Paleocene paleoclimates

@misc{bradley1929the2,
    author = "Bradley, W. H",
    title = "The varves and climate of the Green River Epoch",
    year = "1929",
    howpublished = "United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 158-E, p. 87-110",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Bradley, W. H., 1929, The varves and climate of the Green River Epoch: United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper, v. 158-E, p. 87-110.}"
}

@misc{brooke1949climate3,
    author = "Brooke, C. E. P",
    title = "Climate Through the Ages",
    year = "1949",
    howpublished = "New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 395 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Brooke, C. E. P., 1949, Climate Through the Ages: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 395 p.}"
}

@misc{ericson1968pleistocene6,
    author = "Ericson, D. B. and Wollin, G",
    title = "Pleistocene climates and chronology in deep-sea sediments",
    year = "1968",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 162, p. 1227-1234",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ericson, D. B., and Wollin, G., 1968, Pleistocene climates and chronology in deep-sea sediments: Science, v. 162, p. 1227-1234.}"
}

@inproceedings{ostrom1969terrestrial8,
    author = "Ostrom, J. H",
    title = "Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates",
    year = "1969",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, p. 347-376",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Ostrom, J. H., 1969, Terrestrial vertebrates as indicators of Mesozoic climates: Proceedings of the North American Paleontological Convention, p. 347-376.}"
}

@techreport{blank1975pliocene1,
    author = "Blank, R. G. and Margolis, S. V",
    title = "Pliocene climatic and glacial history of Antarctica as revealed by southeast Indian Ocean deep-sea cores",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1058-1066",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Blank, R. G., and Margolis, S. V., 1975, Pliocene climatic and glacial history of Antarctica as revealed by southeast Indian Ocean deep-sea cores: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1058-1066.}"
}

@misc{croll1975climate4,
    author = "Croll, J",
    title = "Climate and Time in Their Geologic Relationships. A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate",
    year = "1975",
    howpublished = "London, Daldy, Isbister and Co., 577 p",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Croll, J., 1975, Climate and Time in Their Geologic Relationships. A Theory of Secular Changes of the Earth's Climate: London, Daldy, Isbister and Co., 577 p.}"
}

@techreport{donn1977model5,
    author = "Donn, W. L. and Shaw, D. M",
    title = "Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering",
    year = "1977",
    howpublished = "Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 390-396",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Donn, W. L., and Shaw, D. M., 1977, Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 88, p. 390-396.}"
}

@misc{herman1980arctic7,
    author = "Herman, Y. and Hopkins, D. M",
    title = "Arctic Ocean climate in late Cenozoic time",
    year = "1980",
    howpublished = "Science, v. 209, p. 557-562",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Herman, Y., and Hopkins, D. M., 1980, Arctic Ocean climate in late Cenozoic time: Science, v. 209, p. 557-562.}"
}

@misc{woodruff1981miocene9,
    author = "Woodruff, F. and Savin, S. M. and Douglas, R. G",
    title = "Miocene stable isotope record",
    year = "1981",
    howpublished = "a detailed deep Pacific Ocean Study and its paleoclimatic implications: Science, v. 212, p. 665-668",
    note = "talkorigins\_source = {true}; raw\_reference = {Woodruff, F., Savin, S. M., and Douglas, R. G., 1981, Miocene stable isotope record: a detailed deep Pacific Ocean Study and its paleoclimatic implications: Science, v. 212, p. 665-668.}"
}

We have compiled deep water benthic δ 13 C data from the Paleocene portions of several DSDP and ODP holes and present it using the new timescale of Berggren et al. (1995). Our data show that the north Atlantic hole DSDP 384 was the most positive site for δ 13 C in the late Cretaceous and the earliest Paleocene, suggesting that the sub-tropical north Atlantic was an important locus of deep water production during these intervals. Salinity and temperature comparisons do not support unequivocal deep water production by halothermal means in this region so we prefer to avoid the term Warm Saline Deep Water (WSDW) and employ instead the more neutral term ‘palaeo-North Atlantic Deep Water’ (palaeo-NADW). During K/T boundary time, the southern ocean apparently became the major producer of deep waters. Based on δ 13 C comparisons both the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean were deep water producers during the early Paleocene to the late Paleocene interval. In the latest Paleocene (during the ‘Paleocene carbon isotope maximum’) Southern Ocean δ 13 C was most positive, supporting a Southern Ocean deep water source. The earliest Eocene ocean was characterized by deep water production in the high southern latitudes with well developed interbasinal δ 13 C gradients. δ 18 O data show an overall decrease from the late Cretaceous into the Early Eocene interrupted by an increase between 64 and 57 Ma. This is interpreted as an overall warming trend with a superimposed, previously undocumented, cooling phase in the early to late Paleocene.

@article{corfield1996deep,
    author = "Corfield, Richard M. and Norris, Richard D.",
    title = "Deep water circulation in the Paleocene Ocean",
    year = "1996",
    journal = "Geological Society, London, Special Publications",
    abstract = "We have compiled deep water benthic δ 13 C data from the Paleocene portions of several DSDP and ODP holes and present it using the new timescale of Berggren et al. (1995). Our data show that the north Atlantic hole DSDP 384 was the most positive site for δ 13 C in the late Cretaceous and the earliest Paleocene, suggesting that the sub-tropical north Atlantic was an important locus of deep water production during these intervals. Salinity and temperature comparisons do not support unequivocal deep water production by halothermal means in this region so we prefer to avoid the term Warm Saline Deep Water (WSDW) and employ instead the more neutral term ‘palaeo-North Atlantic Deep Water’ (palaeo-NADW). During K/T boundary time, the southern ocean apparently became the major producer of deep waters. Based on δ 13 C comparisons both the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean were deep water producers during the early Paleocene to the late Paleocene interval. In the latest Paleocene (during the ‘Paleocene carbon isotope maximum’) Southern Ocean δ 13 C was most positive, supporting a Southern Ocean deep water source. The earliest Eocene ocean was characterized by deep water production in the high southern latitudes with well developed interbasinal δ 13 C gradients. δ 18 O data show an overall decrease from the late Cretaceous into the Early Eocene interrupted by an increase between 64 and 57 Ma. This is interpreted as an overall warming trend with a superimposed, previously undocumented, cooling phase in the early to late Paleocene.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.101.01.21",
    doi = "10.1144/gsl.sp.1996.101.01.21",
    number = "1",
    pages = "443-456",
    volume = "101"
}

@incollection{komar2009ocean,
    author = "Komar, Paul D. and Allan, Jonathan C. and Ruggiero, Peter",
    title = "Ocean Wave Climates: Trends and Variations Due to Earth's Changing Climate",
    year = "2009",
    booktitle = "Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812819307\_0035",
    doi = "10.1142/9789812819307\_0035",
    pages = "971-995"
}

@article{bowen2010paleoclimates,
    author = "Bowen, D.Q.",
    title = "Paleoclimates: Understanding Climate Change Past and Present",
    year = "2010",
    journal = "Quaternary Science Reviews",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.001",
    doi = "10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.001",
    number = "15-16",
    pages = "1950-1951",
    volume = "29"
}

@misc{crossref2012paleoclimates,
    title = "Paleoclimates",
    year = "2012",
    booktitle = "Encyclopedia of Global Warming \& Climate Change",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452218564.n544",
    doi = "10.4135/9781452218564.n544"
}

The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene involve changes in the circulation of the deep ocean in important ways. This review seeks to establish what were the robust patterns of deep‐sea water mass changes and how they might have influenced important parts of the last glacial cycle. After a brief review of how tracers in the modern ocean can be used to understand the distribution of water masses, I examine the data for biogeochemical, circulation rate, and conservative tracers during glacial climates. Some of the robust results from the literature of the last 30 years include: a shoaled version of northern source deep water in the Atlantic, expanded southern source water in the abyss and deep ocean, salt (rather than heat) stratification of the last glacial maximum (LGM) deep‐sea, and several lines of evidence for slower overturning circulation in the southern deep cell. We combine these observations into a new idea for how the ocean‐atmosphere system moves from interglacial to glacial periods across a single cycle. By virtue of its influence on the melting of land‐based ice around Antarctica, cooling North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) leads to a cold and salty version of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This previously underappreciated feedback can lead to a more stratified deep ocean that operates as a more effective carbon trap than the modern, helping to lower atmospheric CO 2 and providing a mechanism for the deep ocean to synchronize the hemispheres in a positive feedback that drives the system to further cooling.

@article{adkins2013the,
    author = "Adkins, Jess F.",
    title = "The role of deep ocean circulation in setting glacial climates",
    year = "2013",
    journal = "Paleoceanography",
    abstract = "The glacial cycles of the Pleistocene involve changes in the circulation of the deep ocean in important ways. This review seeks to establish what were the robust patterns of deep‐sea water mass changes and how they might have influenced important parts of the last glacial cycle. After a brief review of how tracers in the modern ocean can be used to understand the distribution of water masses, I examine the data for biogeochemical, circulation rate, and conservative tracers during glacial climates. Some of the robust results from the literature of the last 30 years include: a shoaled version of northern source deep water in the Atlantic, expanded southern source water in the abyss and deep ocean, salt (rather than heat) stratification of the last glacial maximum (LGM) deep‐sea, and several lines of evidence for slower overturning circulation in the southern deep cell. We combine these observations into a new idea for how the ocean‐atmosphere system moves from interglacial to glacial periods across a single cycle. By virtue of its influence on the melting of land‐based ice around Antarctica, cooling North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) leads to a cold and salty version of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). This previously underappreciated feedback can lead to a more stratified deep ocean that operates as a more effective carbon trap than the modern, helping to lower atmospheric CO 2 and providing a mechanism for the deep ocean to synchronize the hemispheres in a positive feedback that drives the system to further cooling.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1002/palo.20046",
    doi = "10.1002/palo.20046",
    number = "3",
    pages = "539-561",
    volume = "28"
}

The Late Paleocene is characterized by warm and stable climatic conditions which served as the background climate for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~55 million years ago). With respect to feedback processes in the carbon cycle, the ocean biogeochemical background state is of major importance for projecting the climatic response to a carbon perturbation related to the PETM. Therefore we use the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model HAMOCC, embedded into the ocean general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, MPIOM, to constrain the ocean biogeochemistry of the Late Paleocene. We focus on the evaluation of modeled spatial and vertical distributions of the ocean carbon cycle parameters in a long-term warm steady-state ocean, based on a 560 ppm CO2 atmosphere. Model results are discussed in the context of available proxy data and simulations of pre-industrial conditions. Our results illustrate that ocean biogeochemistry is shaped by the warm and sluggish ocean state of the Late Paleocene, which affects the strength and spatial variation of the different carbon pumps. Primary production is only slightly reduced in comparison to present-day; it is intensified along the equator, especially in the Atlantic. This enhances remineralization of organic matter, resulting in strong oxygen minimum zones and CaCO3 dissolution in intermediate waters. We show that an equilibrium CO2 exchange without increasing total alkalinity concentrations above today's values is achieved. Yet, the surface ocean pH and the saturation state with respect to CaCO3 are lower than today. Our results indicate that under such conditions, the surface ocean carbonate chemistry is expected to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation (i.e. the PETM) due to lower CO32− concentration, whereas the deep ocean calcite sediments would be less vulnerable to dissolution due to the sluggish ocean.

@misc{heinze2014ocean,
    author = "Heinze, M. and Ilyina, T.",
    title = "Ocean Biogeochemistry in the warm climate of the Late Paleocene",
    year = "2014",
    abstract = "The Late Paleocene is characterized by warm and stable climatic conditions which served as the background climate for the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, \textasciitilde 55 million years ago). With respect to feedback processes in the carbon cycle, the ocean biogeochemical background state is of major importance for projecting the climatic response to a carbon perturbation related to the PETM. Therefore we use the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model HAMOCC, embedded into the ocean general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, MPIOM, to constrain the ocean biogeochemistry of the Late Paleocene. We focus on the evaluation of modeled spatial and vertical distributions of the ocean carbon cycle parameters in a long-term warm steady-state ocean, based on a 560 ppm CO2 atmosphere. Model results are discussed in the context of available proxy data and simulations of pre-industrial conditions. Our results illustrate that ocean biogeochemistry is shaped by the warm and sluggish ocean state of the Late Paleocene, which affects the strength and spatial variation of the different carbon pumps. Primary production is only slightly reduced in comparison to present-day; it is intensified along the equator, especially in the Atlantic. This enhances remineralization of organic matter, resulting in strong oxygen minimum zones and CaCO3 dissolution in intermediate waters. We show that an equilibrium CO2 exchange without increasing total alkalinity concentrations above today's values is achieved. Yet, the surface ocean pH and the saturation state with respect to CaCO3 are lower than today. Our results indicate that under such conditions, the surface ocean carbonate chemistry is expected to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation (i.e. the PETM) due to lower CO32− concentration, whereas the deep ocean calcite sediments would be less vulnerable to dissolution due to the sluggish ocean.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-1933-2014",
    doi = "10.5194/cpd-10-1933-2014"
}

The late Paleocene is characterized by warm and stable climatic conditions that served as the background climate for the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, ~55 million years ago). With respect to feedback processes in the carbon cycle, the ocean biogeochemical background state is of major importance for projecting the climatic response to a carbon perturbation related to the PETM. Therefore, we use the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model (HAMOCC), embedded in the ocean general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, MPIOM, to constrain the ocean biogeochemistry of the late Paleocene. We focus on the evaluation of modeled spatial and vertical distributions of the ocean carbon cycle parameters in a long-term warm steady-state ocean, based on a 560 ppm CO2 atmosphere. Model results are discussed in the context of available proxy data and simulations of pre-industrial conditions. Our results illustrate that ocean biogeochemistry is shaped by the warm and sluggish ocean state of the late Paleocene. Primary production is slightly reduced in comparison to the present day; it is intensified along the Equator, especially in the Atlantic. This enhances remineralization of organic matter, resulting in strong oxygen minimum zones and CaCO3 dissolution in intermediate waters. We show that an equilibrium CO2 exchange without increasing total alkalinity concentrations above today's values is achieved. However, consistent with the higher atmospheric CO2, the surface ocean pH and the saturation state with respect to CaCO3 are lower than today. Our results indicate that, under such conditions, the surface ocean carbonate chemistry is expected to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation (i.e., the PETM) due to lower CO32− concentration, whereas the deep ocean calcite sediments would be less vulnerable to dissolution due to the vertically stratified ocean.

@article{heinze2015ocean,
    author = "Heinze, M. and Ilyina, T.",
    title = "Ocean biogeochemistry in the warm climate of the late Paleocene",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Climate of the Past",
    abstract = "The late Paleocene is characterized by warm and stable climatic conditions that served as the background climate for the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, \textasciitilde 55 million years ago). With respect to feedback processes in the carbon cycle, the ocean biogeochemical background state is of major importance for projecting the climatic response to a carbon perturbation related to the PETM. Therefore, we use the Hamburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model (HAMOCC), embedded in the ocean general circulation model of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, MPIOM, to constrain the ocean biogeochemistry of the late Paleocene. We focus on the evaluation of modeled spatial and vertical distributions of the ocean carbon cycle parameters in a long-term warm steady-state ocean, based on a 560 ppm CO2 atmosphere. Model results are discussed in the context of available proxy data and simulations of pre-industrial conditions. Our results illustrate that ocean biogeochemistry is shaped by the warm and sluggish ocean state of the late Paleocene. Primary production is slightly reduced in comparison to the present day; it is intensified along the Equator, especially in the Atlantic. This enhances remineralization of organic matter, resulting in strong oxygen minimum zones and CaCO3 dissolution in intermediate waters. We show that an equilibrium CO2 exchange without increasing total alkalinity concentrations above today's values is achieved. However, consistent with the higher atmospheric CO2, the surface ocean pH and the saturation state with respect to CaCO3 are lower than today. Our results indicate that, under such conditions, the surface ocean carbonate chemistry is expected to be more sensitive to a carbon perturbation (i.e., the PETM) due to lower CO32− concentration, whereas the deep ocean calcite sediments would be less vulnerable to dissolution due to the vertically stratified ocean.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-63-2015",
    doi = "10.5194/cp-11-63-2015",
    number = "1",
    pages = "63-79",
    volume = "11"
}

The deep ocean absorbs vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, providing a critical buffer to climate change but exposing vulnerable ecosystems to combined stresses of warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and altered food inputs. Resulting changes may threaten biodiversity and compromise key ocean services that maintain a healthy planet and human livelihoods. There exist large gaps in understanding of the physical and ecological feedbacks that will occur. Explicit recognition of deep-ocean climate mitigation and inclusion in adaptation planning by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could help to expand deep-ocean research and observation and to protect the integrity and functions of deep-ocean ecosystems.

@article{levin2015the,
    author = "Levin, Lisa A. and Le Bris, Nadine",
    title = "The deep ocean under climate change",
    year = "2015",
    journal = "Science",
    abstract = "The deep ocean absorbs vast amounts of heat and carbon dioxide, providing a critical buffer to climate change but exposing vulnerable ecosystems to combined stresses of warming, ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and altered food inputs. Resulting changes may threaten biodiversity and compromise key ocean services that maintain a healthy planet and human livelihoods. There exist large gaps in understanding of the physical and ecological feedbacks that will occur. Explicit recognition of deep-ocean climate mitigation and inclusion in adaptation planning by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could help to expand deep-ocean research and observation and to protect the integrity and functions of deep-ocean ecosystems.",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad0126",
    doi = "10.1126/science.aad0126",
    number = "6262",
    pages = "766-768",
    volume = "350"
}

@incollection{komar2018ocean,
    author = "Komar, Paul D. and Allan, Jonathan C. and Ruggiero, Peter",
    title = "Ocean Wave Climates: Trends and Variations Due to Earth’s Changing Climate",
    year = "2018",
    booktitle = "Handbook of Coastal and Ocean Engineering",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813204027\_0051",
    doi = "10.1142/9789813204027\_0051",
    pages = "1453-1477"
}

@article{crossref2024climate,
    title = "Climate and ocean research in deep time: Insights from scientific ocean drilling",
    year = "2024",
    journal = "Past Global Changes Magazine",
    url = "https://doi.org/10.22498/pages.32.2.102",
    doi = "10.22498/pages.32.2.102",
    number = "2",
    pages = "102-103",
    volume = "32"
}