimus, Amaurolithus delicatus, Amaurolithus amplificus, and Scyphosphaera globulata. The frequency and duration of older hiatuses increase downsection in Hole 552A, as suggested by calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy. Paleomagnetic results at Hole 552A indicate a systematic pattern of inclination changes. Chronozone 6 was readily identified because of its characteristic nannoflora (sequential occurrences of species assigned to the genus Amaurolithus) and the δ^13C decrease in foraminifers, but its lower reversed interval is condensed. Only the lower normal interval of Chronozone 5 was recognized at Hole 552A; the upper normal interval and the lowest Gilbert sediment are not recognized, owing to low intensity of magnetization and to coring disturbance. Interpreting magnetic reversals below Chronozone 6 was difficult because of hiatuses, but a lower normally magnetized interval is probably Chronozone 7. Correlation between DSDP Hole 552A and other North Atlantic sites is demonstrated using coiling direction changes in the planktonic foraminifer Neogloboquadrina. At most sites this genus changed its coiling preference from dominantly right to dominantly left during the late Miocene. At Hole 552A this event probably occurred about 7 m.y. ago. At the same time, P. wuellerstorfi had maximum δ^13C values. A similar δ^13C maximum and coiling change occurred together in Chron 7 at Hole 611C, and at Hole 610E. In sediment younger than -5.5 Ma, the coiling of small Neogloboquadrina species is random, but the larger species N. atlantica retains preferential left coiling.},
    url = "https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8ZG72RW",
    doi = "10.7916/d8zg72rw"
}

High-resolution stable isotopic records are presented for the epi-benthic foraminifer Cibicidoides, the inferred shallow-dwelling planktonic Globigerinoides quadrilobatus, and the inferred deep-dwelling planktonic Globoquadrina dehiscens from the middle Miocene (~16-12 Ma) of Deep Sea Drilling Project site 588A, Lord Howe Rise, southwest Pacific. High-resolution, multiple species oxygen and carbon isotopic data define the timing and character of the well-known middle Miocene climatic-oceanographic transition with a resolution comparable to Quaternary records. The benthic foraminiferal delta18O record is marked by several large fluctuations from ~16 to 14.8 Ma, followed by a series of rapid (<50 kyr) delta18O increases that suggest a new state of the ocean-climate system after 14.8 Ma. The total middle Miocene benthic oxygen isotopic increase of 1.2 per mil is largely incorporated in two steps, an increase of 0.8 per mil from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma and a second increase of 0.7 per mil from 13.45 to 12.45 Ma. Each step is comprised of a series of marked delta18O increases, indicative of rapid East Antarctic ice sheet growth and contemporaneous deepwater cooling. A strong covariance of 0.7 per mil between the benthic and deep-dwelling planktonic species from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma (including a rapid increase from 14.1 to 14.05 Ma) suggests a 0.7 per mil increase in the delta18O composition of seawater (delta18Osw) because of East Antarctic ice sheet growth. Comparison of the delta18O record of Gs. quadrilobatus suggests that surface waters warmed at this site by ~3°C from 14.1 to 13.6 Ma. Carbon isotopic time series for each species generally covary throughout the early to middle Miocene interval (~16-12 Ma), confirming that delta13C variations in this interval largely represent reservoir changes. High-resolution delta13C data allow improved resolution of the latter five of six delta13C maxima within the well-known early to middle Miocene carbon isotopic excursion (the Monterey Carbon Isotopic Excursion from 17.0 to 13.5 Ma). This is useful for global correlation. The last of these maxima ends with a 1 per mil decrease centered from 13.9 to 13.7 Ma, ~300 kyr after the delta18O increase considered to reflect East Antarctic ice growth. Covariance between benthic delta18O and delta13C from ~16 to 13.8 Ma suggests a sensitive relation between global carbon cycling and the ocean-climate system prior to 13.8 Ma. Episodic increases in organic carbon burial may have contributed to deep-sea benthic delta13C maxima and synchronous global cooling. The positive relationship ended at ~13.8 Ma, indicative of changing relations between global carbon cycling and the ocean-climate system brought on by the increased stability of the East Antarctic ice sheet after a major growth phase from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma.

@misc{flower1993stable,
    author = "Flower, Benjamin P and Kennett, James P",
    title = "Stable isotope ratios of foraminifera from DSDP Hole 90-588A (Table 2)",
    year = "1993",
    publisher = "PANGAEA",
    abstract = "High-resolution stable isotopic records are presented for the epi-benthic foraminifer Cibicidoides, the inferred shallow-dwelling planktonic Globigerinoides quadrilobatus, and the inferred deep-dwelling planktonic Globoquadrina dehiscens from the middle Miocene (\textasciitilde 16-12 Ma) of Deep Sea Drilling Project site 588A, Lord Howe Rise, southwest Pacific. High-resolution, multiple species oxygen and carbon isotopic data define the timing and character of the well-known middle Miocene climatic-oceanographic transition with a resolution comparable to Quaternary records. The benthic foraminiferal delta18O record is marked by several large fluctuations from \textasciitilde 16 to 14.8 Ma, followed by a series of rapid (\<50 kyr) delta18O increases that suggest a new state of the ocean-climate system after 14.8 Ma. The total middle Miocene benthic oxygen isotopic increase of 1.2 per mil is largely incorporated in two steps, an increase of 0.8 per mil from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma and a second increase of 0.7 per mil from 13.45 to 12.45 Ma. Each step is comprised of a series of marked delta18O increases, indicative of rapid East Antarctic ice sheet growth and contemporaneous deepwater cooling. A strong covariance of 0.7 per mil between the benthic and deep-dwelling planktonic species from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma (including a rapid increase from 14.1 to 14.05 Ma) suggests a 0.7 per mil increase in the delta18O composition of seawater (delta18Osw) because of East Antarctic ice sheet growth. Comparison of the delta18O record of Gs. quadrilobatus suggests that surface waters warmed at this site by \textasciitilde 3°C from 14.1 to 13.6 Ma. Carbon isotopic time series for each species generally covary throughout the early to middle Miocene interval (\textasciitilde 16-12 Ma), confirming that delta13C variations in this interval largely represent reservoir changes. High-resolution delta13C data allow improved resolution of the latter five of six delta13C maxima within the well-known early to middle Miocene carbon isotopic excursion (the Monterey Carbon Isotopic Excursion from 17.0 to 13.5 Ma). This is useful for global correlation. The last of these maxima ends with a 1 per mil decrease centered from 13.9 to 13.7 Ma, \textasciitilde 300 kyr after the delta18O increase considered to reflect East Antarctic ice growth. Covariance between benthic delta18O and delta13C from \textasciitilde 16 to 13.8 Ma suggests a sensitive relation between global carbon cycling and the ocean-climate system prior to 13.8 Ma. Episodic increases in organic carbon burial may have contributed to deep-sea benthic delta13C maxima and synchronous global cooling. The positive relationship ended at \textasciitilde 13.8 Ma, indicative of changing relations between global carbon cycling and the ocean-climate system brought on by the increased stability of the East Antarctic ice sheet after a major growth phase from 14.5 to 14.0 Ma.",
    url = "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.52716",
    doi = "10.1594/pangaea.52716"
}

@article{s252cbe40910eaada14a35d28f699ec2761d00a8ec,
    author = "Shackleton, N. and Hall, M.",
    title = "39. STABLE ISOTOPE RECORDS IN BULK SEDIMENTS (LEG 138)1",
    year = "1995",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/52cbe40910eaada14a35d28f699ec2761d00a8ec",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "17",
    semanticscholar_id = "52cbe40910eaada14a35d28f699ec2761d00a8ec"
}

@article{doi101029149gm17,
    author = "Holbourn, A. and Kuhnt, W. and Schulz, M.",
    title = "Orbitally Paced Climate Variability During the Middle Miocene: High Resolution Benthic Foraminiferal Stable‐Isotope Records From the Tropical Western Pacific",
    year = "2004",
    journal = "Geophysical monograph",
    booktitle = "Geophysical Monograph Series",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/efa42163830ea42adda4411a859b1a167604ef25",
    doi = "10.1029/149GM17",
    is_oa = "true",
    pages = "321-337",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "8",
    semanticscholar_id = "efa42163830ea42adda4411a859b1a167604ef25"
}

We generated a high resolution (~8 ky) benthic record from a West Pacific marginal basin to investigate the detailed structure and spectral characteristics of deep water isotope fluctuations during the middle Miocene. The benthic record from ODP Site 1146 allows unprecedented resolution of the structure of the middle Miocene delta13C excursion, as well as tighter control on the chronology of climatic events. Spectral analysis of the variance in the delta18O and delta13C records from ODP Site 1146 reveals spectral power concentrated in the eccentricity band (400-, ~100-ky) over the time interval between 13 and 17 Ma. The amplitude evolution in the 400-ky band is strikingly similar to that of the long eccentricity in Laskar's solution. There is an abrupt switch to the obliquity band in the delta18O record at -14.9 Ma, suggesting a shift in the ocean/climate response to orbital forcing (from low latitude eccentricity to high latitude obliquity forcing). The obliquity signal is pervasive in the delta18O record until -13.9 Ma, when a sharp increase in delta18O values indicates a major climatic transition. Comparison of delta18O and delta13C profiles from DSDP Site 588 (SW Pacific Ocean), ODP Site 761 (E Indian Ocean) and ODP Site 1146 (South China Sea) reveals significantly cooler deep water in the NE Indian Ocean throughout the middle Miocene and a restricted deep water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.

@misc{holbourn2004stable,
    author = "Holbourn, Ann E and Kuhnt, Wolfgang and Schulz, Michael",
    title = "Stable isotopes of benthic foraminifera from Site ODP 184-1146",
    year = "2004",
    publisher = "PANGAEA",
    abstract = "We generated a high resolution (\textasciitilde 8 ky) benthic record from a West Pacific marginal basin to investigate the detailed structure and spectral characteristics of deep water isotope fluctuations during the middle Miocene. The benthic record from ODP Site 1146 allows unprecedented resolution of the structure of the middle Miocene delta13C excursion, as well as tighter control on the chronology of climatic events. Spectral analysis of the variance in the delta18O and delta13C records from ODP Site 1146 reveals spectral power concentrated in the eccentricity band (400-, \textasciitilde 100-ky) over the time interval between 13 and 17 Ma. The amplitude evolution in the 400-ky band is strikingly similar to that of the long eccentricity in Laskar's solution. There is an abrupt switch to the obliquity band in the delta18O record at -14.9 Ma, suggesting a shift in the ocean/climate response to orbital forcing (from low latitude eccentricity to high latitude obliquity forcing). The obliquity signal is pervasive in the delta18O record until -13.9 Ma, when a sharp increase in delta18O values indicates a major climatic transition. Comparison of delta18O and delta13C profiles from DSDP Site 588 (SW Pacific Ocean), ODP Site 761 (E Indian Ocean) and ODP Site 1146 (South China Sea) reveals significantly cooler deep water in the NE Indian Ocean throughout the middle Miocene and a restricted deep water exchange between the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.",
    url = "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.228741",
    doi = "10.1594/pangaea.228741"
}

@article{s2d469d6a5ef4067c9352b8b37b5fcec85ce21060b,
    author = "Pälike, H. and Norris, R. and Herle, J. and Wilson, P. and Lear, C. and Coxall, H. and Tripati, A.",
    title = "Equatorial Pacific ``stable isotope reference curve'' for the Oligocene",
    year = "2005",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d469d6a5ef4067c9352b8b37b5fcec85ce21060b",
    is_oa = "true",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "1",
    semanticscholar_id = "d469d6a5ef4067c9352b8b37b5fcec85ce21060b"
}

Benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope records from the South Atlantic show significant declines toward more “Pacific‐like” values at ∼7 and ∼2.7 Ma, and it has been posited that these shifts may mark steps toward increased CO 2 sequestration in the deep Southern Ocean as climate cooled over the late Neogene. We generated new stable isotope records from abyssal subantarctic Pacific cores MV0502‐4JC and ELT 25‐11. The record from MV0502‐4JC suggests that the Southern Ocean remained well mixed and free of vertical or interbasinal δ 13 C gradients following the late Miocene carbon shift (LMCS). According to the records from MV0502‐4JC and ELT 25‐11, however, cold, low δ 13 C bottom waters developed in the Southern Ocean in the late Pliocene and persisted until ∼1.7 Ma. These new data suggest that while conditions in the abyssal Southern Ocean following the LMCS were comparable to the present day, sequestration of respired CO 2 may have increased in the deepest parts of the Southern Ocean during the late Pliocene, a critical period for the growth and establishment of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

@article{doi1010292008pa001661,
    author = "Waddell, L. and Hendy, I. and Moore, T. C. and Lyle, M.",
    title = "Ventilation of the abyssal Southern Ocean during the late Neogene: A new perspective from the subantarctic Pacific",
    year = "2009",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    abstract = "Benthic foraminiferal stable carbon isotope records from the South Atlantic show significant declines toward more “Pacific‐like” values at ∼7 and ∼2.7 Ma, and it has been posited that these shifts may mark steps toward increased CO 2 sequestration in the deep Southern Ocean as climate cooled over the late Neogene. We generated new stable isotope records from abyssal subantarctic Pacific cores MV0502‐4JC and ELT 25‐11. The record from MV0502‐4JC suggests that the Southern Ocean remained well mixed and free of vertical or interbasinal δ 13 C gradients following the late Miocene carbon shift (LMCS). According to the records from MV0502‐4JC and ELT 25‐11, however, cold, low δ 13 C bottom waters developed in the Southern Ocean in the late Pliocene and persisted until ∼1.7 Ma. These new data suggest that while conditions in the abyssal Southern Ocean following the LMCS were comparable to the present day, sequestration of respired CO 2 may have increased in the deepest parts of the Southern Ocean during the late Pliocene, a critical period for the growth and establishment of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.",
    url = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1029/2008PA001661",
    doi = "10.1029/2008PA001661",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "24",
    semanticscholar_id = "7e779252d1061e54afb56d6cd8fe247ceac36182",
    volume = "24"
}

@article{doi1010022013pa002538,
    author = "Holbourn, A. and Kuhnt, W. and Clemens, S. and Prell, W. and Andersen, N.",
    title = "Middle to late Miocene stepwise climate cooling: Evidence from a high-resolution deep water isotope curve spanning 8 million years",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/50759022468bcbf10d03fdece130d689493076eb",
    doi = "10.1002/2013PA002538",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "4",
    pages = "688-699",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "176",
    semanticscholar_id = "50759022468bcbf10d03fdece130d689493076eb",
    volume = "28"
}

@article{doi1010022015pa002820,
    author = "Beddow, H. and Liebrand, D. and Sluijs, A. and Wade, B. and Lourens, L.",
    title = "Global change across the Oligocene-Miocene transition : High-resolution stable isotope records from IODP Site U1334 (equatorial Pacific Ocean)",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    url = "https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/2015PA002820",
    doi = "10.1002/2015PA002820",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "1",
    pages = "81-97",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "62",
    semanticscholar_id = "b34825cf12e49ee96960264bd2195911aa1d3b6b",
    volume = "31"
}

The appearance and expansion of C4 plants in the Late Cenozoic was a dramatic example of terrestrial ecological change. The fire hypothesis, which suggests fire as a major cause of C4 grassland is gaining support, yet a more detailed relationship between fire and vegetation-type change remains unresolved. We report the content and stable carbon isotope record of black carbon (BC) in a sediment core retrieved from the northeastern equatorial Pacific that covers the past 14.3 million years. The content record of BC suggests the development process of a flammable ecosystem. The stable carbon isotope record of BC reveals the existence of the Late Miocene C4 expansion, the 'C4 maximum period of burned biomass' during the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, and the collapse of the C4 in the Late Pleistocene. Records showing the initial expansion of C4 plants after large fire support the role of fire as a destructive agent of C3-dominated forest, yet the weak relationships between fire and vegetation after initial expansion suggest that environmental advantages for C4 plants were necessary to maintain the development of C4 plants during the late Neogene. Among the various environmental factors, aridity is likely most influential in C4 expansion.

@article{doi101038srep32847,
    author = "Kim, Donghyun and Lee, Yong Il and Hyeong, Kiseong and Yoo, Chan Min",
    title = "Terrestrial biome distribution in the Late Neogene inferred from a black carbon record in the northeastern equatorial Pacific.",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Scientific reports",
    abstract = "The appearance and expansion of C4 plants in the Late Cenozoic was a dramatic example of terrestrial ecological change. The fire hypothesis, which suggests fire as a major cause of C4 grassland is gaining support, yet a more detailed relationship between fire and vegetation-type change remains unresolved. We report the content and stable carbon isotope record of black carbon (BC) in a sediment core retrieved from the northeastern equatorial Pacific that covers the past 14.3 million years. The content record of BC suggests the development process of a flammable ecosystem. The stable carbon isotope record of BC reveals the existence of the Late Miocene C4 expansion, the 'C4 maximum period of burned biomass' during the Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, and the collapse of the C4 in the Late Pleistocene. Records showing the initial expansion of C4 plants after large fire support the role of fire as a destructive agent of C3-dominated forest, yet the weak relationships between fire and vegetation after initial expansion suggest that environmental advantages for C4 plants were necessary to maintain the development of C4 plants during the late Neogene. Among the various environmental factors, aridity is likely most influential in C4 expansion.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5015089/",
    doi = "10.1038/srep32847",
    pmcid = "PMC5015089",
    pmid = "27604853"
}

The middle Miocene climate transition (MMCT) is characterized by an abrupt 1‰ increase in benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes at ca. 13.8 Ma, marking expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and transition of Earth’s climate to a cooler, relatively stable glacial state. Also occurring during this period is a globally recognized positive carbon isotope excursion (16.9–13.5 Ma) in benthic and planktonic foraminifera with shorter carbon isotope maxima (CM) events, linking hypotheses for climate change at the time with the carbon cycle. In order to test whether export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific is related to the largest such event (CM6), coincident with Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion, a high-resolution (<5 k.y.) record of export production at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1337 spanning the MMCT (14.02–13.43 Ma) was produced using marine pelagic barite mass accumulation rates. Export production is elevated with an extended period of more than double present-day values. These variations are not orbitally paced and provide evidence for a reorganization of nutrients supplied to the eastern equatorial Pacific in the Miocene and intensification of upwelling. If such changes are representative of the entire region, then this mechanism could sequester enough carbon to have a significant effect on atmospheric pCO2. However, continual delivery of nutrients to the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific is required in order to sustain export production without depleting the surface ocean of limiting nutrients. This might be accomplished by a change in ocean circulation or a combination of other processes requiring further study.

@article{doi101130g382901,
    author = "Carter, S. and Griffith, E. and Penman, D.",
    title = "Peak intervals of equatorial Pacific export production during the middle Miocene climate transition",
    year = "2016",
    journal = "Geology",
    abstract = "The middle Miocene climate transition (MMCT) is characterized by an abrupt 1‰ increase in benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes at ca. 13.8 Ma, marking expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and transition of Earth’s climate to a cooler, relatively stable glacial state. Also occurring during this period is a globally recognized positive carbon isotope excursion (16.9–13.5 Ma) in benthic and planktonic foraminifera with shorter carbon isotope maxima (CM) events, linking hypotheses for climate change at the time with the carbon cycle. In order to test whether export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific is related to the largest such event (CM6), coincident with Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion, a high-resolution (\<5 k.y.) record of export production at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1337 spanning the MMCT (14.02–13.43 Ma) was produced using marine pelagic barite mass accumulation rates. Export production is elevated with an extended period of more than double present-day values. These variations are not orbitally paced and provide evidence for a reorganization of nutrients supplied to the eastern equatorial Pacific in the Miocene and intensification of upwelling. If such changes are representative of the entire region, then this mechanism could sequester enough carbon to have a significant effect on atmospheric pCO2. However, continual delivery of nutrients to the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific is required in order to sustain export production without depleting the surface ocean of limiting nutrients. This might be accomplished by a change in ocean circulation or a combination of other processes requiring further study.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2810c71103abeb12b4f9ec4074268c8aa9133749",
    doi = "10.1130/G38290.1",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "11",
    pages = "923-926",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "7",
    semanticscholar_id = "2810c71103abeb12b4f9ec4074268c8aa9133749",
    volume = "44"
}

The middle Miocene climate transition (MMCT) is characterized by an abrupt 1‰ increase in benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes at ca. 13.8 Ma, marking expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and transition of Earth's climate to a cooler, relatively stable glacial state. Also occurring during this period is a globally recognized positive carbon isotope excursion (16.9-13.5 Ma) in benthic and planktonic foraminifera with shorter carbon isotope maxima (CM) events, linking hypotheses for climate change at the time with the carbon cycle. In order to test whether export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific is related to the largest such event (CM6), coincident with Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion, a high-resolution (<5 k.y.) record of export production at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1337 spanning the MMCT (14.02-13.43 Ma) was produced using marine pelagic barite mass accumulation rates. Export production is elevated with an extended period of more than double present-day values. These variations are not orbitally paced and provide evidence for a reorganization of nutrients supplied to the eastern equatorial Pacific in the Miocene and intensification of upwelling. If such changes are representative of the entire region, then this mechanism could sequester enough carbon to have a significant effect on atmospheric pCO2. However, continual delivery of nutrients to the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific is required in order to sustain export production without depleting the surface ocean of limiting nutrients. This might be accomplished by a change in ocean circulation or a combination of other processes requiring further study.

@misc{carter2018analysis,
    author = "Carter, Samantha Cassie and Griffith, Elizabeth M and Penman, Donald E",
    title = "Analysis of the middle Miocene climate transition from different Holes of IODP Site 321-U1337",
    year = "2018",
    publisher = "PANGAEA",
    abstract = "The middle Miocene climate transition (MMCT) is characterized by an abrupt 1‰ increase in benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes at ca. 13.8 Ma, marking expansion of the Antarctic Ice Sheet and transition of Earth's climate to a cooler, relatively stable glacial state. Also occurring during this period is a globally recognized positive carbon isotope excursion (16.9-13.5 Ma) in benthic and planktonic foraminifera with shorter carbon isotope maxima (CM) events, linking hypotheses for climate change at the time with the carbon cycle. In order to test whether export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific is related to the largest such event (CM6), coincident with Antarctic Ice Sheet expansion, a high-resolution (\<5 k.y.) record of export production at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1337 spanning the MMCT (14.02-13.43 Ma) was produced using marine pelagic barite mass accumulation rates. Export production is elevated with an extended period of more than double present-day values. These variations are not orbitally paced and provide evidence for a reorganization of nutrients supplied to the eastern equatorial Pacific in the Miocene and intensification of upwelling. If such changes are representative of the entire region, then this mechanism could sequester enough carbon to have a significant effect on atmospheric pCO2. However, continual delivery of nutrients to the surface waters of the eastern equatorial Pacific is required in order to sustain export production without depleting the surface ocean of limiting nutrients. This might be accomplished by a change in ocean circulation or a combination of other processes requiring further study.",
    url = "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.893203",
    doi = "10.1594/pangaea.893203"
}

The late Miocene‐early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we present the first continuous late Miocene‐early Pliocene (8.0–4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0–3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest that mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are ~27.8 ± 1.1°C (1σ) between 6.4 and 5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal δ 18 O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2 and 6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1 and 4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo‐SSTs. Diverging fine‐fraction‐to‐foraminiferal δ 13 C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling between 7.1–6.0 and 5.8–4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene‐early Pliocene. Between 8.0–6.5 and 5.2–4.4 Ma, low east‐west δ 18 O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5 and 5.7 Ma, with larger east‐west δ 18 O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric p CO 2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction).

@article{doi1010022017pa003245,
    author = "Drury, A. and Lee, Geoffrey P and Gray, W. and Lyle, M. and Westerhold, T. and Shevenell, A. and John, Cédric M.",
    title = "Deciphering the State of the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene Equatorial Pacific",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology",
    abstract = "The late Miocene‐early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here we present the first continuous late Miocene‐early Pliocene (8.0–4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0–3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest that mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are \textasciitilde 27.8 ± 1.1°C (1σ) between 6.4 and 5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal δ 18 O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2 and 6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1 and 4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo‐SSTs. Diverging fine‐fraction‐to‐foraminiferal δ 13 C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling between 7.1–6.0 and 5.8–4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene‐early Pliocene. Between 8.0–6.5 and 5.2–4.4 Ma, low east‐west δ 18 O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5 and 5.7 Ma, with larger east‐west δ 18 O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric p CO 2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction).",
    url = "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1561\&context=msc\_facpub",
    doi = "10.1002/2017PA003245",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "3",
    pages = "246-263",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "44",
    semanticscholar_id = "5984494505f8a68bf7d02efdeccbb07fd0b9d3af",
    volume = "33"
}

The late Miocene offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to orbital forcing and to changing boundary conditions, such as ice volume and greenhouse gas concentrations, on a warmer-than-modern Earth. Here we investigate the relationships between low- and high-latitude climate variability in an extended succession from the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean. Our high-resolution benthic isotope record in combination with paired mixed layer isotope and Mg/Ca-derived temperature data reveal that a long-term cooling trend was synchronous with intensification of the Asian winter monsoon and strengthening of the biological pump from ~7 Ma until ~5.5 Ma. The climate shift occurred at the end of a global δ13C decrease, suggesting that changes in the carbon cycle involving the terrestrial and deep ocean carbon reservoirs were instrumental in driving late Miocene climate cooling. The inception of cooler climate conditions culminated with ephemeral Northern Hemisphere glaciations between 6.0 and 5.5 Ma.

@article{doi101038s41467018039501,
    author = "Holbourn, Ann E and Kuhnt, Wolfgang and Clemens, Steven C and Kochhann, Karlos G D and Jöhnck, Janika and Lübbers, Julia and Andersen, Nils",
    title = "Late Miocene climate cooling and intensification of southeast Asian winter monsoon.",
    year = "2018",
    journal = "Nature communications",
    abstract = "The late Miocene offers the opportunity to assess the sensitivity of the Earth's climate to orbital forcing and to changing boundary conditions, such as ice volume and greenhouse gas concentrations, on a warmer-than-modern Earth. Here we investigate the relationships between low- and high-latitude climate variability in an extended succession from the subtropical northwestern Pacific Ocean. Our high-resolution benthic isotope record in combination with paired mixed layer isotope and Mg/Ca-derived temperature data reveal that a long-term cooling trend was synchronous with intensification of the Asian winter monsoon and strengthening of the biological pump from \textasciitilde 7 Ma until \textasciitilde 5.5 Ma. The climate shift occurred at the end of a global δ13C decrease, suggesting that changes in the carbon cycle involving the terrestrial and deep ocean carbon reservoirs were instrumental in driving late Miocene climate cooling. The inception of cooler climate conditions culminated with ephemeral Northern Hemisphere glaciations between 6.0 and 5.5 Ma.",
    url = "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5910391/",
    doi = "10.1038/s41467-018-03950-1",
    pmcid = "PMC5910391",
    pmid = "29679005"
}

The late Miocene-early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here, we present the first continuous late Miocene-early Pliocene (8.0-4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0-3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest mean sea-surface-temperatures (SSTs) are ~27.8±1.1°C (1 Sigma) between 6.4-5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal d18O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2-6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1-4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo-SSTs. Diverging fine-fraction-to-foraminiferal d13C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling from 7.1-6.0 and 5.8-4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene-early Pliocene. Between 8.0-6.5 and 5.2-4.4 Ma, low east-west d18O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5-5.7 Ma, with larger east-west d18O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction).

@misc{drury2018deciphering,
    author = "Drury, Anna Joy and Lee, Geoffrey P and Gray, William Robert and Lyle, Mitchell W and Westerhold, Thomas and Shevenell, Amelia E and John, Cédric M",
    title = "Deciphering the state of the late Miocene to early Pliocene equatorial Pacific",
    year = "2018",
    publisher = "PANGAEA",
    abstract = "The late Miocene-early Pliocene was a time of global cooling and the development of modern meridional thermal gradients. Equatorial Pacific sea surface conditions potentially played an important role in this global climate transition, but their evolution is poorly understood. Here, we present the first continuous late Miocene-early Pliocene (8.0-4.4 Ma) planktic foraminiferal stable isotope records from eastern equatorial Pacific Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1338, with a new astrochronology spanning 8.0-3.5 Ma. Mg/Ca analyses on surface dwelling foraminifera Trilobatus sacculifer from carefully selected samples suggest mean sea-surface-temperatures (SSTs) are \textasciitilde 27.8±1.1°C (1 Sigma) between 6.4-5.5 Ma. The planktic foraminiferal d18O record implies a 2°C cooling between 7.2-6.1 Ma and an up to 3°C warming between 6.1-4.4 Ma, consistent with observed tropical alkenone paleo-SSTs. Diverging fine-fraction-to-foraminiferal d13C gradients likely suggest increased upwelling from 7.1-6.0 and 5.8-4.6 Ma, concurrent with the globally recognized late Miocene Biogenic Bloom. This study shows that both warm and asymmetric mean states occurred in the equatorial Pacific during the late Miocene-early Pliocene. Between 8.0-6.5 and 5.2-4.4 Ma, low east-west d18O and SST gradients and generally warm conditions prevailed. However, an asymmetric mean climate state developed between 6.5-5.7 Ma, with larger east-west d18O and SST gradients and eastern equatorial Pacific cooling. The asymmetric mean state suggests stronger trade winds developed, driven by increased meridional thermal gradients associated with global cooling and declining atmospheric pCO2 concentrations. These oscillations in equatorial Pacific mean state are reinforced by Antarctic cryosphere expansion and related changes in oceanic gateways (e.g., Central American Seaway/Indonesian Throughflow restriction).",
    url = "https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.885041",
    doi = "10.1594/pangaea.885041"
}

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is Earth's largest current flowing around Antarctica at all depths and connecting major ocean basins, thus representing an important component of Earth's climate. However, the timing and key controls determining ACC flow path and its strength as a function of past climatic boundary conditions that ultimately resulted in its modern configuration remain unclear due to major uncertainties in paleoceanographic and tectonic reconstructions. Here we present a unique high‐resolution laser ablation‐derived late Cenozoic seawater lead isotope record obtained from a hydrogenetic ferromanganese crust from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Our Pb isotope data reveal that the ACC has experienced five stable circulation states since the early Miocene which were separated by four major transitions observed at 17.5‐14.6, 12, 10 and 5 Ma. We suggest that the relatively abrupt transitions between ACC circulation state were mainly induced by tectonic changes, whereas the impact of climatic changes was of secondary importance. According to our data the modern ACC configuration formed 5 million years ago, likely in response to the closure of the Panama Seaway. Since the Drake Passage (DP) has already been an open seaway since at least the late Miocene, our results demonstrate that DP opening was not the only factor affecting past ACC circulation. Our data also show that changes in the latitudinal position of the ACC were linked to the middle Miocene waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheets, which emphasizes the ACC's critical role as a key control of Antarctic glaciation.

@article{doi1010292024pa004922,
    author = "Huang, Huang and Gutjahr, M. and Song, Zhaoyang and Fietzke, Jan and Frank, Martin and Kuhn, G. and Hillenbrand, C. and Christl, M. and Garbe-Schönberg, D. and Goepfert, Tyler and Eisenhauer, A.",
    title = "Seawater Lead Isotopes Record Early Miocene to Modern Circulation Dynamics in the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology",
    abstract = "The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is Earth's largest current flowing around Antarctica at all depths and connecting major ocean basins, thus representing an important component of Earth's climate. However, the timing and key controls determining ACC flow path and its strength as a function of past climatic boundary conditions that ultimately resulted in its modern configuration remain unclear due to major uncertainties in paleoceanographic and tectonic reconstructions. Here we present a unique high‐resolution laser ablation‐derived late Cenozoic seawater lead isotope record obtained from a hydrogenetic ferromanganese crust from the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. Our Pb isotope data reveal that the ACC has experienced five stable circulation states since the early Miocene which were separated by four major transitions observed at 17.5‐14.6, 12, 10 and 5 Ma. We suggest that the relatively abrupt transitions between ACC circulation state were mainly induced by tectonic changes, whereas the impact of climatic changes was of secondary importance. According to our data the modern ACC configuration formed 5 million years ago, likely in response to the closure of the Panama Seaway. Since the Drake Passage (DP) has already been an open seaway since at least the late Miocene, our results demonstrate that DP opening was not the only factor affecting past ACC circulation. Our data also show that changes in the latitudinal position of the ACC were linked to the middle Miocene waxing and waning of the Antarctic ice sheets, which emphasizes the ACC's critical role as a key control of Antarctic glaciation.",
    url = "https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cf06a405cf3a29e20ea1e52d7639c18abba7bfe9",
    doi = "10.1029/2024PA004922",
    is_oa = "true",
    number = "12",
    semanticscholar_citation_count = "3",
    semanticscholar_id = "cf06a405cf3a29e20ea1e52d7639c18abba7bfe9",
    volume = "39"
}